Life | August 2025 - Browse Articles

13 pages, 4494 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Dynamics Simulation Analysis of JAK1 Initial Activation: Phosphorylation-Induced Conformational Dynamics and Domain Interactions

by Xinyu Peng, Kefu Liu, Guodong Chen and Shengjie Sun

Life 2025, 15(8), 1316; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081316 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Janus kinase is critical for cytokine-mediated signaling, and its hyperactivation due to mutations drives various diseases. The activation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) involves a conformational transition from a closed to an open state, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates [...] Read more.

Janus kinase is critical for cytokine-mediated signaling, and its hyperactivation due to mutations drives various diseases. The activation of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1) involves a conformational transition from a closed to an open state, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study investigates the roles of two tyrosine residues, Y1034 and Y1035, within the activation loop of the tyrosine kinase domain. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that phosphorylation, particularly bisphosphorylation at Y1034 and Y1035, promotes the transition to the open conformation, with pY1035 exerting a greater influence than pY1034. Phosphorylation increases the negative charge on the TK domain surface, facilitating its dissociation from the FERM domain, while also weakening TK-FERM interactions. However, the loop between the TK and PK domains formed stable hydrogen bonds with other domains, hindering the full activation process. Using 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations is not sufficient for full activation. These findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing the JAK1 initial activation and provide insights for targeting its regulation in disease contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry, Biophysics and Computational Biology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2042 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CFTR Modulators Counteract F508del CFTR Functional Defects in a Pancreatic Epithelial Model of Cystic Fibrosis

by Alessandra Ludovico and Debora Baroni

Life 2025, 15(8), 1315; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081315 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Cystic fibrosis is a multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that lead to impaired ion and fluid transport across secretory epithelia. Although the therapeutic impact of CFTR modulators has been extensively studied in airway epithelia, their efficacy in extra-pulmonary tissues, [...] Read more.

Cystic fibrosis is a multisystem disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene that lead to impaired ion and fluid transport across secretory epithelia. Although the therapeutic impact of CFTR modulators has been extensively studied in airway epithelia, their efficacy in extra-pulmonary tissues, such as the pancreas, has been less explored. This study evaluated the effects of the CFTR modulators, VX770 (ivacaftor), VX661 (tezacaftor), and VX445 (elexacaftor), administered either individually or in combination, on CFPAC-1 cells, a pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line derived from a cystic fibrosis patient harboring the F508del CFTR mutation. The cells were cultured and differentiated onto porous supports, and a panel of functional parameters was assessed. These included transepithelial electrical conductance, fluid reabsorption, apical surface fluid pH, protein concentration, and microviscosity, the latter analyzed with multiple particle tracking. To simulate a pro-inflammatory micro-environment, the cells were preconditioned with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with VX661 and VX445 resulted in significant improvement in epithelial function, with the triple combination producing the most pronounced rescue. Pro-inflammatory stimulation by LPS increased the production of cytokine IL6, IL-8, and IL-1β, as well as the protein content of the apical surface fluid. Despite the LPS pro-inflammatory stimulus, CFTR modulators preserved or slightly enhanced their efficacy in restoring CFTR-mediated ion and fluid transport. However, they did not reduce cytokine expression under pro-inflammatory conditions. Collectively, these findings show that CFTR modulators can restore critical aspects of cystic fibrosis pancreatic epithelial physiology in vitro, even under pro-inflammatory stress, supporting their potential relevance beyond the airway disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cystic Fibrosis: A Disease with a New Face)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 507 KiB

Open AccessReview

Multiorgan Involvement and Particularly Liver Injury in Long COVID: A Narrative Review

by Carmen-Elena Florea, Bianca Bălaș-Maftei, Alexandra Rotaru, Patricia Lorena Adudanii, Stefana Teodora Vieru, Maria Grigoriu, Adelina Stoian and Carmen Manciuc

Life 2025, 15(8), 1314; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081314 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause long-term symptoms, collectively known as long COVID, and that patients with mild COVID-19 can also be affected by persistent fatigue, cognitive impairment, dyspnea, muscle pain, etc. Recent [...] Read more.

Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing evidence has shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection can cause long-term symptoms, collectively known as long COVID, and that patients with mild COVID-19 can also be affected by persistent fatigue, cognitive impairment, dyspnea, muscle pain, etc. Recent research has also found multiple organ systems, including the liver, to be significant sites of ongoing injury. This narrative review summarizes current knowledge on organ involvement during and after COVID-19, with particular focus on early and delayed hepatic manifestations and associated risk factors. Pathogenesis appears to be multifactorial, involving direct virus action, the body’s immune-mediated inflammatory response, microvascular damage, drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and, in some cases, reactivation or exacerbation of pre-existing liver conditions. The hepatic clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic elevations of transaminases to cholangiopathy and even fibrosis. These can persist or progress for months after the initial infection with SARS-CoV-2 is resolved, requiring prolonged monitoring and interdisciplinary care, especially in the presence of metabolic disorders, obesity, or hepatitis. Neurological, cardiovascular, and other sequelae are discussed in parallel, with attention paid to common inflammatory and thrombotic pathways. This review concludes that liver dysfunction is of particular interest in long-COVID due to the liver’s central role in metabolism and inflammation. While further research is being conducted into organ-specific and systemic interactions, the available evidence makes a compelling case for extended monitoring and integrated management strategies post infection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Encephalitis: Predictive Role of Clinical and Diagnostic Data on Outcome—A Monocentric Study

by Deborah K. Erhart, Luisa T. Balz and Hayrettin Tumani

Life 2025, 15(8), 1313; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081313 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Encephalitis is a potentially life-threatening condition with long-term neurological sequelae. However, data on early clinical, demographic, and diagnostic predictors of functional outcomes remain limited. We performed a retrospective monocentric study including 98 patients diagnosed with infectious encephalitis of various etiologies treated in the [...] Read more.

Encephalitis is a potentially life-threatening condition with long-term neurological sequelae. However, data on early clinical, demographic, and diagnostic predictors of functional outcomes remain limited. We performed a retrospective monocentric study including 98 patients diagnosed with infectious encephalitis of various etiologies treated in the University Hospital Ulm between January 2014 and December 2024. Ordinal logistic regression models were applied to evaluate associations between admission characteristics and functional outcome at discharge, as measured by the modified Rankin Scale. Three multivariate models incorporating clinical, demographic, and MRI/EEG variables explained up to 53% of the variance in mRS at discharge (p < 0.001), outperforming models based solely on CSF parameters. Key predictors of poor functional outcome included ‘altered consciousness’ (OR 7.08, p < 0.001), higher ‘mRS at admission’ (OR 0.03–0.07 across categories, p < 0.001), ‘focal/generalized EEG slowing’ (OR 9.97, p < 0.001), ‘epileptiform EEG activity’ (OR 17.49, p < 0.001), ‘MRI: myelitis’ (OR 16.44, p = 0.004), and ‘intrathecal IgM synthesis’ (OR 8.93, p = 0.018). Conversely, ‘longer hospitalization’ (OR 0.13–0.17 for different intervals, p < 0.006) and ‘intrathecal IgG synthesis’ (OR 0.05, p = 0.03) were associated with more favorable outcomes. Despite the single-center and retrospective aspects of this study, our findings underscore a multifactorial pattern of outcome determinants in infectious encephalitis, highlighting the prognostic relevance of initial neurological status, electrophysiological abnormalities, and neuroimaging features. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Encephalitis: From Molecular Pathophysiology to Therapy)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 4724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Proteomic Signature of Diabetic Nephropathy: Implications for Early Diagnosis and Treatment

by Duygu Sari-Ak, Fatih Con, Nazli Helvaci, Hayriye Ecem Yelkenci, Alev Kural, Ozgur Can and Mustafa Caglar Beker

