Journal Description
Buildings
Buildings
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on building science, building engineering and architecture published monthly online by MDPI. The International Council for Research and Innovation in Building and Construction (CIB) is affiliated with Buildings and their members receive a discount on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Civil) / CiteScore - Q1 (Architecture)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 14.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Companion Journal: Architecture.
Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Study of Structural Seismic Damage Considering Seasonal Frozen Soil–Structure Interaction
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1493; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061493 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Frozen soil may cause structures to have different damage statuses, as revealed by earthquakes in northeastern China. ABAQUS (2019), a numerical simulation software application, was adopted to systematically and deeply study the structural seismic response, considering seasonal frozen soil–structure interaction under different ground
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Frozen soil may cause structures to have different damage statuses, as revealed by earthquakes in northeastern China. ABAQUS (2019), a numerical simulation software application, was adopted to systematically and deeply study the structural seismic response, considering seasonal frozen soil–structure interaction under different ground motion intensities and soil ambient temperatures. The results showed firstly that the variation in soil ambient temperature had a great influence on the seismic response of the structure, as indicated by the damage status of the structure obtained through numerical simulation. Secondly, through further analysis of the numerical simulation results, the influence amplitude of different soil temperatures on the structural seismic response was quantitatively analyzed and systematically summarized. Finally, the structural seismic damage with negative ambient temperature could be significantly lower than that with positive temperature normally. Additionally, such an internal change mechanism was also objectively analyzed to verify the reliability of the conclusion.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Research on Structural Dynamics and Health Monitoring)
Open AccessArticle
Nature-Based Solutions and Climate Resilience: A Bibliographic Perspective through Science Mapping Analysis
by
Farnoosh Vazin, Daniel W. M. Chan, Toktam Hanaee and Hadi Sarvari
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1492; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061492 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Currently, urban areas are confronting considerable challenges stemming from climate change. These challenges possess the potential to have profound implications for the well-being of residents, their means of making a living, and their own assets. Consequently, it is imperative to identify effective solutions
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Currently, urban areas are confronting considerable challenges stemming from climate change. These challenges possess the potential to have profound implications for the well-being of residents, their means of making a living, and their own assets. Consequently, it is imperative to identify effective solutions that mitigate these effects on the urban environment. Nature-based solutions (NBSs), involving the utilization of natural resources and ecosystem services to alleviate the effects of climate change, have the potential of enhancing our capacity to develop cities that are more resistant to these challenges. To this end, this paper aims to extract some bibliographic data from available research articles on NBSs and climate resilience sought from the common search engines of Scopus, Web of Science, and Lens Base, and then the RStudio version 2022.12.00+353, VoSviewer version 1.6.20, and Biblioshiny-Bibliometrics version 2017 software tools were adopted to collate and analyze the literature data through science mapping analysis. In doing so, it was advocated that these two topics have not been extensively studied in their relationship to each other and that there is a large extent of existing knowledge gaps, the filling of which can foster the development of these ideas and thus help develop our cities in combating against climate change. Exploring the effectiveness of NBSs in boosting climate resilience is a critical research gap. More empirical studies are envisaged to assess the scalability and transferability of those effective NBSs in various regions or countries. Another research gap exists in comprehending the long-term effects on ecosystem services and community welfare. Research on socio-economic advantages, trade-offs, and unintended outcomes is essential for making well-informed decisions when applying various NBSs worldwide.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Building Design and Construction for a Sustainable Future)
Open AccessArticle
Study on the Diffusion Parameters of Newtonian Fluid in High-Pressure Jet Disturbance Grouting
by
Jian Zhang, Yikai Xu, Duohua Wu, Chuanxiao Liu, Guangtan Cheng, Qiang Gao, Zhe Ren and Changle Guo
