You are currently on the new version of our website. Access the old version .

148 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
10,303 Views
20 Pages

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is an important technique for energy management and conservation. In this paper, a deep learning model based on an attention mechanism, temporal pooling, residual connections, and transformers is proposed. This art...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
5,202 Views
16 Pages

28 March 2023

Non-intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) is a critical technology that enables detailed analysis of household energy consumption without requiring individual metering of every appliance, and has the capability to provide valuable insights into energy usa...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,876 Views
20 Pages

Torch-NILM: An Effective Deep Learning Toolkit for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring in Pytorch

  • Nikolaos Virtsionis Gkalinikis,
  • Christoforos Nalmpantis and
  • Dimitris Vrakas

4 April 2022

Non-intrusive load monitoring is a blind source separation task that has been attracting significant interest from researchers working in the field of energy informatics. However, despite the considerable progress, there are a very limited number of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
5,317 Views
23 Pages

1 December 2021

Numerous approaches exist for disaggregating power consumption data, referred to as non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). Whereas NILM is primarily used for energy monitoring, we intend to disaggregate a household’s power consumption to detect...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,024 Views
37 Pages

7 November 2021

The central problems of some of the existing Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) algorithms are indicated as: (1) higher required electrical device identification accuracy; (2) the fact that they enable training over a larger device count; and (3) t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
40 Citations
8,891 Views
20 Pages

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) for Energy Disaggregation Using Soft Computing Techniques

  • Cristina Puente,
  • Rafael Palacios,
  • Yolanda González-Arechavala and
  • Eugenio Francisco Sánchez-Úbeda

16 June 2020

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) has become an important subject of study, since it provides benefits to both consumers and utility companies. The analysis of smart meter signals is useful for identifying consumption patterns and user behaviors,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
10,310 Views
35 Pages

A Dataset for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring: Design and Implementation

  • Douglas Paulo Bertrand Renaux,
  • Fabiana Pottker,
  • Hellen Cristina Ancelmo,
  • André Eugenio Lazzaretti,
  • Carlos Raiumundo Erig Lima,
  • Robson Ribeiro Linhares,
  • Elder Oroski,
  • Lucas da Silva Nolasco,
  • Lucas Tokarski Lima and
  • Rodrigo Braun dos Santos
  • + 3 authors

15 October 2020

A NILM dataset is a valuable tool in the development of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring techniques, as it provides a means of evaluation of novel techniques and algorithms, as well as for benchmarking. The figure of merit of a NILM dataset includes cha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,069 Views
24 Pages

Towards Feasible Solutions for Load Monitoring in Quebec Residences

  • Sayed Saeed Hosseini,
  • Benoit Delcroix,
  • Nilson Henao,
  • Kodjo Agbossou and
  • Sousso Kelouwani

21 August 2023

For many years, energy monitoring at the most disaggregate level has been mainly sought through the idea of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM). Developing a practical application of this concept in the residential sector can be impeded by the techn...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,366 Views
35 Pages

A Multi-Agent NILM Architecture for Event Detection and Load Classification

  • André Eugenio Lazzaretti,
  • Douglas Paulo Bertrand Renaux,
  • Carlos Raimundo Erig Lima,
  • Bruna Machado Mulinari,
  • Hellen Cristina Ancelmo,
  • Elder Oroski,
  • Fabiana Pöttker,
  • Robson Ribeiro Linhares,
  • Lucas da Silva Nolasco and
  • Rodrigo Braun dos Santos
  • + 2 authors

26 August 2020

A multi-agent architecture for a Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) solution is presented and evaluated. The underlying rationale for such an architecture is that each agent (load event detection, feature extraction, and classification) outperforms...

  • Article
  • Open Access
841 Citations
43,079 Views
29 Pages

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Approaches for Disaggregated Energy Sensing: A Survey

  • Ahmed Zoha,
  • Alexander Gluhak,
  • Muhammad Ali Imran and
  • Sutharshan Rajasegarar

6 December 2012

Appliance Load Monitoring (ALM) is essential for energy management solutions, allowing them to obtain appliance-specific energy consumption statistics that can further be used to devise load scheduling strategies for optimal energy utilization. Fine-...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,583 Views
25 Pages

A New NILM System Based on the SFRA Technique and Machine Learning

  • Simone Mari,
  • Giovanni Bucci,
  • Fabrizio Ciancetta,
  • Edoardo Fiorucci and
  • Andrea Fioravanti

31 May 2023

In traditional nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) systems, the measurement device is installed upstream of an electrical system to acquire the total aggregate absorbed power and derive the powers absorbed by the individual electrical loads. Knowing...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
3,038 Views
14 Pages

