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Oxidation-Induced Mixed Disulfide and Cataract Formation: A Review
Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Mushroom-Based Food Additives and Food Fortified with Them—Current Status and Future Perspectives
Is Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) Promising as a New Target Against Pulmonary Hypertension?
Regenerative Organic Agriculture and Human Health: The Interconnection Between Soil, Food Quality, and Nutrition
The Dark Triad of Particulate Matter, Oxidative Stress and Coronary Artery Disease: What About the Antioxidant Therapeutic Potential

Journal Description

Antioxidants

Antioxidants is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, published monthly online by MDPI. The International Coenzyme Q10 Association (ICQ10A), Israel Society for Oxygen and Free Radical Research (ISOFRR) and European Academy for Molecular Hydrogen Research (EAMHR) are affiliated with Antioxidants and their members receive discounts on the article processing charge.

Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, FSTA, PubAg, CAPlus / SciFinder, and other databases.
Journal Rank: JCR - Q1 (Chemistry, Medicinal) / CiteScore - Q1 (Food Science)
Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 17.4 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.4 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Antioxidants.
Companion journal: Oxygen.

Impact Factor: 6.6 (2024); 5-Year Impact Factor: 7.3 (2024)

Imprint Information Journal Flyer Open Access ISSN: 2076-3921

Latest Articles

20 pages, 1176 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. Leaf and Rhizome Extracts on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis

by Cristóbal Balada, Valentina Díaz, Mónica Castro, Macarena Echeverría-Bugueño, María José Marchant and Leda Guzmán

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101194 - 30 Sep 2025

Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. is a traditional medicinal fern with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of leaf (HH) and rhizome (RH) extracts of MS on oxidative stress and inflammation in human dermal fibroblast (HDFa) cells [...] Read more.

Microsorum scolopendria (Burm.f.) Copel. is a traditional medicinal fern with reported antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of leaf (HH) and rhizome (RH) extracts of MS on oxidative stress and inflammation in human dermal fibroblast (HDFa) cells infected with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Cytotoxicity assays revealed that both extracts were safe up to 100 µg/mL, although RH exhibited a slight reduction in viability (≈20%) at 63 µg/mL. In infection assays, pretreatment with HH and RH extracts (63–100 µg/mL) for 3 h significantly reduced ROS levels by up to 45% compared with infected controls, while LDH release decreased by ~30%, indicating protection against membrane damage. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, both extracts showed selective inhibition of COX-2 over COX-1, with RH inhibiting COX-2 by 62% and HH by 55% at 100 µg/mL, whereas COX-1 inhibition remained below 20%. These results highlight differential biological performance between leaf and rhizome extracts, with RH showing slightly higher anti-inflammatory activity but also a modest cytotoxic effect at intermediate concentrations. Overall, MS extracts demonstrated protective effects against oxidative and inflammatory damage induced by bacterial infection, supporting their potential as safe natural therapeutic agents for managing infection-associated skin stress and inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Research in Chile—2nd Edition)

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38 pages, 3419 KB

Open AccessReview

Thiol Isomerases: Enzymatic Mechanisms, Models of Oxidation, and Antagonism by Galloylated Polyphenols

by Osamede C. Owegie, Quinn P. Kennedy, Pavel Davizon-Castillo and Moua Yang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101193 - 30 Sep 2025

Thiol isomerases are a family of enzymes that participate in oxidative protein folding. They contain highly reactive vicinal thiols in a CXXC motif within their catalytic domains to mediate thiol-disulfide switching as part of their reductase, oxidase, and isomerase activity. In addition, they [...] Read more.

Thiol isomerases are a family of enzymes that participate in oxidative protein folding. They contain highly reactive vicinal thiols in a CXXC motif within their catalytic domains to mediate thiol-disulfide switching as part of their reductase, oxidase, and isomerase activity. In addition, they participate in chaperone function by binding to partially folded or misfolded proteins and preventing aggregation, thereby facilitating correct protein folding. The CXXC motif is conducive to oxidative influence based on the sulfur nucleophilicity. Redox modification of the CXXC motif may influence the enzymatic function. In this review we briefly discuss the family of thiol isomerases as it relates to thrombotic disorders. We then discuss the chemical mechanisms of making and breaking disulfides by the enzymes. Enzymatic and chemical models of oxidizing the CXXC motif are proposed. Lastly, we highlight evidence that natural galloylated polyphenols can inhibit both the coronavirus main protease Mpro and thiol isomerases, supporting a therapeutic strategy for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and thrombosis by targeting the CXXC motif with these anti-oxidative compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Regulation in Inflammation and Disease—3rd Edition)

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27 pages, 3871 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Cascade Approach to Valorizing Camellia oleifera Abel Shell: Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Coupled with Resin Purification for High-Efficiency Production of Multifunctional Polyphenols

by Jingyi Chen, Wei Li, Tao Liang, Yuting Yang, Rui Zhou, Rui Li, Daiyu Xie, Dayan Xiang, Shiling Feng, Tao Chen, Lijun Zhou and Chunbang Ding

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101192 - 29 Sep 2025

Camellia oleifera Abel shell is an abundant lignocellulosic byproduct of the Chinese woody oil industry, which is currently underutilized. To achieve its high-value utilization, this study developed an innovative cascade process integrating ultrasound-assisted extraction and macroporous resin purification for the efficient preparation of [...] Read more.

