Sustainability

25 pages, 6464 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Eco-Friendly Sandwich Panels for Energy-Efficient Façades

by Susana P. B. Sousa, Helena C. Teixeira, Giorgia Autretto, Valeria Villamil Cárdenas, Stefano Fantucci, Fabio Favoino, Pamela Voigt, Mario Stelzmann, Robert Böhm, Gabriel Beltrán, Nicolás Escribano, Belén Hernández-Gascón, Matthias Tietze and Andreia Araújo

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6848; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156848 - 28 Jul 2025

Viewed by 279

Abstract

To meet the European Green Deal targets, the construction sector must improve building thermal performance via advanced insulation systems. Eco-friendly sandwich panels offer a promising solution. Therefore, this work aims to develop and validate a new eco-friendly composite sandwich panel (basalt fibres and [...] Read more.

To meet the European Green Deal targets, the construction sector must improve building thermal performance via advanced insulation systems. Eco-friendly sandwich panels offer a promising solution. Therefore, this work aims to develop and validate a new eco-friendly composite sandwich panel (basalt fibres and recycled extruded polystyrene) with enhanced multifunctionality for lightweight and energy-efficient building façades. Two panels were produced via vacuum infusion—a reference panel and a multifunctional panel incorporating phase change materials (PCMs) and silica aerogels (AGs). Their performance was evaluated through lab-based thermal and acoustic tests, numerical simulations, and on-site monitoring in a living laboratory. The test results from all methods were consistent. The PCM-AG panel showed 16% lower periodic thermal transmittance (0.16 W/(m²K) vs. 0.19 W/(m²K)) and a 92% longer time shift (4.26 h vs. 2.22 h), indicating improved thermal inertia. It also achieved a single-number sound insulation rating of 38 dB. These findings confirm the panel’s potential to reduce operational energy demand and support long-term climate goals. Full article

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26 pages, 3167 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Global Population, Carrying Capacity, and High-Quality, High-Pressure Processed Foods in the Industrial Revolution Era

by Agata Angelika Sojecka, Aleksandra Drozd-Rzoska and Sylwester J. Rzoska

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6827; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156827 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

The report examines food availability and demand in the Anthropocene era, exploring the connections between global population growth and carrying capacity through an extended version of Cohen’s Condorcet concept. It recalls the super-Malthus and Verhulst-type scalings, matched with the recently introduced analytic relative [...] Read more.

The report examines food availability and demand in the Anthropocene era, exploring the connections between global population growth and carrying capacity through an extended version of Cohen’s Condorcet concept. It recalls the super-Malthus and Verhulst-type scalings, matched with the recently introduced analytic relative growth rate. It focuses particularly on the ongoing Fifth Industrial Revolution (IR) and its interaction with the concept of a sustainable civilization. In this context, the significance of innovative food preservation technologies that can yield high-quality foods with health-promoting features, while simultaneously increasing food quantities and reducing adverse environmental impacts, is discussed. To achieve this, high-pressure preservation and processing (HPP) can play a dominant role. High-pressure ‘cold pasteurization’, related to room-temperature processing, has already achieved a global scale. Its superior features are notable and are fairly correlated with social expectations of a sustainable society and the technological tasks of the Fifth Industrial Revolution. The discussion is based on the authors’ experiences in HPP-related research and applications. The next breakthrough could be HPP-related sterilization. The innovative HPP path, supported by the colossal barocaloric effect, is presented. The mass implementation of pressure-related sterilization could lead to milestone societal, pro-health, environmental, and economic benefits. Full article

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15 pages, 2865 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitigation of Alkali–Silica Reactivity of Greywacke Aggregate in Concrete for Sustainable Pavements

by Kinga Dziedzic, Aneta Brachaczek, Dominik Nowicki and Michał A. Glinicki

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6825; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156825 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 382

Abstract

Quality requirements for mineral aggregate for concrete used to construct pavement for busy highways are high because of the fatigue traffic loads and environmental exposure. The use of local aggregate for infrastructure projects could result in important sustainability improvements, provided that the concrete’s [...] Read more.

Quality requirements for mineral aggregate for concrete used to construct pavement for busy highways are high because of the fatigue traffic loads and environmental exposure. The use of local aggregate for infrastructure projects could result in important sustainability improvements, provided that the concrete’s durability is assured. The objective of this study was to identify the potential alkaline reactivity of local greywacke aggregate and select appropriate mitigation measures against the alkali–silica reaction. Experimental tests on concrete specimens were performed using the miniature concrete prism test at 60 °C. Mixtures of coarse greywacke aggregate up to 12.5 mm with natural fine aggregate of different potential reactivity were evaluated in respect to the expansion, compressive strength, and elastic modulus of the concrete. Two preventive measures were studied—the use of metakaolin and slag-blended cement. A moderate reactivity potential of the greywacke aggregate was found, and the influence of reactive quartz sand on the expansion and instability of the mechanical properties of concrete was evaluated. Both crystalline and amorphous alkali–silica reaction products were detected in the cracks of the greywacke aggregate. Efficient expansion mitigation was obtained for the replacement of 15% of Portland cement by metakaolin or the use of CEM III/A cement with the slag content of 52%, even if greywacke aggregate was blended with moderately reactive quartz sand. It resulted in a relative reduction in expansion by 85–96%. The elastic modulus deterioration was less than 10%, confirming an increased stability of the elastic properties of concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of Pavement Engineering and Road Materials)

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20 pages, 892 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Generator-Side Charges on Investment in Power Generation and Transmission Under Demand Uncertainty

by Hirotaka Hiraiwa, Kazuya Ito and Ryuta Takashima

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6824; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156824 - 27 Jul 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

Given the increases in renewable energy penetration, appropriately allocating transmission costs is important in generation and transmission investment decisions. This study examines how a generator-side transmission charge affects investment decisions by power generation companies (PC) and the transmission system operator (TSO) under two [...] Read more.

Given the increases in renewable energy penetration, appropriately allocating transmission costs is important in generation and transmission investment decisions. This study examines how a generator-side transmission charge affects investment decisions by power generation companies (PC) and the transmission system operator (TSO) under two frameworks differing in who decides investment timing. We compare two frameworks: (1) TSO determines investment timing and the PC determines capacity (TL framework); (2) PC determines investment timing and capacity (GL framework). We examine how variations in generator-side charges and demand uncertainty affect the optimal investment timing, capacity, and social surplus. Regarding investment timing, increases in the generator-side charge led to earlier investment in the TL framework but delayed investment in the GL framework. Concerning investment capacity, the TL framework yielded greater capacity with low uncertainty, while the GL framework supported greater capacity with high uncertainty. The magnitude of the relative social surplus of the two frameworks was reversed according to the generator-side charge and uncertainty. Specifically, the GL framework became increasingly superior to the TL framework as uncertainty increased, and this advantage was amplified by a higher generator-side charge. Policymakers should consider uncertainty and calibrate the level of generator-side charge and the allocation of decision-making authority. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy System: Efficiency and Cost of Renewable Energy)

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24 pages, 3226 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Environmental Impacts of Façade Renovation: A Case Study of an Office Building

by Patrik Štompf, Rozália Vaňová and Stanislav Jochim

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6766; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156766 - 25 Jul 2025

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Renovating existing buildings is a key strategy for achieving the EU’s climate targets, as over 75% of the current building stock is energy inefficient. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of three façade renovation scenarios for an office building at the Technical University [...] Read more.

Renovating existing buildings is a key strategy for achieving the EU’s climate targets, as over 75% of the current building stock is energy inefficient. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of three façade renovation scenarios for an office building at the Technical University in Zvolen (Slovakia) using a life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. The aim is to quantify and compare these impacts based on material selection and its influence on sustainable construction. The analysis focuses on key environmental indicators, including global warming potential (GWP), abiotic depletion (ADE, ADF), ozone depletion (ODP), toxicity, acidification (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and primary energy use (PERT, PENRT). The scenarios vary in the use of insulation materials (glass wool, wood fibre, mineral wool), façade finishes (cladding vs. render), and window types (aluminium vs. wood–aluminium). Uncertainty analysis identified GWP, AP, and ODP as robust decision-making categories, while toxicity-related results showed lower reliability. To support integrated and transparent comparison, a composite environmental index (CEI) was developed, aggregating characterisation, normalisation, and mass-based results into a single score. Scenario C–2, featuring an ETICS system with mineral wool insulation and wood–aluminium windows, achieved the lowest environmental impact across all categories. In contrast, scenarios with traditional cladding and aluminium windows showed significantly higher impacts, particularly in fossil fuel use and ecotoxicity. The findings underscore the decisive role of material selection in sustainable renovation and the need for a multi-criteria, context-sensitive approach aligned with architectural, functional, and regional priorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Architecture, Structural Design, and Environmental Engineering)

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20 pages, 5419 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Analysis of Fire Protection for Selected Historical Buildings as a Part of Crisis Management: Slovak Case Study

by Jana Jaďuďová, Linda Makovická Osvaldová, Stanislava Gašpercová and David Řehák

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6743; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156743 - 24 Jul 2025

Viewed by 230

Abstract

Historical buildings are exposed to an increased risk of fire. The direct influence comes from the buildings’ structural design and the fire protection level. The fundamental principle for reducing the loss of heritage value in historical buildings due to fire is fire protection, [...] Read more.

Historical buildings are exposed to an increased risk of fire. The direct influence comes from the buildings’ structural design and the fire protection level. The fundamental principle for reducing the loss of heritage value in historical buildings due to fire is fire protection, as part of crisis management. This article focuses on selected castle buildings from Slovakia. Three castle buildings were selected based on their location in the country. All of them are currently used for museum purposes. Using an analytical form, we assessed fire hazards and fire safety measures in two parts, calculated the fire risk index, and proposed solutions. Qualitative research, which is more suitable for the issue at hand, was used to evaluate the selected objects. The main methods used in the research focused on visual assessment of the current condition of the objects and analysis of fire documentation and its comparison with currently valid legal regulations. Based on the results, we can conclude that Kežmarok Castle (part of the historical city center) has a small fire risk (fire risk index = 13 points). Trenčín Castle (situated on a rock above the city) and Stará Ľubovňa Castle (situated on a limestone hill outside the city, surrounded by forest) have an increased risk of fire (fire risk index = 50–63). Significant risk sources identified included surrounding forest areas, technical failures related to outdated electrical installations, open flames during cultural events, the concentration of highly flammable materials, and complex evacuation routes for both people and museum collections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Techniques and Technologies in Crisis Management and Civil Protection)

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16 pages, 3068 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Hydrothermally Treated Cement Bypass Dust as a Supplementary Cementitious Material

by Rimvydas Kaminskas, Brigita Savickaite and Anatolijus Eisinas

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 6757; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156757 - 24 Jul 2025

Viewed by 214

Abstract

In this study, the possibility of using cement bypass dust as a cement additive was investigated. The utilization of cement bypass dust remains a major problem in cement production, as huge amounts of it are stored in landfills. In this study, a hydrothermal [...] Read more.