MC-NILM: A Multi-Chain Disaggregation Method for NILM

  • Hao Ma,
  • Juncheng Jia,
  • Xinhao Yang,
  • Weipeng Zhu and
  • Hong Zhang

18 July 2021

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is an approach that helps residents obtain detailed information about household electricity consumption and has gradually become a research focus in recent years. Most of the existing algorithms on NILM build ener...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,310 Views
17 Pages

Hybrid Transformer–Convolutional Neural Network Approach for Non-Intrusive Load Analysis in Industrial Processes

  • Gengsheng He,
  • Yu Huang,
  • Ying Zhang,
  • Yuanzhe Zhu,
  • Yuan Leng,
  • Nan Shang,
  • Jincan Zeng and
  • Zengxin Pu

11 May 2025

With global efforts intensifying towards achieving carbon neutrality, accurately monitoring and managing energy consumption in industrial sectors has become critical. Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) technology presents a cost-effective solution...

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
4,697 Views
21 Pages

29 January 2022

The measurement of the energy consumption of electrical appliances, where the meter is installed at a single point on the main input circuit of the building, is called non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM). The NILM method can distinguish the loads th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,570 Views
21 Pages

26 March 2023

A non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) process is intended to allow for the separation of individual appliances from an aggregated energy reading in order to estimate the operation of individual loads. In the past, electricity meters specified only a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
1,437 Views
20 Pages

25 July 2025

Advanced Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) research is important to help reduce energy consumption. Very-low-frequency approaches have traditionally faced challenges in separating appliance uses due to low discriminative information. The richer si...

  • Article
  • Open Access
61 Citations
8,673 Views
19 Pages

Data Requirements for Applying Machine Learning to Energy Disaggregation

  • Changho Shin,
  • Seungeun Rho,
  • Hyoseop Lee and
  • Wonjong Rhee

5 May 2019

Energy disaggregation, or nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM), is a technology for separating a household’s aggregate electricity consumption information. Although this technology was developed in 1992, its practical usage and mass deployment h...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,305 Views
33 Pages

AI-Enhanced Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for Smart Home Energy Optimization and User-Centric Interaction

  • Xiang Li,
  • Yunhe Chen,
  • Xinyu Jia,
  • Fan Shen,
  • Bowen Sun,
  • Shuqing He and
  • Jia Guo

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) technology, enabled by high-precision electrical data acquisition sensors at household entry points, facilitates real-time monitoring of electricity consumption, enhancing user interaction with smart home systems...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,463 Views
17 Pages

3 November 2022

Energy disaggregation algorithms disintegrate aggregate demand into appliance-level demands. Among various energy disaggregation approaches, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) algorithms requiring a single sensor have gained much attention in recen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
22 Citations
4,770 Views
18 Pages

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring for Residential Appliances with Ultra-Sparse Sample and Real-Time Computation

  • Minzheng Hu,
  • Shengyu Tao,
  • Hongtao Fan,
  • Xinran Li,
  • Yaojie Sun and
  • Jie Sun

9 August 2021

To achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, the demand for energy saving by the residential sector has witnessed a soaring increase. As a promising paradigm to monitor and manage residential loads, the existing studies on non-intrusive load monitoring...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,164 Views
18 Pages

Power Profile and Thresholding Assisted Multi-Label NILM Classification

  • Muhammad Asif Ali Rehmani,
  • Saad Aslam,
  • Shafiqur Rahman Tito,
  • Snjezana Soltic,
  • Pieter Nieuwoudt,
  • Neel Pandey and
  • Mollah Daud Ahmed

14 November 2021

Next-generation power systems aim at optimizing the energy consumption of household appliances by utilising computationally intelligent techniques, referred to as load monitoring. Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is considered to be one of the mo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
35 Citations
3,460 Views
15 Pages

Non-Intrusive Load Identification Method Based on Improved Long Short Term Memory Network

  • Jiateng Song,
  • Hongbin Wang,
  • Mingxing Du,
  • Lei Peng,
  • Shuai Zhang and
  • Guizhi Xu

29 January 2021

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) is an important research direction and development goal on the distribution side of smart grid, which can significantly improve the timeliness of demand side response and users’ awareness of load. Due to rap...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
953 Views
21 Pages

11 June 2025

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM), a technique that extracts appliance-level energy consumption information through analysis of aggregated electrical measurements, has become essential for smart grids and energy management applications. Given the...

  • Article
  • Open Access
51 Citations
4,672 Views
14 Pages

Improving Residential Load Disaggregation for Sustainable Development of Energy via Principal Component Analysis

  • Arash Moradzadeh,
  • Omid Sadeghian,
  • Kazem Pourhossein,
  • Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo and
  • Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam

14 April 2020

The useful planning and operation of the energy system requires a sustainability assessment of the system, in which the load model adopted is the most important factor in sustainability assessment. Having information about energy consumption patterns...

