Nutrients

17 pages, 5540 KiB

Open AccessArticle

L-Theanine Mitigates Chronic Alcoholic Intestinal Injury by Regulating Intestinal Alcohol and Linoleic-Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Rats

by Jiayou Gu, Simin Tan, Jiahao Yang, Xuhui Dang, Kehong Liu, Zhihua Gong and Wenjun Xiao

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1943; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111943 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Background: Chronic alcohol intake impairs intestinal function, while L-theanine (LTA) may support intestinal health. However, the protective effects of LTA to chronic alcoholic intestinal injuries remain unclear. Methods: SD rats were administered LTA for 8 weeks and then co-administered Lieber–DeCarli liquid [...] Read more.

Background: Chronic alcohol intake impairs intestinal function, while L-theanine (LTA) may support intestinal health. However, the protective effects of LTA to chronic alcoholic intestinal injuries remain unclear. Methods: SD rats were administered LTA for 8 weeks and then co-administered Lieber–DeCarli liquid alcohol feed and LTA for 4 weeks to establish a chronic alcoholic intestinal injury model and investigate the mitigating influence of LTA on chronic alcoholic intestinal injury. Results: LTA alleviated duodenal pathology and intestinal permeability injury and reduced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response, thereby mitigating chronic alcoholic intestinal injury. Additionally, LTA ameliorated disturbances in the gut microbiota induced by chronic alcohol intake by increasing the beneficial bacteria abundance (Ruminococcus and Odoribacter) and decreasing the harmful bacteria abundance (Enterococcus). Moreover, LTA altered the metabolic profiles associated with ethanol and linoleic (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism. ADH6, ALDH2, and ACSS1 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated by LTA, whereas those for CYP2E1, FADS2, ALOX-5, and COX-1 were downregulated. Concurrently, LTA increased the levels of metabolites, such as acetyl-CoA, and decreased the levels of ethanol, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, LA, AA, PGE2, 13-HPODE, and LTB4. Conclusions: L-theanine mitigates chronic alcoholic intestinal injury by regulating intestinal alcohol and LA-AA metabolism. Our findings support the functional potential of the dietary supplement LTA and highlight its potential for addressing chronic intestinal injury caused by chronic alcohol intake. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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21 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of a Low Glycemic Index/Slow Digesting (LGI/SD) Carbohydrate Product on Maternal Glycemia and Neonatal Body Composition in Obese Pregnant Women: The NIGOHealth Randomized Clinical Trial

by Mercedes G. Bermúdez, María García-Ricobaraza, José Antonio García-Santos, M. Teresa Segura, Alberto Puertas-Prieto, José Luis Gallo-Vallejo, Carmen Padilla-Vinuesa, Berthold Koletzko, Geraldine E. Baggs, Elena Oliveros, Ricardo Rueda and Cristina Campoy

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1942; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111942 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity during pregnancy is strongly related to increased insulin resistance, and subsequent development of metabolic syndrome-like disorders, such as glucose intolerance, pre-eclampsia, as well as preterm birth, and cesarean delivery. Nutrition can influence the evolution of glycemic response and may help improve [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity during pregnancy is strongly related to increased insulin resistance, and subsequent development of metabolic syndrome-like disorders, such as glucose intolerance, pre-eclampsia, as well as preterm birth, and cesarean delivery. Nutrition can influence the evolution of glycemic response and may help improve adverse pregnancy outcomes and long-term complications. The main objective of the Nutritional Intervention during Gestation and Offspring Health (NIGOHealth) randomized clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02285764) was to investigate the potential effects of a low glycemic index/slow digesting (LGI/SD) carbohydrate product on maternal glycemia (glucose AUC at 27⁺⁰–28⁺⁶ weeks; maternal fasting blood glucose (MFBG) at 34⁺⁰–36⁺⁰ weeks), and neonatal body composition. Methods: Obese pregnant women were randomized: 230 in the intervention group (IG), who consumed two servings of an LGI/SD study product daily from 15 weeks of pregnancy until delivery, and 102 participants in the Standard of Care (SOC) group. Results: When analyzing baseline characteristics, significant differences were found in glucose metabolic parameters with higher values for IG than for the SOC group, compromising the group’s comparability. Despite this, a statistical analysis was conducted (intention-to-treat analysis/evaluable cohort): no differences were detected regarding maternal blood glucose AUC at 27⁺⁰–28⁺⁶ weeks, nor for MFBG at 34⁺⁰–36⁺⁰ weeks. Nonetheless, HbA1c (%) at 34⁺⁰–36⁺⁰ weeks was significantly lower in the IG vs. the SOC group (5.26 ± 0.03, 5.31 ± 0.04, p = 0.007) after adjusting for baseline conditions. Conclusion: This result might suggest a potential effect of the intervention on Evaluable participants. However, it should be taken with caution, due to the limitations of the study. More RCTs should be carried out to explore the effects of LGI/SD products on glycemic response in obese pregnant women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Lifestyle Intervention to Prevent and Manage Gestational Diabetes)

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15 pages, 1522 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Oral Nutrition Supplementation with or Without Multi-Domain Intervention Program on Cognitive Function and Overall Health in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Hae-Jin Kang, Eun-Hye Lee, Seong-Hye Choi, So-Young Moon, Jee-Hyang Jeong and Yoo-Kyoung Park

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1941; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111941 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 200

Abstract

Objectives: The global rise in dementia prevalence is escalating the socioeconomic burden, prompting efforts in prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an 8-week oral nutrition supplement (ONS) program with or without a multi-domain intervention program (MIP) in patients [...] Read more.

Objectives: The global rise in dementia prevalence is escalating the socioeconomic burden, prompting efforts in prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an 8-week oral nutrition supplement (ONS) program with or without a multi-domain intervention program (MIP) in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: Forty-nine patients with mild cognitive impairment were divided into three groups: (1) ONS (ONS), (2) ONS+MIP (ONS+MIP), and (3) control (CON). Korean-style dementia prevention MIP was used in the ONS+MIP group. Two packs of ONS per day were provided to the ONS group during the intervention period. Cognitive function, nutritional evaluation, body composition analysis, and physical performance were measured. The paired t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analyses. Results: A final analysis was performed on the final 46 participants. After intervention, the cognitive function test (Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, RBANS) scores of the ONS+MIP group were significantly increased compared to the baseline scores. However, no significant changes were observed in the ONS and CON groups. Eating behavior and food quality also improved in the ONS+MIP group, with a significant difference among the three groups. There was no significant change in body composition in all groups; however, grip strength (left hand), muscular endurance, and the total SPPB score improved in the ONS+MIP group. The total SPPB score decreased in the CON group. Conclusions: Along with ONS intake, intensive education and continuous monitoring through multi-domain interventions are important to improve cognitive function. Trial registration: Clinical Research Information Service identifier: KCT0007253. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Interventions for Age-Related Diseases)

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14 pages, 1380 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Isomaltulose on Glycemic Response in Diabetic and Healthy Populations: A Meta-Analysis

by Zhaojie Chen, Fangting Gu and Jianyong Wu

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1940; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111940 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 248

Abstract

Background: Effective management of postprandial glycemic control is critical for diabetic patients, as elevated postprandial glucose levels can lead to complications such as cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. This study evaluates isomaltulose, a low-glycemic-index carbohydrate, as an alternative to sucrose in mitigating postprandial glucose [...] Read more.