In this study, the possibility of using cement bypass dust as a cement additive was investigated. The utilization of cement bypass dust remains a major problem in cement production, as huge amounts of it are stored in landfills. In this study, a hydrothermal treatment is proposed to modify the properties of this dust and to expand its use. Hydrothermal treatment with pure bypass dust and quartz was carried out to achieve a CaO/SiO₂ ratio of 1 to 2. Samples were synthesized at 200 °C for 2, 4, 8, and 24 h. To examine the influence of the hydrothermal treatment on cement properties, a sample with a CaO/SiO₂ ratio of 1, hydrothermally treated for 8 h, was selected. This study employed XRD, XRF, DSC-TG, and isothermal calorimetry. Most of the target synthesis products, e.g., tobermorite and calcium silicate hydrates, formed after 8 h of sample synthesis, during which quartz was added to bypass dust and a CaO/SiO₂ ratio of 1 was achieved. An examination of the composition of the liquid medium following hydrothermal processing showed that almost all chlorine passed into the liquid medium, while some K₂O remained in the solid synthesis product. The synthesized additive is an effective catalyst for the hydration of Portland cement. After a 28-day curing period, specimens incorporating modified bypass dust replacing up to 10% of the Portland cement by weight demonstrated compressive strengths comparable to, or surpassing, those of specimens composed exclusively of Portland cement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Catalytic Processes in Chemical Engineering Towards Sustainable Processes and Circular Economy)

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28 pages, 2304 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Developing a Standardized Materials Passport Framework to Unlock the Full Circular Potential in the Construction Industry

by Helapura Nuwanshi Yasodara Senarathne, Nilmini Pradeepika Weerasinghe and Guomin Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(14), 6337; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17146337 - 10 Jul 2025

Viewed by 420

Abstract

Addressing resource depletion and minimizing construction waste requires closing the material loop through circular economy practices. However, the lack of comprehensive material information remains a significant barrier. The materials passport (MP) has become an essential tool for documenting material properties and dynamically updating [...] Read more.

Addressing resource depletion and minimizing construction waste requires closing the material loop through circular economy practices. However, the lack of comprehensive material information remains a significant barrier. The materials passport (MP) has become an essential tool for documenting material properties and dynamically updating information throughout its lifecycle. Despite recent advancements, existing MP frameworks remain static and lack a holistic approach, limiting their effectiveness in assessing material quality and supporting high-value recovery and reuse. As a result, the industry remains reluctant to adopt secondary materials due to concerns about their performance and quality in structural applications where assurance of reliability is essential. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by (1) defining the conceptual boundary of the MP framework by examining current MP practices, key functions, and existing limitations and (2) developing a standardized framework using concrete as demonstration material. An extensive literature review was conducted to define the conceptual boundary. Literature and relevant standards were reviewed to identify essential attributes. The study identified three core MP functions, including material tracking and management, circularity assessment, and sustainability assessment, while proposing an additional function of quality assessment. These four functions collectively informed the development of a unique standardized and holistic MP framework. Thus, this study contributes by enabling practitioners to make quality-based, data-driven decisions that support the effective secondary use of materials. Full article

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21 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Machine Learning Prediction of Urban Heat Island Severity in the Midwestern United States

by Ali Mansouri and Abdolmajid Erfani

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6193; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136193 - 6 Jul 2025

Viewed by 856

Abstract

Rapid population growth and urbanization have greatly impacted the environment, causing a sharp rise in city temperatures—a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. While previous research has extensively examined the influence of land use characteristics on urban heat islands, their [...] Read more.

Rapid population growth and urbanization have greatly impacted the environment, causing a sharp rise in city temperatures—a phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. While previous research has extensively examined the influence of land use characteristics on urban heat islands, their impact on community demographics and UHI severity remains unexplored. Moreover, most previous studies have focused on specific locations, resulting in relatively homogeneous environmental data and limiting understanding of variations across different areas. To address this gap, this paper develops ensemble learning models to predict UHI severity based on demographic, meteorological, and land use/land cover factors in Midwestern United States. Analyzing over 11,000 data points from urban census tracts across more than 12 states in the Midwestern United States, this study developed Random Forest and XGBoost classifiers achieving weighted F1-scores up to 0.76 and excellent discriminatory power (ROC-AUC > 0.90). Feature importance analysis, supported by a detailed SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) interpretation, revealed that the difference in vegetation between urban and rural areas (DelNDVI_summer) and imperviousness were the most critical predictors of UHI severity. This work provides a robust, large-scale predictive tool that helps urban planners and policymakers identify key UHI drivers and develop targeted mitigation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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25 pages, 5796 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Enhancing Sustainability and Functionality with Recycled Materials in Multi-Material Additive Manufacturing

by Nida Naveed, Muhammad Naveed Anwar, Mark Armstrong, Furqan Ahmad, Mir Irfan Ul Haq and Glenn Ridley

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 6105; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136105 - 3 Jul 2025

Viewed by 483

Abstract

This study presents a novel multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) strategy by combining virgin polylactic acid (vPLA) with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) in a layered configuration to improve both performance and sustainability. Specimens were produced using fused deposition modelling (FDM) with various vPLA: rPLA [...] Read more.

This study presents a novel multi-material additive manufacturing (MMAM) strategy by combining virgin polylactic acid (vPLA) with recycled polylactic acid (rPLA) in a layered configuration to improve both performance and sustainability. Specimens were produced using fused deposition modelling (FDM) with various vPLA: rPLA ratios (33:67, 50:50, and 67:33) and two distinct layering approaches: one with vPLA forming the external layers and rPLA as the core, and a second using the reversed arrangement. Mechanical testing revealed that when vPLA is used as the exterior, printed components exhibit tensile strength and elongation improvements of 10–25% over conventional single-material prints, while the tensile modulus is largely influenced by the distribution of the two materials. Thermal analysis shows that both vPLA and rPLA begin to degrade at approximately 330 °C; however, rPLA demonstrates a higher end-of-degradation temperature (461.7 °C) and increased residue at elevated temperatures, suggesting improved thermal stability due to enhanced crystallinity. Full-field strain mapping, corroborated by digital microscopy (DM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealed that vPLA-rich regions display more uniform interlayer adhesion with minimal voids or microcracks, whereas rPLA-dominated areas exhibit greater porosity and a higher propensity for brittle failure. These findings highlight the role of optimal material placement in mitigating the inherent deficiencies of recycled polymers. The integrated approach of combining microstructural assessments with full-field strain mapping provides a comprehensive view of interlayer bonding and underlying failure mechanisms. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) confirmed that both layer placement and material ratio have a significant influence on performance, with high effect sizes highlighting the sensitivity of mechanical properties to these parameters. In addition to demonstrating improvements in mechanical and thermal properties, this work addresses a significant gap in the literature by evaluating the combined effect of vPLA and rPLA in a multi-material configuration. The results emphasise that strategic material distribution can effectively counteract some of the limitations typically associated with recycled polymers, while also contributing to reduced dependence on virgin materials. These outcomes support broader sustainability objectives by enhancing energy efficiency and promoting a circular economy within additive manufacturing (AM). Overall, the study establishes a robust foundation for industrial-scale implementations, paving the way for future innovations in eco-efficient FDM processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing for Multifunctional Applications and Sustainability)

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49 pages, 6371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Sustainable Lithium Processing in Renewable Energy Development: A Comprehensive Review and the Potential of Kazakhstan Deposits

by Daulet Sagzhanov, Labone L. Godirilwe, Batnasan Altansukh, Yasushi Takasaki and Atsushi Shibayama

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135903 - 26 Jun 2025

Viewed by 804

Abstract

Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability [...] Read more.

Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability of current extraction and processing technologies for efficient lithium recovery. This comprehensive review explores global trends in lithium processing, focusing on spodumene beneficiation and extraction techniques. While highlighting well-established conventional processes, such as dense media separation (DMS), flotation, high-temperature roasting, and acid or alkali treatment, it underscores the environmental and economic challenges of these processes, particularly when applied to low-grade lithium ores, which are increasingly being targeted to meet lithium demand. Innovative methods, such as microwave irradiation, are also explored for their potential to improve process efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and minimize environmental impact, offering promising pathways to overcome the limitations of traditional lithium recovery techniques. A significant contribution of this review is its focus on the largely untapped lithium resources of Kazakhstan, presenting geological insights and the potential for sustainable development. By addressing knowledge gaps and integrating technological, eco-friendly, and regional development perspectives, this study provides valuable insights for advancing lithium processing toward more sustainable and circular practices aligned with global climate and resource efficiency goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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23 pages, 2502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bridging Sustainability and Performance: Conceptualizing Net-Zero Integration in Construction Supply Chain Evaluations

by Isuru Hettiarachchi, James Olabode Bamidele Rotimi, Wajiha Mohsin Shahzad and Ravindu Kahandawa

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5814; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135814 - 24 Jun 2025

Viewed by 564

Abstract

The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, highlighting the need to align material supply chains with net-zero targets. Evaluating supply chain performance is essential for reducing emissions, enhancing resource efficiency, and supporting sustainable decision-making. However, there is a lack [...] Read more.

The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, highlighting the need to align material supply chains with net-zero targets. Evaluating supply chain performance is essential for reducing emissions, enhancing resource efficiency, and supporting sustainable decision-making. However, there is a lack of comprehensive frameworks that integrate net-zero objectives into construction material supply chain evaluation. This study aims to develop a conceptual framework that embeds net-zero principles into supply chain performance evaluation within the construction sector. A systematic literature review was conducted using PRISMA guidelines, covering 54 peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2025. The review identifies key supply chain decarbonization performance indicators, tools, challenges, enablers, and improvement opportunities. The findings reveal the growing use of life cycle thinking, carbon accounting, and digitalization, shaped by policy, data access, technological readiness, and stakeholder coordination. The resulting framework integrates these factors to guide a structured, net-zero-aligned supply chain. This study contributes a novel and practical framework that addresses a critical gap by bridging digital tools, decarbonization metrics, and policy or organizational considerations. It offers theoretical insights and actionable guidance for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers pursuing climate-aligned construction supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Circularity, Innovation, and Optimisation in Sustainable Supply Chains)

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24 pages, 1893 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Scoring and Ranking Methods for Evaluating the Techno-Economic Competitiveness of Hydrogen Production Technologies

by Yehia F. Khalil

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5770; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135770 - 23 Jun 2025

Viewed by 479

Abstract

This research evaluates four hydrogen (H₂) production technologies via water electrolysis (WE): alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Two scoring and ranking methods, the MACBETH method and the [...] Read more.