Camellia oleifera Abel shell is an abundant lignocellulosic byproduct of the Chinese woody oil industry, which is currently underutilized. To achieve its high-value utilization, this study developed an innovative cascade process integrating ultrasound-assisted extraction and macroporous resin purification for the efficient preparation of purified polyphenols from the shell (P-CPCS). The major constituents were identified by quadrupole/Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-Exactive-MS: Biotech Pack Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) analysis. The optimized process significantly enhanced the polyphenol yield (40.05 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g dw) and purity (57.72%), surpassing conventional methods. P-CPCS exhibited exceptional multifunctional bioactivities, including potent antioxidant capacity (with low IC₅₀ values against DPPH, ABTS⁺·, and ·OH radicals), effective tyrosinase inhibition (whitening effect), and significant bacteriostatic effects against various pathogens. Furthermore, P-CPCS notably suppressed the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages by reducing NO overproduction. This work highlights a novel and efficient strategy for upcycling agricultural waste into a high-performance natural antioxidant, positioning P-CPCS as a promising ingredient for applications in functional foods, cosmetics, and biomaterial stabilization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Health: Upcycling Agrifood By-Products into Functional Antioxidant-Rich Ingredients and Products)

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16 pages, 4613 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inhibitory Effect of S0859 on the Antioxidant Master Switch Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor 2 in Lung Cancer Cells

by Eunsun Lee and Jeong Hee Hong

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101191 - 28 Sep 2025

Cancer cells possess endogenous antioxidant systems such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). The electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCn1, known as a migratory module, is closely associated with cancer metastasis; however, its regulatory signaling in cancer remains unclear. In particular, the [...] Read more.

Cancer cells possess endogenous antioxidant systems such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2). The electroneutral sodium bicarbonate cotransporter NBCn1, known as a migratory module, is closely associated with cancer metastasis; however, its regulatory signaling in cancer remains unclear. In particular, the regulation of NBCn1 in response to oxidative stress and its relationship with NRF2 need to be elucidated. In the present study, we found that hydrogen peroxide–induced oxidative stress dysregulated NBCn1 via inhibition of NF-κB, thereby suppressing cellular migration in non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Phosphorylation of NF-κB was required for maintaining NBCn1 function in A549 cells. Oxidative stress also induced NRF2 nuclear translocation, reduced NBC activity, and activated oxidative stress–responsive gene expression. Treatment with the NBC inhibitor S0859 impaired ERK activation, NRF2 nuclear translocation, and oxidative stress defense gene expression in A549 cells. Furthermore, oxidative stimulation in the presence of S0859 disrupted the NRF2-mediated oxidative stress defense system and cellular migration in A549 lung cancer cells. Collectively, these findings suggest that S0859, as a potential NRF2 inhibitor, may exert anti-cancer properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and NRF2 in Health and Disease—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1222 KB

Open AccessReview

Melatonin-Mediated Nrf2 Activation as a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Mutation-Driven Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Lucía Íñigo-Catalina, María Ortiz-Cabello, Elisa Navarro, Noemí Esteras, Lisa Rancan and Sergio D. Paredes

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101190 - 28 Sep 2025

Neurodegeneration is intrinsically linked to aging through processes such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) emerges as a central transcription factor regulating these molecular events and promoting cytoprotective responses. In neurodegenerative diseases, notably, frontotemporal [...] Read more.

Neurodegeneration is intrinsically linked to aging through processes such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and chronic inflammation. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) emerges as a central transcription factor regulating these molecular events and promoting cytoprotective responses. In neurodegenerative diseases, notably, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD), genetic mutations—including MAPT, LRRK2, PINK1, PRKN, and SNCA—have been reported to alter Nrf2 signaling, both in vitro and in vivo. Melatonin, a neurohormone widely known for its strong antioxidant and mitochondria-stabilizing properties, has been shown to activate Nrf2 and restore redox balance in several experimental models of neurodegeneration. Its effects include a reduction in tau hyperphosphorylation, α-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. While most data are derived from sporadic models of Alzheimer’s disease and PD, emerging evidence supports a role for melatonin in familial forms of FTD and PD as well. Thus, targeting Nrf2 through melatonin may offer a promising approach to mitigating neurodegeneration, especially in the context of mutation-driven pathologies. Further investigation is warranted to explore mutation-specific responses and optimize the therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Oxidative Stress and NRF2 in Health and Disease—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 3871 KB

Open AccessArticle

fliC Mediates Pseudomonas plecoglossicida’s Hijack of Inflammatory Immunity and Glucose Metabolism in the Large Yellow Croaker

by Xizhi Peng, Yujia Sun, Huanjiao Tan, Huanying Pang, Caiyuan Zhao and Qingpi Yan

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101189 - 28 Sep 2025

The bacterial flagellum plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, the mechanism by which the flagellum interferes with host energy metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed that deletion of the fliC gene resulted in a 30% reduction in the virulence of [...] Read more.