Life 2025, 15(8), 1312; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081312 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, characterized by progressive kidney dysfunction. Early detection and targeted therapies remain key challenges in managing DN. This study aims to identify proteomic alterations in DN patients compared to healthy controls, focusing on [...] Read more.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease, characterized by progressive kidney dysfunction. Early detection and targeted therapies remain key challenges in managing DN. This study aims to identify proteomic alterations in DN patients compared to healthy controls, focusing on proteins involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, immune response, and metabolic dysregulation. Using mass spectrometry and advanced bioinformatics, we identified significant upregulation of proteins associated with platelet activation, immune regulation, and extracellular matrix remodeling, as well as downregulation of proteins linked to lipid metabolism, immune regulation, and structural stability. These findings highlight the molecular complexity of DN and suggest that altered protein expression plays a critical role in the progression of kidney damage. The identified proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapeutic targets for DN. Our results underline the importance of proteomic analyses in advancing the understanding of DN pathogenesis and in developing strategies for personalized treatment to improve patient outcomes. Future research should focus on further elucidating these molecular mechanisms and their implications for clinical management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Pathophysiology to Pathology—an Update on Diabetic Kidney Disease)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5091 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Hyalomma Ticks on Migratory Birds in Poland During the 2023 and 2024 Spring Seasons

by Klaudia Bylińska, Jan Rapczyński, Paweł Górski, Oliwia Obuch-Woszczatyńska, Damian Pietrzak, Karol Korzekwa, Małgorzata Krzyżowska and Piotr Bąska

Life 2025, 15(8), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081311 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Ticks from the Hyalomma genus have recently garnered public attention in countries in Northern and Central Europe, as they are transported by migratory birds and might have established stable populations due to climate warming. The main threat associated with Hyalomma ticks is their [...] Read more.

Ticks from the Hyalomma genus have recently garnered public attention in countries in Northern and Central Europe, as they are transported by migratory birds and might have established stable populations due to climate warming. The main threat associated with Hyalomma ticks is their ability to transmit Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), which can be fatal in up to 40% of cases. Here, we collected Hyalomma ticks from migratory birds during annual ringing actions in the spring seasons of 2023 and 2024. Four ticks were found on birds from the Acrocephalus genus and two on Hippolais icterina. The ticks were examined for the presence of Rickettsia spp., Babesia microti, Babesia divergens, Coxiella burnetii, Borreliella burgdorferi (s. l.), Anaplasma phagocytophilum, West Nile virus, and CCHF virus (CCHFV). The collected H. rufipes specimens were negative for tested pathogens, except for two ticks collected in 2024, which were positive for Rickettsia aeschlimannii. The data show that Hyalomma ticks are efficiently transported on birds preferring reedbeds or deciduous trees. The possibility of the occurrence of CCHF or rickettsiosis (induced by R. aeschlimannii) is currently assessed as low. Nevertheless, we have shown the transfer of Hyalomma ticks to Poland and indicated the need for careful future epidemiological monitoring of the presence of Hyalomma ticks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Cortical Chlorenchyma Collaboration Gradient Dominates the Shoot Economics Space in Larix principis-rupprechtii

by Yang Yu, Huayong Zhang, Zhongyu Wang and Zhao Liu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1310; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081310 - 19 Aug 2025

Abstract

Plant economics is based on carbon and nutrients rather than money. While leaf strategies aboveground are well characterized along an economic spectrum from “fast-growing and short-lived” to “slow and conservative,” economic models defined by aboveground shoot strategies remain unclear. Here, we offer a [...] Read more.

Plant economics is based on carbon and nutrients rather than money. While leaf strategies aboveground are well characterized along an economic spectrum from “fast-growing and short-lived” to “slow and conservative,” economic models defined by aboveground shoot strategies remain unclear. Here, we offer a comprehensive view of aboveground economics and show that collaboration between shoots and stem cortical chlorenchyma can break out of the one-dimensional economic spectrum, offering a full range of economic possibilities. Trait data from 1551 current-year shoots of a single species confirm the classical fast–slow “conservation” gradient but reveal that most variation is explained by an orthogonal “cooperation” gradient, ranging from self-reliant resource acquisition to outsourced nutrient synthesis via the stem cortical chlorenchyma. This expanded “shoot economics space” provides a solid foundation for predicting aboveground responses to environmental change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1656 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Correlations Between H. pylori Gastric Histopathology and NAFLD: A Retrospective Observational Study

by Ioana Alexandra Cardos, Cătălina Dănilă, Ovidiu Laurean Pop, Andrea Pop-Crisan, Ovidiu Pavel Burta, Andreea Camarasan, Felicia Marc and Simona Daniela Cavalu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081309 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

The importance of H. pylori infection in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been shown in earlier studies. Our work aims to assess the risk of developing hepatic fibrosis in patients with or [...] Read more.

The importance of H. pylori infection in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, insulin resistance, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis has been shown in earlier studies. Our work aims to assess the risk of developing hepatic fibrosis in patients with or without H. pylori, using noninvasive scores such as the APRI index, the BARD score, or the FIB-4 index, and to evaluate a possible association between the severity of fibrosis scores and histopathology evidence (such as chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy, gastric metaplasia, and gastric dysplasia). Moreover, the risk of preneoplastic stomach lesions was assessed in patients with hepatic fibrosis. The study enrolled a total of 110 patients: 65 were H. pylori-positive and 45 were negative. The differences in BARD, APRI, and FIB-4 indexes between H. pylori-positive and negative cases were assessed using the Mann–Whitney test. Noticeably higher BARD scores and APRI indexes were observed when comparing H. pylori-positive patients with NAFLD to H. pylori-negative ones. In terms of the FIB-4 index, an insignificant increase was observed in H. pylori-positive versus H. pylori-negative patients. Multiple linear regression was performed for the BARD scores and APRI indexes, revealing further significant associations with age and H. pylori status. A substantial correlation was demonstrated between H. pylori and elevated hepatic fibrosis scores in individuals with NAFLD and gastritis, suggested by the complexity features of infection and the intricacies of histology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Helicobacter pylori: 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 9525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Functional Ingredients of the Combined Extract of Mulberry Leaves and Butterfly Pea Flowers Improve Insomnia, Anxiolytic, Memory-Enhancing, and Antidepressant-like Activities in Stress-Exposed Rats

by Orraya Suna, Jintanaporn Wattanathorn, Supaporn Muchimapura, Wipawee Thukham-mee, Sitthichai Iamsaard and Nongnut Uabundit

Life 2025, 15(8), 1308; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081308 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

At present, a novel herbal regimen targeting anti-insomnia, anti-anxiety, cognitive performance, and anti-depression effects is required due to the limitations of the current therapy. Based on the crucial role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of stress-related brain disorders, it was hypothesized that [...] Read more.