This research evaluates four hydrogen (H₂) production technologies via water electrolysis (WE): alkaline water electrolysis (AWE), proton exchange membrane electrolysis (PEME), anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEME), and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE). Two scoring and ranking methods, the MACBETH method and the Pugh decision matrix, are utilized for this evaluation. The scoring process employs nine decision criteria: capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), operating efficiency (SOE), startup time (SuT), environmental impact (EI), technology readiness level (TRL), maintenance requirements (MRs), supply chain challenges (SCCs), and levelized cost of H₂ (LCOH). The MACBETH method involves pairwise technology comparisons for each decision criterion using seven qualitative judgment categories, which are converted into quantitative scores via M-MACBETH software (Version 3.2.0). The Pugh decision matrix benchmarks WE technologies using a baseline technology—SMR with CCS—and a three-point scoring scale (0 for the baseline, +1 for better, −1 for worse). Results from both methods indicate AWE as the leading H₂ production technology, which is followed by AEME, PEME, and SOE. AWE excels due to its lowest CAPEX and OPEX, highest TRL, and optimal operational efficiency (at ≈7 bars of pressure), which minimizes LCOH. AEME demonstrates balanced performance across the criteria. While PEME shows advantages in some areas, it requires improvements in others. SOE has the most areas needing enhancement. These insights can direct future R&D efforts toward the most promising H₂ production technologies to achieve the net-zero goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Transitioning to Sustainable Energy: Opportunities and Challenges)

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22 pages, 3738 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Field Experiments of Mineral Deposition by Cathodic Polarization as a Sustainable Management Strategy for the Reuse of Marine Steel Structures

by Tiziano Bellezze, Giuseppina Colaleo, Pasquale Contestabile, Pietro Forcellese, Simone Ranieri, Nicola Simoncini, Gianni Barucca, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Fabio Conversano, Oriano Francescangeli, Luigi Montalto, Michela Pisani, Simona Sabbatini, Francesco Vita, Diego Vicinanza and Antonio Dell’Anno

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135720 - 21 Jun 2025

Viewed by 2015

Abstract

This paper presents field experiments of mineral deposition on steel, induced by cathodic polarization in natural seawater, as a sustainable strategy for the life extension of marine steel structures. Although this approach is quite well known, the ability of the mineral deposit to [...] Read more.

This paper presents field experiments of mineral deposition on steel, induced by cathodic polarization in natural seawater, as a sustainable strategy for the life extension of marine steel structures. Although this approach is quite well known, the ability of the mineral deposit to both protect steel from corrosion in the absence of a cathodic current, thus operating as an inorganic coating, and provide an effective substrate for colonization by microorganisms still needs to be fully explained. To this end, two identical steel structure prototypes were installed at a depth of 20 m: one was submitted to cathodic polarization, while the other was left under free corrosion for comparison. After 6 months, the current supplied to the electrified structure was interrupted. A multidisciplinary approach was used to analyze the deposits on steel round bars installed in the prototypes over time, in the presence and in the absence of a cathodic current. Different investigation techniques were employed to provide the following information on the deposit: the composition in terms of elements, compounds and macro-biofouling; the morphology; the thickness and the degree of protection estimated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that under cathodic polarization, the thickness of the deposit increased to 2.5 mm and then remained almost constant after the current was interrupted. Conversely, the surface impedance decreased from 3 kΩ cm² to about 1.5 kΩ cm² at the same time, and the aragonite–brucite ratio also decreased. This indicates a deterioration in the protection performance and soundness of the deposit, respectively. Considering the trends in thickness and impedance together, it can be concluded that the preformed mineral deposit does not undergo generalized deterioration after current interruption, which would result in a reduction in thickness, but rather localized degradation. This phenomenon was attributed to the burrowing action of marine organisms, which created porosities and/or capillary pathways through the deposit. Therefore, the corrosion protection offered by the mineral deposit without a cathodic current is insufficient because it loses its protective properties. However, the necessary current can be quite limited in the presence of the deposit, which in any case provides a suitable substrate for sustaining the colonization and growth of sessile marine organisms, thus promoting biodiversity. Full article

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31 pages, 7861 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Improving Sustainable Viticulture in Developing Countries: A Case Study

by Zandra Betzabe Rivera Chavez, Alessia Porcaro, Marco Claudio De Simone and Domenico Guida

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5338; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125338 - 9 Jun 2025

Viewed by 807

Abstract

This paper presents the identification of the functional requirements and development of a preliminary concept of the AgriRover, a low-cost, modular autonomous vehicle intended to support sustainable practices in traditional vineyards in developing countries, focusing on the Ica region of Peru. Viticulture in [...] Read more.

This paper presents the identification of the functional requirements and development of a preliminary concept of the AgriRover, a low-cost, modular autonomous vehicle intended to support sustainable practices in traditional vineyards in developing countries, focusing on the Ica region of Peru. Viticulture in this region faces acute challenges such as soil salinity, climate variability, labour shortages, and low technological readiness. Rather than offering a ready-made technological integration, this study adopts a step-by-step design approach grounded in the realities of smallholder farmers. The authors mapped the phenological stages of grapevines using the BBCH scale and systematically reviewed available sensing and monitoring technologies to determine the most context-appropriate solutions. Virtual modelling and preliminary analysis validate AgriRover’s geometric configuration and path-following capabilities within narrow vineyard rows. The proposed platform is meant to be adaptable, scalable, and maintainable using locally available material and human resources. AgriRover offers a practical and affordable foundation for precision agriculture in resource-constrained settings by aligning viticultural challenges with sensor deployment strategies and sustainability criteria. The sustainability analysis of the initial AgriRover concept was evaluated using the CML methodology, accounting for local waste processing rates and energy mixes to reflect environmental realities in Peru. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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22 pages, 989 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Saudi and Middle East Green Initiatives: The Role of Environmental Governance, Renewable Energy Transition, and Innovation in Achieving a Regional Green Future

by Osama Ali Mohamed Elkebti and Wagdi M. S. Khalifa

Sustainability 2025, 17(12), 5307; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17125307 - 8 Jun 2025

Viewed by 846

Abstract

The transition to sustainable, innovation-driven economies has become a global imperative, particularly for resource-dependent regions like the Middle East, where environmental challenges, fossil fuel reliance, and economic diversification pressures intersect. In this context, green innovation plays a pivotal role in mitigating environmental degradation [...] Read more.

The transition to sustainable, innovation-driven economies has become a global imperative, particularly for resource-dependent regions like the Middle East, where environmental challenges, fossil fuel reliance, and economic diversification pressures intersect. In this context, green innovation plays a pivotal role in mitigating environmental degradation while supporting long-term economic growth. This study examines the short-term and long-term drivers of green innovation across 13 Middle Eastern countries from 1990 to 2023, with a focus on environmental governance, environmental pollution, economic growth, and natural resource abundance. Using a balanced panel dataset, this study applies Frees, Friedman, and Pesaran CSD tests to address cross-sectional dependency and second-generation unit root tests for data stationarity. Both first- and second-generation cointegration tests confirm long-run relationships among variables. The empirical analysis employs the cross-sectional autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL) model, alongside Pooled Mean Group (PMG-ARDL), Average Mean Group (AMG), and Common Correlated Effects CCEMG estimators, ensuring robustness. The findings indicate that, in the long term, environmental governance, economic growth, population size, and natural resource abundance significantly promote green innovation, with respective coefficients of 0.3, 0.01, 0.02, and 0.4. Conversely, human development and environmental pollution exert a negative influence on green innovation, particularly over the long term. These results suggest that, while economic and governance factors drive innovation, human capital development may prioritize immediate growth over sustainability, and pollution may hinder long-term innovation. Enhancing environmental governance, accelerating renewables, using strategic resource revenue for green projects, integrating green growth, and regional collaboration can position Middle Eastern economies as green innovation leaders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Economics in Sustainable Social Policy Development)

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30 pages, 3379 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Greening of Inland and Coastal Ships in Europe by Means of Retrofitting: State of the Art and Scenarios

by Igor Bačkalov, Friederike Dahlke-Wallat, Elimar Frank, Benjamin Friedhoff, Alex Grasman, Justin Jasa, Niels Kreukniet, Martin Quispel and Florin Thalmann

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5154; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115154 - 4 Jun 2025

Viewed by 747

Abstract

This paper analyzes the potential of retrofitting in “greening” of European inland vessels and coastal ships, which are normally not the focus of major international environmental policies aimed at waterborne transport. Therefore, greening of the examined fleets would result, for the most part, [...] Read more.

This paper analyzes the potential of retrofitting in “greening” of European inland vessels and coastal ships, which are normally not the focus of major international environmental policies aimed at waterborne transport. Therefore, greening of the examined fleets would result, for the most part, in additional emission reductions to the environmental targets put forth by the International Maritime Organization. By scoping past and ongoing pilot projects, the most prominent retrofit trends in the greening of inland and coastal ships are identified. Assuming a scenario in which the observed trends are scaled up to the fleet level, the possible emission abatement is estimated (both on the tank-to-wake and well-to-wake bases), as well as the capital and operational costs associated with the retrofit. Therefore, the paper shows what can be achieved in terms of greening if the current trends are followed. The results show that the term “greening” may take a significantly different meaning contingent on the approaches, perspectives, and targets considered. The total costs of a retrofit of a single vessel may be excessively high; however, the costs may significantly vary depending on the vessel power requirements, operational profile, and technology applied. While some trends are worth following (electrification of ferries and small inland passenger ships), others may be too cost-intensive and not satisfactorily efficient in terms of emissions reduction (retrofit of offshore supply vessels with dual-fuel methanol engines). Nevertheless, the assessment of different retrofit technologies strongly depends on the adopted criteria, including but not limited to the total cost of the retrofit of the entire fleet segment, cost of the retrofit of a single vessel, emission abatement achieved by the retrofit of a fleet segment, average emission abatement per retrofitted vessel, and cost of abatement of one ton of greenhouse gases, etc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Marine Engineering and Efficient Marine Transportation of Energy)

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25 pages, 2726 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Breaking Silos: A Systemic Portfolio Approach and Digital Tool for Collaborative Urban Decarbonisation

by Manuel Alméstar, Sara Romero-Muñoz and Nieves Mestre

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5145; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115145 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 840

Abstract

Urban decarbonisation requires governance models that overcome the fragmentation and rigidity of traditional urban planning. This article presents a systemic and digital framework for managing urban decarbonisation portfolios aligned with the EU Mission for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities. Grounded in systems thinking and [...] Read more.

Urban decarbonisation requires governance models that overcome the fragmentation and rigidity of traditional urban planning. This article presents a systemic and digital framework for managing urban decarbonisation portfolios aligned with the EU Mission for Climate-Neutral and Smart Cities. Grounded in systems thinking and portfolio theory, this study develops an analytical taxonomy and an interactive digital tool to support strategic coordination, multistakeholder collaboration, and adaptive decision-making. The framework is empirically validated through the case of Madrid’s Climate City Contract, demonstrating its functionality and transferability. Using a mixed-method approach—combining co-creation workshops, interviews, document analysis, and iterative prototyping—this research maps interdependencies among projects, actors, and levers of change. The digital tool enables real-time visualisation of collaboration patterns, gaps, and synergies, enhancing strategic foresight and coordination capacity. Findings reveal that 75% of initiatives in Madrid’s CCC address climate adaptation, 80.36% are linked to knowledge generation, and key anchor projects serve as integrative hubs within the portfolio. This study concludes that the portfolio approach strengthens systemic innovation and reflexive governance by integrating digital infrastructures with collaborative planning processes. While challenges persist—including data integration, institutional capacity, and political dynamics—this research offers a replicable methodology for embedding mission-oriented strategies into urban governance. The digital portfolio emerges as a complementary governance tool that enhances transparency, organisational learning, and alignment across governance levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Urban Planning Models and Effective Management Tools in Resilient Low-Carbon Cities: Issues, Methods and Innovations)

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19 pages, 2349 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Analysis of CO₂ Emissions and Transport Efficiency in 174k CBM LNG Carriers with X-DF and ME-GI Propulsion

by Aleksandar Vorkapić, Martin Juretić and Radoslav Radonja

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5140; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115140 - 3 Jun 2025

Viewed by 538

Abstract

This study investigates the environmental and operational performance of X-DF and ME-GI propulsion systems in large LNG carriers, focusing on key emission and transport efficiency metrics—CO₂, the EEOI, and the CII—and their relationship with operational factors such as shaft power, vessel [...] Read more.