The bacterial flagellum plays a crucial role in pathogenesis. However, the mechanism by which the flagellum interferes with host energy metabolism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed that deletion of the fliC gene resulted in a 30% reduction in the virulence of Pseudomonas plecoglossicida against the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Compared to the wild-type strain (WT) infection group, the ΔfliC infection group exhibited a 29.54% decrease in the number of vacuolar degeneration hepatocytes and a 50.83% higher liver glycogen content. Furthermore, infection led to decreased mitochondrial complex V activity, a reduced NAD+/NADH ratio, lower levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased lipid peroxide levels; however, these metabolic perturbations were significantly ameliorated in the ΔfliC group compared to the WT group. Proteomic analysis revealed that the dysregulation of the complement cascade and core carbon metabolic pathways observed in the WT infection group liver was significantly alleviated in the ΔfliC infection group. Additionally, in the ΔfliC infection group, pro-inflammatory genes (such as Tlr5, Tnfα, and Il1β) were downregulated, while lipid metabolism-related genes (such as Acox1, Cpt1a, and Pparα) were upregulated, suggesting the suppression of the Tlr5/NF-κB immune signaling axis and enhanced fatty acid β-oxidation. Collectively, fliC may mediate the disruption of host glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis through a Tlr5-triggered immunometabolic regulatory axis. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bacterial flagella modulate host energy metabolism, expanding our understanding of flagellum-mediated pathogenesis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Immunology and Disease Prevention and Control in Aquatic Animals)

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21 pages, 5322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cutting Styles on Antioxidant Capabilities of Fresh-Cut Cauliflower by Regulating ROS Metabolism and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity

by Qihan Guo, Bingheng Li, Jiarui Wang, Minke Shi, Jiayu Wang, Yan Chen, Yunjie Zhang, Sarengaowa, Ying Xiao and Ke Feng

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1188; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101188 - 28 Sep 2025

The enzymatic browning and oxidative deterioration of cauliflower during mechanical processing are major challenges for the fresh-cut cauliflower industry. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cutting styles on the antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut cauliflower during storage. One [...] Read more.

The enzymatic browning and oxidative deterioration of cauliflower during mechanical processing are major challenges for the fresh-cut cauliflower industry. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the impact of cutting styles on the antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut cauliflower during storage. One flower (12 × 1.8 cm) of cauliflower was designated as cutting style 1 (CS1). CS1 was cut longitudinally into strips as cutting style 2 (CS2). CS1 was also cut transversely into cubes, as cutting style 3 (CS3), and longitudinally and transversely into small cubes, as cutting style 4 (CS4). Results indicated that at the conclusion of the 72 h storage period, cutting treatments enhanced the total antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut cauliflower in the ABTS assay by 128.1%, 82.9%, 50.1%, and 38.9% for CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, respectively. All treatment groups except CS1 exhibited increased total antioxidant capacity in the FRAP assay. Phenolic compound accumulation increased by 106.82%, 105.24%, 270.4%, and 295.3% in CS1, CS2, CS3, and CS4, respectively. In addition, the O₂⁻· scavenging activity was enhanced; the activities of antioxidant-related enzymes, including catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were also increased. In conclusion, the extent of the effect on antioxidant capacity was as follows: CS4 > CS3 > CS2 > CS1. This study has elucidated the patterns of influence exerted by cutting methods upon the quality of fresh-cut cauliflower, thereby providing theoretical foundations and empirical data to inform the selection of appropriate cutting techniques for both commercial processing and domestic culinary applications. Full article

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27 pages, 827 KB

Open AccessReview

The Redox Paradox: Cancer’s Double-Edged Sword for Malignancy and Therapy

by Jyotsna Suresh Ranbhise, Manish Kumar Singh, Songhyun Ju, Sunhee Han, Hyeong Rok Yun, Sung Soo Kim and Insug Kang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1187; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101187 - 28 Sep 2025

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as critical signaling molecules in cancer biology, promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis at controlled levels while inducing lethal damage when exceeding the cell’s buffering capacity. To survive under this state of chronic oxidative stress, cancer cells become dependent [...] Read more.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as critical signaling molecules in cancer biology, promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis at controlled levels while inducing lethal damage when exceeding the cell’s buffering capacity. To survive under this state of chronic oxidative stress, cancer cells become dependent on a hyperactive antioxidant shield, primarily orchestrated by the Nrf2, glutathione (GSH), and thioredoxin (Trx) systems. These defenses maintain redox homeostasis and sustain oncogenic signaling, notably through the oxidative inactivation of tumor-suppressor phosphatases, such as PTEN, which drives the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. Targeting this addiction to a rewired redox state has emerged as a compelling therapeutic strategy. Pro-oxidant therapies aim to overwhelm cellular defenses, with agents like high-dose vitamin C and arsenic trioxide (ATO) showing significant tumor-selective toxicity. Inhibiting the master regulator Nrf2 with compounds such as Brusatol or ML385 disrupts the core antioxidant response. Disruption of the GSH system by inhibiting cysteine uptake with sulfasalazine or erastin potently induces ferroptosis, a non-apoptotic cell death driven by lipid peroxidation. Furthermore, the thioredoxin system is targeted by the repurposed drug auranofin, which irreversibly inhibits thioredoxin reductase (TrxR). Extensive preclinical data and ongoing clinical trials support the concept that this reliance on redox adaptation is a cancer-selective vulnerability. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies, including the expanding field of redox-active metal complexes, such as manganese porphyrins, which strategically leverage the differential redox state of normal versus cancer cells through both pro-oxidant and indirect Nrf2-mediated antioxidative mechanisms (triggered by Keap1 oxidation), with several agents currently in advanced clinical trials, have also been discussed. Essentially, pharmacologically tipping the redox balance beyond the threshold of tolerance offers a rational and powerful approach to eliminate malignant cells, defining a novel frontier for targeted cancer therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Redox Signaling in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities)