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1491; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061491 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
In order to investigate the diffusion mechanism of slurry in post-pile grouting, this study develops a formula for calculating the diameter and the climb height of the cement core of jet grouting (CCJG). This research conducts field orthogonal tests using a self-developed grouting
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In order to investigate the diffusion mechanism of slurry in post-pile grouting, this study develops a formula for calculating the diameter and the climb height of the cement core of jet grouting (CCJG). This research conducts field orthogonal tests using a self-developed grouting nozzle to analyze the effects of disturbance pressure (DP), disturbance time (DT), grouting pressure (GP), and the water–cement ratio (W/C) on the dimensions and strength of the CCJG. The findings revealed that the theoretical formula for calculating the diameter of the CCJG deviates by approximately 8% from the field test results, confirming the formula’s validity. In addition, the DP and DT significantly influence the volume of the CCJG, displaying a linear increase with their augmentation. Conversely, the W/C and DP predominantly affect the CCJG’s strength. Notably, an increase in the W/C results in diminished strength, whereas an increase in the DP enhances it. In addition, soil reinforcement is achieved through replacement, mixing, and compaction as the grout flows outward from the center of the grouting hole. These insights offer a theoretical foundation and technical support for effective grouting construction practices.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
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Open AccessReview
Historical Evolution of the Impact of Seismic Incident Angles on the Safety Assessment of Various Building Construction Typologies
by
Cristina Cantagallo, Marco Terrenzi, Guido Camata and Enrico Spacone
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1490; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061490 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
In the existing building stock, typically characterised by a high degree of irregularity, the effects of earthquakes are strongly dependent on the epicentre–structure direction and the angle of incidence of the seismic motion. However, the scientific community has not yet reached a unanimous
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In the existing building stock, typically characterised by a high degree of irregularity, the effects of earthquakes are strongly dependent on the epicentre–structure direction and the angle of incidence of the seismic motion. However, the scientific community has not yet reached a unanimous consensus on the evaluation of the effects of seismic incidence angles. Therefore, this paper conducts an extensive investigation of the international literature on current methods to consider seismic directionality, systematically reviewing more than 80 publications on this topic. Following a brief overview of the problem and an analysis of the initial developments of the multidirectionality concept of seismic input, a state-of-the-art review is presented based on the considered analysis methods, specifically response spectrum analysis, nonlinear static analysis, and nonlinear response history analysis. Moreover, the adoption of multidirectional seismic input in popular codes and standards is presented and discussed. This study provides the first comprehensive synthesis of research on the seismic incidence angles across diverse building typologies, offering crucial insights for future code revisions and highlighting significant gaps in current analytical methods and standards, thereby setting a new direction for subsequent empirical investigations. Specifically, the extensive state-of-the-art review revealed that, until now, the evaluation of the angle of incidence was primarily conducted on existing reinforced concrete buildings with a limited number of storeys, analysed with nonlinear response history analysis. This underscores the need for future research to extensively investigate the impact of the angle of incidence on other types of construction typologies.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment, Repair, Maintenance, and Conservation of Existing Buildings: State-of-the-art Methods, Advances, and Case Studies)
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Open AccessArticle
Development of an Evaluation System for Intelligent Construction Using System Dynamics Modeling
by
Jing Guan, Boyang Liu and Wenxin Shen
Buildings 2024, 14(6), 1489; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061489 - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Under the new wave of scientific and technological revolution, the construction industry finds itself with a critical need to alter the traditional and outdated production mode through technological innovation in order to realize industry transformation and move towards a new era characterized by