This study investigates the environmental and operational performance of X-DF and ME-GI propulsion systems in large LNG carriers, focusing on key emission and transport efficiency metrics—CO₂, the EEOI, and the CII—and their relationship with operational factors such as shaft power, vessel speed, propeller slip, and specific fuel oil consumption. Statistical methods including correlation analysis, regression modeling, outlier detection, and clustering are employed to evaluate engine behavior across the ship’s fuel gas steaming envelope and to identify critical efficiency trends. The results show that ME-GI engines deliver lower CO₂ emissions and consistent efficiency under steady-load conditions, due to their higher thermal efficiency and precise control characteristics. In contrast, X-DF engines demonstrate greater adaptability, leveraging LNG combustion to achieve cleaner emissions and optimal performance in specific operational clusters. Clustering analysis highlights distinct patterns: ME-GI engines excel with optimized shaft power and RPM, while X-DF engines achieve peak efficiency through adaptive load and fuel management. These findings provide actionable insights for integrating performance indicators into SEEMP strategies, enabling targeted emission reductions and fuel optimization across diverse operating scenarios—thus supporting more sustainable maritime transport. Full article

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16 pages, 2401 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Microclimate of Pedunculate Oak (Quercus robur L.) Sustainable Managed Forest Stands—A Study of Air and Soil Temperatures in Shelterwood Cutting

by Krešimir Popić, Azra Tafro, Dario Baričević, Irena Šapić, Ivica Tikvić and Damir Ugarković

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5106; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115106 - 2 Jun 2025

Viewed by 502

Abstract

Forest management and tree felling in the stand change the structural characteristics, which causes changes in the microclimate conditions. The microclimate is a key in sustainable forest management because soil temperature and moisture regimes regulate nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The aim of [...] Read more.

Forest management and tree felling in the stand change the structural characteristics, which causes changes in the microclimate conditions. The microclimate is a key in sustainable forest management because soil temperature and moisture regimes regulate nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. The aim of this research was to determine the changes in air and soil temperatures in pedunculate oak forest stands in different stages of shelterwood that stimulate natural regeneration. The research was conducted in pedunculated oak forests in Spačva area. The microclimatic parameters were measured in a mature old forest stand without shelterwood cutting and in stands with preparatory cut, seed cut, and final cut. The intensity of shelterwood had an impact on the amplitudes and values of air and soil temperatures. The highest average air temperature was in the stand with a preparatory cut. Extreme values of air and soil temperatures were measured in the stands with a final cut. The highest air and soil temperature amplitudes were in the stand with a final cut, with the exception of most of the winter, when the highest soil temperature amplitude was in the stand with a seed cut. The highest number of icy, cold, and hot days was in the stand with a final cut. SARIMA models establish that the difference between microclimatic parameters is not accidental. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Sustainable Forest Management in the Context of Climate Change)

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26 pages, 7354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania

by Cristina Iacoboaea, Andrei Damian, Ioana Nenciu, Mihaela Aldea, Oana Luca, Mihai Șercăianu, Ancuța Neagu and Emanuel Răuță

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 5070; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070 - 1 Jun 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 733

Abstract

This paper presents a structured, expert-informed framework for inclusive waste management in marginalized urban areas (MUAs), addressing critical challenges at the intersection of environmental governance, infrastructure inequality, and social exclusion. The framework was developed through extensive consultations with 37 international experts and tested [...] Read more.

This paper presents a structured, expert-informed framework for inclusive waste management in marginalized urban areas (MUAs), addressing critical challenges at the intersection of environmental governance, infrastructure inequality, and social exclusion. The framework was developed through extensive consultations with 37 international experts and tested through a deployment plan piloted in Reșița, Romania. The framework is adaptable to site-specific realities and is intended to evolve annually based on monitoring and feedback. With a strong focus on community engagement, institutional coordination, and policy alignment, the framework lays out an incremental implementation path. The Reșița pilot demonstrates how targeted, participatory actions—ranging from stakeholder mobilization and tailored education to infrastructure enhancements and policy reforms—can drive sustainable improvements in waste management and civic inclusion. This study contributes to the literature on environmental justice and urban sustainability by providing a dynamic, scalable model that can be customized to diverse socio-spatial contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Waste Management Strategies for Circular Economy)

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18 pages, 504 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Towards Safe Maritime Decarbonization: Safety Barriers of Methanol Fuel

by Ahmed M. Ismail, Mahmoud M. Attia Metwalli and Anas S. Alamoush

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4896; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114896 - 26 May 2025

Viewed by 747

Abstract

In response to global concerns about climate change and decarbonization across every sector, pressure has mounted on the maritime industry to reduce its environmental impacts, specifically its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, representing around 2.8% of the global total. As such, it prompts new [...] Read more.

In response to global concerns about climate change and decarbonization across every sector, pressure has mounted on the maritime industry to reduce its environmental impacts, specifically its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, representing around 2.8% of the global total. As such, it prompts new alternative fuels that align with the International Maritime Organization (IMO)’s 2050 net-zero target. In recent years, several alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol, have been proposed. However, alternative fuels face many challenges regarding cost, safety, and efficiency compared to traditional fossil fuels. Currently, methanol is considered one of the most promising alternatives since it is available, easy to store, and can take full advantage of existing infrastructure in situ. Moreover, methanol has a lower carbon intensity than conventional fossil fuels. However, its usage poses related risks of toxicity and flammability; thus, this area still needs in-depth research regarding hazard control. This study implements a systematic five-step methodology. Through a comprehensive literature review, the predominant hazards are delineated. To systematically analyze these risks, this study introduces a novel hazard-based coding system developed to categorize hazards into three classifications: toxicity, flammability, and explosivity. This system is specifically designed to analyze qualitative reports from thirty methanol accident investigations utilizing MAXQDA software. Subsequently, safety barriers related to methanol are identified, followed by a gap analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of existing safety measures. The findings indicate that physical hazards, including flammability and explosivity, represented the majority of identified risks. Furthermore, tank explosions emerged as a prominent sub-hazard, frequently linked to the highest number of reported fatalities. A gap analysis delineates the identified barriers related to Equipment and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), Human Error Reduction, the Legal Framework, and First Aid, comparing them against the current measures outlined in IMO Circular 1621 and other legislative frameworks. Consequently, the analysis highlights critical gaps in technical guidelines and operational procedures related to methanol use. The study recommends the development of fuel-specific safety protocols, mandatory training for seafarers, and regulatory updates to address the unique hazards of methanol. These measures are necessary to create higher safety standards and make methanol a viable alternative fuel by ensuring its safe integration into the industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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25 pages, 3812 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Opportunities Arising from COVID-19 Risk Management to Improve Ultrafine Particles Exposure: Case Study in a University Setting

by Fabio Boccuni, Riccardo Ferrante, Francesca Tombolini, Sergio Iavicoli and Pasqualantonio Pingue

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4803; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114803 - 23 May 2025

Viewed by 524

Abstract

Particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a leading health risk factor worldwide, causing adverse effects for people in living and working environments. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was shown that ultrafine particles (UFP) and PM concentrations, may have played an important role in [...] Read more.

Particulate matter (PM) is recognized as a leading health risk factor worldwide, causing adverse effects for people in living and working environments. During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was shown that ultrafine particles (UFP) and PM concentrations, may have played an important role in the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to investigate whether the mechanical ventilation system installed as a COVID-19 mitigation measure in a university dining hall can be effectively and sustainably used to improve indoor UFP exposure levels, integrated with a continuous low-cost sensor monitoring system. Measurements of particle number concentration (PNC), average diameter (D_avg), and Lung Deposited Surface Area (LDSA) were performed over three working days divided into ten homogeneous daily time slots (from 12:00 am to 11:59 pm) using high-frequency (1 Hz) real-time devices. PM and other indoor pollutants (CO₂ and TVOC) were monitored using low-cost handheld sensors. Indoor PNC (Dp < 700 nm) increased and showed great variability related to dining activities, reaching a maximum average PNC level of 30,000 part/cm³ (st. dev. 16,900). D_avg (Dp < 300 nm) increased during lunch and dinner times, from 22 nm at night to 48 nm during post-dinner recovery activities. Plasma-based filter technology reduced average PNC (Dp < 700 nm) by up to three times, effectively mitigating UFP concentrations in indoor environments, especially during dining hall access periods. It could be successfully adopted also after the pandemic emergency, as a sustainable health and safety control measure to improve UFPs exposure levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable, Safe and Healthy Workplaces after COVID-19: Lessons Learned for the Future of Work in the Post-pandemic Era)

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24 pages, 2118 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Water Unequal Exchange: Embedded Groundwater, Chemicals, and Wastewater in Textile Trade from Bangladesh to the EU and the USA (2000–2023)

by Kamille Hüttel Rasmussen and Martiwi Diah Setiawati

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4818; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114818 - 23 May 2025

Viewed by 831

Abstract

Textile dye production requires significant amounts of water and chemicals, generating substantial wastewater, which places significant burdens on local environments and water resources. Bangladesh is a global textile dye hub, exporting primarily to the EU and the USA. This research explores Water Unequal [...] Read more.

Textile dye production requires significant amounts of water and chemicals, generating substantial wastewater, which places significant burdens on local environments and water resources. Bangladesh is a global textile dye hub, exporting primarily to the EU and the USA. This research explores Water Unequal Exchange (WUE), which arises when high-income countries (HIC) externalize water use and pollution from consumption and production to low-income countries (LIC), driving environmental degradation beyond their borders. To determine WUE, this paper measures wastewater, groundwater, and chemicals embedded in Bangladesh’s textile trade to the EU and USA between 2000 and 2023. This is based on the net weight of the top 18 textile imports from Bangladesh, provided by the UN Comtrade Database. This paper finds that 3,942,091 million liters of groundwater, 10,792,675 million grams of chemicals, and 2,860,420 million liters of wastewater are embedded in these textile imports. The prices per kg of textiles differ depending on product type, and the highest volume of textile product categories have the lowest price per kg. In conclusion, the textile trade from Bangladesh to the EU and the USA represents a case of WUE, where Bangladesh disproportionately internalizes resource over-extraction and environmental impacts from dye production for low economic gain. Full article

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28 pages, 2432 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Techno-Economic Analysis of Combined Onshore Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technology and Seawater Air Conditioning in Small Island Developing States

by Aminath Saadha, Keiichi N. Ishihara, Takaya Ogawa, Soumya Basu and Hideyuki Okumura

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4724; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104724 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 698

Abstract

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face energy security challenges due to reliance on imported fossil fuels and limited land for renewable energy. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) systems as a [...] Read more.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face energy security challenges due to reliance on imported fossil fuels and limited land for renewable energy. This study evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of integrating Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) and Seawater Air Conditioning (SWAC) systems as a sustainable solution. The research focuses on (1) developing a scalable onshore OTEC-SWAC system and assessing feasibility across 32 SIDS using 20 years of oceanic and atmospheric data, (2) analyzing key system parameters such as pipeline length, pump sizing, and cooling requirements and their effect on capital cost, and (3) developing a scalable cost estimation model for Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) predictions. The techno-economic analysis reveals that 30 of the 32 SIDS are technically feasible for OTEC power generation with a temperature gradient of 20 °C. The proposed system is economically feasible in 23 of the SIDS with a calculated average LCOE of 0.16 USD/kWh, which is 67% lower than the diesel LCOE, which is on average 0.46 USD/kWh, making it a cost-competitive alternative. The developed reduced form of the model enables scalable LCOE calculations based on pipeline length and ocean temperature differentials, aiding policymakers in decision-making. By reducing fossil fuel dependency and supporting green tourism, this study provides actionable insights for sustainable energy adoption in SIDS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Impacts of Ocean-Atmosphere Dynamics on Regional and Global Climate Sustainability)

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19 pages, 2811 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Automated System for Transportation and Separation of Textile-Cutting Surpluses: A Case Study in a Portuguese Clothing Company

by Sérgio Sousa, Hugo Costa, Rui Fonseca, Ana Ribeiro and Senhorinha Teixeira

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104673 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 730

Abstract

A significant proportion of waste generated by the fashion industry is either landfilled or incinerated, primarily due to the high cost and complexity of collecting and separating mixed textile materials. While research in textile recycling often emphasizes post-consumer waste, less attention is given [...] Read more.