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23 pages, 2263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Effects of Magnolol, Rutin, and Gallic Acid in Broilers Challenged with Dietary Oxidized Soybean Oil

by Fang Chen, Feng Jin, Encun Du, Wenjing Tao, Na Zhao, Qiwen Fan and Jintao Wei

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1186; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101186 - 28 Sep 2025

This study evaluated the protective effects of magnolol, rutin, and gallic acid in broilers fed oxidized soybean oil. Four hundred seven-day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments with eight replicates each: CON (4% fresh oil), OOC (4% oxidized oil), [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the protective effects of magnolol, rutin, and gallic acid in broilers fed oxidized soybean oil. Four hundred seven-day-old male Arbor Acre broilers were randomly assigned to five treatments with eight replicates each: CON (4% fresh oil), OOC (4% oxidized oil), and OOC supplemented with 200 mg/kg of magnolol (MAG), rutin (RUT), or gallic acid (GAA). OOC significantly reduced 42-day body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (ADFI), reduced serum antioxidant enzyme activities (T-SOD, GSH-Px) and elevated malondialdehyde and triglyceride levels. It also upregulated hepatic lipogenic (FASN, ACACA, SREBP-1) and inflammation (NF-κB1/2) genes, damaged intestinal morphology, reduced cecal Erysipelatoclostridium and Shuttleworthia abundances, and elevated oxidized lipids (9,10-DiHOME and prostaglandin G2) in breast muscle. All three polyphenols increased ADFI (22–42 d), ileal villus height and ZO-1 expression, while reducing serum triglycerides, ileal MDA, and hepatic NF-κB2 expression. Both magnolol and rutin further enhanced BW (42 d) and ADG (7–42 d), decreased ACACA expression, and elevated cecal Lachnoclostridium abundance. Additionally, magnolol significantly decreased the contents of 9,10-DiHOME and malondialdehyde, while rutin reduced prostaglandin G2 levels in the breast muscle. In conclusion, polyphenol supplementation alleviated oxidized oil-induced adverse effects, with magnolol and rutin being more effective. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Antioxidants in Animal Nutrition)

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17 pages, 3108 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ferulic Acid Protects Against LPS-Induced Sheep Hepatocytes Oxidative Damage via Activating the GSH-GPX4 Pathway and Inhibiting Lipid Metabolism-Mediated Ferroptosis

by Wenwen Wang, Hongchao Li, Yuan Wang, Na Yin, Jiayu Chen, Yaxuan Niu, Yuchao Hu, Tao Guo, Na Liu, Xiaoping An, Jingwei Qi, Yang Jia and Ruixue Nie

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1185; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101185 - 28 Sep 2025

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers oxidative damage in sheep hepatocytes, linked to ferroptosis. Ferulic acid (FA) is known for its antioxidative properties, but its protective role against LPS via ferroptosis regulation was unclear. The objective of this research is to explore the protective role of [...] Read more.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers oxidative damage in sheep hepatocytes, linked to ferroptosis. Ferulic acid (FA) is known for its antioxidative properties, but its protective role against LPS via ferroptosis regulation was unclear. The objective of this research is to explore the protective role of FA in mitigating LPS-induced oxidative stress in sheep hepatocytes. The experimental setup consisted of three groups: a control group, an LPS group treated with 10 µg/mL of LPS, and FA group that received both 10 µg/mL of LPS and 750 µg/mL of FA. We found that FA treatment decreased in contents of MDA and LDH. Metabolomics revealed that LPS affected glycerophospholipid metabolism, unsaturated fatty acids biosynthesis, ferroptosis, and arachidonic acid metabolism mainly by reducing the level of PUFAs and LPC in the hepatocyte supernatant, while FA affected glutathione metabolism by increasing L-cysteine, L-ornithine, L-glutamic acid, and L-glutamine. Moreover, transcriptomics demonstrated that the comparison of LPS and control groups were mainly enriched in arachidonic acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and ferroptosis, the comparison of FA and LPS groups was mainly enriched in glutathione metabolism. The results further confirmed the findings in the metabolomics and transcriptomics analyses, showing that LPS treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of ACSL4, LPCAT3, ALOX15, STEAP3, GPX4, GCLC, and GCL in hepatocytes, while reducing GSH and GR levels. In contrast, FA intervention attenuated LPS-induced iron overload by decreasing Fe²⁺ accumulation and suppressing the mRNA expression of ACSL4, LPCAT3, STEAP3, and ALOX15. Furthermore, FA enhanced the expression of GPX4, GCLC, GCLM, and restored GSH content in LPS-exposed hepatocytes. The above results demonstrated that the protective effect of FA on LPS-induced oxidative damage in the sheep hepatocytes was achieved by activating the GSH-GPX4 pathway and inhibiting lipid metabolism-mediated ferroptosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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16 pages, 5395 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Vitro Anti-Aging Effects of Yeast/Rice Fermentation Filtrate Combined with Sialic Acid in Cosmetic Applications

by Fan Yang, Mingxuan Li, Yao Zuo, Lei Zhang, Jinyong Wu, Zhi Liu and Hua Wang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1184; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101184 - 28 Sep 2025