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Under the new wave of scientific and technological revolution, the construction industry finds itself with a critical need to alter the traditional and outdated production mode through technological innovation in order to realize industry transformation and move towards a new era characterized by digitalization, informatization, and intelligence. As intelligent construction is the indispensable pathway for the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry, it is of great significance to conduct in-depth research on its evaluation indicators and causality. This paper adopts the system dynamics method, based on the overall structure of intelligent construction, extracts the causality chain and causal feedback loop of intelligent construction, and presents a causality diagram and system dynamics diagram to build a robust system dynamics model for intelligent construction. On this basis, an evaluation index system for intelligent construction is constructed from the five dimensions—investment, design, construction, operation, and environment—for a holistic assessment of the current state of intelligent construction. The research aims to provide a valuable reference for professionals focusing on intelligent construction and the broader development of the industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategic Planning and Control in Complex Project Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Risk Analysis and Simulation of Large Bridge Construction Based on System Dynamics
by
Xu Fu, Meng Yang, Huanqin Liu, Lintai Wang and Qian Li
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1488; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051488 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
To reduce risk incidents in large bridge construction, it is necessary to study the interaction mechanisms and dynamic changes among various risk factors during the construction of large bridges. First, the evolution mechanism of construction risks for large bridges is analyzed, and a
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To reduce risk incidents in large bridge construction, it is necessary to study the interaction mechanisms and dynamic changes among various risk factors during the construction of large bridges. First, the evolution mechanism of construction risks for large bridges is analyzed, and a risk factor structure system is established. Then, based on system dynamics theory, a causal loop diagram and flow–stock diagram are constructed, and system dynamics equations for each variable in the flow diagram are established to build a system dynamics model. Finally, taking a large bridge construction project as an example, the variable equations are assigned actual values, and the construction risk level is simulated and analyzed. The results show that, ➀ continuous investment in safety funds can effectively reduce the overall risk level of the system, ➁ changes in the management risk subsystem have a significant impact on the overall risk level of large bridge construction, and ➂ increasing the safety investment ratio in both the personnel risk subsystem and the management risk subsystem can effectively reduce the total risk level of the system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction Management, and Computers & Digitization)
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Open AccessArticle
Bearing Behavior of Engineered Cementitious Composite and Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Filled-In Double Steel Tubular Composite Columns Subjected to Eccentrical Load
by
Liangqin Jiang, Yigang Hong, Jing Ji, Yingchun Liu, Zhanbin Zhang, Xuan Chu and Guiling Ma
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1487; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051487 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
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To study the eccentric compression mechanical properties of ECC and UHPC filled-in double steel tubular (EUFDST) composite columns, 35 full-scale EUCFDST composite column specimens were designed by ABAQUS software with the slenderness ratio (λ), UHPC cylinder compressive strength (fcu
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To study the eccentric compression mechanical properties of ECC and UHPC filled-in double steel tubular (EUFDST) composite columns, 35 full-scale EUCFDST composite column specimens were designed by ABAQUS software with the slenderness ratio (λ), UHPC cylinder compressive strength (fcu), inner and outer steel tubular strength (fy1, fy2), inner and outer steel tubular thickness (t1, t2), inner and outer steel tubular diameter ratio (Ω), eccentricity (e), and fiber content (γ) as the main parameters. By comparison with the simulation of the existing test, the correctness of the finite element modeling is verified. The parameter analysis of 35 full-scale EUFDST composite columns was carried out to obtain the eccentric load-mid-span deflection curve of the specimens. The failure mechanism, ductility coefficient, and stiffness degradation of the composite columns under different parameters were analyzed, and the section of the composite column was verified to satisfy the plane section assumption. The variation trend of maximum load-bearing capacity and the ductility of composite columns under different parameter conditions was obtained. By introducing the eccentricity correction coefficient and slenderness ratio correction coefficient, the calculation equation of the eccentric maximum load-bearing capacity of EUCFDST composite columns is statistically regressed, which provides a basis for the practical use of these columns.