At present, a novel herbal regimen targeting anti-insomnia, anti-anxiety, cognitive performance, and anti-depression effects is required due to the limitations of the current therapy. Based on the crucial role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of stress-related brain disorders, it was hypothesized that the functional ingredient derived from mulberry leaves and butterfly pea flowers, which exhibits potent antioxidant activity, should protect against the disorders just mentioned. Male Wistar rats (180–200 g) were orally administered at doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW once daily, 45 min before exposure to a 6-h immobilization stress for 14 days. Behavioral assessments, including sleep, anxiety, spatial memory, and depression, were assessed every 7 days. At the end of the study, corticosterone levels, oxidative stress markers, neurotransmitters, IL-6, BDNF, and neuron density in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were measured. The functional ingredients demonstrated anti-insomnia, anxiolytic, memory-enhancing, and antidepressant properties. It also increased neuron density and BDNF and activity of SOD and CAT enzymes, whereas corticosterone, GABA-T, AChE, MAO, IL-6, and MDA levels were reduced. A potential regimen targeting showed the benefits of anti-insomnia, anxiolytic, memory-enhancing, and antidepressant properties. However, further studies regarding the precise underlying mechanism and a clinical trial are essentially required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multimodal Assessment of Ocular Parameters in Patients with Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea with Emphasis on Retinal Structural Changes

by Anita Pusic Sesar, Anja Cehajic, Antonela Geber, Mia Zoric Geber, Ivan Cavar and Antonio Sesar

Life 2025, 15(8), 1307; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081307 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized as a potential risk factor for glaucoma due to its association with intermittent hypoxia and vascular dysregulation. The aim of this study was to investigate early glaucomatous changes in the eyes of patients with OSA. [...] Read more.

Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increasingly recognized as a potential risk factor for glaucoma due to its association with intermittent hypoxia and vascular dysregulation. The aim of this study was to investigate early glaucomatous changes in the eyes of patients with OSA. Methods: This case–control study included 25 patients with OSA and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. According to the STOP-Bang Questionnaire, patients with an intermediate or severe risk of OSA underwent polysomnography. Based on the apnea-hypopnea index, only patients with severe OSA were included in the study group. All participants underwent a full ophthalmological examination, with measurements of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT). Results: Statistical comparisons revealed that intraocular pressure (IOP) was slightly elevated, while central corneal thickness (CCT) was slightly reduced in patients with OSA compared to healthy controls. OCT measurements showed an overall reduction in both RNFL and GCL thicknesses in the OSA group. Among these findings, only the differences in average and minimum GCL thickness in the left eye reached statistical significance. Conclusions: The results of our study indicate significant thinning of the GCL in patients with OSA, suggesting possible early glaucomatous changes and a potential link between OSA and glaucoma. Given the increasing prevalence of OSA, further large-scale, long-term studies are needed to better understand this relationship and its clinical implications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep and Sleep Apnea: Impacts, Mechanisms, and Interventions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 441 KiB

Open AccessReview

Resmetirom in the Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Steatohepatitis

by Fares Jamal, Amani Elshaer, Nour B. Odeh, Mayar H. Alatout, Tala Shahin, Astin R. Worden, Hashem N. Albunni, Blanca C. Lizaola-Mayo, Channa R. Jayasekera, David M. H. Chascsa, Hugo E. Vargas and Bashar A. Aqel

Life 2025, 15(8), 1306; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081306 - 18 Aug 2025

Abstract

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), are among the most prevalent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide, closely linked to the global rise in overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Until recently, [...] Read more.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its progressive form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), are among the most prevalent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide, closely linked to the global rise in overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Until recently, treatment options were limited to lifestyle interventions, with no approved pharmacologic therapies. Resmetirom, a liver-directed, selective thyroid hormone receptor beta (THR-β) agonist, is a promising disease-modifying agent that targets hepatic lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Clinical trials, including the pivotal phase 3 MAESTRO-NASH and MAESTRO-NAFLD-1 trials, have demonstrated significant improvements in liver fat reduction, lipid profiles, histological endpoints, and health-related quality of life, with a favorable safety profile. In March 2024, the FDA granted accelerated approval of resmetirom for adults with MASH and moderate-to-advanced fibrosis, marking a significant milestone in MASLD treatment. This review discusses the mechanistic rationale, preclinical data, and pivotal clinical trial outcomes supporting resmetirom’s role in MASLD/MASH management, while outlining ongoing research needs, including long-term safety, pediatric evaluation, and biomarker development for optimized patient selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 308 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Aging on Meniscal Tears and Chondral Lesions in Men: Insights from First-Time Arthroscopic Knee Evaluation

by Sorin Florescu, Cristian Zaharia, George Andrei Drăghici, Dragoş Vasile Nica and Cosmin Grațian Damian

Life 2025, 15(8), 1305; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081305 (registering DOI) - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 57

Abstract

(1) Background: This is the first study investigating the age-related distribution of meniscal and chondral lesions in an all-male cohort undergoing first-time knee arthroscopy. (2) Methods: The study population included 876 adult men stratified into five decade-based age groups. Lesions were confirmed arthroscopically [...] Read more.

(1) Background: This is the first study investigating the age-related distribution of meniscal and chondral lesions in an all-male cohort undergoing first-time knee arthroscopy. (2) Methods: The study population included 876 adult men stratified into five decade-based age groups. Lesions were confirmed arthroscopically after MRI evaluation, with chondral injuries being graded using the ICRS system. (3) Results: The frequency of medial meniscal tears differed significantly across age strata (p = 0.042), increasing with age. No differences were detected for lateral meniscal damage or patellar damage. Age was a significant predictor of medial meniscal damage (OR = 1.04; p = 0.003), but not for other types of knee injuries. Medial meniscal damage correlated with patellar damage (men < 30, 50–59) and inversely with lateral damage (30–39); other correlations were non-significant. Chondropathy severity increased significantly with age in the medial femoral condyle and medial tibial plateau (p < 0.001), with severe (ICRS grade IV) lesions showing a steep rise after 60 years. Cartilage lesions at the level of the lateral knee compartment were, by contrast, less prevalent and less severe, with no significant variation across age groups. (4) Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that intra-articular knee pathology in men shifts with age, with medial compartment degeneration becoming increasingly prominent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