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are major contributors to skin aging, promoting collagen degradation and impairing dermal structure. These factors stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, accelerating collagen breakdown and leading to wrinkles, sagging, and loss of elasticity. Given the key role of [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation are major contributors to skin aging, promoting collagen degradation and impairing dermal structure. These factors stimulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases, accelerating collagen breakdown and leading to wrinkles, sagging, and loss of elasticity. Given the key role of collagen in maintaining skin firmness and integrity, strategies that enhance collagen synthesis are essential for anti-aging interventions. This study investigated the combined effects of Yeast/Rice Fermentation Filtrate (RFF) and sialic acid (SA) on collagen production, antioxidation, and anti-inflammation, as well as their underlying mechanisms. The combination of RFF and SA significantly increased collagen genes transcription and mRNA stability, thereby enhancing collagen accumulation in the extracellular matrix. RNA-seq analysis revealed that RFF and SA modulate genes involved in the IL-17 signaling pathway. Mechanistically, RFF enhanced collagen mRNA stability by regulating HuR, while SA promoted collagen gene transcription via the TGF-β/Smad pathway. Moreover, the combination reduced the expression of inflammatory markers (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, PGE2, and NO) and improved cellular resistance to oxidative and inflammatory stress. These findings support the application of RFF and SA in anti-aging cosmetics and propose a novel strategy to enhance collagen production by simultaneously upregulating gene expression and stabilizing collagen mRNA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Defenses Against Stress Caused by Physical or Chemical Environmental Changes)

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24 pages, 2721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidative Stress-Related Biomarkers in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Dual Tools for Remission Assessment and Prediction of Treatment Outcome

by Armando Tratenšek, Iztok Grabnar, David Drobne and Tomaž Vovk

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1183; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101183 - 28 Sep 2025

Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the clinical utility of oxidative stress-related biomarkers for assessing and predicting disease activity remains unclear. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and [...] Read more.

Oxidative stress is increasingly recognized as a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the clinical utility of oxidative stress-related biomarkers for assessing and predicting disease activity remains unclear. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic and predictive performance of oxidative stress-related biomarkers in distinguishing between active IBD and remission across clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic criteria. A total of 76 patients with IBD were followed across three visits: baseline (biological treatment initiation), post-induction (6–12 weeks), and final follow-up (24–36 weeks). Associations with clinical, biochemical, and endoscopic remission status at the final follow-up were evaluated using correlation matrices, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, principal component analysis, and logistic regression. Ceruloplasmin, plasma free thiols, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and albumin showed significant diagnostic values for distinguishing active disease from remission, using C-reactive protein (CRP)-based criteria. Serum uric acid, advanced oxidation protein products, gamma-glutamyl transferase, total antioxidant capacity, and ceruloplasmin predicted clinical or CRP-based remission when measured at baseline or post-induction, with predictive value varying by biomarker and the time point. Overall, our findings reinforce the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of IBD and highlight the potential of oxidative stress-related biomarkers to be used as tools for monitoring disease activity and predicting IBD treatment outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease)

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29 pages, 2721 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Liposome-Based Dermocosmetic Formulations with Red Grape Pomace and Polygonum cuspidatum Extracts

by Cristiana Radulescu, Radu Lucian Olteanu, Claudia Lavinia Buruleanu, Raluca Maria Stirbescu, Andreea Laura Banica, Ramona-Daniela Pavaloiu, Fawzia Sha’at, Maria Monica Petrescu and Gabriela Stanciu

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1182; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101182 - 28 Sep 2025

The use of antioxidants in the dermatocosmetic industry has become increasingly popular to help protect and stabilize other sensitive active ingredients, prolonging the effectiveness and durability of the cosmetic product. Grape pomace, as the main by-product generated through winemaking, and Polygonum cuspidatum, [...] Read more.

The use of antioxidants in the dermatocosmetic industry has become increasingly popular to help protect and stabilize other sensitive active ingredients, prolonging the effectiveness and durability of the cosmetic product. Grape pomace, as the main by-product generated through winemaking, and Polygonum cuspidatum, concentrate bioactive metabolites with high antioxidant activity. Hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from grape pomace (Merlot and Feteasca Neagra varieties) and the root and flower of Japanese knotweed, respectively, alone and in mixtures, were characterized, and preliminary assays were conducted for their incorporation in two gel-based cosmetic formulations. The characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of catechin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, resveratrol, and kaempferol. The hydroalcoholic extract of P. cuspidatum flower and root was found to have the highest content of total phenolic compounds (10.920 ± 0.268 mg GAE/mL, respectively, 4.751 ± 0.072 mg GAE/mL), and the highest antioxidant activity (expressed as DPPH Radical Scavenging Capacity, IC₅₀) by 28.04 ± 1.12 µg GAE/mL and 83.91 ± 1.13 µg GAE/mL, respectively. Catechin was the most abundant polyphenol found in pomace extract (687.87 mg/kg). The type and the concentration of the plant extract used in dermatocosmetic gel formulations influenced their antioxidant activity. Encapsulation of P. cuspidatum flower extract in liposomes prior to their incorporation into the gel formulation demonstrated the role of liposomes in enhancing the stability and modulation of phenolic compound delivery. It is worth noting that this dermatocosmetic formulation, which contains the flower extract of P. cuspidatum, was the subject of a pending patent application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidant Activity of Grape and Grape By-Products)