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Open AccessReview
A Review on the Effects of Waste Textile Polymer Fiber on Concrete Strength: Exploring the Key Parameters
by
Soorya Sasi, Paul Joseph, Robert Haigh, Malindu Sandanayake, Zora Vrcelj and Ehsan Yaghoubi
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051486 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The construction industry is one of the largest users of natural resources and can, thus, lead to significant environmental issues. Therefore, there is elevated interest worldwide in developing sustainable construction materials and techniques that can reduce these associated environmental impacts. In this context,
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The construction industry is one of the largest users of natural resources and can, thus, lead to significant environmental issues. Therefore, there is elevated interest worldwide in developing sustainable construction materials and techniques that can reduce these associated environmental impacts. In this context, one substantial area of focus is the incorporation of textile waste in construction materials, such as concrete. Textile waste is generated in large quantities from the production stage through to the consumption and end-of-life disposal periods. Hence, it is prudent to devise effective ways of recycling this waste, which can, in turn, reduce the environmental implications of textile production and cut down the quantity of waste sent to landfills. Furthermore, fibers obtained from recycled textile waste can be used to reinforce concrete, thus replacing the need for synthetic fibers. This review focuses on the use and effects of incorporating polymer fibers from recycled textile waste in concrete and the use of textile polymer fiber in the construction of various structures, and challenges in the use of recycled fibers in concrete and the parameters affecting the resultant strength of concrete structures, such as stress transfer, crack control, bond strength, and spalling, etc., are discussed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart and Sustainable Infrastructure: Theory and Practice)
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Research on Multi-Objective Optimization of Renovation Projects in Old Residential Areas Based on Evolutionary Algorithms
by
Jiaji Zhang, Chuxiong Shen, Chao Tang, Liang Feng, Yuliang Chen, Shize Yang and Zhigang Ren
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1485; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051485 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Old residential areas present unique challenges in terms of design, stakeholders, and renovation requirements compared to traditional building projects. However, unreasonable construction plans can lead to delays, cost overruns, poor quality, and conflicts between the construction party and local residents. This article proposes
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Old residential areas present unique challenges in terms of design, stakeholders, and renovation requirements compared to traditional building projects. However, unreasonable construction plans can lead to delays, cost overruns, poor quality, and conflicts between the construction party and local residents. This article proposes an optimization model that prioritizes progress, quality, and cost as the key control objectives, leveraging the actual conditions of renovating old residential areas. The NSGA-II genetic algorithm is employed to solve the mathematical model. To validate the effectiveness and scientific rigor of the algorithm, a renovation project in an old residential area in Wuhan is used as a case study. The findings of this study offer valuable theoretical support for decision makers in selecting appropriate construction plans.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Architectural Design, Urban Science, and Real Estate)
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Open AccessArticle
Simulation Study on Student Residential Energy Use Behaviors: A Case Study of University Dormitories in Sichuan, China
by
Yingzi Zhang, Bo Zhang and Jingwen Hou
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1484; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051484 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
Studying the energy use behavior of occupants is crucial for accurately predicting building energy consumption. However, few studies have considered the impact of occupant behaviors on energy consumption in university dormitories. The objective of this study is to establish an agent-based model of
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Studying the energy use behavior of occupants is crucial for accurately predicting building energy consumption. However, few studies have considered the impact of occupant behaviors on energy consumption in university dormitories. The objective of this study is to establish an agent-based model of energy consumption for university dormitories based on energy use behavior. The dormitories of a typical university in Sichuan, China, were subdivided into three clusters using a two-step cluster analysis. Subsequently, the energy use behaviors of occupants in each type of dormitory were characterized to establish a stochastic energy use behavior model. On the basis of the above, NETLOGO was used to construct an agent-based model for dormitories’ energy consumption to dynamically simulate energy use behavior. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the simulated values with the measured data. Finally, a building-energy-friendly retrofit scheme was proposed, and it was found that the optimized dormitory reduced energy consumption by 16.07%. Therefore, the results can provide information support for energy-saving decisions during the early design and retrofit phases of buildings. With the popularity of centralized supply, the research methodology may provide an extensive reference for energy management policies and sustainable strategies in the building sector.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Indoor Climate and Energy Efficiency in Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Push-Out Analysis on the Shear Performance of a New Type of Bellow-Sleeved Stud
by
Disheng Zou, Qingtian Su, Fei Wu, Zhiping Lin and Peiran Li
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1483; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051483 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
For continuous steel–concrete composite girder bridges based on the post-combined method, the conventional rectangular group studs contribute to the isolation of the steel girder and the concrete slab before prestressing, leading to the majority of prestress forces being introduced to the concrete slab.
