Applied Sciences

15 pages, 1043 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optical and Thermal Characterization of Locust Bean Gum Using Photopyroelectric Techniques

by José Abraham Balderas López, Erich von Borries Medrano, Maria Fernanda Vargas Torrico and Mónica Rosalía Jaime Fonseca

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11848; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111848 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Galactomannans, like locust bean gum, are polysaccharides widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their rheological and functional properties. However, their optical and thermal characterization is challenging due to their viscous and highly dispersive nature, which hinders the applicability of [...] Read more.

Galactomannans, like locust bean gum, are polysaccharides widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries because of their rheological and functional properties. However, their optical and thermal characterization is challenging due to their viscous and highly dispersive nature, which hinders the applicability of conventional spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. In this study, photopyroelectric techniques were used to simultaneously determine, for the first time, the optical absorption coefficients and thermal diffusivity of locust bean gum in aqueous suspension at various concentrations. Optical characterization was performed at 660 nm (visible) and 1550 nm (near-infrared), revealing strong absorption at 1550 nm associated with hydroxyl group overtones and allowing reliable quantification at concentrations as low as 0.5 g/100 mL. Thermal characterization yielded diffusivity values ranging from 1.50 × 10⁻³ to 1.47 × 10⁻³ cm²/s, with a slight decreasing trend as concentration increased. These results confirm the applicability of photopyroelectric methods for the dual optical and thermal characterization of galactomannans and highlight their potential for analyzing complex biopolymer suspensions where traditional methods fall short. Full article

15 pages, 1249 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Manganese Concentration and Calcination Temperature on Photochemical Properties of TiOF₂/MnO(OH)

by Dmytro Sofronov, Liliya Frolova, Miroslaw Rucki, Pavel Mateychenko and Vyacheslav Baranov

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11847; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111847 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

The heterostructures TiOF₂/(0.5–5 wt.%)MnO(OH) attract attention as potential catalysts for pollutant removal from water. In this paper, a novel synthesis route was proposed through the precipitation of MnO(OH) particles out of an alkaline solution on the TiOF₂ particles. The formation [...] Read more.

The heterostructures TiOF₂/(0.5–5 wt.%)MnO(OH) attract attention as potential catalysts for pollutant removal from water. In this paper, a novel synthesis route was proposed through the precipitation of MnO(OH) particles out of an alkaline solution on the TiOF₂ particles. The formation of manganese oxyhydroxide was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The presence of manganese in proportions up to 1 wt.% recalculated to MnO(OH) did not affect the morphology of TiOF₂/MnO(OH) particles. Higher concentrations of Mn caused the appearance of mostly spherical particles of dimensions ca. 100 nm. The effect of calcination temperatures 300–600 °C on the structure and photocatalytic activity of the particles was analyzed. It was found that calcination of the powder formed TiO₂ phase with mainly anatase structure as well as Mn₃O₄. After calcination at 600 °C, the appearance of fluorine was detected, indicating the formation of fluorinated titanium dioxide. For higher manganese concentrations, the fluorine proportion in F-TiO₂ samples decreased. Increased Mn content in TiOF₂/MnO(OH) significantly improved its photocatalytic activity, shortening the degradation time and increasing the degradation degree of methylene blue (MB). However, an increase in the calcination temperature decreased the degradation degree of MB. It was found that the optimal concentration of MnO(OH) was 5 wt.%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates of Photocatalysis: Process, Materials and Applications)

17 pages, 3712 KB

Open AccessArticle

SP-Transformer: A Medium- and Long-Term Photovoltaic Power Forecasting Model Integrating Multi-Source Spatiotemporal Features

by Bin Wang, Julong Chen, Yongqing Zhu, Junqiu Fan, Jiang Hu and Ling Tan

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11846; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111846 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Aiming to solve the challenges of the weak spatial and temporal correlation of medium- and long-term photovoltaic (PV) power data, as well as data redundancy and low forecasting efficiency brought about by long-time forecasting, this paper proposes a medium- and long-term PV power [...] Read more.