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20 pages, 2611 KB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of Antioxidant Function of Palygorskite and Its Derivatives In Vitro and for Broilers

by Tie Gao, Shengjia Wang, Yiding Yang, Jibo Li and Yanmin Zhou

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1181; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101181 - 27 Sep 2025

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of natural palygorskite (N-pal), bundle-dissociated palygorskite (D-pal), and zinc-bearing palygorskite (Zn-pal), as well as their effects on the antioxidant capacity of broilers. Palygorskite (Pal) and its derivatives exhibited hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant properties of natural palygorskite (N-pal), bundle-dissociated palygorskite (D-pal), and zinc-bearing palygorskite (Zn-pal), as well as their effects on the antioxidant capacity of broilers. Palygorskite (Pal) and its derivatives exhibited hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) decomposition and hydroxyl radical (·OH) scavenging abilities, with D-pal and Zn-pal demonstrating superior performance. A total of 320 one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, N-pal, D-pal and Zn-pal groups. The corn–soybean meal basal diet was supplemented with N-pal (10 g/kg), D-pal (5 g/kg) and Zn-pal (1 g/kg) for the respective treatment groups. The trial lasted for 42 days. At 21 days, D-pal and Zn-pal groups significantly increased average body weight and average daily weight gain while reducing the feed-to-gain ratio (p < 0.05). Both reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in liver of broilers were significantly reduced, and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) gene expression was upregulated at 21 days (p < 0.05). N-pal and D-pal groups enhanced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities in the duodenum (21d); D-pal group increased SOD activity in the ileum (42d); all Pal groups decreased ileal jejunal mucosal ROS (21d) and MDA (42d) (p < 0.05). At 42 days, Pal supplementation downregulated oxidative stress (N-pal), oxidoreductase activity (D-pal), and H₂O₂ response (Zn-pal) pathways in jejunal mucosa. N-pal and D-pal groups upregulated ileal mucosal nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and superoxide dismutase 1 expression, while Zn-pal group increased HO-1 expression (21d). D-pal and Zn-pal groups enhanced jejunal mucosal Nrf2 and HO-1 expression (21d). Pal improved the antioxidant capacity in broilers by activating the Nrf2-mediated pathway, upregulating antioxidant-related gene expression, particularly at 21 days. Both D-pal and Zn-pal demonstrated potent antioxidant efficacy, and they can improve growth performance by enhancing the animal’s antioxidant capacity. Full article

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20 pages, 4060 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deinoxanthin Recovers H₂O₂-Stimulated Oxidative Complications of Bone Marrow-Derived Cells and Protects Mice from Irradiation-Mediated Impairments

by Govinda Bhattarai, Sung-Ho Kook, Saroj Kumar Shrestha, Jeong-Hwan Park, Shankar Rijal, Gyeongho Tae, Doyoung Hwang, Seung-Moon Park, Jeong-Chae Lee and Young-Mi Jeon

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1180; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101180 - 26 Sep 2025

A growing interest is focused on the efficient production of deinoxanthin (DEIX) and its use as a bioactive antioxidant. Here, we produced DEIX from Deinococcus radiodurans and examined how DEIX regulates hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-mediated oxidative behaviors in mouse-derived bone [...] Read more.

A growing interest is focused on the efficient production of deinoxanthin (DEIX) and its use as a bioactive antioxidant. Here, we produced DEIX from Deinococcus radiodurans and examined how DEIX regulates hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-mediated oxidative behaviors in mouse-derived bone marrow (BM) stromal cells and BM monocytes. We also evaluated whether oral supplementation with DEIX has radioprotective potential against total body irradiation (TBI)-mediated impairments in growth, organs, survival, and hematopoietic development using a mouse model. The direct addition of DEIX recovered H₂O₂-mediated oxidative disorders in the proliferation and the balance between osteoblast and osteoclast activity of the BM-derived cells in a dose-dependent manner. We found that recovery was closely associated with the DEIX’s potencies to remove cellular reactive oxygen species and to restore the expression of key molecules that tightly control bone homeostasis. Long-term oral supplementation with DEIX (25 mg/kg body weight, once per day for 42 consecutive days) protected mice against sub-lethal TBI (5 Gy)-mediated decreases in organ and body weights and lifespan. Supplemental DEIX also inhibited TBI-mediated structural damage in organs and restored endogenous antioxidant defense systems in the liver of TBI-exposed mice. Moreover, supplemental DEIX recovered a dysregulated hematopoietic process in TBI-exposed mice. Collectively, our results introduce an efficient method to produce DEIX and demonstrate its potency to recover oxidative cellular complication in H₂O₂-exposed BM-derived cells. Overall, our findings suggest that DEIX is a great antioxidative molecule to prevent or protect TBI-mediated systemic damages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Antioxidants: Structural Characterization, Synthetic Pathways, and Clinical Applications)

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14 pages, 836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulation of Egg Elemental Metabolomics by Dietary Supplementation with Flavonoids and Orange Pulp (Citrus sinensis)

by Evangelos Zoidis, Athanasios C. Pappas, Michael Goliomytis, Panagiotis E. Simitzis, Kyriaki Sotirakoglou, Savvina Tavrizelou, George P. Danezis and Constantinos A. Georgiou

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1179; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101179 - 26 Sep 2025

Dried orange pulp (Citrus sinensis) is known for its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to examine the effects of adding dried orange pulp (OP) to the layers’ diets on the concentration of selected elements in the egg. The present work was [...] Read more.