11 pages, 1294 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cerebral Resistance Artery Histological Remodeling After Training—Sex Differences

by Tobias Hainzl, György L. Nádasy, Emese Róza Márka, Kamilla Nagy, Réka Kollarics, Anna-Mária Tőkés, Attila Oláh, Tamás Radovits, Béla Merkely, Nándor Ács, Szabolcs Várbíró, Attila Jósvai and Marianna Török

Life 2025, 15(8), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081304 - 17 Aug 2025

Viewed by 140

Abstract

Background: Chronic exercise has been linked to positive effects on cognitive function and brain health. The aim of our study was to investigate how exercise affects cerebral resistance artery morphology, with an underlying focus on potential sex differences. Methods: Wistar rats [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic exercise has been linked to positive effects on cognitive function and brain health. The aim of our study was to investigate how exercise affects cerebral resistance artery morphology, with an underlying focus on potential sex differences. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into male exercising (M.Ex; n = 6), female exercising (F.Ex; n = 5), male sedentary (M.Sed; n = 5), and female sedentary (F.Sed; n = 5) groups. After a 12-week swimming program, histological examinations of the intracerebral and pial arterioles were performed. SMA-DAB (smooth muscle actin) and resorcin-fuchsin (elastica) stained brain coronal sections were used for quantitative colorimetric analysis. Results: Investigating the effect of exercise, we found that in both pial and intracerebral arterioles, the elastic fiber density increased in both female and male exercising animals compared to the sedentary groups (p < 0.05 (M.Sed vs. M.Ex); p < 0.0001 (F.Sed vs. F.Ex)). As sex differences, we found that in female animals’ pial arterioles, the density of elastic fiber was increased compared to the male exercising group (p < 0.001 (M.Ex vs. F.Ex)). In pial arterioles, the smooth muscle density was higher in the male sedentary animals (p < 0.01 (M.Sed vs. F.Sed)); in intracerebral arterioles, the smooth muscle density increased with exercise in the male animals as well (p < 0.0001 (M.Ex vs. F.Ex)). Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that the increase in vascular elasticity is more pronounced overall in female animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regulation of Cerebrovascular Resistance in Health and Disease: From Molecules to Humans)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Causal Association of Free Triiodothyronine Level with Ischemic Stroke Outcome: A Mendelian Randomization Study

by Dmitry A. Filimonov, Vitaly V. Morozov, Roman V. Ishchenko, Alexander B. Eresko, Nadezhda N. Trubnikova, Margarita A. Belotserkovskaya, Maksim V. Solopov, Irina A. Kisilenko, Inna N. Nosova and Dmitry A. Kudlay

Life 2025, 15(8), 1303; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081303 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 225

Abstract

The global burden of ischemic stroke requires a search for new factors that affect its risk and outcomes. Recent studies have shown that triiodothyronine could potentiate favorable stroke outcomes, but the reason for this is still unclear. To clarify the effects of the [...] Read more.

The global burden of ischemic stroke requires a search for new factors that affect its risk and outcomes. Recent studies have shown that triiodothyronine could potentiate favorable stroke outcomes, but the reason for this is still unclear. To clarify the effects of the free triiodothyronine (fT3) level on stroke outcomes, we adopted a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to evaluate their causal relationship. The genetic variants associated with the free triiodothyronine (fT3) level were obtained from the ThyroidOmics Consortium. Thirteen single-nucleotide polymorphisms, genetically predicting the fT3 level with a significance of p < 10⁻⁷, were adopted for MR analysis. Summary-level data for ischemic stroke outcomes (reported as a continuous variable, namely the modified Rankin score 3 months after stroke) was obtained from the GISCOME network. MR analyses were performed using the TwoSampleMR framework. The inverse-variance weighting method of MR analysis showed that a genetically predicted increase in fT3 level is associated with a reduction in ordinal Modified Rankin Scale scores (OR = 0.581, 95% CI 0.37–0.92, p = 0.0183). This study showed that higher fT3 levels could be causally associated with more favorable ischemic stroke outcomes and provides more evidence for the possibility of using thyroid hormone (TH) analogs to improve stroke outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Endovascular Therapies and Acute Stroke Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 1557 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Ultrasound-Guided Closed-Circuit Irrigation of Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder: A Prospective Study

by Andrea De Grandis, Carlo D’Alessandro, Giovanni Sussan, Alberto Crimì, Lucrezia Tognolo, Daniele Coraci, Stefano Masiero, Roberto Ragazzi, Emilio Quaia and Filippo Crimì

Life 2025, 15(8), 1302; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081302 - 16 Aug 2025

Viewed by 175

Abstract

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventions are well-established as effective treatments for shoulder calcific tendinopathy. In this work, we modified the conventional double-needle approach by incorporating a closed-circuit irrigation system and assessed the procedure’s clinical and radiological outcomes. We enrolled prospectively 24 patients (10 males; median [...] Read more.

Ultrasound-guided percutaneous interventions are well-established as effective treatments for shoulder calcific tendinopathy. In this work, we modified the conventional double-needle approach by incorporating a closed-circuit irrigation system and assessed the procedure’s clinical and radiological outcomes. We enrolled prospectively 24 patients (10 males; median age 54 years, IQR: 50–62) with painful calcific tendonitis of the shoulder between October 2023 and March 2024. All patients had a calcification > 5 mm treated with ultrasound-guided closed-circuit irrigation. Radiography, ultrasound evaluation, and OSS and SPADI clinical questionnaires were administered before the treatment and 3 months after. After the procedure, there was a significant reduction in the size of the calcifications (12 mm, IQR: 10–20 mm vs. 5.5 mm, IQR: 2–10 mm; p < 0.001). After the procedure, none of the patients experienced infections, while two developed bursitis. Three months after the procedure there were significant improvement in the OSS (16.5, IQR: 10–23 vs. 32, IQR: 36–45.5; p < 0.0001) and reduction in SPADI scores: pain (88, IQR: 74–95 before vs. 13, IQR: 4–24; p < 0.0001), disability (72, IQR: 60–90 before vs. 8, IQR: 4–20; p < 0.0001), and total score (78, IQR: 66–91 before vs. 11, IQR: 4–20; p < 0.0001). The closed-circuit double-needle irrigation for calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder is an effective treatment that improves both shoulder pain and function with a very low risk of short-term complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 9084 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Community Assembly Mechanisms of Groundwater Under Salinity–Oxygen Stress in the Golmud River Watershed, Northwest China

by Liang Guo, Haisong Fang, Yuanyuan Ding, Chunxue An and Nuan Yang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1301; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081301 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 227

Abstract

The mechanisms underlying groundwater microbial community assembly have long attracted attention in earth, environmental, and ecological studies. Nevertheless, limited knowledge is available regarding microbial community assembly within the intact groundwater flow systems in arid regions. In this study, long-term hydrochemical data and microbial [...] Read more.