A significant proportion of waste generated by the fashion industry is either landfilled or incinerated, primarily due to the high cost and complexity of collecting and separating mixed textile materials. While research in textile recycling often emphasizes post-consumer waste, less attention is given to pre-consumer waste, particularly cutting surpluses generated during apparel manufacturing—a labour-intensive sector with low automation and operational inefficiencies. This study addresses this gap by presenting a case study on the implementation of an automated system for collecting, transporting, sorting, and storing textile surpluses in an apparel manufacturing environment. The research aims to identify the barriers, benefits, and sustainability impact of such automation. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, the system is evaluated through key performance indicators including time reduction, ergonomic improvement, and process reliability. Results suggest that automation enhances intralogistics, reduces non-value-added labour, and enables better utilization of human resources. This case study offers a practical framework for apparel manufacturers to assess the potential of automating textile-waste handling, helping to justify such investments based on labour use, process variability, and environmental benefits. The study contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable manufacturing and supports the apparel industry’s shift toward digital transformation and circular economy practices. Full article

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20 pages, 2451 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Biometeorological, Demographic, and Ecological Factors on the Population Density of Wild Boar in Slovakia

by Martina Gočárová, Nina Moravčíková, Ladislav Molnár, Martin Fik and Radovan Kasarda

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4516; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104516 - 15 May 2025

Viewed by 547

Abstract

This study examined the factors influencing wild boar population density in Slovakia from 2013 to 2023, focusing on biometeorological, demographic, and ecological variables. Linear regression models were used to analyze spring population figures and the number of hunted animals across eight self-governing regions. [...] Read more.

This study examined the factors influencing wild boar population density in Slovakia from 2013 to 2023, focusing on biometeorological, demographic, and ecological variables. Linear regression models were used to analyze spring population figures and the number of hunted animals across eight self-governing regions. Following the African swine fever outbreak in 2019, population dynamics changed significantly. The number of wild boars hunted increased while population densities decreased, particularly in the Presov, Kosice, and Banska Bystrica regions. Biometeorological factors, including monthly air temperature and precipitation, significantly influenced wild boar density at the national level, with soil temperature at a 5 cm depth playing a key role regionally. Demographic factors, such as road network and human population densities, also impacted wild boar populations, with road network density being the most important. Ecological factors, including the presence of brown hares, common pheasants, and grey wolves, had varying effects across regions. Grey wolf predation and interspecies competition were particularly significant in mountainous, less urbanized areas. The joint influence of biometeorological and demographic factors was higher in regions affected by African swine fever. This study highlights the complex interactions between environmental, demographic, and ecological factors and provides insights into more effective wildlife management strategies aimed at the sustainable management of wild boar populations. It advocates for a regionally tailored, integrated approach that considers the influence of biometeorological, demographic, and ecological factors, while also addressing the risks associated with epidemics, such as African swine fever. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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28 pages, 4993 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of Industrial By-Product Utilization and Future Pathways of Circular Economy: Geopolymers as Modern Materials for Sustainable Building

by Kinga Korniejenko, Janusz Mikuła, Karolina Brudny, Lyazat Aruova, Alibek Zhakanov, Assel Jexembayeva and Lailya Zhaksylykova

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4536; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104536 - 15 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 752

Abstract

In the era of increasing climatic requirements and changing approaches towards circular economy (CE), the demand for materials designed with care for the environment is growing. This idea is especially important in the construction industry, where ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production emits a [...] Read more.

In the era of increasing climatic requirements and changing approaches towards circular economy (CE), the demand for materials designed with care for the environment is growing. This idea is especially important in the construction industry, where ordinary Portland cement (OPC) production emits a large number of greenhouse gases. The main aim of this article is to demonstrate the possibility of using industrial waste for geopolymer production according to CE goals, including closing material loops. This work is based on a critical analysis of the literature and selected case studies. The most important findings of this article allow us to confirm that the role of industrial waste in the construction industry is growing and that industrial by-products are valuable sources for geopolymer production. The development of sustainable materials allows the introduction of closed loops into production processes by making it possible to reuse materials after the end of use, which is an important issue in the context of introducing CE into practice, especially in existing systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Carbon and Eco-Friendly Construction Materials: Solutions for Sustainable Building and Resource Efficiency)

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29 pages, 4371 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regional Insights on the Usage of Single-Use Plastics and Their Disposal in Five Asian Cities

by Chen Liu, Qiannan Zhuo, Yujiro Ishimura, Yasuhiko Hotta, Chika Aoki-Suzuki and Atsushi Watabe

Sustainability 2025, 17(10), 4276; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17104276 - 8 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 810

Abstract

Single-use plastics (SUPs) are deeply embedded in everyday consumption in rapidly developing Asian cities, yet their widespread use contributes to marine debris, microplastic pollution, and health risks. This study aimed to inform evidence-based policymaking to mitigate marine plastic pollution in the ASEAN+3 region. [...] Read more.

Single-use plastics (SUPs) are deeply embedded in everyday consumption in rapidly developing Asian cities, yet their widespread use contributes to marine debris, microplastic pollution, and health risks. This study aimed to inform evidence-based policymaking to mitigate marine plastic pollution in the ASEAN+3 region. Stratified random sampling surveys (n = 1492) were conducted both face to face and online across five representative cities between September 2022 and February 2023. We quantified and compared the consumption and disposal patterns across nine SUP categories, assessed demographic influences, evaluated the impact of COVID-19, and derived insights for targeted policy interventions. Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the differences. The results reveal significant inter-city variation: Shanghai and Harbin reported high overall SUP use despite a lower consumption of plastic shopping bags; Hanoi and Depok showed lower overall use but distinct preferences for plastic shopping bags and party cups; and Phnom Penh had the highest consumption of plastic shopping bags, bottles, and straws. Plastic shopping bags were the most used item in all cities (18–34 bags per week), with no significant differences between urban and rural areas, ages, or genders. In contrast, urban residents reported a higher use of plastic takeout containers, cutlery, coffee cups, and party cups. The COVID-19 pandemic notably reshaped SUP consumption patterns. Additionally, over half of SUPs were disposed of without proper separation. These findings underscore the need for flexible, phased, and context-specific interventions to support a resilient circular economy. Full article

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31 pages, 6784 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Unraveling Soundscape Dynamics: The Interaction Between Vegetation Structure and Acoustic Patterns

by Giorgia Guagliumi, Claudia Canedoli, Andrea Potenza, Valentina Zaffaroni-Caorsi, Roberto Benocci, Emilio Padoa-Schioppa and Giovanni Zambon

Sustainability 2025, 17(9), 4204; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17094204 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 752

Abstract

Ecoacoustics examines the interactions between soundscapes, ecological processes, and anthropogenic disturbance. Acoustic communication is crucial for wildlife, making noise pollution a key factor in shaping biodiversity, though its effects are also modulated by habitat characteristics. In this work, we assess the influence of [...] Read more.

Ecoacoustics examines the interactions between soundscapes, ecological processes, and anthropogenic disturbance. Acoustic communication is crucial for wildlife, making noise pollution a key factor in shaping biodiversity, though its effects are also modulated by habitat characteristics. In this work, we assess the influence of highway noise and vegetation structure on the soundscape and avian distribution of the Moriano oxbow lake (Bereguardo, PV, Italy), a Site of Community Importance in the Ticino Valley Regional Park. A two-week monitoring campaign (April 2022) used eight recorders arranged in a grid to analyze soundscape dynamics through eight ecoacoustic indices (ACI, ADI, AEI, BI, NDSI, H, DSC, ZCR). Vegetation surveys quantified tree diversity and structural parameters such as basal area, height, stem density, biomass, and leaf cover. Correlation analyses revealed that Quercus robur abundance and tree diversity significantly influenced the acoustic environment, while bird richness correlated positively with vegetation biomass and Quercus robur presence. Highway proximity was a key structuring factor, with indices (ADI, H, NDSI, ACI) increasing with distance. These findings underscore the dual role of noise and vegetation in shaping soundscapes and highlight the importance of incorporating habitat features into ecoacoustic assessments to better understand biodiversity patterns in anthropized landscapes. Full article

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25 pages, 5958 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterization of Energy Profile and Load Flexibility in Regional Water Utilities for Cost Reduction and Sustainable Development

by B. M. Ruhul Amin, Rakibuzzaman Shah, Suryani Lim, Tanveer Choudhury and Andrew Barton

Sustainability 2025, 17(8), 3364; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17083364 - 9 Apr 2025

Viewed by 797

Abstract

Water utilities use a significant amount of electrical energy due to the rising demand for wastewater treatment driven by environmental and economic reasons. The growing demand for energy, rising energy costs, and the drive toward achieving net-zero emissions require a sustainable energy future [...] Read more.

Water utilities use a significant amount of electrical energy due to the rising demand for wastewater treatment driven by environmental and economic reasons. The growing demand for energy, rising energy costs, and the drive toward achieving net-zero emissions require a sustainable energy future for the water industry. This can be achieved by integrating onsite renewable energy sources (RESs), energy storage, demand management, and participation in demand response (DR) programs. This paper analyzes the energy profile and load flexibility of water utilities using a data-driven approach to reduce energy costs by leveraging RESs for regional water utilities. It also assesses the potential for DR participation across different types of water utilities, considering peak-load shifting and battery storage installations. Given the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, such as bushfires, heatwaves, droughts, and prolonged cold and wet season floods, regional water industries in Australia serve as a relevant case study of sectors already impacted by these challenges. First, the data characteristics across the water and energy components of regional water industries are analyzed. Next, barriers and challenges in data acquisition and processing in water industries are identified and recommendations are made for improving data coordination (interoperability) to enable the use of a single platform for identifying DR opportunities. Finally, the energy profile and load flexibility of regional water industries are examined to evaluate onsite generation and battery storage options for participating in DR operations. Operational data from four regional sites across two regional Australian water utilities are used in this study. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Sustainability Through Power System Flexibility, Smart Grids, and Energy Digitalization)

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20 pages, 12622 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Settlement Expansion Versus Environmental Protection: Ecosystem Services for Environmental Regulation Planning in Izmir, Turkiye

by Esra Kut Görgün and Stefano Salata

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3237; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073237 - 5 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 869

Abstract

Land use and planning decisions, such as the designation of urban development areas, have a significant impact on ecosystem services (Ess). In urban planning, it is essential to consider the environmental values of ecosystem services when determining urban development zones. Spatial analyses play [...] Read more.

