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Eng. Proc., 2026, Bultrans 2025

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Number of Papers: 2

15 pages, 2262 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Longitudinal Dynamic Characteristics of a Helicopter Rotor Blade: A Time-Based Modelling Method

by Gabriel Georgiev

Eng. Proc. 2026, 121(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025121001 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

This article represents a numerical approach for estimating the helicopter rotor’s blade longitudinal dynamic characteristics considering several operational parameters. A characterization regarding the blade’s longitudinal, flapping, and vertical responses is derived by solving a system of differential equations that fully describe the rotor’s longitudinal dynamics. Dependencies between the lagging (longitudinal) velocity, the flapping velocity, and the vertical velocity over time are illustrated, taking into consideration the varying flapping frequency in a hovering regime. Additionally, the blade’s longitudinal parameters were evaluated in ground effect conditions when hovering at

\frac{H}{R} = 1

and

\frac{H}{R} = 0.5

. The studied time domain variables represent the rotor’s natural reaction capabilities when a disbalancing condition occurs. Eventually, an increase in the blade’s flapping frequency leads to a rise in the required period for reaching a stable condition with regard to the longitudinal and vertical responses. The ground effect zone reduces the blade’s lagging and flapping reactions as well. Full article

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0 pages, 4355 KB

Open AccessProceeding Paper

Study of Strength of Open Wagon with Tank Containers Under Operational Modes

by Alyona Lovska, Juraj Gerlici, Ján Dižo and Pavlo Rukavishnikov

Eng. Proc. 2026, 121(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/engproc2025121002 - 8 Jan 2026

Abstract

A removable module design is proposed to enable the use of open wagons for container transport. It acts as an intermediate adapter between an open wagon body and a tank container, ensuring the possibility of their reliable interaction. The dynamic loading of its structure was determined to substantiate the proposed scheme of tank container transport on an open wagon. A mathematical model characterizing the longitudinal load of a tank container placed on an open wagon was developed for this purpose. The determined accelerations acting on the tank container were considered when studying its strength. It was established that, considering the proposed fastening scheme, the maximum stresses occurring in the tank container structure are lower by 21.8% than the permissible ones. Therefore, the strength of the tank container is ensured. Accelerations acting on an open wagon body and a tank container were determined and considered when studying their strength. It was found that the maximum stresses occurring in the open wagon body and the tank container, considering the proposed fastening scheme, are lower than the permissible ones. Therefore, the strength of their structures is ensured. The research conducted will contribute to increasing the efficiency of tank container transport by rail and, therefore, container transportation in general. Full article

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