  • Data Descriptor
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,771 Views
9 Pages

24 August 2019

Datasets are important for researchers to build models and test how these perform, as well as to reproduce research experiments from others. This data paper presents the NILM Performance Evaluation dataset (NILMPEds), which is aimed primarily at rese...

  • Article
  • Open Access
65 Citations
8,045 Views
14 Pages

ELECTRIcity: An Efficient Transformer for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

  • Stavros Sykiotis,
  • Maria Kaselimi,
  • Anastasios Doulamis and
  • Nikolaos Doulamis

11 April 2022

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) describes the process of inferring the consumption pattern of appliances by only having access to the aggregated household signal. Sequence-to-sequence deep learning models have been firmly established as state-of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
168 Views
24 Pages

9 January 2026

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), as a key technology in smart-grid advanced metering infrastructure, aims to disaggregate mains power from smart meters into individual load-level power consumption. Traditional NILM methods require centralizing s...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
3,374 Views
11 Pages

New Time-Frequency Transient Features for Nonintrusive Load Monitoring

  • Mahfoud Drouaz,
  • Bruno Colicchio,
  • Ali Moukadem,
  • Alain Dieterlen and
  • Djafar Ould-Abdeslam

5 March 2021

A crucial step in nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is feature extraction, which consists of signal processing techniques to extract features from voltage and current signals. This paper presents a new time-frequency feature based on Stockwell tran...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,190 Views
29 Pages

Energy Disaggregation Using Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm Designed Neural Networks

  • Inoussa Laouali,
  • Isaías Gomes,
  • Maria da Graça Ruano,
  • Saad Dosse Bennani,
  • Hakim El Fadili and
  • Antonio Ruano

30 November 2022

Energy-saving schemes are nowadays a major worldwide concern. As the building sector is a major energy consumer, and hence greenhouse gas emitter, research in home energy management systems (HEMS) has increased substantially during the last years. On...

  • Review
  • Open Access
132 Citations
12,580 Views
34 Pages

Review on Deep Neural Networks Applied to Low-Frequency NILM

  • Patrick Huber,
  • Alberto Calatroni,
  • Andreas Rumsch and
  • Andrew Paice

23 April 2021

This paper reviews non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) approaches that employ deep neural networks to disaggregate appliances from low frequency data, i.e., data with sampling rates lower than the AC base frequency. The overall purpose of this revie...

  • Data Descriptor
  • Open Access
68 Citations
10,441 Views
9 Pages

12 February 2018

Datasets are important for researchers to build models and test how well their machine learning algorithms perform. This paper presents the Rainforest Automation Energy (RAE) dataset to help smart grid researchers test their algorithms that make use...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,792 Views
17 Pages

19 May 2021

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) techniques are effective for managing energy and for addressing imbalances between the energy demand and supply. Various studies based on deep learning have reported the classification of appliances from aggregate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,709 Views
23 Pages

Monitoring Daily Activities in Households by Means of Energy Consumption Measurements from Smart Meters

  • Álvaro Hernández,
  • Rubén Nieto,
  • Laura de Diego-Otón,
  • José M. Villadangos-Carrizo,
  • Daniel Pizarro,
  • David Fuentes and
  • María C. Pérez-Rubio

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) includes a set of methods orientated to disaggregating the power consumption of a household per appliance. It is commonly based on a single metering point, typically a smart meter at the entry of the electrical gr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,910 Views
28 Pages

Comparative Evaluation of Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Methods Using Relevant Features and Transfer Learning

  • Sarra Houidi,
  • Dominique Fourer,
  • François Auger,
  • Houda Ben Attia Sethom and
  • Laurence Miègeville

10 May 2021

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) refers to the analysis of the aggregated current and voltage measurements of Home Electrical Appliances (HEAs) recorded by the house electrical panel. Such methods aim to identify each HEA for a better control of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,723 Views
22 Pages

25 April 2023

Nonintrusive load monitoring (NILM) is a process that disaggregates individual energy consumption based on the total energy consumption. In this study, an energy disaggregation model was developed and verified using an algorithm based on a recurrent...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
2,810 Views
22 Pages

Variational Regression for Multi-Target Energy Disaggregation

  • Nikolaos Virtsionis Gkalinikis,
  • Christoforos Nalmpantis and
  • Dimitris Vrakas

11 February 2023

Non-intrusive load monitoring systems that are based on deep learning methods produce high-accuracy end use detection; however, they are mainly designed with the one vs. one strategy. This strategy dictates that one model is trained to disaggregate o...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
2,573 Views
13 Pages

7 September 2019

In this paper, a novel method that utilizes the fractional correlation-based algorithm and the B-spline curve fitting-based algorithm is proposed to extract the complementary features for detecting the operating states of appliances. The identificati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,676 Views
23 Pages

A Novel Method for Detection and Location of Series Arc Fault for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

  • Krzysztof Dowalla,
  • Piotr Bilski,
  • Robert Łukaszewski,
  • Augustyn Wójcik and
  • Ryszard Kowalik

23 December 2022

Series arc faults cause the majority of household fires involving electrical failures or malfunctions. Low-fault current amplitude is the reason for the difficulties faced in implementing effective arc detection systems. The paper presents a novel ar...