Background: Effective management of postprandial glycemic control is critical for diabetic patients, as elevated postprandial glucose levels can lead to complications such as cardiovascular disease and neuropathy. This study evaluates isomaltulose, a low-glycemic-index carbohydrate, as an alternative to sucrose in mitigating postprandial glucose spikes. Objectives: To synthesize evidence from existing studies and assess the efficacy of isomaltulose in reducing postprandial glycemic levels compared to sucrose in diabetic populations. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Searches were performed across PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials or crossover studies comparing isomaltulose and sucrose. Data were extracted, and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool was used to assess study quality. Results: Ten studies were included, involving 367 participants. The meta-analysis showed that isomaltulose significantly reduced plasma glucose level at 60 min post-meal, though the actual effect could be modest in terms of clinical relevance compared to sucrose (MD: −7.99, 95% CI: −8.58, −7.39, p < 0.00001). Notable variability in the study results was observed, which may be attributed to multiple factors such as participant demographics and meal composition. Conclusions: The findings from the analysis are supportive for the use of isomaltulose as a beneficial dietary alternative to sucrose for managing postprandial glycemic levels in diabetic patients. Future research effort is suggested to focus on larger, diverse populations to enhance generalizability and explore the impact of dietary context on glycemic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polysaccharides for Nutraceuticals and Future Foods)

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23 pages, 2525 KiB

Open AccessReview

Bacopa monnieri: Preclinical and Clinical Evidence of Neuroactive Effects, Safety of Use and the Search for Improved Bioavailability

by Anna Gościniak, Anna Stasiłowicz-Krzemień, Marta Szeląg, Jakub Pawlak, Izabela Skiera, Hanna Kwiatkowska, Natasza Nowak, Krzysztof Bernady, Piotr Trzaskoma, Oskar Zimak-Krótkopad and Judyta Cielecka-Piontek

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1939; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111939 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, is a plant used in Ayurveda for its memory-enhancing properties and control of blood sugar levels. It contains active compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and cucurbitacins, which have various biological activities. The plant has [...] Read more.

Bacopa monnieri, also known as Brahmi or Waterhyssop, is a plant used in Ayurveda for its memory-enhancing properties and control of blood sugar levels. It contains active compounds such as alkaloids, saponins, and cucurbitacins, which have various biological activities. The plant has been studied for its potential in treating Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and depression. Animal studies have shown promising results in reducing symptoms and protecting against neurodegeneration. Concerning safety, Bacopa monnieri has been found to be generally non-toxic, with no serious side effects reported. However, interactions with certain medications and contraindications in conditions like hyperthyroidism should be considered. Further research is needed to determine optimal dosages and ensure safety, especially for pregnant and breastfeeding women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Foods and Nutritional and Botanical Supplements for the Enhancement of Human Health and Performance)

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14 pages, 724 KiB

Open AccessArticle

First–Second-Trimester Dietary Inflammatory Index and Anemia Risk in the Third Trimester: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Cong Huang, Zhitan Zhang, Junwei He, Zixin Zhong, Yuxin Ma, Xun Huang, Fan Xia, Hongzhuan Tan, Jing Deng and Mengshi Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111938 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 217

Abstract

Objectives: Dietary conditions are closely related to maternal health. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between the first–second-trimester Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and developing anemia in the third trimester. Methods: This prospective cohort study comprised 545 pregnant women, with dietary data [...] Read more.

Objectives: Dietary conditions are closely related to maternal health. This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between the first–second-trimester Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and developing anemia in the third trimester. Methods: This prospective cohort study comprised 545 pregnant women, with dietary data assessed via a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Hemoglobin levels were obtained by hospital laboratory tests and used to diagnose anemia. Multivariable logistic regression models—adjusted for baseline serum iron, age, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), occupation, education, history of adverse pregnancy outcomes, parity, serum iron, passive smoking exposure, and iron supplementation use during pregnancy—were employed to evaluate the relationships between the first-trimester DII, second-trimester DII, first–second-trimester average DII, and third-trimester anemia. Results: After multivariable adjustment, the first–second-trimester average DII in the pro-inflammatory diet group demonstrated a 3.73-fold elevated risk of third-trimester anemia compared to the anti-inflammatory diet group (Odds Ratio [OR] = 3.73, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.50–9.25). Conclusions: Pro-inflammatory dietary patterns during pregnancy exhibit a significant correlation with developing third-trimester anemia. This study demonstrates that reducing dietary pro-inflammatory components through prenatal nutrition programs may lower third-trimester anemia risk. Notably, this study carries potential risks of bias, including self-reporting bias in dietary data and incompletely controlled confounding factors (such as unmeasured biomarkers). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition in Women)

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25 pages, 1025 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Association of Food Insecurity and Risk of Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Large-Scale Cohorts

by Cyrus Jalili, Seyedeh Parisa Moosavian, Farhang Hameed Awlqadr, Sanaz Mehrabani, Reza Bagheri, Matin Sedighy, Shirley Hodder, Faramarz Jalili, Mohammad Ali Hojjati Kermani, Maryam Zamir Nasta, Sajjad Moradi and Fred Dutheil

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1937; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111937 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) represents a significant global public health issue, yet existing literature presents inconsistent findings regarding its association with mortality risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available evidence to evaluate the relationship between FI and mortality. Setting: A [...] Read more.

Objectives: Food insecurity (FI) represents a significant global public health issue, yet existing literature presents inconsistent findings regarding its association with mortality risk. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize available evidence to evaluate the relationship between FI and mortality. Setting: A systematic search was conducted using the ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and Embase databases without any date limitation until February 18, 2025. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random-effects model, while validated methods examined quality and publication bias via Newcastle–Ottawa Scale, Egger’s regression asymmetry, and Begg’s rank correlation tests, respectively. Results: Findings from 19 studies demonstrated a significant association between FI and increased risk of mortality (HR = 1.23; 95% CI: 1.16, 1.30; I² = 83.1%; p < 0.001; n = 19). Subgroup analyses indicated a dose–response relationship, with mortality risk increasing by FI severity: mild (HR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.22; I² = 0.0%; p < 0.001; n = 9), moderate (HR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.31; I² = 83.2%; p = 0.001; n = 10) and severe (HR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.25, 1.86; I² = 94.9%; p < 0.001; n = 10). Additional subgroup analyses revealed a significant association between FI and both all-cause mortality (HR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.18, 1.35; I² = 82.0%; p < 0.001; n = 16), and cardiovascular-related mortality (HR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.39; I² = 42.8%; p < 0.001; n = 7), but not cancer-related mortality. Conclusions: Persistent FI appears to contribute to an increased risk of mortality. Hence, it is important to maintain continuity and strengthen current programs aimed at combating FI, which may help reduce FI-related mortality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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3 pages, 143 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Lipid Metabolism and Relevance to Chronic Disease

by Harald Mangge

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1936; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111936 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Lipid metabolism is involved in the development and progression of widespread chronic diseases, making it a crucial area of study in medicine and public health [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lipid Metabolism and Relevance to Chronic Disease)