Aiming to solve the challenges of the weak spatial and temporal correlation of medium- and long-term photovoltaic (PV) power data, as well as data redundancy and low forecasting efficiency brought about by long-time forecasting, this paper proposes a medium- and long-term PV power forecasting method based on the Transformer, SP-Transformer (spatiotemporal probsparse transformer), which aims to effectively capture the spatiotemporal correlation between meteorological and geographical elements and PV power. The method embeds the geographic location information of PV sites into the model through spatiotemporal positional encoding and designs a spatiotemporal probsparse self-attention mechanism, which reduces model complexity while allowing the model to better capture the spatiotemporal correlation between input data. To further enhance the model’s ability to capture and generalize potential patterns in complex PV power data, this paper proposes a feature pyramid self-attention distillation module to ensure the accuracy and robustness of the model in long-term forecasting tasks. The SP-Transformer model performs well in the PV power forecasting task, with a medium-term (48 h) forecasting accuracy of 93.8% and a long-term (336 h) forecasting accuracy of 90.4%, both of which are better than all the comparative algorithms involved in the experiment. Full article

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21 pages, 10113 KB

Open AccessArticle

Detecting Audio Copy-Move Forgeries on Mel Spectrograms via Hybrid Keypoint Features

by Ezgi Ozgen and Seyma Yucel Altay

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11845; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111845 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

With the widespread use of audio editing software and artificial intelligence, it has become very easy to forge audio files. One type of these forgeries is copy-move forgery, which is achieved by copying a segment from an audio file and placing it in [...] Read more.

With the widespread use of audio editing software and artificial intelligence, it has become very easy to forge audio files. One type of these forgeries is copy-move forgery, which is achieved by copying a segment from an audio file and placing it in a different place in the same file, where the aim is to take the speech content out of its context and alter its meaning. In practice, forged recordings are often disguised through post-processing steps such as lossy compression, additive noise, or median filtering. This distorts acoustic features and makes forgery detection more difficult. This study introduces a robust keypoint-based approach that analyzes Mel-spectrograms, which are visual time-frequency representations of audio. Instead of processing the raw waveform for forgery detection, the proposed method focuses on identifying duplicate regions by extracting distinctive visual patterns from the spectrogram image. We tested this approach on two speech datasets (Arabic and Turkish) under various real-world attack conditions. Experimental results show that the method outperforms existing techniques and achieves high accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-scores. These findings highlight the potential of visual-domain analysis to increase the reliability of audio forgery detection in forensic and communication contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multimedia Smart Security)

12 pages, 3026 KB

Open AccessArticle

An In Vitro Study Comparing Debonding of Orthodontic Ceramic and Metal Brackets Using Er:YAG Laser and Conventional Pliers

by Aous Abdulmajeed, Tiannie Phan, Kinga Grzech-Leśniak and Janina Golob Deeb

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11844; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111844 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Removing orthodontic brackets often presents clinical challenges, as it may cause patient discomfort, bracket fracture, or enamel damage resulting from strong adhesive bonds. Various techniques have been proposed to facilitate safer and more efficient debonding. Among them, laser-assisted methods have gained attention for [...] Read more.

Removing orthodontic brackets often presents clinical challenges, as it may cause patient discomfort, bracket fracture, or enamel damage resulting from strong adhesive bonds. Various techniques have been proposed to facilitate safer and more efficient debonding. Among them, laser-assisted methods have gained attention for their potential to minimize mechanical stress and improve patient comfort. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an erbium-doped yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG) laser as an alternative to traditional mechanical methods for removing metal and ceramic orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six extracted premolars were prepared for bonding metal or ceramic brackets using a light-cure adhesive system. The control group consisted of six ceramic and six metal brackets removed with conventional orthodontic pliers. In the experimental groups, brackets were debonded using the Er:YAG laser (2940 nm, 0.6 mm spot size, 150 mJ; 15 Hz; (2.25 W) with an H14 handpiece. Irradiation time was recorded for each method, and teeth were rescanned to measure the surface area and volume of the crowns before and after bracket removal. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD test (p < 0.05). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for surface analysis. Results: A significant difference in debonding time (p = 0.001) was observed between the laser and traditional methods. The laser group took 52.5 s for metal and 56.25 s for ceramic brackets, compared to 1.05 s (metal) and 0.64 s (ceramic) in the traditional group. A significant difference in remaining cement volume was noted (p = 0.0002), but no differences were found between metal and ceramic brackets with laser removal. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser-assisted debonding is safe and minimally invasive but more time-consuming and costly than conventional methods, showing no improvement in clinical efficiency under current parameters. Full article