Land use and planning decisions, such as the designation of urban development areas, have a significant impact on ecosystem services (Ess). In urban planning, it is essential to consider the environmental values of ecosystem services when determining urban development zones. Spatial analyses play a crucial role in guiding decision-making processes by balancing environmental value and urban expansion. This study aims to identify areas of alignment or conflict between environmental values derived from ecosystem services and settlement expansion zones according to the Environmental Regulation Plan in the Izmir metropolitan area. The study employs the InVEST^® (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to map ecosystem services. Environmental values derived from ecosystem services, such as habitat quality, carbon storage and sequestration, and sediment delivery ratio, were analyzed. The results demonstrate a trade-off between high environmental values and settlement expansion zones. The five largest conflict areas with high environmental value are located near the coast and were converted from shrubland and forest areas. This study underscores the importance of identifying and prioritizing conservation sites with high composite environmental value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Land Management: Urban Planning and Land Use)

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33 pages, 1969 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Collaborative Adaptive Management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: A Rangeland Living Laboratory at the US Sheep Experiment Station

by Hailey Wilmer, Jonathan Spiess, Patrick E. Clark, Michelle Anderson, Amira Burns, Arica Crootof, Lily Fanok, Tracy Hruska, Bruce J. Mincher, Ryan S. Miller, William Munger, Christian J. Posbergh, Carrie S. Wilson, Eric Winford, Jessica Windh, Nicole Strong, Marlen Eve and J. Bret Taylor

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073086 - 31 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1240

Abstract

Social conflict over rangeland-use priorities, especially near protected areas, has long pitted environmental and biodiversity conservation interests against livestock livelihoods. Social–ecological conflict limits management adaptation and creativity while reinforcing social and disciplinary divisions. It can also reduce rancher access to land and negatively [...] Read more.

Social conflict over rangeland-use priorities, especially near protected areas, has long pitted environmental and biodiversity conservation interests against livestock livelihoods. Social–ecological conflict limits management adaptation and creativity while reinforcing social and disciplinary divisions. It can also reduce rancher access to land and negatively affect wildlife conservation. Communities increasingly expect research organizations to address complex social dynamics to improve opportunities for multiple ecosystem service delivery on rangelands. In the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area of the western US, long-standing disagreements among actors who argue for the use of the land for livestock and those who prioritize wildlife are limiting conservation and ranching livelihoods. Researchers at the USDA-ARS US Sheep Experiment Station (USSES) along with University and societal partners are responding to these challenges using a collaborative adaptive management (CAM) methodology. The USSES Rangeland Collaboratory is a living laboratory project leveraging the resources of a federal range sheep research ranch operating across sagebrush steppe ecosystems in Clark County, Idaho, and montane/subalpine landscapes in Beaverhead County, Montana. The project places stakeholders, including ranchers, conservation groups, and government land managers, in the decision-making seat for a participatory case study. This involves adaptive management planning related to grazing and livestock–wildlife management decisions for two ranch-scale rangeland management scenarios, one modeled after a traditional range sheep operation and the second, a more intensified operation with no use of summer ranges. We discuss the extent to which the CAM approach creates opportunities for multi-directional learning among participants and evaluate trade-offs among preferred management systems through participatory ranch-scale grazing research. In a complex system where the needs and goals of various actors are misaligned across spatiotemporal, disciplinary, and social–ecological scales, CAM creates a structure and methods to focus on social learning and land management knowledge creation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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32 pages, 5388 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Long-Term Soil System Use and Diversified Fertilization on the Sustainability of the Soil Fertility—Organic Matter and Selected Trace Elements

by Agnieszka Andrzejewska and Maria Biber

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2907; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072907 - 25 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 827

Abstract

It has been assumed that the long-term impact of a diversified soil use system (SUS) and the continuous application of manure and/or mineral fertilizers (NPK) affects the sustainability of soil fertility components. This influence is manifested through the content and distribution of nutrients, [...] Read more.

It has been assumed that the long-term impact of a diversified soil use system (SUS) and the continuous application of manure and/or mineral fertilizers (NPK) affects the sustainability of soil fertility components. This influence is manifested through the content and distribution of nutrients, as well as some bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. This hypothesis was verified in 2022 in a long-term field experiment that started in 1957. It consisted of a seven-course crop rotation: potato–spring barley–winter triticale–alfalfa–alfalfa–winter wheat–winter rye and monocultures of these crops plus black fallow. The studies were carried out on three separate fields: black fallow (BF), winter wheat grown in monoculture (WW-MO), and crop rotation (WW-CR). Each of these experimental objects consists of five fertilizer variants (FVs) fertilized in the same way every year: absolute control (AC)—variant without fertilizers for 75 years; farmyard manure—FM; mineral fertilizers—NPK; mixed variant—NPK + FM; mineral fertilizers plus annually applied lime—NPK + L. The second factor was the soil layer: 0.0–0.3 m, 0.3–0.6 m, or 0.6–0.9 m. The obtained results clearly indicate that long-term fertilization with NPK + FM, especially in rotation with legumes, strengthens the eluviation/illuviation processes, decreasing the sustainability of soil fertility. Liming is a factor stabilizing the content and distribution of silt and clay particles in the soil. The key factor determining the content and distribution of micronutrients and heavy metals in the soil was the content of organic carbon (C_org). Its content decreased in the following order: WW-CR (13.2 ± 5.8) ≥ WW-MO (12.3 ± 6.9) > BF (6.6 ± 2.8 g·kg⁻¹). The large variability resulted from a distribution trend with soil depth, which increased as follows: MO ≥ CR > BF. FVs with FM had the highest C_org content. NPK, regardless of the long-term soil use system (SUS), had the lowest content. Among the elements studied, the key one impacting the content of both micronutrients and heavy metals was iron (Fe). The Fe content decreased in the order BL (100%) > WW-MO (90.5%) > WW-CR (85%). The opposite tendency was found for the remaining elements, the content of which was consistent with the content of C_org, which was the highest in CR. The strongest impact of Fe, modified by the SUS, was found for Zn, Pb, and Cd. Despite the differences observed between SUSs, fertilization variants, and soil layers, the content of Fe and Mn was in the medium class, while Zn and Cu were in the high class of availability. The content of Ni was the highest for NPK + FM in WW-CR. The content of Pb was weakly affected by the long-term SUS but showed a strong tendency for accumulation in the topsoil layer. The content of Cd was the highest in BF, where it exceeded the threshold of 0.27 mg·kg⁻¹. The long-term diversified SUS, as the main factor determining the sustainability of soil fertility, makes it possible to indicate the directions of humus accumulation and its distribution in the soil. It turned out to be a key factor, but in cooperation with Fe, it determined the content of micronutrients and bioavailable heavy metals in the soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability of the Agricultural System and Agro-Ecological Environment)

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13 pages, 696 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Grassland-Based Farming Systems Targeting Agroecology: Which Indicators Should Be Used for On-Farm Assessment?

by Elena Benedetti del Rio, Audrey Michaud, Gilles Brunschwig and Enrico Sturaro

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062720 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 557

Abstract

This study investigates grassland-based farming systems within the framework of agroecology (AE), focusing on the identification of relevant indicators for on-farm assessment. The purpose of this research is to test indicator compliance with AE at the farming system level in grassland farms, particularly [...] Read more.

This study investigates grassland-based farming systems within the framework of agroecology (AE), focusing on the identification of relevant indicators for on-farm assessment. The purpose of this research is to test indicator compliance with AE at the farming system level in grassland farms, particularly in High-Nature-Value (HNV) areas. Seventeen farms in France and Italy were selected for this study, and data were collected through semi-structured interviews. These interviews explored various indicators across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was employed to analyze the quantitative indicators, while qualitative data offered insights into farm management and learning practices. The results highlighted the importance of forage self-sufficiency (livestock production dimension) and revenue (economic dimension) as key indicators of successful agroecological management. The study also found that increasing forage self-sufficiency was linked to higher farmer satisfaction, an indicator related to the social dimension. Additionally, qualitative data underscored the significance of self-sufficiency, workload management, and social interaction and continuous learning as critical elements in grassland-based farming. In conclusion, this research proposes self-sufficiency as an indicator that can facilitate the assessment of grassland-based systems, aiding in the broader adoption of agroecological practices in compliance with European policies. Full article

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23 pages, 5608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Electricity Access Linkages to Sustainable Development Goals in Rural Sudan

by Ayah Mohammed, Patrick James and AbuBakr Bahaj

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2441; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062441 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1052

Abstract

This paper investigates the impact of a lack of electricity services on social and economic development in the context of patriarchal, rural Sudan. Quantitative data were gathered from key informant interviews in four rural villages across three different states (n = 240). Not [...] Read more.

This paper investigates the impact of a lack of electricity services on social and economic development in the context of patriarchal, rural Sudan. Quantitative data were gathered from key informant interviews in four rural villages across three different states (n = 240). Not having access to electricity adversely affects four main variables: (i) health, (ii) education, (iii) gender equality, and (iv) income generation. A multiple logistic regression model assessed school attendance of all boys or girls in a household as a function of declared household income, survey respondent education level, number of children, number of hours per day of household chores, and hours per day of biomass collection (a task that girls usually undertake). Boys are observed to be more likely to attend school than girls regardless of household income; their attendance likelihood increases with the number of children in the household (which we attribute to the greater likelihood of girls being in a household to undertake tasks). Increased biomass collection time is seen to increase the likelihood of boys’ attendance to school as this is typically seen as a female task. Girls are primarily required to undertake chores which reduces school attendance. Girls’ attendance also appears dependent on a higher household income (Odds Ratio 1.24, p value 0.052). The likelihood of attendance at school for each additional hour of required household chores was reduced by 22% for boys and 10% for girls. In relation to accessing health services, (traditional vs. modern), we observed no influence of household income suggesting social norms play a strong role here. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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23 pages, 3770 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Valorisation of Limestone in Sustainable Cements

by Elisa Blasi, Alessandra Mobili, Eldho Choorackal, Francesca Tittarelli and Davide Garufi

Sustainability 2025, 17(6), 2402; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062402 - 10 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 950

Abstract

This study investigates the development of two sustainable cements, CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, in accordance with the UNI EN 197-1 and 197-5 standards. CEM II/B-LL was produced by replacing Portland cement with limestone (LS) at varying dosages (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% [...] Read more.