11 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Nutritional Status and Early Postoperative Infection Risk in Kidney Transplant Patients

by Elena González García, Tamara Arroyo, Mercedes Galván, María José Becerra, Margarita Gallego, Israel Mauro, Yanieli Hernández, Almudena Pérez-Torres, María Ovidia López Oliva, María José Santana and Carlos Jiménez

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1935; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111935 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Malnutrition is one of the stronger predictors of morbi-mortality in end-stage kidney disease patients. Moreover, malnutrition in hospitalized patients severely affects multiple clinical outcomes, increasing the risk of complications. The Nutritional Risk Index and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index are indexes used to evaluate [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is one of the stronger predictors of morbi-mortality in end-stage kidney disease patients. Moreover, malnutrition in hospitalized patients severely affects multiple clinical outcomes, increasing the risk of complications. The Nutritional Risk Index and Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index are indexes used to evaluate the risk of malnutrition in hospitalized adults, which have been validated for dialysis patients and have been reported to be a validated prognostic index of nutrition-related morbidity and mortality. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of early postoperative infections and their possible relationship with malnutrition in renal transplantation. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study, including all patients who received a kidney transplant, a total of 140, between January 2020 and December 2023, at a tertiary-level Spanish hospital. Results: The average GNRI was 110.1 ± 11.6, equivalent to adequate nutrition, and only 16.4% of patients were at risk of malnutrition. The mean NRI was 111.4 ± 11.8, equivalent to no risk of malnutrition, and only 17.2% of patients had a moderate-to-severe risk of malnutrition. A total of 30 patients (21.4%) required oral nutritional supplementation at discharge, especially modular protein supplements (86.7%), and 52 patients (37.1%) presented an infection during their stay. The most frequent infections were urinary tract infections (69.8% of the total). Malnutrition calculated by the GNRI or NRI correlated to a longer postoperative hospital stay and a higher rate of infectious complications (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Malnourished patients have a higher risk of early postoperative complications, including infection, and a longer hospitalization stay. The evaluation of nutritional status for the diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition is strongly recommended in ESKD patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Diseases)

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13 pages, 952 KiB

Open AccessReview

Unintended Consequences of Obesity Pharmacotherapy: A Nutritional Approach to Ensuring Better Patient Outcomes

by Werd Al-Najim, António Raposo, Mona N. BinMowyna and Carel W. le Roux

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1934; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111934 - 5 Jun 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Obesity pharmacotherapy vastly improved the treatment of the disease of obesity. However, GLP-1 receptor agonists and GIP/GLP-1 dual agonists may lead to nutritional complications, including severe caloric restriction, micronutrient deficiencies, lean body mass loss, dehydration, and ketosis. We examine these risks and [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Obesity pharmacotherapy vastly improved the treatment of the disease of obesity. However, GLP-1 receptor agonists and GIP/GLP-1 dual agonists may lead to nutritional complications, including severe caloric restriction, micronutrient deficiencies, lean body mass loss, dehydration, and ketosis. We examine these risks and outlines dietitian-led strategies to support improved safety and effectiveness. Methods: This narrative review was conducted in three stages: literature search, screening of abstracts and full texts, and synthesis of findings. Searches were carried out in April and May 2025 across PubMed, Embase, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords related to obesity pharmacotherapy and nutrition. Results: Clinical observations and trial data suggest that some individuals may consume fewer than 800 kcal/day during the initial stages of treatment. Prolonged energy and protein deficits can increase the risk of sarcopenia, metabolic dysfunction, and reduce treatment adherence. Additional risks include inadequate micronutrient intake due to reduced dietary variety, dehydration linked to gastrointestinal symptoms and hypodipsia, and rare but serious cases of ketoacidosis. Patients at heightened risk include older adults, those with low baseline muscle mass, and individuals with restrictive eating patterns. Conclusions: Obesity medications introduce unique nutritional risks that are not yet addressed by standardised clinical protocols. Registered dietitians play a critical role in assessing intake patterns, monitoring for red flags, and delivering targeted nutritional support. Integrating structured dietary assessment tools, checklists, and risk-specific guidance into pharmacotherapy pathways can enhance safety, promote adherence, and improve long-term outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Perspectives in Obesity Treatments)

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19 pages, 2002 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Balanced Diet and Probiotics on Blood Biomarkers and Gut Microbiota in the Elderly: A Community-Based Intervention Study

by Junghyun Park, You-Suk Lee, Do-Kyung Lee, Juyong Hong, Seon-Joo Park, Byung Wook Lee, Sang Min Park and Hae-Jeung Lee

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1933; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111933 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 236

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Aging is characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. A balanced diet and probiotic intake can play significant roles in preventing aging-related chronic degenerative diseases and promoting immune function in the elderly. This community-based intervention study investigated the effects of an eight-week [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Aging is characterized by dysregulation of the immune system. A balanced diet and probiotic intake can play significant roles in preventing aging-related chronic degenerative diseases and promoting immune function in the elderly. This community-based intervention study investigated the effects of an eight-week intervention involving a balanced diet with or without probiotics on nutritional parameters and gut microbiota composition in Korean elderly individuals. Methods: A total of 48 participants were enrolled and randomly allocated into two groups: 24 received a balanced diet alone, and 24 received a balanced diet combined with probiotics. Results: The balanced diet showed beneficial impacts on nutritional and inflammatory biomarkers, including fasting glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), albumin, gamma-glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), immunoglobulin E (IgE), and gut microbiota, such as the Bacteroidaceae family and the genera Prevotella and Faecalibacterium. Additionally, providing probiotics alongside a balanced diet influenced the taxonomic profile and abundance of intestinal microbiota. Conclusions: Overall, the combination of a balanced diet and probiotics has beneficial effects on nutritional and inflammatory biomarkers as well as gut microbiota composition in elderly individuals. Future meticulously designed randomized controlled trials are required to further understand the health benefits and underlying mechanisms of balanced diets and probiotics in the Korean elderly. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Nutrition Strategies for Age-Related Health Issues)

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35 pages, 1795 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutrient Intake and Plasma and Erythrocyte Content Among Lactating Mothers of Hospitalized Very Preterm Infants: Associations with Human Milk Composition

by Kristin Keller, Noelia Ureta-Velasco, Diana Escuder-Vieco, José C. E. Serrano, Javier Fontecha, María V. Calvo, Javier Megino-Tello, Carmen R. Pallás-Alonso and Nadia Raquel García-Lara

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1932; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111932 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 187