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22 pages, 1199 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Metagenomic and Colorimetric Analysis of the Biological Recolonization Occurring at the “Largo da Porta Férrea” Statues (Coimbra UNESCO World Heritage Site), After Cleaning Interventions

by Fabiana Soares, Lídia Catarino, Conceição Egas and João Trovão

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11843; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111843 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biological recolonization after cleaning remains a major challenge for the conservation of stone cultural heritage. As recolonization can start within months to a few years following intervention, developing rapid, field-deployable diagnostic approaches is crucial to better monitor microbial reappearance and to assess treatment [...] Read more.

Biological recolonization after cleaning remains a major challenge for the conservation of stone cultural heritage. As recolonization can start within months to a few years following intervention, developing rapid, field-deployable diagnostic approaches is crucial to better monitor microbial reappearance and to assess treatment performance in real time. Traditional evaluation methods lack the capacity to take into consideration non-cultivable microorganisms or assess functional traits relevant to recolonization. To bypass this gap, we applied on-site direct Whole-Genome Sequencing (Oxford Nanopore^® MinION™ sequencer) coupled with colorimetric analysis to understand the microbiome, resistome, and metabolic traits of subaerial biofilms present in untreated and treated (recolonized) areas of stone statues at the “Largo da Porta Férrea” (Coimbra’s UNESCO World Heritage site). Colorimetric analysis (ΔE of 32–40 in recolonized vs. 19–43 in untreated areas) and genomic data pointed out that the applied treatment provided only a short-term effect (roughly 4–5 years), with a marked decline in fungi (1–2% vs. 7–18%), coupled with an increased recolonization mainly by Cyanobacteriota (circa 35–45%) and several stress-resistant Bacteria (globally ~95% of reads vs. 73–79% in controls). Antimicrobial resistance profiles significantly differed between sites, with treated areas showing distinct and unique resistance genes, and plasmids containing the blaTEM-116 gene, which can indicate potential adaptive shifts in the resistomes profiles after intervention. Metabolic pathways analysis revealed that untreated areas retained more complete nitrogen and sulfur cycling gene sets, whereas treated areas showed reduced biogeochemical gene contents, consistent with earlier-stage recolonization steps. Given the current recolonization detection and the ongoing biofilm formation, routine monitoring efforts (e.g., every 6 months) are recommended. Overall, this study demonstrates the first on-site genomic characterization of recolonization events on heritage stone, providing a practical prompt-warning tool for conservation monitoring and future biofilm management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Biology to Cultural Heritage III)

19 pages, 3290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Granularity Content-Aware Network with Semantic Integration for Unsupervised Anomaly Detection

by Xinyu Guo, Shihui Zhao, Jianbin Xue, Dongdong Liu, Xinyang Han, Shuai Zhang and Yufeng Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11842; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111842 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Unsupervised anomaly detection has been widely applied to industrial scenarios. Recently, transformer-based methods have also been developed and have produced good performance. Although the global dependencies in anomaly images are considered, the typical patch partition strategy in the vanilla self-attention mechanism ignores the [...] Read more.

Unsupervised anomaly detection has been widely applied to industrial scenarios. Recently, transformer-based methods have also been developed and have produced good performance. Although the global dependencies in anomaly images are considered, the typical patch partition strategy in the vanilla self-attention mechanism ignores the content consistencies in anomaly defects or normal regions. To sufficiently exploit the content consistency in images, we propose the multi-granularity content-aware network with semantic integration (MGCA-Net), in which superpixel segmentation is introduced into feature space to divide images according to their spatial structures. Specifically, we adopt a pre-trained ResNet as the encoder to extract features. Then, we design content-aware attention blocks (CAABs) to capture the global information in features at different granularities. In this block, we impose superpixel segmentation on the features from the encoder and employ the superpixels as tokens for the learning of global relationships. Because the superpixels are divided according to their content consistencies, the spatial structures of objects in anomaly or normal regions are preserved. Meanwhile, the multi-granularity semantic integration block is devised to further integrate the global information of all granularities. Next, we use semantic-guided fusion blocks (SGFBs) to progressively upsample the features with the help of CAABs. Finally, the differences between the outputs of CAABs and SGFBs are calculated and merged to predict the anomaly defects. Thanks to the preservation of content consistency of objects, experimental results on two benchmark datasets demonstrate that our proposed MGCA-Net achieves superior anomaly detection performance over state-of-the-art methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Intelligent Image Processing Technology)