This study investigates the development of two sustainable cements, CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, in accordance with the UNI EN 197-1 and 197-5 standards. CEM II/B-LL was produced by replacing Portland cement with limestone (LS) at varying dosages (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% by mass), and CEM VI was made by substituting blast furnace slag with limestone at different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by mass). The results show that both binders are classified as structural cements. LS substitution increases the setting time of CEM II/B-LL but does not significantly affect the setting time of CEM VI. When cured at low temperatures (10 °C), CEM VI mortars retain their mechanical properties even at high LS levels, making them particularly suitable for cold climates. Mortar properties such as total porosity and capillary water absorption increase with LS content, with CEM VI exhibiting lower sensitivity to LS additions. Free shrinkage in CEM II/B-LL mortars decreases with LS content, whereas in CEM VI mortars, it initially increases with up to 20% LS and then decreases at higher LS levels (30–40%). Restrained shrinkage is also lower in CEM VI than in CEM II/B-LL. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CEM II/B-LL decreases significantly with increased LS content, whereas in CEM VI, it remains almost constant up to a 40% substitution. However, CEM VI demonstrates a 50% lower environmental impact compared to CEM II/B-LL, underscoring its superior sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Materials)

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22 pages, 7151 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Nematodes as an Indicator of the Efficiency of Hydrophytic Treatment Plants with Vertical Wastewater Flow

by Magdalena Bagińska, Tomasz Warężak, Wacław Romaniuk, Dawid Kozacki, Zbigniew Skibko, Andrzej Borusiewicz and Jarosław Dąbrowski

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031329 - 6 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1189

Abstract

This paper presents the role of soil nematodes as bio-indicators of the functioning of soil-plant beds in hydrophytic vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to determine the abundance and trophic composition of nematode populations in seven soil-plant beds, the [...] Read more.

This paper presents the role of soil nematodes as bio-indicators of the functioning of soil-plant beds in hydrophytic vertical-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) wastewater treatment plants. This study aimed to determine the abundance and trophic composition of nematode populations in seven soil-plant beds, the third component of plant-based wastewater treatment plants designed as Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs), in line with blue–green infrastructure and the closed-loop economy. The technology of this type of treatment plant is also in line with the idea of sustainability due to the very low energy requirements of the wastewater treatment system. In addition, soil nematodes were analysed in the soil adjacent to the WWTPs to assess the differences in trophic structure between these environments. The average nematode abundance in the soil-plant beds ranged from 606,000 [N·m⁻²] to 1,982,000 [N·m⁻²], with bacterivorous nematodes being the most abundant trophic group (61–73% of the population). This study’s results confirmed that soil-plant beds are abundantly populated by bacteria participating in key organic matter decomposition processes and nitrogen and phosphorus compound transformations, contributing to adequate wastewater treatment. The dominance of bacterivorous nematodes indicates a practical support of physicochemical and biological processes that reduce pollutant concentrations and eliminate pathogenic bacteria flowing into the deposits with the wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Sustainability)

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19 pages, 290 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Farm Production in the Context of Overinvestment: A Case Study from Poland

by Jagoda Zmyślona, Arkadiusz Sadowski and Izabela Kurzawa

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031288 - 5 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

Investments are the development core of every economic operator and the driving force for national economic development. While finding the optimal investment point is extremely difficult, every operator may seek to attain a level of fixed assets which allows them to maintain an [...] Read more.

Investments are the development core of every economic operator and the driving force for national economic development. While finding the optimal investment point is extremely difficult, every operator may seek to attain a level of fixed assets which allows them to maintain an increase in production and keep their income flowing. The difficulties in finding this optimum may lead to overinvestment. Hence, this paper estimates the parameters of the production function at various investment levels. Its purpose is to identify the relationship between the investment levels, the use of productive inputs, and growth or decline in production (output) levels. This study used microdata for 3273 Polish farms, as retrieved from the FADN (Farm Accountancy Data Network). The differences found at various farm investment levels allow for highlighting some problematic areas, e.g., in the context of excessive capital use relative to yearly increments in production values. The proposed method of analyzing overinvestment based on the production function can be extended to other countries. According to this paper, farms that invested too little or too much in relation to their production potential showed the worst economic performances, including the greatest declines in production. Full article

23 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Renewable Energy and Socio-Economic Transformation: Three Case Studies

by Eleonora Santos

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031196 - 1 Feb 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1821

Abstract

Portugal’s renewable energy transition plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable development. This study examines the socio-economic impacts of renewable energy policies in Portugal from 2014 to 2022, with a focus on financial performance, employment trends, [...] Read more.

Portugal’s renewable energy transition plays a pivotal role in addressing climate change, enhancing energy security, and promoting sustainable development. This study examines the socio-economic impacts of renewable energy policies in Portugal from 2014 to 2022, with a focus on financial performance, employment trends, and gender equity. Utilizing financial assessments from the Orbis database and input–output analysis, the research examines three companies—EDP, E-Redes, and Logical Gravity—classified under NACE Rev. 2 code 3513. The study finds that investments in renewable energy improved profitability and solvency, especially during recovery phases, reflecting the sector’s financial resilience. Larger firms like EDP experienced employment growth, while smaller firms faced more volatility, highlighting the need for targeted support. Despite progress, gender disparities and pay gaps persist, underscoring the need for gender-sensitive policies. This research provides valuable insights for policymakers seeking to ensure a just and sustainable energy transition, emphasizing strategic investments, workforce adaptation, and inclusivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Achieving Carbon Neutrality: Recent Progress of Sustainable Energy Economic, Energy Policy and Energy Transition)

30 pages, 3139 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Water Resources Management for Implementing Sustainable Energy Development—Challenges and Perspectives in Poland

by Monika Bryła, Iwona Zdralewicz, Iwona Lejcuś, Katarzyna Kraj, Grzegorz Dumieński, Tamara Tokarczyk and Tomasz Walczykiewicz

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1169; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031169 - 31 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Climate change causes a problem for the energy system in Poland, which is based on the availability of water resources throughout the year. In situations of water scarcity resulting from increased demand or due to water deficits caused by the phenomenon of drought, [...] Read more.

Climate change causes a problem for the energy system in Poland, which is based on the availability of water resources throughout the year. In situations of water scarcity resulting from increased demand or due to water deficits caused by the phenomenon of drought, it is necessary to develop efficient management methods that take into account the needs of all stakeholders and obtaining approval for new investments. The principles of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) enable this efficiency to be achieved. The research used 51 questions in 3 surveys to assess the potential for IWRM implementation in 3 catchments located in an area of southern and south-western Poland with different topography, regional and socio-economic characteristics, i.e., the Białka (tourism domination), the Nysa Kłodzka (potential for hydropower) and the Widawa (lowland character). In order to interpret the results, the author’s method of grouping survey questions from different sources was applied. The results of the study showed that there is considerable social potential and willingness to develop cooperation between different stakeholder groups but there are barriers related to the state of knowledge and its transfer between stakeholders. It is important not to ignore the stakeholders whose resistance can effectively delay investment processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Integrated Regional Energy Planning towards Sustainable Development)

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18 pages, 2581 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Mitigating Land Degradation Through Sustainable Urban Landscapes Planning

by Erica Maria Lovello, Donatella Valente and Irene Petrosillo

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030967 - 24 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 950

Abstract

Land-take leads to the loss of natural and semi-natural areas. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the important role played by land-take and degradation mitigation to promote sustainable cities. This research aims to assess (1) the temporal dynamics of land-take and land [...] Read more.

Land-take leads to the loss of natural and semi-natural areas. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development highlights the important role played by land-take and degradation mitigation to promote sustainable cities. This research aims to assess (1) the temporal dynamics of land-take and land degradation, (2) their spatial configuration, and (3) their ecological effects in three Italian urban landscapes. Spatial analyses from 2006 to 2022 reveal a significant urban sprawl, with an increase in land-take across all municipalities, with the highest land-take per capita in Nardò, higher than the national value. The land-take patterns showed the highest aggregation in Galatone, the smallest municipality. This municipality showed the highest percentage of degraded land (60% of the total area), followed by Lecce (about 47%) and then Nardò (about 42%), where it is possible to notice several areas of improvements (743 ha) scattered throughout the landscape. Degraded areas have increasingly impacted natural areas (25% in Lecce, 22% in Galatone, and 10% in Nardò). The results are discussed in terms of methodology limitations and policy-making implications, highlighting the important role of tools like Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) in assessing the coherence of landscape plans with sustainable development targets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Sustainability and Applications)

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22 pages, 2686 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Dynamic Shear Properties of Recycled Combustion Slag, a Sustainable Material, in Road Construction

by Katarzyna Gabryś

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030926 - 23 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1056

Abstract

Solid waste recycling challenges civil and environmental engineers to use waste from different industries to exceed sustainable development while meeting current material costs. Combustion slag (CS) is the material resulting from the combustion of hard coal in pulverized coal boilers. It is removed [...] Read more.

Solid waste recycling challenges civil and environmental engineers to use waste from different industries to exceed sustainable development while meeting current material costs. Combustion slag (CS) is the material resulting from the combustion of hard coal in pulverized coal boilers. It is removed by gravity from the furnace chamber and transported by hydraulics through the slugger to the sedimentation chambers and from there to the heaps. The waste combustion slag can be used for land leveling, road building, and sports and leisure facilities. This paper presents the geomechanical characterization of the CS from the “Siekierki” CHP Plant, located in Warsaw, Poland. Particular emphasis was placed on the dynamic properties of combustion slag, including shear modulus (G) and damping ratio (D). Correct estimation of these parameters over a wide strain range is essential for laboratory research and modeling. A laboratory test program was defined to obtain the G-modulus, G_max-modulus, shear modulus degradation curve G(γ)/G_max, D-ratio, depending on the mean effective stress and relative density, in the strain range of 10⁻⁶ up to 10⁻³. Stiffness of CS was obtained using laboratory investigations typical for natural soils, namely, standard resonant column tests, and bender element tests. From the many different methods for soil damping estimation, two of the most common were selected: logarithmic decay and half-power bandwidth. The dynamic properties and their changes with strain of the Siekierki combustion slag are in line with general trends for granulated natural soils and other recycled materials. The outcomes of the presented research promote the reuse of CS as aggregate in road construction, which contributes to limiting the extraction of natural aggregate, reducing the filling of lands with this type of waste, and ultimately reducing the transport of materials and consequently lowering greenhouse emissions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Geotechnical Engineering and Civil Engineering)

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29 pages, 1373 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How the Concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” Could Help Increase Public and Policy Engagement and Speed Transitions to Net Zero and Nature Recovery

by Jules Pretty, Dennis Garrity, Hemant Kumar Badola, Mike Barrett, Cornelia Butler Flora, Catherine Cameron, Natasha Grist, Leanne Hepburn, Heather Hilburn, Amy Isham, Erik Jacobi, Rattan Lal, Simon Lyster, Andri Snaer Magnason, Jacquie McGlade, Jan Middendorf, E. J. Milner-Gulland, David Orr, Lloyd Peck, Chris Reij, Johan Rockström, Yarema Ronesh, Osamu Saito, Jo Smith, Pete Smith, Peter Thorne, Atsushi Watabe, Steve Waters and Geoff Wells Show full author list Hide full author list

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 849; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030849 - 22 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 7319

Abstract

Just and fair transitions to low-carbon and nature-positive ways of living need to occur fast enough to limit and reverse the climate and nature crises, but not so fast that the public is left behind. We propose the concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” [...] Read more.