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Lactating mothers have increased nutritional requirements, but nutritional adequacy is difficult to achieve. Additionally, human milk (HM) composition depends on maternal diet. However, the nutritional intake and status of mothers with hospitalized very preterm infants (MHVPIs) (<32 weeks of gestational age) have [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Lactating mothers have increased nutritional requirements, but nutritional adequacy is difficult to achieve. Additionally, human milk (HM) composition depends on maternal diet. However, the nutritional intake and status of mothers with hospitalized very preterm infants (MHVPIs) (<32 weeks of gestational age) have rarely been assessed. Hence, the aim of the present study was to determine the intake of macronutrients, micronutrients, and lipids, as well as the nutritional status of MHVPIs. The results were compared with a group of HM donors (HMDs), and associations with HM composition were evaluated using multiple linear regression. Methods: For dietary assessment, a 5-day dietary record including supplement intake was completed by 15 MHVPIs and 110 HMDs. Vitamins and fatty acids (FA) were determined in plasma and erythrocytes; minerals and methylmalonic acid were determined in urine; and macronutrients, vitamins, minerals, and the lipid profile were determined in HM. Results: Considering dietary reference intakes, the dietary evaluation of MHVPIs revealed a high percentage of inadequate nutrient intake in relation to total energy, as well as for iodine and vitamins B8, B9, C, D, and E. A high protein intake was observed. The percentage of energy from carbohydrates was low, whereas the percentage of energy from fat was high. However, the diet of MHVPIs did not differ substantially from the diet of HMDs. Associations were observed between the study groups (MHVPI vs. HMD) and the HM concentration of protein, several micronutrients, and fatty acids independent from intake and status. Conclusions: Deficient nutrient intakes did not appear to be exclusively related to MHVPI but rather seemed to be widespread in both study groups. However, for preterm infants, an insufficient supply of nutrients is critical and should be addressed in order to improve preterm infant’s outcomes. Furthermore, we provided additional insights into the exploration of HM by relating its composition to prematurity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Nutrition)

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16 pages, 3704 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Function of Yogurt Fermented with the Lactococcus lactis 11/19-B1 Strain in Improving the Lipid Profile and Intestinal Microbiome in Hemodialysis Patients

by Yoshiki Suzuki, Ken Ishioka, Taichi Nakamura, Nozomu Miyazaki, Shigeru Marubashi and Tatsuo Suzutani

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111931 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 250

Abstract

Background/Objectives: The number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is increasing in Japan, and this population is at high risk of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, prevention of arteriosclerosis as a common underlying cause of these diseases is required. In this [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: The number of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients is increasing in Japan, and this population is at high risk of death from cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, prevention of arteriosclerosis as a common underlying cause of these diseases is required. In this study, we examined whether 11/19-B1 yogurt, which has been proven to reduce serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, can decrease the serum levels of indoxylsulfate and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), which are produced by intestinal microbiota and known to cause arteriosclerosis, through improving dysbiosis in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Nineteen dialysis patients consumed 50 g of 11/19-B1 yogurt daily for 8 weeks, and changes in serum lipid profile and uremic toxin levels, intestinal microbiome, as well as the frequency of bowel movement and stool characteristics were observed. Results: The results demonstrated that an intake of yogurt decreased serum LDL 99.3 to 88.5 (p = 0.049) and indoxylsulfate in seven of nine subjects with previously high concentrations, and improved stool characteristics as estimated by the Bristle stool score, although decreased HDL and no beneficial effect on serum TMAO was observed. Conclusions: These results may suggest that the ingestion of 11/19-B1 yogurt provides a preventative effect against the progression of atherosclerosis and renal dysfunction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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14 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary and Physical Activity Correlates of Muscle Mass in 60–65-Year-Old Seniors: A Gender-Specific Analysis

by Bartłomiej K. Sołtysik, Paweł Balicki, Klaudia Kowalczyk, Aleksandra Lutostańska, Julia Dmuchowska, Małgorzata Pigłowska and Tomasz Kostka

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1930; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111930 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 215

Abstract

Introduction: Sarcopenia and loss of skeletal muscle mass represent major public health concerns in aging populations. Although both diet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as modifiable determinants of muscle mass, their effects may differ by sex. This study aimed to examine dietary [...] Read more.

Introduction: Sarcopenia and loss of skeletal muscle mass represent major public health concerns in aging populations. Although both diet and physical activity (PA) are recognized as modifiable determinants of muscle mass, their effects may differ by sex. This study aimed to examine dietary and behavioral correlates of muscle mass amongst community-dwelling adults aged 60–65 in Central Poland. Methods: The study included 134 women and 138 men. Body composition was assessed using bioelectrical impedance (Maltron Bioscan 920, Essex, UK). Dietary intake was evaluated using a 24 h recall analyzed with Dieta 5.0 software. PA was measured using the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire and the Stanford Physical Activity Indices. Statistical analysis included bivariate correlations and general linear modeling performed separately for women and men. Results: In women, skeletal muscle mass (as a percent of body mass) showed significant positive associations with protein intake per kilogram of body weight, magnesium, phosphorus, and moderate health-related PA. Concomitantly, there was a negative correlation with lipids such as long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In multivariate models, protein intake remained the only predictor. In men, only protein intake per kilogram of body weight demonstrated a significant association with muscle mass; no other dietary or PA factors were retained in the model. Conclusions: The findings indicate that dietary and behavioral factors influencing muscle mass vary by sex. While muscle mass in women is linked to multiple nutritional and lifestyle factors, men appear primarily responsive to total protein intake. These sex-specific differences may underscore the importance of tailored strategies in sarcopenia prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Healthy Eating and Physical Activity in Longevity)

15 pages, 1614 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Exams on Diet, Physical Activity, and Body Composition in University Students

by Natalia Mudarra-García, Marina Pérez-Mudarra, Ismael Ortuño-Soriano, Raquel Badía-Iborra, María Jesús Vicente-Galán, Ignacio Zaragoza-García, Fernando Roque-Rojas and Francisco Javier García-Sánchez

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1929; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111929 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 222

Abstract

Background: Bad dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles alter body composition, increasing disease risk. Methods: We conducted a prospective, comparative, longitudinal observational study among nursing students from Complutense University of Madrid. Data were collected in two periods: before exams (January 2024) and during exams [...] Read more.

Background: Bad dietary habits and sedentary lifestyles alter body composition, increasing disease risk. Methods: We conducted a prospective, comparative, longitudinal observational study among nursing students from Complutense University of Madrid. Data were collected in two periods: before exams (January 2024) and during exams (May 2024). Body composition was assessed via bioimpedance (Beurer BF 1000), dietary habits through the modified Kidmed survey, and physical activity using the IPAQ. Results: During exam preparation, fat mass significantly increased (25.43% to 28.79%, p = 0.016), muscle mass significantly decreased (39.70% to 36.20%, p < 0.001), and visceral fat rose notably (2.34 to 3.52, p < 0.001). Students exhibiting poor dietary quality increased (54.2% to 80.0%, p < 0.001), vigorous physical activity dramatically decreased (84.7% to 11.1%, p < 0.001), and sedentary time increased significantly (408.24 to 543.61 min/day, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings suggest dietary deterioration and reduced physical activity during exams adversely affect students’ body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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15 pages, 721 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Perceived Stress on Problematic Eating: Three Parallel Moderated Mediation Models

by Haoyu Guo, Ziyi Ye, Jinfeng Han, Yijun Luo and Hong Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1928; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111928 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Background: Stress adversely affects health behaviors, particularly problematic eating. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain underexplored. This study seeks to examine the mediating role of irrational health beliefs and the moderating role of negative coping styles in the associations of perceived [...] Read more.