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14 pages, 39102 KB

Open AccessArticle

Schrödinger Cat States in Giant Negative Magnetoresistance of 2D Electron Systems

by Jesús Iñarrea

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11841; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111841 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

We investigate the effect of giant negative magnetoresistance in ultrahigh-mobility (

μ ≫ 10^{7} {cm}^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

) two-dimensional electron systems. These systems present a dramatic drop in the mangetoresistance at low magnetic fields ( [...] Read more.

We investigate the effect of giant negative magnetoresistance in ultrahigh-mobility (

μ ≫ 10^{7} {cm}^{2} V^{- 1} s^{- 1}

) two-dimensional electron systems. These systems present a dramatic drop in the mangetoresistance at low magnetic fields (

B \sim 0.1

T) and temperatures (

T \sim 0.1

K). This effect is reversed by increasing the temperature or the presence of an in-plane magnetic field. The motivation for the present work is to develop a microscopical model to explain the experimental evidence, based on coherent states and Schródinger cat states of the quantum harmonic oscillator. Thus, we approach the giant negative magnetoresistance effect based on the description of ultrahigh-mobility two-dimensional electron systems in terms of Schrödinger cat states (superposition of coherent states of the quantum harmonic oscillator). We explain the experimental results in terms of the increasing disorder in the sample due to the rising temperature or the in-plane magnetic field, breaking up the Schrödinger cat states and giving rise to mere coherent states, which hold magnetoresistance in lower-mobility samples. The latter, jointly with the description of ultrahigh-mobility samples with Schrödinger cat states, accounts for the main contribution. The most interesting application of this novel description of such systems would be in the implementation of qubits for quantum computing based on bosonic models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Physics General)

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19 pages, 13708 KB

Open AccessArticle

A-BiYOLOv9: An Attention-Guided YOLOv9 Model for Infrared-Based Wind Turbine Inspection

by Sami Ekici, Murat Uyar and Tugce Nur Karadeniz

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11840; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111840 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

This work examines how thermal turbulence patterns can be identified on the blades of operating wind turbines—an issue that plays a key role in preventive maintenance and overall safety assurance. Using the publicly available KI-VISIR dataset, containing annotated infrared images collected under real-world [...] Read more.

This work examines how thermal turbulence patterns can be identified on the blades of operating wind turbines—an issue that plays a key role in preventive maintenance and overall safety assurance. Using the publicly available KI-VISIR dataset, containing annotated infrared images collected under real-world operating conditions, four object detection architectures were evaluated: YOLOv8, the baseline YOLOv9, the transformer-based RT-DETR, and an enhanced variant introduced as A-BiYOLOv9. The proposed approach extends the YOLOv9 backbone with convolutional block attention modules (CBAM) and integrates a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BiFPN) in the neck to improve feature fusion. All models were trained for thirty epochs on single-class turbulence annotations. The experiments confirm that YOLOv8 provides fast and efficient detection, YOLOv9 delivers higher accuracy and more stable convergence, and RT-DETR exhibits strong precision and consistent localization performance. A-BiYOLOv9 maintains stable and reliable accuracy even when the thermal patterns vary significantly between scenes. These results confirm that attention-augmented and feature-fusion-centric architectures improve detection sensitivity and reliability in the thermal domain. Consequently, the proposed A-BiYOLOv9 represents a promising candidate for real-time, contactless thermographic monitoring of wind turbines, with the potential to extend turbine lifespan through predictive maintenance strategies. Full article

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25 pages, 452 KB

Open AccessReview

Polysaccharide-Enriched Bakery and Pasta Products: Advances, Functional Benefits, and Challenges in Modern Food Innovation

by Jovana Petrović, Jana Zahorec, Dragana Šoronja-Simović, Ivana Lončarević, Ivana Nikolić, Biljana Pajin, Milica Stožinić, Drago Šubarić, Đurđica Ačkar and Antun Jozinović

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11839; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111839 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

The increasing consumer demand for healthier food choices has stimulated research into functional bakery products enriched with bioactive ingredients. This review summarizes recent developments in the application of key polysaccharides—such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), β-glucan, arabinoxylan, pectin, cellulose derivatives, resistant starch, maltodextrins, [...] Read more.