  • Article
  • Open Access
26 Citations
4,318 Views
17 Pages

19 August 2020

Since decades past, time–frequency (TF) analysis has demonstrated its capability to efficiently handle non-stationary multi-component signals which are ubiquitous in a large number of applications. TF analysis us allows to estimate physics-rela...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,074 Views
28 Pages

15 November 2025

Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) enables appliance-level energy analysis from aggregated electrical signals, offering valuable insights for smart energy systems. While most NILM research focuses on high-resource environments, this study evaluates...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,007 Views
16 Pages

12 August 2025

Existing non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) methods predominantly rely on centralized models, which introduce privacy vulnerabilities and lack scalability in large industrial park scenarios equipped with distributed energy resources. To address thi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,840 Views
11 Pages

An Ensemble Method for Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring (NILM) Applied to Deep Learning Approaches

  • Silvia Moreno,
  • Hector Teran,
  • Reynaldo Villarreal,
  • Yolanda Vega-Sampayo,
  • Jheifer Paez,
  • Carlos Ochoa,
  • Carlos Alejandro Espejo,
  • Sindy Chamorro-Solano and
  • Camilo Montoya

11 September 2024

Climate change, primarily driven by human activities such as burning fossil fuels, is causing significant long-term changes in temperature and weather patterns. To mitigate these impacts, there is an increased focus on renewable energy sources. Howev...

  • Article
  • Open Access
20 Citations
7,193 Views
17 Pages

Demand side management has a vital role in supporting the demand response in smart grid infrastructure, in the decision-making of energy management, in household applications is significantly affected by the load-forecasting accuracy. This paper intr...

  • Article
  • Open Access
13 Citations
3,091 Views
20 Pages

Application of the Time-Domain Signal Analysis for Electrical Appliances Identification in the Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring

  • Krzysztof Dowalla,
  • Piotr Bilski,
  • Robert Łukaszewski,
  • Augustyn Wójcik and
  • Ryszard Kowalik

3 May 2022

The paper presents a novel method for non-intrusive appliances identification. It can be used for energy load disaggregation in a smart grid. The approach identifies changes in the state of the particular appliance by measuring and processing the com...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
4,359 Views
17 Pages

Detection of Anomalies in Daily Activities Using Data from Smart Meters

  • Álvaro Hernández,
  • Rubén Nieto,
  • Laura de Diego-Otón,
  • María Carmen Pérez-Rubio,
  • José M. Villadangos-Carrizo,
  • Daniel Pizarro and
  • Jesús Ureña

14 January 2024

The massive deployment of smart meters in most Western countries in recent decades has allowed the creation and development of a significant variety of applications, mainly related to efficient energy management. The information provided about energy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,113 Views
21 Pages

14 September 2025

This study investigates residential electricity consumption behaviors in the Moldova region of Romania, with a focus on identifying consumption patterns through a non-invasive, survey-based approach. Unlike intrusive monitoring or smart metering meth...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,982 Views
36 Pages

23 February 2025

The research area of NILM exhibits a high heterogeneity regarding approaches and characteristics, especially in terms of the applied algorithms, measurement data, quantities, and features used, as well as congruent appliance event and state definitio...

  • Article
  • Open Access
27 Citations
4,375 Views
17 Pages

Energy Disaggregation Using Elastic Matching Algorithms

  • Pascal A. Schirmer,
  • Iosif Mporas and
  • Michael Paraskevas

6 January 2020

In this article an energy disaggregation architecture using elastic matching algorithms is presented. The architecture uses a database of reference energy consumption signatures and compares them with incoming energy consumption frames using template...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
3,696 Views
17 Pages

Neural Fourier Energy Disaggregation

  • Christoforos Nalmpantis,
  • Nikolaos Virtsionis Gkalinikis and
  • Dimitris Vrakas

9 January 2022

Deploying energy disaggregation models in the real-world is a challenging task. These models are usually deep neural networks and can be costly when running on a server or prohibitive when the target device has limited resources. Deep learning models...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
4,955 Views
27 Pages

17 March 2022

Electrification of transportation is gaining traction as a viable alternative to vehicles that use fossil-fuelled internal combustion engines, which are responsible for a major part of carbon dioxide emissions. This global turn towards electrificatio...

of 3