Background: Stress adversely affects health behaviors, particularly problematic eating. However, the psychological mechanisms underlying this relationship remain underexplored. This study seeks to examine the mediating role of irrational health beliefs and the moderating role of negative coping styles in the associations of perceived stress with three types of problematic eating—restrained, emotional, and external eating. Methods: A total of 929 emerging adults (57.8% females; mean age = 21.50 ± 2.36 years, age range = 17–35 years) participated in an online survey to provide their self-reported data. Results: Perceived stress was positively associated with restrained, emotional, and external eating. Irrational health beliefs partially mediated these associations, with indirect effects of 0.24, 0.40, and 0.07, respectively. Negative coping styles only moderated the associations of perceived stress with restrained eating (β = 0.05, p = 0.047) and emotional eating (β = 0.08, p = 0.001), but not external eating (β = 0.01, p = 0.859). Conclusions: Our findings suggest the effect of cognitive factors such as irrational health beliefs and negative coping styles on stress-induced eating. Interventions aimed at cognitively restructuring irrational health beliefs and raising attention on health, as well as promoting adaptive stress-coping strategies that alleviate emotional distress without compromising other aspects of health, are therefore essential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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14 pages, 2125 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fermented Apple Juice Reduces the Susceptibility of Offspring Mice to Food Allergy Exacerbated by Maternal High-Fat Diet

by Jing Ma, Jian Yu, Yining Jia, Zining Luo, Xin Yang, Huzhong Li and Fangyu Long

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111927 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Background: Food allergy (FA) is associated with dietary habits, antibiotic use, living environment, and delivery method. Pregnancy and lactation represent critical periods for neonatal immune system development. Methods: This study investigated the relationship between maternal dietary habits and FA risk in offspring. [...] Read more.

Background: Food allergy (FA) is associated with dietary habits, antibiotic use, living environment, and delivery method. Pregnancy and lactation represent critical periods for neonatal immune system development. Methods: This study investigated the relationship between maternal dietary habits and FA risk in offspring. Pregnant C57BL/6J mice (8-week-old males and females) were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with fermented apple juice (FAJ) during pregnancy and lactation. Offspring were nursed by their respective dams until weaning at 21 days postpartum, followed by ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. Lipid profiles, acylcarnitines, immunological, and histopathological analyses were performed. Gut microbiota composition and serum markers were also assessed. Results: The findings indicated that maternal HFD had a negative impact on OVA-sensitized offspring mice. Early-life FAJ intervention modulated gut microbiota alterations and alleviated maternal HFD-worsened allergic symptoms through Th1/Th2 and Th17/Treg immunity balance and intestinal barrier repair. Maternal serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels, along with gut microbiota profiles, significantly influenced offspring gut microbiota composition. Moreover, reduced short-chain and medium-chain acylcarnitines in offspring may be associated with increased allergy risk. Conclusions: Maternal HFD during pregnancy and lactation disrupted gut microbiota balance and exacerbated offspring FA susceptibility. These findings provide a scientific foundation for developing early-life FA prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Intervention and Regulatory Potential of Natural Active Substances in Foods on Chronic Diseases)

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20 pages, 7357 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Alleviating Effect of Abalone Viscera Collagen Peptide in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice: Effect on Inflammatory Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, and Gut Microbiota

by Binxiong Liu, Lili Liu, Chunjiang Li, Tengming Guo, Changcheng Li, Meiling Tian and Ting Fang

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1926; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111926 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 287

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Abalone viscera is a discarded seafood by-product that contains a wealth of protein and is a good source of collagen peptides which have proven to have great potential in ameliorating host inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Abalone viscera is a discarded seafood by-product that contains a wealth of protein and is a good source of collagen peptides which have proven to have great potential in ameliorating host inflammation. The present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory capacity of collagen peptide extracted from abalone viscera. Methods: Low, medium, and high dosages (300, 600, and 900 mg/kg/d) of abalone viscera collagen peptide (AVCP) were orally administered to DSS-induced acute colitis mice. The inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress factors were assessed using the ELISA method, and gut microbiota was widely studied by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Results: The results showed that oral administration of AVCP led to a significant alleviation of weight loss, colon length shortening, and DAI escalation in colitis mice. AVCP could also alleviate the pathological damage of colon tissue; inhibit splenic edema and thymic atrophy; reduce the serum level of inflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17A, and myeloperoxidase (MPO)); and improved antioxidant capacity (the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) level decreased). Moreover, AVCP restored the balance of the gut microbiota, such as Escherichia-Shigella, Bacteroides, norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Parasutterella. Conclusions: Collectively, our observations elucidated the potential use of AVCP as a prebiotic for ulcerative colitis alleviation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 1016 KiB

Open AccessReview

Caffeine: A Neuroprotectant and Neurotoxin in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

by Bharti Sharma, George Agriantonis, Sarah Dawson-Moroz, Rolanda Brown, Whenzdjyny Simon, Danielle Ebelle, Jessica Chapelet, Angie Cardona, Aditi Soni, Maham Siddiqui, Brijal Patel, Sittha Cheerasarn, Justin Chang, Lauren Cobb, Fanta John, Munirah M. Hasan, Carrie Garcia, Zahra Shaefee, Kate Twelker, Navin D. Bhatia and Jennifer Whittington Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111925 - 4 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Caffeine is a weak, nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. At low-to-moderate doses, caffeine has a stimulating effect; however, at higher doses, it can act as a depressant. It can function both as a neuroprotectant and a neurotoxin. In experimental Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), administration [...] Read more.

Caffeine is a weak, nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. At low-to-moderate doses, caffeine has a stimulating effect; however, at higher doses, it can act as a depressant. It can function both as a neuroprotectant and a neurotoxin. In experimental Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), administration of this psychoactive drug has been associated with beneficial or detrimental effects, depending on the dose, model, and timing. In a healthy brain, caffeine can enhance alertness and promote wakefulness. However, its consumption during late adolescence and early adulthood disrupts normal pruning processes in the context of repetitive moderate TBI (mTBI), leading to changes in dendritic spine morphology, resulting in neurological and behavioral impairments. Caffeine can potentially reduce TBI-associated intracranial pressure, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, cytotoxic edema, inflammation, and apoptosis. It can enhance alertness and reduce mental fatigue, which is critical for the cognitive rehabilitation of TBI patients. Additionally, caffeine positively affects immune cells and aids recovery post-TBI. Antagonizing adenosine receptors involved in controlling synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity, and synapse toxicity can improve cognitive function. Conversely, studies have also shown that caffeine consumers report significantly higher somatic discomfort compared to non-consumers. This review aims to explore various studies and thoroughly examine the positive and negative roles of caffeine in TBI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition Interventions and Their Impact on Brain Health and Disease)

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21 pages, 3591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Competition Day Loads on the Metabolic and Immune Response of Olympic Female Beach Volleyball Athletes: A Sportomics Analysis

by Renan Muniz-Santos, Adriana Bassini, P. C. B. Alexandre, Igor Jurisica, Vinod Chandran and L. C. Cameron

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1924; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111924 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 381

Abstract

Background: Beach volleyball (BVb) is a highly demanding Olympic sport characterized by intense physical activity and unique environmental challenges, including varying weather conditions and sandy, unstable court surfaces. Despite its popularity, there is a notable lack of scientific research addressing the metabolic and [...] Read more.