Just and fair transitions to low-carbon and nature-positive ways of living need to occur fast enough to limit and reverse the climate and nature crises, but not so fast that the public is left behind. We propose the concept of “Regenerative Good Growth” (RGG) to replace the language and practice of extractive, bad GDP growth. RGG centres on the services provided by five renewable capitals: natural, social, human, cultural, and sustainable physical. The term “growth” tends to divide rather than unite, and so here we seek language and storylines that appeal to a newly emergent climate-concerned majority. Creative forms of public engagement that lead to response diversity will be essential to fostering action: when people feel coerced into adopting single options at pace, there is a danger of backlash or climate authoritarianism. Policy centred around storytelling can help create diverse public responses and institutional frameworks. The practises underpinning RGG have already created business opportunities, while delivering sharp falls in unit costs. Fast transitions and social tipping points are emerging in the agricultural, energy, and city sectors. Though further risks will emerge related to rebound effects and lack of decoupling of material consumption from GDP, RGG will help cut the externalities of economies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impacts of Industry Innovation and Environmental Regulation on Sustainable Development: Regional, National, and Global Perspectives)

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34 pages, 11386 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sustainable Emulsified Acid Treatments for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Injection Wells: A Case Study in the Qusahwira Field

by Charbel Ramy, Razvan George Ripeanu, Salim Nassreddine, Maria Tănase, Elias Youssef Zouein, Alin Diniță and Constantin Cristian Muresan

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 856; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17030856 - 22 Jan 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

Emulsified acid treatments present an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) methods in enhancing oil recovery. This study investigates the application of a stable emulsified acid formulation in matrix acidizing operations to improve injectivity in four wells within the [...] Read more.

Emulsified acid treatments present an innovative and environmentally sustainable alternative to conventional hydrochloric acid (HCl) methods in enhancing oil recovery. This study investigates the application of a stable emulsified acid formulation in matrix acidizing operations to improve injectivity in four wells within the Qusahwira Field. Compared to traditional 15% HCl treatments, the emulsified acid demonstrates deeper acid penetration and retardation effect leading to enhanced injection rate. By delivering deep worm holing effects against calcium carbonate formation, this dual-phase system enhances injectivity by 14 times while minimizing the environmental and material impacts associated with spent acid volumes. The methodology integrates advanced neural network modeling to predict stimulation outcomes based on 15 operational and reservoir factors. This model reduces the trial-and-error approach, cutting operational costs and time for carbonate reservoir. Field trials reveal significant improvements in injection pressure and a marked reduction in circulation pressure during stimulation, underscoring the treatment’s efficiency. Developed in a Superior Abu Dhabi laboratory, the emulsified acid achieves high-temperature stability (200 °F) and deep acid penetration, further reducing the ecological footprint of acid stimulation by enhancing operational precision and reducing chemical use. This paper highlights a sustainable approach to optimizing reservoir productivity, aligning with global efforts to minimize environmental impacts in oil recovery processes. Full article

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25 pages, 3661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Eco-Friendly/Sustainable Agricultural Practices (Legume Green Manure and Compost Soil Amendment) on a Tobacco Crop Grown Under Deficit Irrigation

by Maria Isabella Sifola, Linda Carrino, Eugenio Cozzolino, Mario Palladino, Mariarosaria Sicignano, Daniele Todisco and Luisa del Piano

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 769; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020769 - 19 Jan 2025

Viewed by 1316

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Marciano della Chiana (Arezzo, AR, Central Italy) with the main aim of investigating the effect of soil amendment with organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) compost and legume green manuring (Vicia villosa Roth, cv. [...] Read more.

A field experiment was conducted in 2018 at Marciano della Chiana (Arezzo, AR, Central Italy) with the main aim of investigating the effect of soil amendment with organic fraction municipal solid waste (OFMSW) compost and legume green manuring (Vicia villosa Roth, cv. villana) on a tobacco crop (dark fire-cured Kentucky type, cv. Foiano) grown under both full (100% of ET_c) and deficit (70% of crop evapotranspiration, ET_c) irrigation. The treatments are hereafter reported as GM (vetch green manuring) and NGM (no vetch green manuring), FI (full irrigation) and DI (deficit irrigation), and C (compost soil amendment) and NC (no compost soil amendment). The following parameters were calculated: (i) yield of the cured product (CLY, Mg ha⁻¹) at a standard moisture content of 19%; (ii) irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE, kg of cured product m⁻³ seasonal irrigation volume), nitrogen (N) agronomic efficiency (NAE, kg of cured product kg⁻¹ mineral N by synthetic fertilizers). Dry biomass accumulated in the stem and leaves (Mg ha⁻¹) was also measured at 25, 57, 74, and 92 days after transplanting (DAT). The N recovery from the different plant parts (kg ha⁻¹) was determined at 57 and 74 DAT. The C/N ratio, NO₃-N (kg ha⁻¹), the soil organic matter (SOM, %), and the soil contents of P₂O₅ and K₂O (mg kg⁻¹) were also analytically determined at 43, 74, and 116 DAT. Water retention measurements were carried out on soil samples at 116 DAT at 0–0.3 and 0.3–0.6 soil depths. Overall, there was a negative effect of both compost amendment and green manuring on yield. Green manuring and compost soil amendment improved soil chemical characteristics (i.e., SOM and C/N), as well as the plant N recovery, the IWUE, and the NAE. They increased the water retention capacity of the soil when the tobacco crop was deficit-irrigated and appeared to be promising practices to support the deficit irrigation strategy, contributing to reaching good agronomic results, although under the conditions of water shortage, and showing synergistic action in those conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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14 pages, 1249 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Modeling the Effects of Strict Protection of Forest Areas—Part of the Provisions of the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030

by Katarzyna Giełda-Pinas, Monika Starosta-Grala, Marek Wieruszewski, Joanna Dynowska, Marta Molińska-Glura and Krzysztof Adamowicz

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 737; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020737 - 18 Jan 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

The case study included approx. 0.5 million ha of forest areas in Poland that are managed by the Regional Directorate of State Forests. The objective was to assess the impact of four different scenarios restricting the size of forest areas available for commercial [...] Read more.

The case study included approx. 0.5 million ha of forest areas in Poland that are managed by the Regional Directorate of State Forests. The objective was to assess the impact of four different scenarios restricting the size of forest areas available for commercial use. Based on different criteria, each scenario set aside 10% of the total land area for strict protection on forested land, which is in line with the EU Biodiversity Strategy 2030. The economic impact (volume of reduced wood raw material) was statistically estimated for each of the four scenarios. It was confirmed that the layout of forest habitats is essential for specific limitations in forest production. For the optimal implementation of the provisions of the strategy, a balance in the selection of social, economic, and natural elements must be considered. This protects primarily the most valuable natural habitats characterized by the highest level of biodiversity, age diversity, and dispersion within the studied forest unit. The presented results may support decision-making processes used to maximize biodiversity protection while minimizing the negative economic impact of this environmental protection. Full article

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39 pages, 7831 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Integrated Renewable Energy Systems for Buildings: An Assessment of the Environmental and Socio-Economic Sustainability

by Hossam A. Gabbar and A. Ramadan

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020656 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2382

Abstract

Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and [...] Read more.

Developing a green energy strategy for municipalities requires creating a framework to support the local production, storage, and use of renewable energy and green hydrogen. This framework should cover essential components for small-scale applications, including energy sources, infrastructure, potential uses, policy backing, and collaborative partnerships. It is deployed as a small-scale renewable and green hydrogen unit in a municipality or building demands meticulous planning and considering multiple elements. Municipality can promote renewable energy and green hydrogen by adopting policies such as providing financial incentives like property tax reductions, grants, and subsidies for solar, wind, and hydrogen initiatives. They can also streamline approval processes for renewable energy installations, invest in hydrogen refueling stations and community energy projects, and collaborate with provinces and neighboring municipalities to develop hydrogen corridors and large-scale renewable projects. Renewable energy and clean hydrogen have significant potential to enhance sustainability in the transportation, building, and mining sectors by replacing fossil fuels. In Canada, where heating accounts for 80% of building energy use, blending hydrogen with LPG can reduce emissions. This study proposes a comprehensive approach integrating renewable energy and green hydrogen to support small-scale applications. The study examines many scenarios in a building as a case study, focusing on economic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission impacts. The optimum scenario uses a hybrid renewable energy system to meet two distinct electrical needs, with 53% designated for lighting and 10% for equipment with annual saving CAD$ 87,026.33. The second scenario explores utilizing a hydrogen-LPG blend as fuel for thermal loads, covering 40% and 60% of the total demand, respectively. This approach reduces greenhouse gas emissions from 540 to 324 tCO₂/year, resulting in an annual savings of CAD$ 251,406. This innovative approach demonstrates the transformative potential of renewable energy and green hydrogen in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability across sectors, including transportation, buildings, and mining. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Integration and Application in Buildings for Carbon Neutrality 2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1502 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The U.S. Biodiesel Outlook: A Pathway Toward Sustainability

by Deepayan Debnath, Jarrett Whistance and Wyatt Thompson

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 689; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020689 - 16 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1380

Abstract

Policies to support renewable fuels are associated with economic and environmental sustainability in the United States and relate to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Consequently, these fuels have been subject to scientific scrutiny and public debate; however, new developments in biomass-based diesel [...] Read more.

Policies to support renewable fuels are associated with economic and environmental sustainability in the United States and relate to the United Nations’ sustainable development goals. Consequently, these fuels have been subject to scientific scrutiny and public debate; however, new developments in biomass-based diesel can overturn past understandings and create new trends and questions. An applied economic model of these fuels, their feedstocks, and related markets is used to project volumes and associated GHG emissions into the medium-term future. Results suggest a growing use of renewable diesel that directly displaces diesel and some recovery in biodiesel use, a near-substitute fuel. Yellow grease (used cooking oil)-based feedstock usage rises, while soybean and similar oil use remain stable. The expansion of renewable diesel made from yellow grease is associated with lower GHG emissions given the regulatory settings, but these projections also raise questions about the implications for environmental and economic sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy: Addressing Issues Related to Renewable Energy)

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19 pages, 5877 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Assessing the Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of Harvested Wood Products in Romania and Their Contribution to Achieving Climate Neutrality

by Cosmin Ion Braga, Stefan Petrea, Alexandru Zaharia, Alexandru Bogdan Cucu, Tibor Serban, Gruita Ienasoiu and Gheorghe Raul Radu

Sustainability 2025, 17(2), 640; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17020640 - 15 Jan 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1033

Abstract

Forests mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by capturing CO₂ and storing it as carbon in various forms, including living biomass, dead wood, soil, and forest litter. Importantly, when trees are harvested, a portion of the above-ground biomass is converted into harvested wood products [...] Read more.

Forests mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by capturing CO₂ and storing it as carbon in various forms, including living biomass, dead wood, soil, and forest litter. Importantly, when trees are harvested, a portion of the above-ground biomass is converted into harvested wood products (HWPs), which can retain carbon for decades. With approximately 7 million hectares of forest (30% of its land area), Romania significantly contributes to the country’s carbon budget through the HWP pool. Using country-specific data from 1961 to 2022 and an IPCC method, we tracked HWP carbon storage and projected future scenarios to evaluate the category’s significance in achieving the 2050 climate target. During this period, the carbon stored in Romanian HWPs more than doubled from 28.20 TgC to 60.76 TgC, with sawnwood products as major contributors. Fluctuations were influenced by domestic policies, market dynamics, and industry changes, notably after the 1990s. Annual carbon inflow dipped to 0.65 TgC in 1994 and peaked at 2.54 TgC in 2013. By analyzing the scenarios, we demonstrated that a moderate growth trajectory in carbon inflow, combined with a focus on producing long-lived wood products, could double carbon stock changes by 2050 to 4.4 TgC—roughly 4% of the country’s current total emissions excluding the LULUCF sector. Additionally, based on sustainable forest management practices in Romania, this approach would significantly enhance the carbon pool and its importance in achieving the country’s climate policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Forestry for a Sustainable Future)

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