The increasing consumer demand for healthier food choices has stimulated research into functional bakery products enriched with bioactive ingredients. This review summarizes recent developments in the application of key polysaccharides—such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS), β-glucan, arabinoxylan, pectin, cellulose derivatives, resistant starch, maltodextrins, and dextrins—in bread, pasta, and fine bakery systems. Their incorporation affects dough rheology, fermentation behavior, and gas retention, leading to modifications in texture, volume, and shelf-life stability. Technologically, polysaccharides function as hydrocolloids, fat and sugar replacers, or water-binding agents, influencing gluten network formation and starch gelatinization. Nutritionally, they contribute to higher dietary fiber intake, improved postprandial glycemic response, enhanced satiety, and favorable modulation of gut microbiota. From a sensory perspective, optimized formulations can maintain or even improve product acceptability despite structural changes. However, challenges remain related to dosage optimization, interactions with the gluten–starch matrix, and gastrointestinal tolerance (particularly in FODMAP-sensitive individuals). This review summarizes current knowledge and future opportunities for creating innovative bakery products that unite technological functionality with nutritional and sensory excellence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Science and Technology)

19 pages, 2925 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Target Detection and Counting Algorithms for Swarming Termites in Agricultural and Forestry Disaster Early Warning

by Hechuang Wang, Yifan Wang and Tong Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11838; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111838 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

The accurate monitoring of termite swarming—a key indicator of dispersal and population growth—is essential for early warning systems that mitigate infestation risks in agricultural and forestry environments. Automated detection and counting systems have become a viable alternative to labor-intensive and time-consuming manual inspection [...] Read more.

The accurate monitoring of termite swarming—a key indicator of dispersal and population growth—is essential for early warning systems that mitigate infestation risks in agricultural and forestry environments. Automated detection and counting systems have become a viable alternative to labor-intensive and time-consuming manual inspection methods. However, detecting and counting such small and fast-moving targets as swarming termites poses a significant challenge. This study proposes the YOLOv11-ST algorithm and a novel counting algorithm to address this challenge. By incorporating the Fourier-domain parameter decomposition and dynamic modulation mechanism of the FDConv module, along with the LRSA attention mechanism that enhances local feature interaction, the feature extraction capability for swarming termites is improved, enabling more accurate detection. The SPPF-DW module was designed to replace the original network’s SPPF module, enhancing the feature capture capability for small targets. In comparative evaluations with other baseline models, YOLOv11-ST demonstrated superior performance, achieving a Recall of 87.32% and a mAP50 of 93.21%. This represents an improvement of 2.1% and 2.02%, respectively, over the original YOLOv11. The proposed counting algorithm achieved an average counting accuracy of 91.2%. These research findings offer both theoretical and technical support for the development of a detection and counting system for swarming termites. Full article

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16 pages, 6836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Crash Safety Analysis Through Female-Specific Head Modeling: Application of FeFEHM in Traffic Accident Reconstructions

by Carlos G. S. Cardoso, Andre Eggers, Marcus Wisch, Fábio A. O. Fernandes and Ricardo J. Alves de Sousa

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11837; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111837 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern and its rising prevalence in road traffic accidents underscores the need for deeper understanding and tailored investigation. This study explores the feasibility of employing the female finite element head model (FeFEHM) to analyse [...] Read more.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern and its rising prevalence in road traffic accidents underscores the need for deeper understanding and tailored investigation. This study explores the feasibility of employing the female finite element head model (FeFEHM) to analyse biomechanical responses in two distinct road traffic accident scenarios, focusing on strain and stress distribution in critical brain structures. Two collision scenarios from the German In-Depth Accident Study (GIDAS) were reconstructed using validated Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) simulations. The extracted skull kinematics were applied to the FeFEHM in ABAQUS to compute maximum principal strain, von Mises stress, and intracranial pressure across key brain regions, including the corpus callosum and pituitary gland. Simulations revealed strain concentrations in the parietal and temporal lobes, while the mid-body region was the most affected in the corpus callosum. Pituitary gland deformation was minimal under both loading conditions. Our findings align qualitatively with reported injury sites and injury risk was consistent with those observed in the real-world crashes. The findings highlight the potential of integrating sex-specific biomechanical models into crash biomechanics workflows. Future work should extend this approach across larger datasets and impact scenarios to support its implementation in regulatory and engineering contexts, since the actual sample size prevents conclusions regarding sex-specific biomechanics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mechanical Engineering)

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18 pages, 3304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Load of the Tank Container with Sandwich Components

by Juraj Gerlici and Alyona Lovska

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11836; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111836 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

The presented research is focused on a proposal to improve a tank container structure by introducing sandwich components in the bottom to reduce its load while transported by rail. This solution will help to reduce loads by means of the energy-absorbing material included [...] Read more.

The presented research is focused on a proposal to improve a tank container structure by introducing sandwich components in the bottom to reduce its load while transported by rail. This solution will help to reduce loads by means of the energy-absorbing material included in the sandwich components. The proposed improvement is substantiated with mathematical modeling of the dynamic load of the tank container. It is found that the use of sandwich components in its structure can reduce the dynamic load by 12 to 18%, depending on the characteristics of the energy-absorbing material. This study also includes computer modeling of the dynamic load on the tank container, which makes it possible to identify the acceleration distribution fields acting on the tank container, and to determine their numerical values. The mathematical model of the dynamic load of the tank container is verified. Fisher’s exact test was used. The coefficient of determination was 0.81. The calculation was performed within the confidence interval from −0.95 to +0.95. It is found that the hypothesis of the adequacy for the model is not rejected. The study also includes a modal analysis of the tank container. The results of the modal analysis revealed that the safe operation of the tank container during transportation is ensured, as the first eigenfrequency is 13.8 Hz. The achieved results can be used for developing modern tank container designs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Railway Vehicle Dynamics)

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12 pages, 2217 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Verification of an Online Monitoring Ionization Chamber for Dose Measurement in a Small-Sized Betatron

by Bin Zhang, Wenlong Zheng, Ting Yan, Haitao Wang, Yan Zhang, Shumin Zhou and Qi Liu

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11835; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111835 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Online radiation dose monitoring is critical for the safe operation of accelerators. Although commercial dose monitors are well-developed, integrating an ionization chamber directly within a small-sized Betatron magnet remains challenging. In this study, we designed an air ionization chamber tailored for real-time dose [...] Read more.

Online radiation dose monitoring is critical for the safe operation of accelerators. Although commercial dose monitors are well-developed, integrating an ionization chamber directly within a small-sized Betatron magnet remains challenging. In this study, we designed an air ionization chamber tailored for real-time dose monitoring in a small-sized Betatron. We selected aluminum for the chamber wall based on structural and integration requirements, designed the cavity geometry, and developed the associated charge collection and sampling circuits. Using a standard reference PTW ionization chamber, we calibrated the output voltage of the chamber against X-ray dose rates and conducted stability tests. The results show that there is a very good linear relationship between the output voltage of the ionization chamber and the X-ray dose rate. The relative standard deviation of the dose rate data within a 10 min working cycle is 3.25%, and the dose rate data shows good consistency with the standard reference ionization chamber. The ionization chamber can ensure operational safety for a small-sized Betatron and offer guidance for similar applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization of Advanced Nuclear Technologies and Application in the Energy Industry)

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21 pages, 2321 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can LLMs Generate Coherent Summaries? Leveraging LLM Summarization for Spanish-Language News Articles

by Ronghao Pan, Tomás Bernal-Beltrán, María del Pilar Salas-Zárate, Mario Andrés Paredes-Valverde, José Antonio García-Díaz and Rafael Valencia-García

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11834; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111834 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Automatic summarization is essential for processing the vast quantity of news articles. However, existing methods struggle with factual consistency, hallucinations, and English-centric evaluations. This paper investigates whether Large Language Models can generate coherent and factually grounded summaries of Spanish-language news articles, using the [...] Read more.

Automatic summarization is essential for processing the vast quantity of news articles. However, existing methods struggle with factual consistency, hallucinations, and English-centric evaluations. This paper investigates whether Large Language Models can generate coherent and factually grounded summaries of Spanish-language news articles, using the DACSA dataset as a benchmark. Several strategies are evaluated, including zero-shot prompting, one-shot prompting, fine-tuning of seq2seq models mBART and mT5, and a novel bottleneck prompting method that integrates attention-based salience scoring with Named Entity Recognition. Our results show that modern instruction-tuned language models can achieve competitive performance in zero- and one-shot settings, often approaching the performance of fine-tuned baselines. Our proposed bottleneck method enhances factual accuracy and content selection, leading to measurable improvements in ROUGE and BERTScore, especially for larger models such as LLaMA-3.1-70B and Gemma-2-9B. These results suggest that structured prompting can complement conventional approaches, offering an effective and cost-efficient alternative to full supervision. The results indicate that LLMs guided by entity-anchored bottlenecks provide a promising approach to multilingual summarization in domains with limited resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Techniques and Applications of Natural Language Processing)

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14 pages, 2722 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electric Field and Charge Characteristics at the Gas–Solid Interface of a Scaled HVDC Wall Bushing Model

by Wenhao Lu, Xiaodi Ouyang, Jinyin Zhang, Xiang Xie, Xiaoxing Wei, Feng Wang, Mingchun Hou and She Chen

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11833; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111833 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) wall bushings are critical components in DC transmission systems, ensuring insulation integrity and operational reliability. In recent years, surface discharge incidents induced by charge accumulation at the gas–solid interface have become increasingly prominent. A comprehensive understanding of the electric [...] Read more.

Ultra-high-voltage direct current (UHVDC) wall bushings are critical components in DC transmission systems, ensuring insulation integrity and operational reliability. In recent years, surface discharge incidents induced by charge accumulation at the gas–solid interface have become increasingly prominent. A comprehensive understanding of the electric field distribution and charge accumulation behavior of wall bushings under UHVDC is therefore essential for improving their safety and stability. In this work, an electrostatic field model of a ±800 kV UHVDC wall bushing core was developed using COMSOL Multiphysics 6.3. Based on this, a geometrically scaled model of the bushing core was further established to investigate charge distribution characteristics along the gas–solid interface under varying voltage amplitudes, application durations, and practical operating conditions. The results reveal that the maximum surface charge density occurs near the geometric corner of the core, with charge accumulation increasing as the applied voltage amplitude rises. Over time, the accumulation exhibits a saturation trend, approaching a steady state after approximately 480 min. Moreover, under actual operating conditions, the charge accumulation at the gas–solid interface increases by approximately 40%. These findings provide valuable insights for the design optimization of UHVDC wall bushings, thereby contributing to improved insulation performance and enhanced long-term operational reliability of DC transmission systems. Full article

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20 pages, 1349 KB

Open AccessArticle

DATTAMM: Domain-Aware Test-Time Adaptation for Multimodal Misinformation Detection

by Kaicheng Xu, Shasha Wang and Zipeng Diao

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11832; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111832 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

The rapid proliferation of multimodal misinformation across diverse news categories poses unprecedented challenges to digital ecosystems, where existing detection systems exhibit critical limitations in domain adaptation and fairness. Current methods suffer from two fundamental flaws: (1) severe performance variance (>35% accuracy drop in [...] Read more.

The rapid proliferation of multimodal misinformation across diverse news categories poses unprecedented challenges to digital ecosystems, where existing detection systems exhibit critical limitations in domain adaptation and fairness. Current methods suffer from two fundamental flaws: (1) severe performance variance (>35% accuracy drop in education/science categories) due to category-specific semantic shifts; (2) systemic real/fake detection bias causing up to 68.3% false positives in legitimate content—risking suppression of factual reporting especially in high-stakes domains like public health discourse. To address these dual challenges, this paper proposes the DATTAMM (Domain-Adaptive Tensorized Multimodal Model), a novel framework integrating category-aware attention mechanisms and adversarial debiasing modules. Our approach dynamically aligns textual–visual features while suppressing domain-irrelevant noise through the following: (a) semantic disentanglement layers extracting category-invariant patterns; (b) cross-modal verification units resolving inter-modal conflicts; (c) real/fake gradient alignment regularizers. Extensive experiments on nine news categories demonstrate that the DATTAMM achieves an average F1-score of 0.854, outperforming state-of-the-art baselines by 32.7%. The model maintains consistent performance with less than 5.4% variance across categories, significantly reducing accuracy drops in education and science content where baselines degrade by over 35%. Crucially, the DATTAMM narrows the real/fake F1 gap to merely 0.017, compared to 0.243–0.547 in baseline models, while cutting false positives in high-stakes domains like health news to 5.8% versus the 38.2% baseline average. These advances lower societal costs of misclassification by 79.7%, establishing a new paradigm for robust and equitable misinformation detection in evolving information ecosystems. Full article

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16 pages, 2638 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Steady-State Coupled Model of Viscosity–Temperature–Pressure in Polymer Flooding Injection Wellbores

by Yutian Huang, Jiawei Fan, Ming Hao, Xinlei Zhang, Fuzhen Liu and Xuesong Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11831; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111831 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Polymer solutions play a crucial role in the polymer flooding process by influencing the flow characteristics of formation fluids and enhancing recovery efficiency. Their properties are influenced by the transient coupling of temperature, pressure, and viscosity, yet the underlying patterns remain unclear. This [...] Read more.

Polymer solutions play a crucial role in the polymer flooding process by influencing the flow characteristics of formation fluids and enhancing recovery efficiency. Their properties are influenced by the transient coupling of temperature, pressure, and viscosity, yet the underlying patterns remain unclear. This study establishes a non-steady-state coupling model of polymer temperature–pressure–viscosity in wellbores, solved numerically using a staggered-grid fully implicit scheme in Matlab. At a depth of 1000 m, the polymer viscosity is measured in the field as 102.12 mPa·s, while the simulated value is 107.46 mPa·s (4.97% error), indicating good agreement with the wellbore viscosity distribution. Wellbore temperature is the dominant factor, whereas injection pressure has minor effects. Injection flow rate governs heat exchange with the formation; low flow causes larger temperature and viscosity fluctuations, while high flow leads to insufficient heat transfer. With prolonged injection, wellbore temperature approaches dynamic equilibrium, viscosity decreases, and sand-carrying capacity weakens. These findings provide theoretical guidance for optimizing polymer flooding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Thermal Engineering)

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22 pages, 7129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Coatings of Chitosan-Tetracycline-Oxide Layer on Anodized Ti-13Zr-13Nb Alloy as New Drug Delivery System

by Aizada Utenaliyeva, Patrycja Osak, Karolina Dudek, Delfina Nowińska, Jan Rak, Joanna Maszybrocka and Bożena Łosiewicz

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(21), 11830; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152111830 - 6 Nov 2025

Abstract

Titanium alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants, yet their limited bioactivity and bacterial resistance remain critical challenges. This study aimed to enhance the surface performance of a Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy through the formation of a porous oxide layer and the application [...] Read more.

Titanium alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants, yet their limited bioactivity and bacterial resistance remain critical challenges. This study aimed to enhance the surface performance of a Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy through the formation of a porous oxide layer and the application of a bioactive, drug-loaded coating. Porous oxide layers composed of Ti, Zr, and Nb oxides with fluoride incorporation were fabricated using a novel anodizing process. The fluoride-assisted electrochemical mechanism controlling oxide growth was elucidated through SEM and EDS analyses. The anodized surface exhibited reduced microhardness, beneficial for minimizing stress-shielding effects. Subsequently, chitosan–tetracycline composite coatings were produced via EPD and compared with dip-coating method. Characterization by ATR-FTIR, optical microscopy, SEM, and UV-VIS spectroscopy confirmed the formation of uniform, adherent, and moderately porous coatings with sustained drug release when produced by EPD, while dip-coated layers were less homogeneous and released the drug faster. Microhardness testing revealed improved mechanical integrity of EPD coatings. The developed chitosan–tetracycline–oxide layer system provides tunable nano/microgram-scale drug release and enhanced surface functionality, offering promising perspectives for acute and medium-term regenerative and antibacterial biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Applied Biosciences and Bioengineering)

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