Background: Beach volleyball (BVb) is a highly demanding Olympic sport characterized by intense physical activity and unique environmental challenges, including varying weather conditions and sandy, unstable court surfaces. Despite its popularity, there is a notable lack of scientific research addressing the metabolic and immune responses of elite female athletes in this sport. This study aims to address this gap by investigating two world-class Olympic medalists, female BVb players, who represent a country with a rich history in the sport. Methods: Two athletes underwent a simulated competition day consisting of two matches. A standardized protocol was utilized to collect blood and urine samples at seven time points, allowing for analysis throughout the competition and recovery phases. The analysis included various electrolytes, as well as hematological, metabolic, and inflammatory markers. Additionally, we assessed selected hormones, such as insulin, serotonin, ACTH, and cortisol, along with amino acids related to energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. Results: Both athletes presented a trend toward electrolyte disturbances, especially hypokalemia, with a mean decrease of 15% and individual values reaching as low as 3.3 mmol/L post-match. This indicates that BVb may pose a risk for such disturbances. Additionally, the matches led to 20% to 60% increases in muscle injury markers, with incomplete recovery even after a day of rest, signaling persistent physiological stress post-competition. This increase was matched by stimulating stress hormones (ACTH and cortisol rose up to 4-fold and 3-fold, respectively), and markers of exercise intensity, such as lactate and ammonium. Moreover, the simulated BVb competition day impacted the amino acid response, with the Fischer ratio (BCAA/AAA) and blood tryptophan decreasing to a minimum of 60% of the initial levels and blood serotonin increasing by up to 180%, which are signs of an increased risk of central fatigue onset, according to the Fischer and Newsholme theory. Conclusions: The responses examined in this exploratory study contribute to a deeper understanding of the metabolic and immune demands placed on elite female BVb players, suggesting practical applications. By addressing the similar physiological responses observed among the athletes and emphasizing their unique individual responses—despite following the same protocol under identical conditions and sharing similar life habits for an extended period—this study highlights the critical necessity for the n-of-1 monitoring of athletes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supports for Sport Performance)

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20 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Claims for Protein Food Supplements for Athletes—The Analysis Is in Accordance with the EFSA’s Scientific Opinion

by María Dolores Rodríguez-Hernández, José Miguel Martínez-Sanz, Carlos Javier García, José Antonio Gabaldón, Federico Ferreres, Miguel Escribano, Daniel Giménez-Monzó and Ángel Gil-Izquierdo

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1923; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111923 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

Background: Protein supplements are among the most popular, available and growing complementary products. Fraud related to the mislabeling, inaccurate analysis or declaration of ingredient quantities, and health claims not aligned with those approved by EFSA is high. This study aims to analyze the [...] Read more.

Background: Protein supplements are among the most popular, available and growing complementary products. Fraud related to the mislabeling, inaccurate analysis or declaration of ingredient quantities, and health claims not aligned with those approved by EFSA is high. This study aims to analyze the claims related to protein supplements in commercial messages. Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the content and the degree to which health claims stated on the labeling or technical data sheets of protein supplements comply with those authorized by current European legislation and supported by existing scientific evidence. The products were searched for using Amazon and Google Shopping. Results: Of the 209 health claims evaluated, 60 claims fully complied with the recommendations, representing 28.7% of the total (n = 209). In contrast, 12 claims in which the stated text did not conform to the health claims established by EFSA were identified, representing 5.7% of the total (n = 209). The most widely used unauthorized health claims on the market are those referring to “Post-workout recovery” (11.1%), followed by “Promotes muscle recovery (casein)” (9.5% each), referring to whey protein and casein, respectively. Of all the products analyzed in the study, 43.8% (n = 46) of the products made health claims not authorized by the EFSA. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the high-quality advertising of protein supplements should engage consumers, industry stakeholders, scientific research, and the European Food Safety Authority to ensure compliance with European regulations, provide accurate guidance for manufacturers, and protect consumer rights under current legislation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adopting Sustainable Dietary Patterns: Effects of Food Labeling, Food Choices, and Eating Behaviors (2nd Edition))

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26 pages, 586 KiB

Open AccessArticle

More PEAS Please! Process Evaluation of a STEAM Program Designed to Promote Dietary Quality, Science Learning, and Language Skills in Preschool Children

by Virginia C. Stage, Jocelyn B. Dixon, Pauline Grist, Archana V. Hegde, Tammy D. Lee, Ryan Lundquist and L. Suzanne Goodell

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1922; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111922 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 321

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Traditional nutrition education can increase children’s exposure to healthy foods, but preschool teachers face barriers such as limited time and competing priorities (e.g., kindergarten readiness). Integrating nutrition into other learning domains (e.g., science) has been identified as a potential solution. However, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Traditional nutrition education can increase children’s exposure to healthy foods, but preschool teachers face barriers such as limited time and competing priorities (e.g., kindergarten readiness). Integrating nutrition into other learning domains (e.g., science) has been identified as a potential solution. However, teachers need more professional development. We developed the More PEAS Please! program to support preschool teachers’ integration of food-based learning (FBL) and science, seeking to improve children’s science learning, language development, and dietary quality. Methods: In this pilot study, we used a mixed-methods process evaluation to assess the program in five Head Start centers (n = 23 classrooms) across three rural North Carolina counties. We collected teacher data via surveys and interviews. Results: A total of 24 teachers participated in the full intervention by attending a one-day workshop, completing at least one of four core learning modules, and implementing 16 food-based science learning activities in their classrooms. Teachers were Black/African American (81.1%) and 43.56 (11.89) years old. Teachers reported varying engagement levels and high satisfaction with the program, sharing increased confidence in FBL and science integration. However, barriers such as time, technology, and the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) limited full participation. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the program is feasible and well received in Head Start settings and has promising impacts on classroom teaching practices. The findings will guide revisions to the PEAS program. Future research evaluating the revised program using a comparison group will be explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Promotion in School-Aged Children: Lifestyle Factors, Interventions, and Health Outcomes)

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16 pages, 861 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Health Consciousness, Sensory Appeal, and Perception of Front-of-Package Food Labels as Predictors of Purchase Intention for Unhealthy Foods in Peruvian University Students

by Jacksaint Saintila, Rafael Orlando Florián-Castro, Eufemio Magno Macedo-Barrera, Raquel Patricia Pérez-Facundo and Yaquelin E. Calizaya-Milla

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111921 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 229

Abstract

Background: Health consciousness refers to an individual’s level of knowledge and concern regarding the impact of food on personal health; sensory appeal to the influence of attributes such as taste, aroma, appearance, and texture on food preference; and perception of front-of-package (FOP) labels [...] Read more.

Background: Health consciousness refers to an individual’s level of knowledge and concern regarding the impact of food on personal health; sensory appeal to the influence of attributes such as taste, aroma, appearance, and texture on food preference; and perception of front-of-package (FOP) labels refers to how the presentation of nutritional information on the package affects product choice. Given the increasing concerns about unhealthy food consumption among university students and the role of FOP labels in guiding food choices, it is essential to understand how these factors influence purchase intentions. Objective: This study was to examine the relationship between health consciousness, sensory appeal, and perception of FOP labels with purchase intentions for unhealthy foods in university students. Methods: A cross-sectional predictive study involved 361 students from public and private universities using a non-probability purpose-sampling approach. Data were collected through a previously validated questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results: The results revealed a significant positive association between sensory appeal and purchase intentions for unhealthy foods (β = 0.339; p < 0.001). In contrast, health consciousness (β = −0.296; p < 0.001) and perception of FOP labels (β = −0.237; p < 0.001) were inversely related to purchase intentions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that promoting health consciousness, improving perceptions of FOP labels, and addressing sensory appeal could effectively encourage healthier eating habits and prevent diet-related diseases among university students. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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20 pages, 673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Parent and Child Choice of Sugary Drinks Under Four Labelling Conditions

by Zenobia Talati, Thomas McAlpine, Katlyn Mackenzie, Gael Myers, Liyuwork M. Dana, Jessica Charlesworth, Moira O’Connor, Caroline Miller, Barbara A. Mullan and Helen G. Dixon

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1920; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111920 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

Background: The majority of Australian children exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended dietary intake of free sugar, particularly through the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Front-of-pack nutrition labels increase perceived risk and deter the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. However, past studies of young children [...] Read more.