The mechanisms underlying groundwater microbial community assembly have long attracted attention in earth, environmental, and ecological studies. Nevertheless, limited knowledge is available regarding microbial community assembly within the intact groundwater flow systems in arid regions. In this study, long-term hydrochemical data and microbial community profiles were integrated to unravel the assembly processes and driving forces mediating microbial communities in the Golmud River watershed. Our results indicated that hydrochemical conditions gradually transitioned from oxidizing to reducing environments along the groundwater flow path, as evidenced by a 28.57% and 65.45% decrease in DO and ORP, respectively. Major ions, represented by TDS, displayed minimal variations in phreatic (519.72 ± 16.83 mg/L) and artesian groundwater (486.01 ± 27.71 mg/L), followed by pronounced enrichment in high-salinity groundwater (TDS: 316,112.74 ± 12,452.19 mg/L). Gammaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria declined markedly from phreatic (51.69 ± 6.83% and 9.54 ± 3.40%, respectively) to high-salinity groundwater (13.97 ± 3.70% and 4.77 ± 2.46%). Conversely, halophiles such as Halobacteria and Parcubacteria were rarely detected in low-TDS groundwater, but increased sharply in high-salinity groundwater, reaching 23.22 ± 10.42% and 8.34 ± 3.71%, respectively. Deterministic processes primarily controlled groundwater microbial communities across hydrochemical conditions (relative importance > 50%, NST index < 50%). Microbial co-occurrence networks revealed increasingly tight interactions and intensified competition among communities, driven by accumulated salinity–oxygen stress along the groundwater flow path. This study emphasizes the role of deterministic processes in shaping groundwater microbial community structure, particularly the impact of salinity–oxygen stress. Our findings advance the current understanding of the mechanisms by which hydrochemical processes shape groundwater microbial assemblages. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microbial Diversity and Function in Aquatic Environments)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Muscle-Specific Strength in Oncology Patients: Anthropometry as a Reliable Alternative to DXA

by Blanca Alabadi, Sandra Amores, Miriam Moriana, Ning Yun Wu Xiong, Katherine García-Malpartida, José Antonio Pedrón, Clàudia Monrós, Sergio Martínez-Hervás, José T. Real and Miguel Civera

Life 2025, 15(8), 1300; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081300 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 178

Abstract

Background: Muscle-specific strength (MSS), defined as muscle strength relative to muscle mass, is a key indicator in the assessment of sarcopenia and functional status, especially in patients with cancer. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the reference method for estimating muscle mass, but [...] Read more.

Background: Muscle-specific strength (MSS), defined as muscle strength relative to muscle mass, is a key indicator in the assessment of sarcopenia and functional status, especially in patients with cancer. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the reference method for estimating muscle mass, but its limited accessibility hinders routine use. This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between DXA-based MSS and MSS estimated through more accessible techniques. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 205 adult oncology outpatients. Muscle strength was assessed by handgrip dynamometry, and muscle mass was estimated using DXA, bioimpedance (BIA), ultrasound, and anthropometry. MSS was calculated by dividing grip strength by each muscle mass parameter. Results: MSS calculated with BIA, body weight, and calf circumference showed very strong correlations with MSS-DXA (r > 0.90). Ultrasound-derived MSS showed only a moderate correlation (r = 0.55; p < 0.01). Similar patterns were observed in both men and women. Conclusions: BIA and anthropometric methods, particularly those using body weight and calf circumference, are reliable and accessible alternatives to DXA for estimating MSS in oncology patients. These tools may help improve the identification and monitoring of sarcopenia in clinical settings with limited resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 802 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Complete Revascularization in NSTE-ACS and Multivessel Disease: Clinical Outcomes and Prognostic Implications

by Silviu Raul Muste, Cristiana Bustea, Elena Emilia Babes, Francesca Andreea Muste, Gabriela S. Bungau, Delia Mirela Tit, Alexandra Georgiana Tarce and Andrei-Flavius Radu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1299; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081299 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 400

Abstract

Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) often coexists with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), complicating treatment decisions. Current guidelines suggest complete revascularization (CR), yet robust evidence in hemodynamically stable patients remains insufficient. However, the comparative benefit of CR over incomplete revascularization (IR) in reducing [...] Read more.

Non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) often coexists with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD), complicating treatment decisions. Current guidelines suggest complete revascularization (CR), yet robust evidence in hemodynamically stable patients remains insufficient. However, the comparative benefit of CR over incomplete revascularization (IR) in reducing ischemic events and improving cardiac function in this population is not well established. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CR on all-cause mortality, cardiac death, and ischemic readmissions at 6 and 12 months, as the composite primary outcome, and to assess left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) improvement at discharge and hospital length of stay, as secondary outcomes. A total of 282 hemodynamically stable NSTE-ACS patients with MVD were included, of whom 218 (77.3%) underwent CR and 64 (22.7%) IR. The primary composite outcome occurred in 40.6% of IR patients versus 11.0% in the CR group at 6 months (p < 0.001), and 68.8% vs. 22.0% at 12 months (p < 0.001). CR was associated with significantly lower rates of all-cause and cardiac death, myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. Stroke incidence was similar. Event-free survival favored CR. Multivariable analysis identified CR and baseline LVEF as independent predictors of 12-month outcomes (HR for CR: 7.797; 95% CI: 3.961–15.348; p < 0.001; HR for LVEF: 0.959; CI: 0.926–0.994; p = 0.021). These findings strongly support CR as the preferred therapeutic strategy. Future prospective randomized studies are warranted to confirm the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cardiovascular Diseases: From Basic Research to Clinical Application—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 1072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clinical Outcomes of Oral Anticoagulation in Elderly East Asian Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Retrospective Single-Center Study

by Kyunyeon Kim, YouMi Hwang, Sang-Suk Choi, Hunjoo Lee, Young-Jun Son and Myungjae Yoo

Life 2025, 15(8), 1298; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081298 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

(1) Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and poses a clinical dilemma in the very elderly due to increased thromboembolic and bleeding risks. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes—including thromboembolic events, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality—by age group in [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and poses a clinical dilemma in the very elderly due to increased thromboembolic and bleeding risks. This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes—including thromboembolic events, major bleeding, and all-cause mortality—by age group in elderly East Asian patients with non-valvular AF receiving oral anticoagulants. (2) Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 502 patients aged ≥70 years treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs: dabigatran, rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban) or warfarin between 2016 and 2024. Patients were stratified into two age groups: 70–79 and ≥80 years. The primary outcomes were ischemic stroke, systemic thromboembolism, and major bleeding. (3) Results: Although patients aged ≥80 years showed a numerically higher incidence of bleeding in both the DOAC and warfarin groups, these differences were not statistically significant after multivariable adjustment (DOAC group: HR 0.832; 95% CI, 0.456–1.518; p = 0.549; warfarin group: HR 3.617; 95% CI, 0.600–21.804; p = 0.161). Ischemic and thromboembolic event rates were also comparable between age groups. (4) Conclusions: Despite a numerically higher bleeding risk in the very elderly, DOACs remained safe and effective when appropriately managed. These findings support individualized anticoagulation decisions based on clinical factors rather than age alone in elderly East Asian patients with AF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Non-Valvular Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Stroke: Prevention and Management)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