Dried orange pulp (Citrus sinensis) is known for its antioxidant properties. This study aimed to examine the effects of adding dried orange pulp (OP) to the layers’ diets on the concentration of selected elements in the egg. The present work was part of a bigger project aiming to investigate the effect of orange pulp in layers’ diets on the performance of birds and egg quality. There were three dietary treatments and 63 layers per treatment, with 189 layers in total. Cages were the experimental units, and seven cages were allocated per treatment (n = 7). The dietary treatments were (1) a control treatment (C) that involved a basal diet without orange pulp addition, (2) an OP treatment with the addition of 9% dried orange pulp, and (3) a hesperidin–naringin (EN) treatment with 0.767 g hesperidin and 0.002 g naringin added per kg of diet; these levels of hesperidin and naringin represent those present in dried orange pulp for the OP treatment. Birds were fed the diets for 30 days. The diets had similar energy and protein levels and contained the same vitamin and mineral premixes. The analyzed egg (yolk, albumen, shell) elemental profile consisted of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Sb, Se, Sr, V, and Zn and was determined via Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Dried orange pulp supplementation significantly altered the elemental profile. OP largely altered the element concentrations in albumen and egg yolk. Most notably, it decreased the concentrations of Co (p < 0.001), Fe (p < 0.001), Mn (p < 0.001), Ni (p = 0.046), and Se (p = 0.035) in egg yolk and those of Co (p = 0.011), Fe (p = 0.025), Cr (p = 0.049), Cu (p = 0.001), and Se (p = 0.014) in albumen. In addition, it decreased the concentrations of As (p = 0.025) and Ca (p = 0.025) in the eggshell. Principal component analysis was applied to the concentrations of the examined elements in all egg parts to explore the relationships between the elements and detect those capable of distinguishing samples, resulting in the apparent separation of yolk, albumen, and eggshell samples. Further analysis revealed that all samples were clustered into the three dietary treatments, resulting in 100% correct classification. The chelating and antioxidant capacities of flavonoids are intricate and rely on a variety of factors. OP supplementation modulated the deposition of specific elements in egg parts in comparison to those from layers fed a typical diet. Thus, this study indicated that eggs with specialized elemental profiles could be created. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Products: Biological, Antioxidant Properties and Health Effects—4th Edition)

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15 pages, 2821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bakuchiol, a Natural Antioxidant, Synergizes with Colistin Against Multidrug-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria by Disrupting Iron Homeostasis and Membrane Integrity

by Qianqian Li, Shaobo Yun, Xiaomin Ren, Sijie Wu, Jia Cheng and Xiaoyong Huang

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101178 - 26 Sep 2025

The rapid emergence and global dissemination of colistin resistance pose a critical threat to public health by limiting therapeutic options against Gram-negative infections. In this study, we report that bakuchiol (BAK), a natural antioxidant meroterpenoid, significantly restores colistin (COL) efficacy against a range [...] Read more.

The rapid emergence and global dissemination of colistin resistance pose a critical threat to public health by limiting therapeutic options against Gram-negative infections. In this study, we report that bakuchiol (BAK), a natural antioxidant meroterpenoid, significantly restores colistin (COL) efficacy against a range of clinically relevant Gram-negative pathogens, including colistin-resistant strains. The combination of BAK and COL reduced the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin by 8- to 32-fold, indicating strong synergistic antibacterial activity. Mechanistic studies revealed that BAK disrupts bacterial iron homeostasis via chelation-mediated intracellular iron depletion and concurrently compromises membrane integrity through interaction with phospholipids. This dual action induces collapse of the proton motive force and severe metabolic dysfunction. Importantly, the BAK–COL combination exhibited no detectable toxicity and demonstrated potent in vivo efficacy in a Galleria mellonella infection model. Furthermore, formulation with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) markedly improved the solubility and sustained the synergistic effects of BAK over a broad concentration range. Our findings highlight the potential of bakuchiol as a novel antioxidant adjuvant and provide a promising combinatory strategy for overcoming multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants)

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15 pages, 769 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant, Anti-Melanogenic, and Anti-Aging Activities of the Aqueous–Ethanolic Dry Extract of Rosa lucieae with Phytochemical Profiling

by Yun Gyeong Park, Ji-Yul Kim, Seok-Chun Ko, Kyung Woo Kim, Dongwoo Yang, Du-Min Jo, Hyo-Geun Lee, Jeong Min Lee, Mi-Jin Yim, Chul Hwan Kim, Dae-Sung Lee, Hyun-Soo Kim and Gun-Woo Oh

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101177 - 26 Sep 2025

In this study, the cosmeceutical potential of a 70% ethanol extract of Rosa lucieae was investigated as a multifunctional bioactive ingredient. The extract was systematically evaluated for its antioxidant, anti-melanogenic, and anti-aging properties, and was comprehensively phytochemically profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight [...] Read more.