Background: The majority of Australian children exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended dietary intake of free sugar, particularly through the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. Front-of-pack nutrition labels increase perceived risk and deter the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages. However, past studies of young children have focused almost exclusively on a parent’s choice of beverage for children. This study investigated the influence of four label designs (text-based warning, tooth decay pictorial, teaspoons of sugar, and Health Star Rating) on the beverage choices of N = 1229 Australian children (aged 4–11 years) and their parents. Methods: In an online vending machine scenario, parent–child dyads were separately asked to select which beverage they would choose for themselves before and after being randomised to one label condition. The beverages displayed included 100% fruit juice, soft drink, soft drink with a non-nutritive sweetener, flavoured milk, plain milk and bottled water. Beverage healthiness was determined by a 1–10 rating based on a review by a panel of experts (10 dietitians and nutritionists). Results: Mixed-model ANOVAs showed that for parents, each label design performed comparably; however, for children, small but significant differences were seen in the effectiveness of different label designs, with the teaspoons of sugar label, text-based warning, and tooth decay pictorial found to be more impactful in promoting healthier drink choices than the Health Star Rating. Conclusions: These findings can inform public health advocacy efforts to improve food labelling and could be incorporated into educational resources to help children understand the nutritional profiles of different sugary drinks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Lifestyle Interventions for Child Obesity)

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19 pages, 760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Nutritional Challenges Among Children Under Five in Limpopo Province, South Africa: Complementary Feeding Practices and Dietary Diversity Deficits

by Tshilidzi Mafhungo, Lindiwe Priscilla Cele, Mmampedi Mathibe and Perpetua Modjadji

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1919; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111919 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess complementary feeding practices and dietary diversity in relation to the nutritional status of children under five attending health facilities in the Thabazimbi sub-district, Limpopo Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 mother–child [...] Read more.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess complementary feeding practices and dietary diversity in relation to the nutritional status of children under five attending health facilities in the Thabazimbi sub-district, Limpopo Province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 409 mother–child pairs. Data on socio-demographics, feeding practices, and anthropometry were collected using validated tools. Nutritional status was assessed using WHO growth standards, and dietary diversity was evaluated using WHO infant and young child feeding (IYCF) indicators and a 24 h dietary recall. Associations were analyzed using prevalence ratios in STATA 18. Results: Among 409 children (median age: 18 months, IQR: 12–24), 38% were stunted, 13% were underweight, 5% were thin, and 17% were overweight/obese. Exclusive breastfeeding was reported in 27%, and only 24% met the minimum dietary diversity (DDS ≥ 4). Complementary feeding practices varied significantly by maternal age, with mixed feeding more common among older mothers and younger mothers more likely to receive feeding advice (p = 0.001). Stunting was associated with being a boy (PR = 1.27; 95% CI: 1.00–1.61), age > 24 months (PR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.16–0.65), and DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.52–0.99). Underweight was more prevalent among boys (PR = 2.40; 95% CI: 1.40–4.11), but less likely in children with DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.20–0.92) and those from spouse-headed households (PR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13–0.87). Thinness was associated with DDS ≥ 4 (PR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.13–6.45) and age 12–24 months (PR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.02–7.64). Overweight/obesity was linked to age 12–24 months (PR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.25–3.03) and household income > ZAR 15,000 (PR = 4.09; 95% CI: 2.33–7.17). Conclusions: Complementary feeding and dietary diversity deficits contribute significantly to the dual burden of malnutrition in rural Limpopo, highlighting the need for targeted, context-specific nutrition interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Perinatal Outcomes and Early-Life Nutrition)

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17 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low TAS1R2 Sweet Taste Receptor Expression in Skeletal Muscle of Genetically Diverse BXD Mice Mirrors Transcriptomic Signatures of Loss-of-Function Mice

by Kendall King, Joan Serrano, Nishita N. Meshram, Mahdiye Saadi, Lynn Moreira, Evaggelia G. Papachristou and George A. Kyriazis

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111918 - 3 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background/Objectives: Sweet taste receptor TAS1R2 is expressed in skeletal muscle, yet its role in muscle metabolism remains poorly understood. Methods: Here, we leverage the BXD recombinant inbred mouse panel and Tas1r2 whole-body knockout (bKO) models to investigate the transcriptional impact of Tas1r2 deficiency [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Sweet taste receptor TAS1R2 is expressed in skeletal muscle, yet its role in muscle metabolism remains poorly understood. Methods: Here, we leverage the BXD recombinant inbred mouse panel and Tas1r2 whole-body knockout (bKO) models to investigate the transcriptional impact of Tas1r2 deficiency on skeletal muscle function. Results: A gene network analysis revealed significant overlap in transcriptomic signatures between BXD strains with low Tas1r2 expression (BXD L_Tas1r2) and bKO muscle, particularly in pathways regulating oxidative phosphorylation, cytoplasmic ribosome function, and proteostasis. Notably, Tas1r2 expression negatively correlated with genes involved in fatty acid metabolism, suggesting its role in lipid utilization. Under high-fat diet (HFD) conditions, BXD_HFD L_Tas1r2 mice exhibited further enrichment in pathways linked to proteasome degradation, oxidative stress, and interleukin signaling, amplifying the transcriptomic convergence with bKO models. Key transcription factors (Mlxipl, Nfic, Rxrb) exhibited altered regulatory patterns under dietary stress, indicating that TAS1R2 influences metabolic adaptability through transcriptional reprogramming. Conclusions: Given that human TAS1R2 variants rarely result in complete loss of function (LOF), the BXD panel provides an effective dose-dependent model to bridge the gap between knockout phenotypes and human SNP carriers. Our findings establish TAS1R2 as a metabolic regulator in skeletal muscle and highlight the utility of genetically diverse mouse populations in dissecting gene-diet interactions relevant to human metabolic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics)

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15 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association of Food-Specific Glycemic Load and Distinct Dietary Components with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Within a Mediterranean Dietary Pattern: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Antigoni Tranidou, Antonios Siargkas, Emmanouela Magriplis, Ioannis Tsakiridis, Panagiota Kripouri, Aikaterini Apostolopoulou, Michail Chourdakis and Themistoklis Dagklis

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1917; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111917 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 274