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For continuous steel–concrete composite girder bridges based on the post-combined method, the conventional rectangular group studs contribute to the isolation of the steel girder and the concrete slab before prestressing, leading to the majority of prestress forces being introduced to the concrete slab. However, rectangular-group stud holes cause the prestress forces to be unevenly distributed. In this study, a new type of bellow-sleeved stud (BSS) was developed to mitigate the weakening effects of rectangular group stud holes on the slab. A steel corrugated sleeve with a diameter of 60 mm was employed to cover the stud, which served as an internal formwork to prevent the concrete from bonding with the root of the stud. After prestressing was complete, the steel sleeve was filled with ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) to create a reliable combination between the concrete slab and the steel girder. To investigate the shear performance of this new type of connection, eight push-out test specimens were designed, and finite-element models were built. This study drew a comparison between the BSS and the ordinary headed stud (OHS). The research findings suggested that the BSS is subjected to less bending–shear coupling and offers a 4.5% increase in shear strength and a 31.9% increase in shear stiffness compared with the OHS. The study also analyzed the structural parameters influencing the shear performance of the BSS. It is found that the steel sleeve of the BSS has a negative effect on shear performance, but this can be mitigated by infusing high-strength material into the sleeve. Furthermore, the study examined the effect of construction quality on shear performance and suggested that sleeve deviation and grout leakage considerably reduced the shear performance of the BSS. Accordingly, strict control over the construction quality of the BSS is necessary.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Steel–Concrete Composite Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
Nonlinear Dynamic Response of Galfenol Cantilever Energy Harvester Considering Geometric Nonlinear with a Nonlinear Energy Sink
by
Lingzhi Wang, Chao Liu, Weidong Liu, Zhitao Yan and Xiaochun Nie
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1482; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051482 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
The nonlinear energy sink (NES) and Galfenol material can achieve vibration suppression and energy harvesting of the structure, respectively. Compared with a linear structure, the geometric nonlinearity can affect the output performances of the cantilever beam structure. This investigation aims to present a
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The nonlinear energy sink (NES) and Galfenol material can achieve vibration suppression and energy harvesting of the structure, respectively. Compared with a linear structure, the geometric nonlinearity can affect the output performances of the cantilever beam structure. This investigation aims to present a coupled system consisting of a nonlinear energy sink (NES) and a cantilever Galfenol energy harvesting beam with geometric nonlinearity. Based on Hamilton’s principle, linear constitutive equations of magnetostrictive material, and Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the theoretical dynamic model of the coupled system is proposed. Utilizing the Galliakin decomposition method and Runge–Kutta method, the harvested power of the external load resistance, and tip vibration displacements of the Galfenol energy harvesting model are analyzed. The influences of the external excitation, external resistance, and NES parameters on the output characteristic of the proposed coupling system have been investigated. Results reveal that introducing NES can reduce the cantilever beam’s vibration while considering the geometric nonlinearity of the cantilever beam can induce a nonlinear softening phenomenon for the output behaviors. Compared to the linear system without NES, the coupling model proposed in this work can achieve dual efficacy goals over a wide range of excitation frequencies when selecting appropriate parameters. In general, large excitation amplitude and NES stiffness, small external resistance, and small or large NES damping values can achieve the effect of broadband energy harvesting.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Foundation Analysis: Soil–Structure Interaction)
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Investigation on the Impacts of Three Sea Salt Ions on the Performance of CSA-OPC Binary System
by
Chuanlin Wang, Shupeng Zhou, Qingyou Ou and Yuxuan Zhang
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1481; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051481 - 20 May 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the impact of three corrosive ions—SO42−, Cl−, and Mg2+—on the hydration property of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement. Cement paste was prepared using three types of sea salt ion solutions with varying
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This study aimed to explore the impact of three corrosive ions—SO42−, Cl−, and Mg2+—on the hydration property of calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) cement. Cement paste was prepared using three types of sea salt ion solutions with varying concentrations as mixing water. The experimental program encompassed assessments of porosity, compressive/flexural strength, heat of hydration, pH of pore solution, XRD, and SEM analysis. To modulate the hydration environment, Ordinary Portland cement (10%) was incorporated to elevate the pH and enhance the stability of ettringite, thereby facilitating the formation of additional C-S-H gel for the observation of M-S-H and other compounds. Findings revealed that the Cl− accelerated the hydration of CSA, resulting in heightened heat release. However, it also decreased the length-to-diameter ratio of ettringite, leading to cracking in CSA test blocks. The addition of SO42− resulted in elevated internal alkalinity, prompting alterations in hydration product types and subsequent reduction in CSA strength. Conversely, Mg2+ was observed to ameliorate the microstructure of CSA test blocks, diminishing porosity and augmenting strength.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Brittle Behaviour of High-Performance Concrete Structures)
