Topic Editors

Department of Architecture and Design, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
Department of Architecture and Design (DAD), Politecnico di Torino, Viale Mattioli 39, 10126 Torino, Italy
ETH Zürich, Management Forstlicher Ressourcen, CHN K 75, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland

3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage

Abstract submission deadline
closed (1 September 2025)
Manuscript submission deadline
1 December 2025
Viewed by
14238

Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

The definition of tangible cultural heritage is wide and includes, but is not limited to, landscapes, built heritage, cities, territories, archaeological sites, minor historical centres, urban environments, cities, suburbs, villages, and hamlets (Article 1 of the UNESCO World Heritage Convention). It is widely accepted that the accurate spatial documentation (from 3D integrated metric surveys or from harmonised geospatial datasets) of these assets is crucial for preservation, restoration, historical analysis, revitalisation, and various other applications. Moreover, such 3D documentation could help, with its high accuracy, highly detailed datasets, or multiscale geodatabases, in planning processing involving different stakeholders, citizens, and local communities.

The proposed Topic will deal with advanced spatial documentation techniques, both 2D and 3D, leveraging contemporary geomatics technologies, GeoAI, 3D city models, and Digital Twins. Several specific documentation techniques can be used to achieve accurate and complete documentation of CH including, but not limited to, the following:

  • Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) for high-resolution aerial data acquisition using different sensors (e.g., RGB, thermal, multispectral data) and techniques (e.g., aerial imagery and photogrammetry with the aim to create detailed 2D products and 3D models);
  • Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) and MMS (Mobile Mapping System) generating 3D point clouds with different degrees of accuracy and levels of detail;
  • Creation and publication of geodatabase from cartographic dataset of national geoportals (standards compliant with geographic information standards);
  • GeoAI approaches that use artificial intelligence to analyse, classify, and interpret geospatial data for cultural heritage applications;
  •  Novel technology for the metric documentation of CH.

For the application of these geomatics techniques to CH documentation, the following specific aims are considered in this Topic:

  • Provide precise and detailed 2D and 3D metric documentation (by means of geomatics techniques acquisitions and approaches) of cultural heritage assets;
  • Enable various analyses through the application of modern geomatics techniques and GeoAI;
  • Facilitate the creation and use of Digital Twins for cultural heritage sites;
  • Support diverse applications, including risk assessment, restoration planning, and heritage management;
  • Use the documentation to deal with possible scenarios like risk management, urban planning, sustainable plans, regulatory plans, restoration actions, etc.

We are targeting contributions that achieve the following:

  • Present case studies demonstrating the successful application of 2D and 3D metric documentation techniques in cultural heritage;
  • Explore innovative methods and technologies for spatial documentation;
  • Discuss the integration of documentation data into various analytical and application frameworks;
  • Analyse the impact of advanced spatial documentation on risk assessment, restoration planning, and heritage management.

This Topic highlights the importance of advanced spatial documentation in cultural heritage, with the aim of supporting independent researchers, professionals, and national public and private entities in its management, conservation, study, and promotion. By integrating cutting-edge geomatics techniques, GeoAI, and Digital Twins, this research will provide new insights and methodologies for comprehensive documentation, facilitating the various applications crucial for preserving and managing cultural heritage.

Furthermore, the proposed Topic seeks to advance the understanding and application of the available documentation approaches for Cultural Heritage. By fostering interdisciplinary research and collaboration, this Topic also aims to contribute to the development of innovative solutions for the preservation and management of cultural heritage sites, ensuring their protection and appreciation for future generations.

Dr. Lorenzo Teppati Losè
Dr. Elisabetta Colucci
Dr. Arnadi Dhestaratri Murtiyoso
Topic Editors

Keywords

  • heritage management strategies
  • metric documentation techniques
  • digital twins
  • 3d city models
  • geoai applications
  • geomatics technologies
  • cultural heritage preservation
  • advanced spatial documentation

Participating Journals

Journal Name Impact Factor CiteScore Launched Year First Decision (median) APC
Applied Sciences
applsci
2.5 5.5 2011 19.8 Days CHF 2400 Submit
Drones
drones
4.8 7.4 2017 20.1 Days CHF 2600 Submit
Geomatics
geomatics
2.8 5.1 2021 20 Days CHF 1000 Submit
Heritage
heritage
1.9 3.7 2018 18.6 Days CHF 1600 Submit
ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information
ijgi
2.8 7.2 2012 34.2 Days CHF 1900 Submit
Remote Sensing
remotesensing
4.1 8.6 2009 24.9 Days CHF 2700 Submit
Sensors
sensors
3.5 8.2 2001 19.7 Days CHF 2600 Submit

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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24 pages, 4032 KB  
Article
From Archives to 3D Models: Managing Uncertainty with Paradata in Virtual Heritage
by Andras Horkai
Heritage 2025, 8(10), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8100441 - 21 Oct 2025
Viewed by 193
Abstract
This article examines the methodological challenges inherent in the digital 3D reconstructions of historical buildings using archival documentation. Unlike photogrammetry or laser scanning, archival-based modeling is crucial for buildings that never existed, no longer exist, or have undergone extensive modifications. Present research insights [...] Read more.
This article examines the methodological challenges inherent in the digital 3D reconstructions of historical buildings using archival documentation. Unlike photogrammetry or laser scanning, archival-based modeling is crucial for buildings that never existed, no longer exist, or have undergone extensive modifications. Present research insights from a pilot educational project where 65 university students reconstructed 70 heritage buildings from Budapest (Hungary) in Archicad based solely on archival sources. In total, 75% of the buildings lacked at least one façade drawing, while nearly 20% showed contradictions between different plans (e.g., floor plan and section). Common challenges were identified, including missing drawings, contradictory plans, stylistic uncertainty, and software constraints, and their patterns were analyzed. To enhance modeling transparency, structured methods for recording paradata were proposed. Findings contribute to methodological rigor in virtual heritage reconstruction and support the reuse of archival models in architectural practice, research, and conservation. This study is among the first to propose a structured paradata framework tailored explicitly to archival-based 3D reconstructions, bridging methodological gaps between educational practice and professional heritage research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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25 pages, 8613 KB  
Article
Evaluation of Underground Space Resources in Ancient Cities from the Perspective of Organic Renewal: A Case Study of Shaoxing Ancient City
by Qiuxiao Chen, Yiduo Qi, Guanjie Xu, Xiuxiu Chen, Xiaoyi Zhang and Hongbo Li
ISPRS Int. J. Geo-Inf. 2025, 14(10), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi14100384 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 363
Abstract
China has entered a period of urban renewal, with the focus shifting from large-scale incremental construction to both upgrading existing building quality and adjusting incremental structures. There are three main types of urban renewal: demolition and reconstruction, comprehensive improvement, and organic renewal. The [...] Read more.
China has entered a period of urban renewal, with the focus shifting from large-scale incremental construction to both upgrading existing building quality and adjusting incremental structures. There are three main types of urban renewal: demolition and reconstruction, comprehensive improvement, and organic renewal. The latter systematically optimizes and enhances urban functions, spaces, and culture through gradual renovation methods and is, therefore, suitable for use in ancient cities. To promote organic renewal, the problem of limited space resources must first be addressed, which can be resolved to a certain extent by the moderate development of underground spaces; preliminary evaluations of the development potential are also required. In consideration of the demands of organic renewal, we constructed a novel indicator system for evaluating underground space development potential (USDP) in ancient cities that assesses two dimensions: development demand and development suitability. A multi-factor comprehensive evaluation method was adopted to quantify the indicators of USDP, taking Shaoxing Ancient City (SAC) as the case study. According to the USDP evaluation, SAC can be divided into four kinds of areas: high-potential, general-potential, low-potential, and prohibited development areas. High-potential areas accounted for 16.38% of the total evaluation area and were primarily concentrated in or near key locations: train transit stations (Shaoxing Railway Station), public service facilities, evacuated land, and cultural and tourism facilities around historic districts (Shusheng Guli Historical and Cultural Street). The proposed development strategies for these areas included the interconnection of metro stations, redevelopment of relocation-related and vacated land, construction of underground cultural corridors, and supplementation of parking facilities. For developed underground spaces with low utilization efficiency, functional renewal and management improvement measures were put forward. Our method of evaluating the USDP of ancient cities and the strategies proposed to optimize the utilization of underground space can provide reference examples for SAC and other similar ancient cities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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32 pages, 13690 KB  
Article
Surveying a Sacred Landscape: First Steps to a Holistic Documentation of Buddhist Architecture in Dolpo
by Carmen Elisabeth Auer
Heritage 2025, 8(9), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090385 - 17 Sep 2025
Viewed by 500
Abstract
Dolpo is a culturally Tibetan region in the inaccessible parts of the Himalayas, where Buddhist and Bon traditions coexist to this day. Due to their religious significance, the temples and monasteries of Dolpo reflect the historical connection to the religious centres of the [...] Read more.
Dolpo is a culturally Tibetan region in the inaccessible parts of the Himalayas, where Buddhist and Bon traditions coexist to this day. Due to their religious significance, the temples and monasteries of Dolpo reflect the historical connection to the religious centres of the Tibetan area. Accordingly, a holistic documentation of the preserved buildings can provide new insights for the development of typologies of Buddhist architecture in the Western Himalayas. To shed light on the mainly undocumented Buddhist architecture of this region, we launched our first research project in 2018. As a result, the architectural documentation of eighteen Buddhist sites in Dolpo is now available for the first time, based on the on-site assessment and survey during four field missions between 2018 and 2023. It provides an overview of the location, descriptions and references, photographs, sets of plans and 3D models of the surveyed buildings, enabling an inventory of the region’s cultural heritage to be initiated. The results enable us to establish a comprehensive typology of Buddhist architecture in Dolpo that allows for comparative analyses with buildings already documented in previous projects. Last but not least, the documentation provides the basis for much-needed restoration work. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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23 pages, 338 KB  
Article
Digital Archaeology Underwater: Ethical, Epistemic, and Climate Challenges for a Collaborative Future
by Caio Demilio and Filipe Castro
Heritage 2025, 8(9), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8090383 - 16 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1122
Abstract
This article explores the converging challenges and opportunities at the intersection of underwater cultural heritage, digital archaeology, and participatory science. In an era of accelerated climate change, data fragmentation, and rapid technological advancement, underwater archaeology is being reshaped by the rise of generative [...] Read more.
This article explores the converging challenges and opportunities at the intersection of underwater cultural heritage, digital archaeology, and participatory science. In an era of accelerated climate change, data fragmentation, and rapid technological advancement, underwater archaeology is being reshaped by the rise of generative artificial intelligence (GAI), FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) data governance, and the growing role of public archaeology. We argue for an ethical and epistemologically inclusive framework that recognizes the importance of co-authorship, data transparency, and multisensory narratives in interpreting submerged sites. Drawing on case studies from Latin America and Europe, this article demonstrates how socio-technical networks, collaborative models, and culturally sensitive ontologies offer a pathway toward a decolonized, accessible, and sustainable archaeology. This paper concludes with recommendations for integrated public policy and citizen-driven heritage protection, highlighting digital archaeology’s transformative potential in the Anthropocene. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
21 pages, 6784 KB  
Article
Digitizing Challenging Heritage Sites with the Use of iPhone LiDAR and Photogrammetry: The Case-Study of Sourp Magar Monastery in Cyprus
by Mehmetcan Soyluoğlu, Rahaf Orabi, Sorin Hermon and Nikolas Bakirtzis
Geomatics 2025, 5(3), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/geomatics5030044 - 9 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1015
Abstract
Documenting and preserving cultural heritage assets is increasingly important, with threats from natural disasters, conflicts, climate change, and neglect, and some sites are both contested and physically difficult to access or document, posing the issue of “challenging heritage”. A range of innovative digital [...] Read more.
Documenting and preserving cultural heritage assets is increasingly important, with threats from natural disasters, conflicts, climate change, and neglect, and some sites are both contested and physically difficult to access or document, posing the issue of “challenging heritage”. A range of innovative digital methods have emerged, offering practical, low-cost, efficient techniques for the 3D documentation of threatened heritage, including smart phone-based mobile light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and photogrammetry. Such techniques offer quick, accessible, and cost-effective alternatives to terrestrial laser scanners, albeit with reduced accuracy and detail, offering practical solutions in cases with restricted funding, limited time for access, complex architectural geometries, or the unavailability of high-end equipment on site. This paper presents a real-world case study integrating iPhone LiDAR with aerial photogrammetry for the rapid documentation of Sourp Magar Monastery, a Medieval site located in a forested slopes of the Kyrenia Range, Cyprus. Due to its poor state of preservation and years of abandonment, as well as its remote nature and location, the monastery is considered a “challenging heritage” monument. In the context of a recent international restoration initiative, a preliminary digital survey was undertaken to both document the current condition of Sourp Magar and contribute to a better understanding of its construction history. This paper outlines the workflow integrating the use of smartphone LiDAR and aerial photogrammetry, evaluates its efficacy in challenging heritage sites, and discusses its potential implications for rapid, low-cost documentation. Finally, the present paper aims to show the multifaceted benefit of easy-to-use, low-cost technologies in the preliminary study of sites and monuments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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20 pages, 16247 KB  
Article
Effects of Rain and Sediment-Laden Winds on Earthen Archaeological Sites from Morphometry: A Case Study from Huaca Chotuna (8th–16th Century AD), Lambayeque, Peru
by Luigi Magnini, Maria Ilaria Pannaccione Apa, Robert F. Gutierrez Cachay, Marco Fernández Manayalle, Carlos E. Wester La Torre and Guido Ventura
Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 3103; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17173103 - 5 Sep 2025
Viewed by 1053
Abstract
Earthen archaeological sites are particularly vulnerable to rain and winds, whose effects may compromise their integrity. The Huaca Chotuna (HC; 8th–16th Century AD) is an adobe platform in Peru’s semi-arid Lambayeque region, and it is in an area with exposure to rain and [...] Read more.
Earthen archaeological sites are particularly vulnerable to rain and winds, whose effects may compromise their integrity. The Huaca Chotuna (HC; 8th–16th Century AD) is an adobe platform in Peru’s semi-arid Lambayeque region, and it is in an area with exposure to rain and winds associated with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Here we present the results from an orthophotogrammetric and morphometric study aimed at quantifying the effects of erosion and deposition at the HC. The novelty of our approach consists of merging topographic, hydrological, and wind parameters to recognize the sector of the HC with exposure to potentially damaging natural climatic phenomena. We identify zones affected by erosion and deposition processes. Results of a diffusion model aimed to estimate the HC sectors where these processes will act in the next century are also presented. Gully erosion from rainfall indicates a vertical erosion rate of approximately 0.2 m/century, demonstrating the low preservation potential of the HC. Rainwater also deteriorates adobe bricks and triggers water/mud flows. Conversely, sediment-laden winds contribute to the partial burial of the HC. The findings highlight significant hazards to the HC’s structural integrity, including gravity instability. The interdisciplinary methodology we adopt offers a key framework for assessing and protecting other earthen sites globally against the escalating impacts of climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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22 pages, 5266 KB  
Article
Preserving Modern Heritage in the Emirate of Dubai: A Digital Documentation and Semantic HBIM Approach
by Abeer Abu Raed, Wido Quist and Uta Pottgiesser
Heritage 2025, 8(7), 263; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070263 - 4 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1574
Abstract
The rapid urbanization and technological advancements in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have placed its modern architectural heritage from the 1970s and 1980s at increasing risk of being unrecognized and lost, particularly in Dubai following the discovery of oil. This research addresses the [...] Read more.
The rapid urbanization and technological advancements in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) have placed its modern architectural heritage from the 1970s and 1980s at increasing risk of being unrecognized and lost, particularly in Dubai following the discovery of oil. This research addresses the critical need for the documentation and heritage representation of Dubai’s modern heritage, a city undergoing rapid transformation within a globalized urban landscape. Focusing on the Nasser Rashid Lootah Building (Toyota Building), an iconic early 1970s residential high-rise representing the modern architecture of Dubai and a significant milestone in its architectural history, this study explores a replicable and cost-effective approach to digitally document and conserve urban heritage under threat. The existing building was meticulously documented and analyzed to highlight its enduring value within the fast-changing urban fabric. Through the innovative combination of drone photography, ground-based photography, and HBIM, a high-resolution 3D model and a semantically organized HBIM prototype were generated. This research demonstrates a replicable measure for identifying architectural values, understanding modernist design typologies, and raising local community awareness about Dubai’s modern heritage. Ultimately, this study contributes toward developing recognition criteria and guiding efforts in documenting modern high-rise buildings as vital heritage worthy of recognition, documentation, and future conservation in the UAE. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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42 pages, 2165 KB  
Review
A Systematic Literature Review to Assist in Defining New Guidelines and Practical Handbooks for the Documentation of Built Heritage
by Lorenzo Teppati Losè and Fulvio Rinaudo
Heritage 2025, 8(7), 249; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8070249 - 25 Jun 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2309
Abstract
The documentation of cultural heritage, particularly built heritage, represents a critical component in ensuring its preservation, sustainable management, and effective transmission to future generations. As the field increasingly undergoes a digital transformation, there is a growing need for structured, standardised approaches that can [...] Read more.