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy complication with rising global prevalence. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has shown metabolic benefits, but total adherence scores may obscure meaningful variation in dietary quality. This study aimed to investigate whether specific dietary patterns, [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a major pregnancy complication with rising global prevalence. The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has shown metabolic benefits, but total adherence scores may obscure meaningful variation in dietary quality. This study aimed to investigate whether specific dietary patterns, identified within the MD framework, and their glycemic load (GL) are associated with GDM risk. Methods: This prospective cohort is part of the BORN2020 longitudinal study on pregnant women in Greece; dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) at two time points (pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy). MD adherence was categorized by Trichopoulou score tertiles. GL was calculated for food groups using glycemic index (GI) reference values and carbohydrate content. Dietary patterns were identified using factor analysis. Logistic regression models estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for GDM risk, stratified by MD adherence and time period, controlling for maternal, lifestyle, and clinical confounders. Results: In total, 797 pregnant women were included. Total MD adherence was not significantly associated with GDM risk. However, both food-specific GLs and dietary patterns with distinct dominant foods were predictive. GL from boiled greens/salads was consistently protective (aOR range: 0.09–0.19, p < 0.05). Patterns high in tea, coffee, and herbal infusions before pregnancy were linked to increased GDM risk (aOR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.31–3.02, p = 0.001), as were patterns rich in fresh juice, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and olive oil during pregnancy (aOR = 2.91, 95% CI: 1.50–6.24, p = 0.003). A pattern dominated by sugary sweets, cold cuts, animal fats, and refined products was inversely associated with GDM (aOR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17–0.64, p = 0.001). A pattern characterized by sugar alternatives was associated with higher risk for GDM (aOR = 4.94, 95% CI: 1.48–19.36, p = 0.014). These associations were supported by high statistical power (power = 1). Conclusions: Within the context of the MD, evaluating both the glycemic impact of specific food groups and identifying risk-associated dietary patterns provides greater insight into GDM risk than overall MD adherence scores alone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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17 pages, 2970 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Acute and Long-Term Benefits of the Oligoantigenic Diet for Children and Adolescents on the Three Symptom Subdomains of ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity

by Karolin Eder, Katja Schneider-Momm, Tanja Karola Puce, Maja Tobergte, Hans-Willi Clement, Reinhold Rauh, Eberhard Schulz, Monica Biscaldi, Christina Clement and Christian Fleischhaker

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111916 - 3 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Background: Based on the multitude of findings, nutrition is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. One promising approach is the so-called oligoantigenic diet (OD). This intervention involves avoiding certain foods that often trigger intolerances and allergies. [...] Read more.

Background: Based on the multitude of findings, nutrition is becoming increasingly important in the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. One promising approach is the so-called oligoantigenic diet (OD). This intervention involves avoiding certain foods that often trigger intolerances and allergies. Previous studies have shown that around 60% of patients experienced a significant reduction in ADHD symptoms after completing such a diet. The aim of the present study was to further confirm the efficacy of the OD within an analysis focusing on the symptom of impulsivity. Materials and Methods: In the present study, the Parent Rating of the Diagnostic System of Mental Disorders in Children and Adolescents (DISYPS-II FBB-ADHD) questionnaire was used to measure the severity of ADHD symptoms. Of 34 children and adolescents (between 7 and 18 years of age) screened and included in this study, 31 participants completed the 4-week OD diet. Results: The corresponding post-diet analysis showed significant short-term improvements for the DISYPS-II FBB-ADHD total score, compared to the start of the diet. This pattern of results also applied to the respective subscales of the DISYPS-II FBB-ADHD questionnaire. A follow-up evaluation conducted 3.5 years after the intervention with 21 participants suggested that the improvements in ADHD symptoms were maintained over time. Specifically, 66.7% of the participants continued to meet the responder criterion, with particularly notable and lasting reductions in impulsivity. Discussion: These results suggest that the beneficial effects of the oligoantigenic diet followed by identifying and avoiding individual intolerant foods may persist long term, and participants’ dietary habits may have also evolved over the years. Conclusion: The oligoantigenic diet may have long-term therapeutic potential for reducing ADHD symptoms, especially impulsivity, in children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Intervention in Mental Health—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1584 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aqueous Extract of Freshwater Clam Increases Alcohol Metabolism in Rats in a Preclinical Model

by Pei-Ying Chung, I-Chen Chiu, Ching-Yi Kuan, Tsung-Meng Wu, Kuo-Chan Tseng, Shu-Ting Chuang, Sen-Wei Tsai and Yu-Kuo Chen

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1915; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111915 - 3 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Excessive drinking or even alcoholism poses noticeable health risks to society, and investigating ways to improve alcohol metabolism may be a potential strategy to address this public health issue. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of freshwater clam aqueous [...] Read more.

Excessive drinking or even alcoholism poses noticeable health risks to society, and investigating ways to improve alcohol metabolism may be a potential strategy to address this public health issue. The aim of this study was to explore the efficacy of freshwater clam aqueous extract (CE) in promoting alcohol metabolism and to further elucidate its potential mechanism. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (1) control group (C); (2) vehicle group (V), which was given a single dose of 2 g/kg bw ethanol; (3) low-dose CE group (CEL), which was given ethanol and 128 mg/kg bw CE; and (4) high-dose CE group (CEH), which was given ethanol and 256 mg/kg bw CE. Blood was drawn from the tails of the rats at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after alcohol administration, and serum samples were collected. The results showed that compared with the V group, oral administration of CE reduced the ethanol concentration in the serum of the rats, with the area under the serum ethanol curve (AUC) of the CEH group decreased by 32.6%, exhibiting a significant difference (p < 0.05). Moreover, the high-dose CE (CEH) treatment significantly increased the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver of the rats by 41.5%, 42.4%, 40.6%, and 34.6%, respectively, compared with those in group V (p < 0.05). The Western blot results indicated that CE reduced the expression of ethanol-induced inflammation-related proteins COX-2, iNOS, and TNF-α in the liver by 66.4%, 90.6%, and 41.4%, respectively. In conclusion, it can be inferred that CE can help reduce the ethanol concentration in the serum of rats fed with alcohol, and its possible mechanism is to promote the metabolism of ethanol by increasing the activities of ADH and ALDH and the antioxidant capacity in the liver. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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13 pages, 625 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Application of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Phase Angle in Cardiac Surgery

by Joanna Popiolek-Kalisz, Grzegorz Kalisz and Michal Zembala

Nutrients 2025, 17(11), 1914; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17111914 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 313

Abstract

Introduction: Malnutrition is a recognized risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcomes and complications in cardiovascular and surgical patients. Nutritional status can be assessed with various methods, and the phase angle (PA) derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis is one of the most reliable parameters [...] Read more.

Introduction: Malnutrition is a recognized risk factor for unfavorable clinical outcomes and complications in cardiovascular and surgical patients. Nutritional status can be assessed with various methods, and the phase angle (PA) derived from bioelectrical impedance analysis is one of the most reliable parameters for that purpose. Methods: The aim of this narrative review was to present the available data regarding PA application in cardiac surgery. After careful analysis of PubMed and Scopus databases, 21 articles were included in the final analysis. Results: PA is a parameter that can be used for nutritional status assessment in a cardiac surgery environment. It is suggested that it is more accurate than other criteria in malnutrition identification in this group of patients. The available data shows its association with mortality, length of intensive care unit stay, and hospital stay. It can also predict adverse events such as blood transfusion or mechanical ventilation. Conclusions: The available data underscores the usefulness of PA in preoperative risk assessment and post-procedural monitoring. PA could be introduced in everyday clinical assessment in cardiac surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors)

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Nutrients, Volume 17, Issue 11 (June-1 2025) – 197 articles

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