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Open AccessArticle
Mechanical Properties of Folding Arch Frame Joints for Unmanned Arch Erection
by
Changfu Huang, Shaohua Li, Dewu Li, Wenbing Li, Tiejun Yao and Yong Xiao
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1480; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051480 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
The application of folding arch frames is deemed crucial for unmanned arch frame erection, with the selection of the joint form being a determining factor in the overall mechanical performance of the folding arch frame, particularly in influencing the primary support safety. In
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The application of folding arch frames is deemed crucial for unmanned arch frame erection, with the selection of the joint form being a determining factor in the overall mechanical performance of the folding arch frame, particularly in influencing the primary support safety. In light of the geological conditions of the New Wushaoling Tunnel project, three feasible joint forms for folding arch frames were proposed: buckle, adhesive, and interference-fit joints. Numerical simulations were conducted to analyze the arch’s overall mechanical and the joints’ local mechanical performances, aiming to identify the optimal joint form. On-site construction data were collected, and the effectiveness of unmanned arch frame erection was evaluated. The design requirements for the vertical displacement results of the steel arches with different joints were met. The maximum shear stress of the buckled arch frame was found to be the lowest, whereas that of the interference-fitted arch frame was the highest. The local shear stress of the adhesive joints was the lowest, while that of the interference-fit joint was the highest. Considering the material application limitations and calculation results, buckle joints are recommended. Unmanned arch frame erection, compared with manual arch frame erection, can save 66.6% of human resources and reduce the construction time by 33.3% to 50%. Statistical analysis has confirmed that the quality of automated arch construction can be guaranteed.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties of Ultra-High Strength Concrete)
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Integrating Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Sustainable Maintenance of Historic Buildings
by
Eduard Hromada, Daniel Macek, Renata Schneiderova Heralova, Lucie Brožová and Iveta Střelcová
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1479; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051479 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
This study examines the strategic use of life cycle cost analyses (LCCAs) in the management and conservation of heritage sites, emphasizing the need for comprehensive financial planning. With an increasing number of heritage sites showing signs of deterioration, our aim was to improve
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This study examines the strategic use of life cycle cost analyses (LCCAs) in the management and conservation of heritage sites, emphasizing the need for comprehensive financial planning. With an increasing number of heritage sites showing signs of deterioration, our aim was to improve the sustainability and effectiveness of restoration practices. We used dynamic life cycle costing methods and developed the MONUREV software V2 to simulate different restoration scenarios, providing accurate, data-driven projections for maintaining structural, functional and aesthetic integrity. The field research involved testing these methods through case studies of heritage buildings in the Czech Republic, focusing on holistic cost management from initial analysis to practical application. The results showed that LCC analysis can significantly assist in making informed decisions, balancing economic and cultural values, and ensuring long-term conservation outcomes. This study concludes that the integration of a detailed LCC analysis into heritage conservation strategies represents a methodological advance that can significantly improve the economic and operational planning of the maintenance of heritage buildings, thereby ensuring their preservation for future generations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Construction Management and Engineering: Residential Construction with Focus on Life Cycle of Buildings and Costs)
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Open AccessArticle
Quantitative Analysis of Comprehensive Similarity in Restoration of Ancient Building Walls Using Hue–Saturation–Value Color Space and Circular Local Binary Pattern
by
Chun Gong, Shuisheng Zeng and Dunwen Liu
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051478 - 19 May 2024
Abstract
Evaluating the effects of wall restoration on ancient buildings has been a difficult task, and it is important that the overall appearance of the restored walls of ancient buildings is similar, harmonious, and uniform. This paper used a hue–saturation–value (HSV) color space and
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Evaluating the effects of wall restoration on ancient buildings has been a difficult task, and it is important that the overall appearance of the restored walls of ancient buildings is similar, harmonious, and uniform. This paper used a hue–saturation–value (HSV) color space and Circular Local Binary Pattern (CLBP) to analyze the comprehensive similarity between a restored wall and the original walls in Qi Li Ancient Town. The results show that the values of the comprehensive similarity calculation of ancient buildings based on the color and texture were consistent with the actual situation. The method is suitable for evaluating the degree of matching between wall repair materials and the appearance of the original wall materials of ancient buildings, and it can also be used to assess the comprehensive similarity between the repair materials and the original building walls before carrying out the wall repair in order to select more suitable materials for wall repair and achieve the best repair effect. And it is flexible and objective compared to human judgement. Through the accurate restoration of ancient buildings, not only can we protect cultural heritage and continue the historical lineage, we can also enhance the aesthetic value of buildings and meet people’s needs for historical and cultural tracing.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Structural Rehabilitation of Ancient Masonry Buildings)
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Open AccessArticle
Calculation of Column Pile Heave in Deep Excavation Based on the Rebound–Recompression Method
by
Kaiwen Yang, Yun Chen and Zhuofeng Li
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051477 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Excessive column pile heave may result in engineering disasters such as instability of retaining structures and cracking of existing engineering piles in deep excavations. However, factors such as support weight, changeable support restraint resistance, and soil disturbance at the bottom of the excavation
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Excessive column pile heave may result in engineering disasters such as instability of retaining structures and cracking of existing engineering piles in deep excavations. However, factors such as support weight, changeable support restraint resistance, and soil disturbance at the bottom of the excavation are often ignored or simplified in existing calculation methods but have a significant impact on the calculation results. Based on field soil parameters obtained by the rebound–recompression method, a semi-analytical method is proposed for estimating column pile heaves in a deep excavation. This method considers the influence of soil disturbance, the weight of the retaining structure, and the changeable horizontal support restraint, making the calculation result more consistent with the realistic situation. This method can also be used to analyze load transfer between the pile and the surrounding soil. The rationality of this proposed calculation method is verified by measured data, where the variation in pile stress state during deep excavation is analyzed. Finally, a parametric study is conducted, and the results show that the excavation size and the excavation depth have a great influence. However, the heave is hardly affected by the value of the limit relative displacement. The use of long piles with small diameter and the method of small block excavation are effective means to control the column pile heave. When the excavation area is large or the effective pile length is short, the factor of the position of the column pile cannot be ignored.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Research on the Decoupling Relationship and Driving Factors of Carbon Emissions in the Construction Industry of the East China Core Economic Zone
by
Simin Zheng, Xiaorui He, Xian Liang and Liyan Yu
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051476 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
This study focuses on the core economic zone of East China, utilizing the decoupling model to investigate the relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the construction industry. Furthermore, it analyzes the driving factors through the application of the logarithmic mean index
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This study focuses on the core economic zone of East China, utilizing the decoupling model to investigate the relationship between carbon emissions and economic development in the construction industry. Furthermore, it analyzes the driving factors through the application of the logarithmic mean index method. The findings reveal that, firstly, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces exhibit higher total carbon emissions in the construction industry. Except for Fujian Province, the other regions exhibit a downward trend after 2019. Secondly, there is considerable spatial variability in carbon emissions in the construction industry within the core economic zone of East China, and it gradually decreases over the study period. While economically developed regions like Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces tend to concentrate and consume more resources and energy, their impact on surrounding neighboring provinces or cities is relatively limited. Thirdly, carbon emissions from the construction industry in the core economic zone of East China show a development trend shifting from weak decoupling to strong decoupling, indicating a healthy growth in the construction industry. Specifically, different regions show different trends. Lastly, regarding influencing factors, the impact direction of carbon intensity on total carbon emissions shows instability. Energy intensity consistently exhibits inhibitory effects, and the economy and the population scale act as driving forces.