In this study, the cosmeceutical potential of a 70% ethanol extract of Rosa lucieae was investigated as a multifunctional bioactive ingredient. The extract was systematically evaluated for its antioxidant, anti-melanogenic, and anti-aging properties, and was comprehensively phytochemically profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The analysis tentatively identified 21 metabolites, including phenolic acids (gallic acid, ellagic acid, and corilagin), flavonoids (catechin, rutin, quercetin, hyperoside, and quercitrin), and glycosidic derivatives (e.g., phlorizin), several of which are well-documented for their skin-protective effects. Quantitative measurements confirmed high polyphenol and flavonoid contents, correlating with strong radical-scavenging and reducing capacities in α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid, as well as ferric ion reducing antioxidant power assays. Moreover, the extract inhibited tyrosinase activity and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine oxidation, thereby suppressing melanin biosynthesis. In addition, marked inhibitory effects against collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase were observed; these enzymes are critically involved in extracellular matrix degradation and skin aging. Taken together, these results indicate that the biological activities of R. lucieae are supported by a diverse polyphenol- and flavonoid-rich chemical profile, highlighting the potential of this plant as a natural multifunctional ingredient for cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, functional food, and preventive healthcare applications. Full article

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34 pages, 8013 KB

Open AccessReview

Dietary Supplements Derived from Food By-Products for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus

by Ezgi Nur Yuksek, Antia G. Pereira and Miguel A. Prieto

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1176; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101176 - 26 Sep 2025

The rising global incidence of diabetes has heightened the demand for prevention strategies that are both effective and environmentally sustainable. In this context, dietary supplements obtained from food processing by-products have emerged as promising candidates, combining high nutritional value with the potential to [...] Read more.

The rising global incidence of diabetes has heightened the demand for prevention strategies that are both effective and environmentally sustainable. In this context, dietary supplements obtained from food processing by-products have emerged as promising candidates, combining high nutritional value with the potential to reduce food waste. These by-products contain abundant bioactive compounds, such as antioxidants, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals, that have been associated with improved glycemic regulation. Their beneficial effects are mediated through several interconnected biological mechanisms, including enhanced insulin sensitivity, attenuation of oxidative stress, and modulation of inflammatory pathways. The efficacy of these supplements is supported by findings from preclinical models, clinical trials, and meta-analyses, which also allow comparison with standard antidiabetic interventions. Alongside these findings, considerations related to safety, toxicity, and the regulatory framework are critical for their integration into preventive health strategies. Furthermore, market trends, technological challenges in supplement formulation, and ethical issues surrounding the valorization of food waste are key factors influencing their development and acceptance. Together, these insights underscore the dual therapeutic and ecological potential of food by-product-derived supplements in diabetes prevention, while identifying essential avenues for future research and innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants from Food and Food Wastes for Nutraceutical, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Fields)

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19 pages, 5500 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Low Fishmeal Diets with Vitamin C Supplementation: A Comprehensive Study on Growth, Immunity, and Heat Stress Resistance in Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) Juveniles

by Shengqi Zhao, Hualiang Liang, Xiaoru Chen, Lu Zhang, Dongyu Huang, Yongli Wang, Zhenyan Cheng and Mingchun Ren

Antioxidants 2025, 14(10), 1175; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14101175 - 26 Sep 2025

Six dietary groups were supplemented with graded vitamin C (VC) levels: VC1 (control, 0.39 g/kg), VC2 (0.51 g/kg), VC3 (0.66 g/kg), VC4 (0.81 g/kg), VC5 (0.97 g/kg), and VC6 (1.11 g/kg). Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with an initial weight of 2.21 [...] Read more.

Six dietary groups were supplemented with graded vitamin C (VC) levels: VC1 (control, 0.39 g/kg), VC2 (0.51 g/kg), VC3 (0.66 g/kg), VC4 (0.81 g/kg), VC5 (0.97 g/kg), and VC6 (1.11 g/kg). Largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) with an initial weight of 2.21 ± 0.00 g were fed these diets for 8 weeks to evaluate the effects of different VC levels on growth performance, immune response, and heat stress resistance. Heat stress was induced at a constant temperature of 33.00 ± 0.16 °C for one week. The VC3 and VC4 groups showed significantly improved growth performance (FBW, WGR, SGR) compared to VC1 (p < 0.05). VC4 exhibited lower ALT and AST levels before and after heat stress. Antioxidant capacity (T-AOC, GSH-Px, CAT) was significantly enhanced in VC3–VC5, with VC5 showing the highest after stress activity (except CAT). Expression of pro-inflammatory genes (nf-κb, il-8) was downregulated in VC4 and VC5, while anti-inflammatory il-10 was upregulated in VC4 after stress. Apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2, caspase, bax) and TUNEL assays indicated the strongest anti-apoptotic effects in VC3 and VC4 under heat stress (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that VC supplementation in low-fishmeal diets enhances growth, immune response, apoptosis resistance, and acute heat stress tolerance in fish. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants and Aquaculture: A Synergistic Approach for Sustainable Aquatic Production)

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