1 pages, 158 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Nechifor-Boilă et al. Artificial Intelligence (AI) for Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) Immunohistochemical Assessment in Urothelial Carcinomas: “Teaching” Cell Differentiation to AI Systems. Life 2025, 15, 839

by Ioan Alin Nechifor-Boilă, Adela Nechifor-Boilă, Andrada Loghin, Carmen Mihaela Mihu, Carmen Stanca Melincovici, Mădălin Mihai Onofrei, Călin Bogdan Chibelean, Orsolya Martha and Angela Borda

Life 2025, 15(8), 1297; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081297 - 15 Aug 2025

Viewed by 95

Abstract

In the published publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current and Future Perspectives of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine)

20 pages, 1927 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxic Effects of Thymus serpyllum L. and Mentha × piperita L. Essential Oils on Basal Cell Carcinoma—An In Vitro Study

by Maja Milosevic Markovic, Boban Anicic, Milos Lazarevic, Milica Jaksic Karisik, Dijana Mitic, Branislav Milovanovic, Stefan Ivanovic, Ilinka Pecinar, Milan Petrovic, Masa Petrovic, Nikola Markovic, Milovan Bojic, Nada Petrovic, Slobodan Petrovic and Jelena Milasin

Life 2025, 15(8), 1296; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081296 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 160

Abstract

This study investigated the potential of Thymus serpyllum L. and Mentha × piperita L. essential oils (EOs), known for their bioactive properties, as adjunctive treatments targeting Basal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells (BCC CSCs). Primary cultures were established from ten BCC tumor samples [...] Read more.

This study investigated the potential of Thymus serpyllum L. and Mentha × piperita L. essential oils (EOs), known for their bioactive properties, as adjunctive treatments targeting Basal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells (BCC CSCs). Primary cultures were established from ten BCC tumor samples and their distant resection margins as controls. The chemical composition of the EOs was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The biological effects were evaluated via colony and spheroid formation, scratch assays, MTT and neutral red cytotoxicity assays, and qRT-PCR for Hh (SHH, PTCH1, SMO, and GLI1) and Notch (Notch1 and JAG1) gene expression. GC analysis identified thymol, p-cymene, and linalool as the main components of the EO of T. serpyllum L., and menthone and menthol in the EO of M. × piperita L. IC50 values were 262 µg/mL for T. serpyllum L. and 556 µg/mL for M. × piperita L. and were applied in all experiments. Both EOs significantly reduced CSC clonogenicity and migration (p < 0.05). The EO of T. serpyllum L. downregulated SMO and GLI1, while the EO of M. × piperita L. upregulated PTCH1, Notch1, and JAG1 (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that both EOs exhibit anticancer effects in BCC CSCs by modulating key oncogenic pathways, supporting their potential in BCC therapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactive Natural Compounds: Therapeutic Insights and Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Patterns as Indicator of Perioperative Stroke in Acute Type A Aortic Dissection

by Henrik Heuer, André Truong, Christian Schach, Lukas Krämer, Jozef Micek, Franz Josef Putz, Bernhard Flörchinger, Fiona Rohlffs, Christof Schmid and Jing Li

Life 2025, 15(8), 1295; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081295 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 231

Abstract

Neurologic complications remain a major cause of morbidity in patients undergoing surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass; however, its utility in predicting perioperative stroke remains [...] Read more.

Neurologic complications remain a major cause of morbidity in patients undergoing surgical repair of acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD). Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is used for continuous, noninvasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary bypass; however, its utility in predicting perioperative stroke remains inadequately defined. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 175 patients who underwent ATAAD repair between 2015 and 2023. Patients were stratified by the occurrence of perioperative stroke (n = 47, 26.9%). Intraoperative NIRS data, including cerebral regional oxygen saturation (crSO₂) values at key procedural timepoints and signal variability with band power and crest factor, were analyzed in conjunction with demographic, anatomic, and postoperative variables. Patients with stroke exhibited significantly lower minimum NIRS values during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) (left: 46.7 (15.7–69.4) vs. 52.2 (22.0–81.6); right: 47.0 (23.3–78.5) vs. 56.3 (20.2–85.0); p = 0.03 and p < 0.01). Within the stroke group, NIRS signal variability was significantly greater (crest factor and standard deviation; p < 0.05) and showed blunted recovery post-DHCA. crSO₂ values below 50% were more frequent in the stroke group (p = 0.04). Right common carotid artery dissection was more prevalent in the stroke group (40% vs. 23%, p = 0.04). ICU length of stay was significantly increased in patients with stroke. Cerebral desaturation and NIRS signal instability during DHCA are significantly associated with perioperative stroke in ATAAD repair. These findings support the prognostic value of intraoperative cerebral oximetry in detecting critical ischemic thresholds and identifying at-risk perfusion patterns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation and Translation in Cardiovascular Interventions)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2062 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exogenous Melatonin Induces Salt Stress Tolerance in Cucumber by Promoting Plant Growth and Defense System

by Guangchao Yu, Zhipeng Wang, Ming Wei, Lian Jia, Yue Qu, Yingyi Jiang and Shihan Xiang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1294; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081294 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the regulatory effect of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the growth and development of cucumbers subjected to salt stress. Using the XinTaiMiCi material and indoor pot culture method, seven treatments were set up: control group (CK), T0 (salt treatment [...] Read more.

This study aims to investigate the regulatory effect of exogenous melatonin (MT) on the growth and development of cucumbers subjected to salt stress. Using the XinTaiMiCi material and indoor pot culture method, seven treatments were set up: control group (CK), T0 (salt treatment group, 150 mM S + 0 μM MT), T1 (150 mM S + 25 μM MT), T2 (150 mM S + 50 μM MT), T3 (150 mM S + 100 μM MT), T4 (150 mM S + 150 μM MT), and T5 (150 mM S + 200 μM MT). Changes in plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, relative chlorophyll content, antioxidant enzyme activity, reactive oxygen species content, and osmotic adjustment substance content in cucumber seeds and seedlings under different treatments were studied, and a correlation analysis of these indicators was conducted. Meanwhile, the expression of salt stress-related genes was detected in all seven treatment groups. The results showed that, compared to the CK, T0 significantly reduced the hypocotyl length, root length, hypocotyl diameter, root diameter, and fresh and dry weights of cucumber seeds; in the later stage of salt stress treatment, T0 significantly increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) and the content of soluble protein in seeds. Additionally, T0 significantly increased the plant height, root length, stem diameter, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of cucumber seedlings per plant; in the later stage of salt stress treatment, T0 significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD, CAT, and MDA and the content of soluble protein and chlorophyll in leaves. Compared to T0, the application of 50 μmol·L⁻¹ MT under salt stress significantly increased the plant height, stem diameter, root length, leaf area, and fresh and dry weights of cucumber seedlings per plant; significantly increased the activities of SOD, POD, and CAT; decreased the MDA activity; and significantly increased the content of soluble protein and chlorophyll. Under salt stress conditions, the exogenous application of low-concentration melatonin increased the expression levels of salt stress response genes (such as CsSOS, CsNHX, CsHSF, and CsDREB) in cucumber. The germination rate (GR), germination potential (GP), germination index (GI), plant height (PH), root length (RL), leaf area index (LAI), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), soluble protein (SP), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), POD, CAT, and SOD of cucumber seedlings exhibited significant positive correlations, whereas they were negatively correlated with MDA content. In conclusion, the application of 50 μM MT can effectively alleviate the oxidative and osmotic stress caused by a high-salt environment in cucumber, promote cucumber growth, and improve salt tolerance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Science)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessReview

Antioxidant Defense Systems in Plants: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Biotechnological Strategies for Enhanced Oxidative Stress Tolerance

by Faustina Barbara Cannea and Alessandra Padiglia

Life 2025, 15(8), 1293; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081293 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 221

Abstract

Plants must contend with oxidative stress, a paradoxical phenomenon in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause cellular damage while also serving as key signaling molecules. Environmental stressors, such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes, promote ROS accumulation, affecting plant growth and productivity. [...] Read more.

Plants must contend with oxidative stress, a paradoxical phenomenon in which reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause cellular damage while also serving as key signaling molecules. Environmental stressors, such as drought, salinity, and temperature extremes, promote ROS accumulation, affecting plant growth and productivity. To maintain redox homeostasis, plants rely on antioxidant systems comprising enzymatic defenses, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase, and non-enzymatic molecules, including ascorbate, glutathione, flavonoids, and emerging compounds such as proline and nano-silicon. This review provides an integrated overview of antioxidant responses and their modulation through recent biotechnological advances, emphasizing the role of emerging technologies in advancing our understanding of redox regulation and translating molecular insights into stress-resilient phenotypes. Omics approaches have enabled the identification of redox-related genes, while genome editing tools, particularly those based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, offer opportunities for precise functional manipulation. Artificial intelligence and systems biology are accelerating the discovery of regulatory modules and enabling predictive modeling of antioxidant networks. We also highlight the contribution of synthetic biology to the development of stress-responsive gene circuits and address current regulatory and ethical considerations. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on molecular, biochemical, and technological strategies to enhance oxidative stress tolerance in plants, thereby contributing to sustainable agriculture and food security in a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses of Plants Under Abiotic Stresses)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 226 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Consensus Statements on Airway Clearance Interventions in Intubated Critically Ill Patients—Protocol for a Delphi Study

by Andrea A. Esmeijer, Prashant Nasa, George Ntoumenopoulos, Denise Battaglini, Deven Juneja, Lorenzo Ball, Stephan Ehrmann, Marcus J. Schultz, Frederique Paulus and Willemke Stilma

Life 2025, 15(8), 1292; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081292 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 268

Abstract

Intubated critically ill patients are susceptible to secretion accumulation because of compromised airway clearance. Various airway clearance interventions are employed to prevent complications arising from mucus retention. This Delphi study aims to collect global opinions in an international expert panel of ICU professionals [...] Read more.

Intubated critically ill patients are susceptible to secretion accumulation because of compromised airway clearance. Various airway clearance interventions are employed to prevent complications arising from mucus retention. This Delphi study aims to collect global opinions in an international expert panel of ICU professionals on the usefulness of these various airway clearance interventions. A steering committee performed a literature search informing the formulation of statements. Statements are grouped into two distinct parts: (1) Humidification and Nebulization, and (2) Suctioning and Mucus mobilization techniques. For each part, a diverse panel of 30–40 experts will be selected, with concerted effort to involve experts from various medical specialties involved in airway clearance methods. Multiple choice questions (MCQs) or 7-point Likert-scale statements will be used in the iterative Delphi rounds to reach consensus on various airway clearance interventions. Rounds will continue until stability is achieved for all statements. Consensus will be deemed achieved when a choice in MCQs or a Likert-scale statement achieves ≥75% agreement or disagreement. Starting from the second round of the Delphi process, stability will be assessed using non-parametric χ² tests or Kruskal–Wallis tests. Stability will be defined by a p-value of ≥0.05. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Airway Management in Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine)

11 pages, 844 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of an Ankle Stabilization Strap Using a Badaging Technique on Ankle Range of Motion, Balance, and Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Sangyong Han, Taewoo Kang and Donghwan Park

Life 2025, 15(8), 1291; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081291 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Background: Elastic ankle straps are frequently used to improve ankle stability; however, they often fail to provide adequate support due to material limitations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of an ankle stabilization strap applied using a bandaging technique on ankle [...] Read more.

Background: Elastic ankle straps are frequently used to improve ankle stability; however, they often fail to provide adequate support due to material limitations. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of an ankle stabilization strap applied using a bandaging technique on ankle range of motion, balance, and spatiotemporal gait parameters in patients with chronic stroke. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to either an ankle stabilization strap with bandaging technique (ASB, n = 14) group or an ankle–foot orthosis (AFO, n = 14) group. Both groups participated in treadmill gait training for 10 min per day, five days per week, for four weeks. Outcome measures included ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, total center of pressure displacement, timed up and go test, gait speed, and step length. A mixed-design analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis. Results: All outcome variables showed significant group-by-time interaction effects, and the ASB group exhibited significant within-group improvements after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ankle stabilization strap applied using a bandaging technique effectively improved ankle mobility, balance, and gait in patients with chronic stroke, suggesting its potential as a useful intervention in stroke rehabilitation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 3438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Hypertension in Hemodialysis Patients with the Concomitant Use of Peridialytic and Interdialytic Ambulatory Blood Pressure Measurements

by Kallistheni Leonidou, Ioannis Kontogiorgos, Christodoula Kourtidou, Eleni Georgianou, Vasileios Rafailidis, Stefanos Roumeliotis, Konstantinos Leivaditis, Elias V. Balaskas, Vassilios Liakopoulos and Panagiotis I. Georgianos

Life 2025, 15(8), 1290; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081290 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Background: For patients on hemodialysis, routine blood pressure (BP) measurements taken shortly before or after dialysis provide inaccurate estimates of the BP load during the interdialytic period. In this study, we used peridialytic recordings in combination with interdialytic ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) aiming [...] Read more.