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(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
Open AccessArticle
Health Risk Prediction of Operational Subsea Tunnel Structure Based on Bayesian Network
by
Hongmei Ni, Xia Li, Jingqi Huang and Shuming Zhou
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1475; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051475 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
Recently, subsea tunnel construction has developed rapidly in China. The traffic volume of subsea metro tunnels is large. Once a safety accident occurs, economic losses and social impacts will be extremely serious. To eliminate accidents in operational subsea metro tunnel structures, a health
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Recently, subsea tunnel construction has developed rapidly in China. The traffic volume of subsea metro tunnels is large. Once a safety accident occurs, economic losses and social impacts will be extremely serious. To eliminate accidents in operational subsea metro tunnel structures, a health risk prediction method is proposed based on a discrete Bayesian network. Detecting and monitoring data of the tunnel structures in operation were used to evaluate the health risk by employing the proposed method. This method establishes a Bayesian network model for the health risk prediction of the shield tunnel structure through the dependency relationship between the health risk of the operational tunnel structure and 13 risk factors in five aspects: the mechanical condition, material performance, integrity state, environmental state, and deformation state. By utilizing actual detection and monitoring data of various risk factors for the health risk of the operational subsea metro shield tunnel structure, this method reflects the actual state of the tunnel structure and improves the accuracy of health risk predictions. The validity of the proposed method is verified through expert knowledge and the subsea shield tunnel structure of the Dalian Subway Line 5. The results demonstrate that the health risk prediction outcomes effectively reflect the actual service state of the shield tunnel structure, thus providing decision support for the control of health risks in the subsea metro shield tunnel.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismic Response Analysis of Underground Structure)
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Open AccessArticle
Effect of Air Parameters on LiCl-H2O Film Flow Behavior in Liquid Desiccant Systems
by
Yue Lyu, Yonggao Yin and Jingjing Wang
Buildings 2024, 14(5), 1474; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051474 - 18 May 2024
Abstract
The wettability and stability of a solution’s film on the filler surface are the key factors determining heat and mass transfer efficiency in liquid desiccant air conditioning systems. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different air parameters on the flow behavior of
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The wettability and stability of a solution’s film on the filler surface are the key factors determining heat and mass transfer efficiency in liquid desiccant air conditioning systems. Therefore, this study investigates the effects of different air parameters on the flow behavior of a lithium chloride solution’s film. The effects of air velocity, air flow pattern, and pressure on the wettability and critical amount of spray are discussed. The results show that the main mechanism by which the air velocity affects the wettability is that the shear stress generated by the direction of the air velocity disperses the direction of the surface tension and weakens its effect on the liquid film distribution. In addition, in the counter flow pattern, the air flow blocks the liquid film from spreading longitudinally and destroys the stability of the liquid film at the liquid outlet, which increases the critical amount of spray. The pressure distribution is similar under different operating pressures when the flow is stable; thus, pressure has little effect on wettability. The simulation results under 8 atm are compared with the experimental results. It is found that the sudden increase in the amount of moisture removal when the amount of spray changes from 0.05 to 0.1 m3/(m·h) in the experiment is caused by the change in the liquid film flow state. In addition, the results show that within the range of air flow parameters for the liquid desiccant air conditioning system, air flow shear force is not the main factor affecting the stability of the solution’s film, and there is no secondary breakage of the solution’s film during the falling-film flow process.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Indoor Air Environment and Energy Conservation)
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