The documentation of cultural heritage, particularly built heritage, represents a critical component in ensuring its preservation, sustainable management, and effective transmission to future generations. As the field increasingly undergoes a digital transformation, there is a growing need for structured, standardised approaches that can guide professionals and stakeholders through the complexities of documentation practices. Despite the availability of numerous standards and charters, a clear synthesis of consolidated methodologies and recent technological shifts remains limited. This study addresses this gap by conducting a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to assess current documentation practices. The research is part of a larger initiative funded by the FSE REACT-EU programme under the Italian PON Ricerca e Innovazione 2014–2020, specifically aiming to support public and private stakeholders in developing practical documentation strategies. Using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework, over 266 publications were analysed to reconstruct the state of the art. The findings confirm widely adopted practices among research groups while also highlighting emerging trends driven by technological advancements in geomatics. These insights will contribute to the formulation of practical guidelines to support operators in the field and reinforce the integration of innovative tools in Cultural Heritage documentation workflows. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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14 pages, 5528 KB  
Article
From Google Earth Studio to Hologram: A Pipeline for Architectural Visualization
by Philippe Gentet, Tam Le Phuc Do, Jumamurod Farhod Ugli Aralov, Oybek Mirzaevich Narzulloev, Leehwan Hwang and Seunghyun Lee
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(11), 6179; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15116179 - 30 May 2025
Viewed by 1198
Abstract
High-resolution holographic visualization of built environments remains largely inaccessible due to the complexity and technical demands of traditional 3D data acquisition processes. This study proposes a workflow for producing high-quality full-color digital holographic stereograms of architectural landmarks using Google Earth Studio. By leveraging [...] Read more.
High-resolution holographic visualization of built environments remains largely inaccessible due to the complexity and technical demands of traditional 3D data acquisition processes. This study proposes a workflow for producing high-quality full-color digital holographic stereograms of architectural landmarks using Google Earth Studio. By leveraging photogrammetrically reconstructed three-dimensional (3D) city models and a controlled camera path, we generated perspective image sequences of two iconic monuments, that is, the Basílica de la Sagrada Família (Barcelona, Spain) and the Arc de Triomphe (Paris, France). A custom pipeline was implemented to compute keyframe coordinates, extract cinematic image sequences, and convert them into histogram data suitable for CHIMERA holographic printing. The holograms were recorded on Ultimate U04 silver halide plates and illuminated with RGB light-emitting diodes, yielding visually immersive reconstructions with strong parallax effects and color fidelity. This method circumvented the requirement for physical 3D scanning, thereby enabling scalable and cost-effective holography using publicly available 3D datasets. In conclusion, the findings indicate the potential of combining Earth Studio with digital holography for urban visualization, cultural heritage preservation, and educational displays. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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31 pages, 24504 KB  
Article
Archival Research, Underwater Optical Surveys, and 3D Modelling: Three Stages for Shaping the Wreck of the Steamship Bengala (Isola di Capo Rizzuto, Crotone, Italy)
by Salvatore Medaglia, Fabio Bruno, Ana Castelli, Matteo Collina, Barbara Davidde Petriaggi, Luca De Rosa, Julieta Frere, Fabrizio Fuoco, Guillermo Gutiérrez, Antonio Lagudi, Francesco Megna and Raffaele Peluso
Heritage 2025, 8(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage8010013 - 29 Dec 2024
Viewed by 2126
Abstract
Bengala, a steamer that sank in 1889 near Capo Rizzuto, Italy, was a relatively new vessel for its time, with an unusually short 18-year service life, given that steamers of the period typically operated for 30 to 40 years. Despite its brief [...] Read more.
Bengala, a steamer that sank in 1889 near Capo Rizzuto, Italy, was a relatively new vessel for its time, with an unusually short 18-year service life, given that steamers of the period typically operated for 30 to 40 years. Despite its brief history, SS Bengala played a significant role in the development of Italy’s young merchant navy, undergoing multiple ownership changes and serving various Italian shipping companies. Employed mainly along the route to Southeast Asia, it transported Italian migrants overseas and also participated in troop raids during the Italian military expedition to Eritrea in 1887. Despite its historical significance, no iconographic material has yet been found to depict SS Bengala, and archival research conducted in Italy and England has not uncovered any naval plans, photographs, or drawings of the ship. To overcome this gap, the authors employed new technologies and historical information to create a virtual reconstruction. This research combined archival sources with underwater surveys, including a detailed 3D survey by divers and archaeologists. Archival research, including consultation of official documents, provided critical information on the ship’s dimensions, superstructure, rigging, materials, and construction methods. The 3D modelling of the ship’s external hull, based on precise geometric data from the wreck site, offers a first step towards virtual reconstruction. The modelling is grounded in photogrammetric surveying techniques, ensuring high accuracy in the reconstruction process. The model can be used in augmented reality (AR) applications to enhance underwater exploration, allowing divers to visualise the reconstructed ship in its original environment. Additionally, it supports museum exhibits, interactive visualisations, and educational games, making it a valuable resource for engaging the public with maritime history and archaeology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic 3D Documentation of Natural and Cultural Heritage)
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