Background: For patients on hemodialysis, routine blood pressure (BP) measurements taken shortly before or after dialysis provide inaccurate estimates of the BP load during the interdialytic period. In this study, we used peridialytic recordings in combination with interdialytic ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) aiming to provide a more precise assessment of hypertension in a sample of 70 stable hemodialysis patients. Methods: The evaluation of hypertension in the study cohort was performed using the following approaches: (i) routine predialysis and postdialysis BP measurements taken by the dialysis-unit staff were prospectively recorded over six consecutive dialysis sessions; (ii) ABPM was performed using the Microlife WatchBPO3 device (20 min intervals during an entire 44 h interdialytic period). The diagnostic thresholds of hypertension were ≥140/90 mmHg for predialysis, ≥130/80 mmHg for postdialysis and ≥130/80 mmHg for 44 h ambulatory BP, respectively. Patients receiving ≥1 antihypertensive medication also were classified as hypertensives. Results: The prevalence of hypertension was 88.6% by predialysis, 92.9% by postdialysis and 90.0% by ambulatory BP measurements. In all, 87.1% of patients were being treated for hypertension. When the combination of predialysis and 44 h ambulatory BP was evaluated, the prevalence of sustained normotension, white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension was 52.9%, 21.4%, 5.7% and 20.0%, respectively. A similar distribution of patients into these phenotypes was observed when postdialysis BP was used for the classification of the severity of hypertension (50.0%, 24.3%, 5.7% and 20.0% for sustained normotension, white-coat, masked and sustained hypertension, respectively). Interdialytic ABPM revealed that just one patient had abnormal BP solely during the daytime period. Conversely, isolated nocturnal hypertension was diagnosed in 27.1% of patients. Conclusions: This study shows that among patients on hemodialysis, peridialytic BP is an inaccurate proxy of interdialytic ambulatory BP. In approximately 30% of patients, there is discordance between routine peridialytic recordings and interdialytic ABPM for the diagnosis of hypertension. ABPM also facilitates the diagnosis of isolated nocturnal hypertension, which is another frequent BP phenotype in this high-risk patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Epidemiology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 900 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Ocular and Neurological Sequelae in Long COVID: Dry Eye, Asthenopia, Sleep Disorders, Asthenia, and Restless Legs Syndrome—A Case Report with Literature Review

by Mario Troisi, Salvatore Troisi, Livio Vitiello, Diego Strianese, Carlo Bellucci, Michele Rinaldi, Luca D’Andrea and Ciro Costagliola

Life 2025, 15(8), 1289; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081289 - 14 Aug 2025

Viewed by 386

Abstract

This case report presents a unique constellation of symptoms—including dry eye disease, visual and general asthenia, sleep disturbances, and restless legs syndrome—in a patient with a recent history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. While these symptoms have individually been associated with either [...] Read more.

This case report presents a unique constellation of symptoms—including dry eye disease, visual and general asthenia, sleep disturbances, and restless legs syndrome—in a patient with a recent history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. While these symptoms have individually been associated with either COVID-19 or long COVID, their concurrent presentation and the simultaneous, positive response across all manifestations to a combined therapeutic regimen have not been previously described in a single case. The patient demonstrated notable improvement in both ocular and systemic symptoms following a six-week treatment with topical tear substitutes and oral administration of melatonin, and a multivitamin supplement including B-complex vitamins, antioxidants, and neuroprotective agents (Colinplus Delta^®, Farmaplus Italia Srl, Via Giovanni Porzio 4, 80143 Napoli, Italy). This response suggests a possible shared pathophysiological mechanism underlying these manifestations, potentially involving post-viral neuroinflammation, immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, or autonomic dysfunction. This case report highlights the need for an increased awareness of the interconnected nature of ocular and neurological symptoms in long COVID and supports further research into non-invasive, multimodal treatment strategies for this emerging clinical spectrum. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human Health Before, During, and After COVID-19)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 4907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of the Association Between Coronary Artery Calcification, Plaque Vulnerability, and Perivascular Inflammation via Coronary CT Angiography

by Botond Barna Mátyás, Imre Benedek, Nóra Rat, Emanuel Blîndu, Ioana Patricia Rodean, Ioana Haja, Delia Păcurar, Theofana Mihăilă and Theodora Benedek

Life 2025, 15(8), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081288 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 285

Abstract

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores are a widely used surrogate marker for atherosclerotic burden, but they do not fully reflect plaque vulnerability or coronary inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between CACs, coronary plaque characteristics, and perivascular inflammatory activity using [...] Read more.

Background: Coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores are a widely used surrogate marker for atherosclerotic burden, but they do not fully reflect plaque vulnerability or coronary inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between CACs, coronary plaque characteristics, and perivascular inflammatory activity using advanced CCTA and CaRi-Heart^® analysis. Methods: A total of 250 patients with no prior cardiovascular disease were retrospectively evaluated and stratified by CACs into three groups: 0 (n = 28), 1–100 (n = 121), and >100 (n = 101). Coronary plaque morphology, high-risk plaque (HRP) features, CAD-RADS scores, and AI-derived fat attenuation index (FAI) centiles were assessed. Results: Significant differences across CAC categories were observed for several key parameters. The number of diseased coronary segments increased markedly (from 1.39 ± 1.10 vs. 2.97 ± 1.57 vs. 3.94 ± 2.10; p < 0.0001, one-way ANOVA). A similar upward trend was seen for segment involvement scores, HRP prevalence, and the proportions of mixed and calcified plaque components. Regression analysis demonstrated that CACs correlated significantly with segment burden (r² = 0.2520), CAD-RADS (r² = 0.1352), and the FAI score centile (r² = 0.0568). Conclusions: This study highlights the limitations of CACs as a standalone risk stratification tool. Vulnerable and inflamed plaques may already be present in patients with low or zero CACs. Integrating CCTA with perivascular FAI mapping enables earlier detection of biologically active atherosclerosis and supports more precise clinical decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Artery Disease: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Imaging Modalities and Therapeutic Implications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

31 pages, 2937 KiB

Open AccessReview

Intersecting Pathways of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Atherogenesis in the Evaluation of CKD: Emerging Biomarkers PCSK9, EPHX2, AOPPs, and TBARSs

by Mohamed-Zakaria Assani, Marius Bogdan Novac, Anda Lorena Dijmărescu, Alexandra-Ștefania Stroe-Ionescu, Mihail Virgil Boldeanu, Isabela Siloși and Lidia Boldeanu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1287; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081287 - 13 Aug 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a multifactorial disorder increasingly recognized as a systemic condition marked by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and endothelial dysfunction. Diabetic nephropathy, a leading cause of CKD, amplifies cardiovascular risk through intertwined mechanisms beyond traditional risk factors. This review [...] Read more.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a multifactorial disorder increasingly recognized as a systemic condition marked by persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, dyslipidemia, and endothelial dysfunction. Diabetic nephropathy, a leading cause of CKD, amplifies cardiovascular risk through intertwined mechanisms beyond traditional risk factors. This review synthesizes current evidence on the interplay between inflammation, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis in CKD, with a special focus on emerging molecular biomarkers—PCSK9, EPHX2, AOPPs, and TBARSs—and their integration with clinical indices. These markers illuminate pathophysiological networks underlying CKD progression and cardiovascular complications, offering novel insights into risk stratification, disease monitoring, and targeted therapy. By exploring molecular and clinical intersections, this review underscores the potential of a personalized, biomarker-driven approach to CKD management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Common and Novel Markers of Inflammation and Tissue Damage in Various Pathological Conditions—2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Life, Volume 15, Issue 8 (August 2025) – 161 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI