Sustainability

Research

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19 pages, 19236 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Alternative to Perchlorate-Based Propellants via Use of Foaming Strategies: Case Study of Porous Solid Rocket Propellants Based on Ammonium Nitrate

by Kinga Janowska, Sylwia Waśkiewicz, Marcin Procek, Lukasz Hawelek, Piotr Prasuła, Agnieszka Stolarczyk and Tomasz Jarosz

Sustainability 2026, 18(7), 3247; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18073247 - 26 Mar 2026

Viewed by 650

Abstract

This study investigates how porous structure formation influences the properties and safety characteristics of composite rocket propellants. Particular attention was given to approaches that may support more sustainable propellant formulations and processing methods. The work compares the efficiency of different sample-structuring and foaming [...] Read more.

This study investigates how porous structure formation influences the properties and safety characteristics of composite rocket propellants. Particular attention was given to approaches that may support more sustainable propellant formulations and processing methods. The work compares the efficiency of different sample-structuring and foaming methods, including a chemical foaming strategy based on two ammonium salts. Additionally, it evaluates the feasibility of generating porosity in propellants containing glycidyl azide polymer through the retention of a low-boiling solvent, remaining from synthesis. This approach is expected to reduce the number of processing steps and simplify them, translating into lessened environmental impact. Propellants incorporating this polymer were found to exhibit consistent low-level porosity and improved performance compared to other ammonium nitrate-based propellants, constituting a potential sustainable alternative to perchlorate-based propellants. The investigation encompassed decomposition kinetics (including decomposition activation energy), combustion product analysis, and exploratory nitrogen porosimetry. From a sustainability perspective, the investigated approach addresses key limitations of perchlorate-based propellants by eliminating chlorine-containing oxidising agents and reducing the need for auxiliary chemicals. In particular, the physical foaming strategy enables pore formation using residual solvent, which is already present in the system, supporting waste minimisation and inherently safer processing. These aspects are discussed in the context of selected principles of Green Chemistry and fundamental properties–sustainability trade-offs. Overall, the results highlight how foaming method selection affects not only propellant behaviour but also opportunities for more resource-efficient and environmentally conscious manufacturing routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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24 pages, 3402 KB

Open AccessArticle

Environmental and Mechanical Trade-Off Optimization of Waste-Derived Concrete Using Surrogate Modeling and Pareto Analysis

by Robert Haigh

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1119; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021119 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Concrete production contributes approximately 4–8% of global cardon dioxide emissions, largely due to Portland cement. Incorporating municipal solid waste (MSW) into concrete offers a pathway to reduce cement demand while supporting circular economy objectives. This study evaluates the mechanical performance, environmental impacts, and [...] Read more.

Concrete production contributes approximately 4–8% of global cardon dioxide emissions, largely due to Portland cement. Incorporating municipal solid waste (MSW) into concrete offers a pathway to reduce cement demand while supporting circular economy objectives. This study evaluates the mechanical performance, environmental impacts, and optimization potential of concrete incorporating three MSW-derived materials: cardboard kraft fibers (KFs), recycled high-density polyethylene (HDPE), and textile fibers. A maximum 10% cement replacement strategy was adopted. Compressive strength was assessed at 7, 14, and 28 days, and a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted using OpenLCA to quantify global warming potential (GWP100) and other midpoint impacts. A surrogate-based optimization implemented using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) was applied to minimize cost and GWP while enforcing compressive strength as a feasibility constraint. The results show that fiber-based wastes significantly reduce embodied carbon, with KF achieving the largest GWP reduction (19%) and textile waste achieving moderate reductions (10%) relative to the control. HDPE-modified concrete exhibited near-control mechanical performance but increased GWP and fossil depletion due to polymer processing burdens. The optimization results revealed well-defined Pareto trade-offs for KF and textile concretes, identifying clear compromise solutions between cost and emissions, while HDPE was consistently dominated. Overall, textile waste emerged as the most balanced option, offering favorable environmental gains with minimal cost and acceptable mechanical performance. The integrated LCA optimization framework demonstrates a robust approach for evaluating MSW-derived concrete and supports evidence-based decision-making toward low-carbon, circular construction materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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29 pages, 8758 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Combined Effect of Magnetized Water and Bacillus megaterium on the Strength, Microstructure, and Self-Healing Efficiency of Sustainable Concrete Under Different Environmental Curing Regimes

by Seleem S. E. Ahmad, Esraa A. Nassar, Mahmoud A. Abdallah, El-Shikh M. Yousry, Ahmed A. Elshami and Yasmine Elmenshawy

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18021021 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 464

Abstract

This study presents an innovative approach by combining magnetized water (MW) with Bacillus megaterium to improve the sustainability of concrete under various curing conditions. These enhancements contribute directly to reduced cement use and improved durability, both essential factors in sustainable construction. An experimental [...] Read more.

This study presents an innovative approach by combining magnetized water (MW) with Bacillus megaterium to improve the sustainability of concrete under various curing conditions. These enhancements contribute directly to reduced cement use and improved durability, both essential factors in sustainable construction. An experimental program with 27 distinct mixes analyzed variables such as the type of water (tap water/TW and two magnetization sequences/MW1 and MW2), bacterial dosage (0%, 2.5%, and 5% relative to cement weight), and curing methods (traditional water curing/C1, thermal shock/C2, freeze–thaw/C3). The primary discovery is a synergistic relationship between MW and bacteria: the MW1 treatment (1.5 T followed by 0.9 T) paired with a 2.5% bacterial dosage significantly improved the mechanical and self-healing properties of the concrete. This combination led to significant improvements in workability and compressive strength, achieving an increase of as much as 46.5% compared to the control. There was also an impressive recovery of strength in pre-cracked specimens, particularly under thermal shock curing (C2), where some healed cubes exceeded the strength of the uncracked ones. On the other hand, a 5% bacterial dosage was less effective, often resulting in reduced returns due to variations in microstructure. SEM and XRD analyses confirmed a more compact matrix and increased calcite precipitation with 2.5% bacteria, illustrating the combined effects of microbial activity and microwave treatment for sustainable concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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33 pages, 11044 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Sustained Environmental Performances of Nature-Based Solutions in Urban Environments: The Case Study of the UPPER Project (Latina, Italy)

by Riccardo Gasbarrone, Giuseppe Bonifazi and Silvia Serranti

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 864; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020864 - 14 Jan 2026

Viewed by 429

Abstract

This follow-up study investigates the long-term environmental sustainability and remediation outcomes of the UPPER (‘Urban Productive Parks for Sustainable Urban Regeneration’-UIA04-252) project in Latina, Italy, focusing on Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) applied to urban green infrastructure. By integrating proximal and satellite-based remote sensing methodologies, [...] Read more.

This follow-up study investigates the long-term environmental sustainability and remediation outcomes of the UPPER (‘Urban Productive Parks for Sustainable Urban Regeneration’-UIA04-252) project in Latina, Italy, focusing on Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) applied to urban green infrastructure. By integrating proximal and satellite-based remote sensing methodologies, the research evaluates persistent improvements in vegetation health, soil moisture dynamics, and overall environmental quality over multiple years. Building upon the initial monitoring framework, this case study incorporates updated data and refined techniques to quantify temporal changes and assess the ecological performance of NbS interventions. In more detail, ground-based data from meteo-climatic, air quality stations and remote satellite data from the Sentinel-2 mission are adopted. Ground-based measurements such as temperature, humidity, radiation, rainfall intensity, PM10 and PM2.5 are carried out to monitor the overall environmental quality. Updated satellite imagery from Sentinel-2 is analyzed using advanced band ratio indices, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI). Comparative temporal analysis revealed consistent enhancements in vegetation health, with NDVI values significantly exceeding baseline levels (NDVI 2022–2024: +0.096, p = 0.024), demonstrating successful vegetation establishment with larger gains in green areas (+27.0%) than parking retrofits (+11.4%, p = 0.041). However, concurrent NDWI decline (−0.066, p = 0.063) indicates increased vegetation water stress despite irrigation infrastructure. NDMI improvements (+0.098, p = 0.016) suggest physiological adaptation through stomatal regulation. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of meteo-climatic variables reveals temperature as the dominant environmental driver (PC2 loadings > 0.8), with municipality-wide NDVI-temperature correlations of r = −0.87. These multi-scale findings validate sustained NbS effectiveness in enhancing vegetation density and ecosystem services, yet simultaneously expose critical water-limitation trade-offs in Mediterranean semi-arid contexts, necessitating adaptive irrigation management and continued monitoring for long-term urban climate resilience. The integrated monitoring approach underscores the critical role of continuous, multi-scale assessment in ensuring long-term success and adaptive management of NbS-based interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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17 pages, 1875 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Blasting Scenarios for In-Pit Ramp Construction on the Fumes Emission

by Michał Dudek, Michał Dworzak and Andrzej Biessikirski

Sustainability 2026, 18(2), 633; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18020633 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 447

Abstract

Blasting operations associated with in-pit ramp construction in open-pit mines generate gaseous emissions originating from both explosive detonation and diesel-powered drilling and loading equipment. The research object of this study is the ramp construction process in an operating open-pit quarry, and the objective [...] Read more.

Blasting operations associated with in-pit ramp construction in open-pit mines generate gaseous emissions originating from both explosive detonation and diesel-powered drilling and loading equipment. The research object of this study is the ramp construction process in an operating open-pit quarry, and the objective is to comparatively evaluate gaseous emissions across alternative blasting scenarios to support emission-aware operational decision-making. Five realistic blasting scenarios are assessed using a combined methodology that integrates laboratory fume index data for ANFO, emulsion explosives, and dynamite with diesel-emission estimates derived from non-road mobile machinery inventory factors. Laboratory detonation tests provide standardized upper-bound emission potentials for CO_x and NO_x, while drilling and loading emissions are quantified using a fuel-based inventory approach. The results show that the dominant contribution to total mass emissions arises from diesel combustion during drilling and loading, consistent with studies on real-world non-road mobile machinery inventory factors. Detonation fumes, although chemically concentrated and relevant for short-term exposure risk, represent a smaller share of the mass-based emission budget. Among the explosive types, bulk emulsions consistently exhibit lower toxic-gas emission indices than ANFO, attributable to their more uniform microstructure and a moderated reaction temperature. Dynamite demonstrates the lowest fume potential but is operationally less scalable for large open-pit patterns due to manual loading. Uncertainty analysis indicates that both laboratory-derived fume indices and diesel emission factors introduce systematic variability: laboratory tests tend to overestimate detonation fumes, while inventory-based diesel estimates may underestimate real-world NO_x and particulate emissions. Notwithstanding these limitations, the scenario-based framework developed here provides a robust basis for comparative evaluation of blasting strategies during ramp construction. The findings support increased use of emulsion explosives and emphasize the importance of moisture management, field-integrated gas monitoring, and improved characterization of diesel-equipment duty cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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23 pages, 1928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Using Differentiated Waste Fees to Encourage the Sustainable Recycling of Organic Waste

by Henning Friege and Maike Hentschel

Sustainability 2026, 18(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18010052 - 19 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1081

Abstract

The valorisation of household and commercial bio-waste into soil improvers helps to reduce disposable waste, mitigate climate change, and improve soil resilience. While the separate collection of bio-waste is mandatory in the European Union, this remains a challenging task, particularly for large cities, [...] Read more.

The valorisation of household and commercial bio-waste into soil improvers helps to reduce disposable waste, mitigate climate change, and improve soil resilience. While the separate collection of bio-waste is mandatory in the European Union, this remains a challenging task, particularly for large cities, due to quality problems in densely populated areas. In addition to various informational and motivational tools for households, financial incentives are becoming increasingly important. However, there is a lack of robust evidence regarding the optimal use of these incentives and their impact on the quantity and quality of collected bio-waste. We investigated the impact of different charging systems on the quantity and quality of bio-waste, basing our research on the experiences of more than twenty European cities and using a detailed questionnaire completed by the relevant administrators. The results confirm that cities, which provide financial incentives for waste sorting, yield a higher quantity of separated bio-waste. As introducing tiered fees can lead to quality issues, monitoring bio-waste and taking action against polluters seems to be unavoidable. Since the identification of polluters is very difficult in the case of multi-family homes, the results are discussed with a special focus on densely populated cities. Pilot projects for alternative options for the valorisation of organic waste, particularly in districts with high-rise buildings, should be evaluated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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18 pages, 4153 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Objective Optimization of Fatigue Performance in FDM-Printed PLA Biopolymer Using Grey Relational Method

by Ivan Peko, Nikša Čatipović, Karla Antunović and Petar Ljumović

Sustainability 2025, 17(24), 10902; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172410902 - 5 Dec 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 635

Abstract

This study focuses on improving the fatigue strength and overall performance of sustainable biopolymer polylactic acid (PLA) components manufactured via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing process. PLA, as a biodegradable and renewable polymer derived from natural resources, represents a promising alternative to [...] Read more.

This study focuses on improving the fatigue strength and overall performance of sustainable biopolymer polylactic acid (PLA) components manufactured via Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive manufacturing process. PLA, as a biodegradable and renewable polymer derived from natural resources, represents a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics in engineering and research applications. The influence of key FDM process parameters—layer height, infill density, and number of perimeters—on critical performance indicators such as filament consumption, printing time, and fatigue strength (number of cycles to failure) was systematically analyzed using the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. Subsequently, Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) was applied as a multi-objective optimization technique to identify the parameter settings that achieve an optimal balance between mechanical durability and resource efficiency. The obtained results demonstrate that a proper combination of process parameters can significantly enhance the mechanical reliability and sustainability profile of FDM-printed PLA parts, contributing to the broader adoption of eco-friendly materials in additive manufacturing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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19 pages, 5398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Activated Carbon from Selected Wood-Based Waste Materials

by Małgorzata Kajda-Szcześniak, Anna Mainka, Waldemar Ścierski, Mirosława Pawlyta, Dariusz Łukowiec, Krzysztof Matus, Kalina Turyła, Daniel Lot, Weronika Barańska and Anna Jabłońska

Sustainability 2025, 17(7), 2995; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17072995 - 27 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1618

Abstract

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the circular economy can address the growing challenge of managing wood-based waste in the context of sustainability. This research explores pyrolysis as an effective method for converting wood-based waste, i.e., bamboo flooring (BF) and high-density fiberboard floor panels [...] Read more.

Extended producer responsibility (EPR) and the circular economy can address the growing challenge of managing wood-based waste in the context of sustainability. This research explores pyrolysis as an effective method for converting wood-based waste, i.e., bamboo flooring (BF) and high-density fiberboard floor panels (HDF), into valuable products, particularly char. Char samples were activated through two distinct methods: (1) thermal activation at 700 and 850 °C and (2) chemical activation with KOH. Analytical techniques, including elemental and heavy metals analysis, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM were used to assess the chemical composition and surface characteristics of the produced chars. Elemental analysis showed a notable rise in the amount of carbon to 81% and 75% in BF and HDF, respectively. The nitrogen content was relatively high in HDF at 5.12%. Heavy metals analysis revealed total metal contents ranging from 3632 to 9494 ppm in BF chars and 1717 to 7426 ppm in HDF chars. Raman spectra exhibited characteristic D and G bands, with I_D/I_G ratios of 0.83 for BF and 0.85 for HDF after activation. SEM and TEM analyses revealed heterogeneous porous structures with dominant carbon elements. The high carbon content, low toxicity, and advantageous elemental composition of the chars make them suitable for environmental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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12 pages, 1232 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of the Type of Energetic Material on the Fume Emission in Open-Pit Mining

by Andrzej Biessikirski, Michał Dworzak, Mateusz Pytlik and Sonia Nachlik

Sustainability 2025, 17(5), 2075; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17052075 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2338

Abstract

This study examines the fume emissions from various energetic materials utilized in open-pit mining, emphasizing the influence of chemical composition on their environmental impact. The analysis of fume emissions based on data from an open-pit mine reveals that the annual consumption of approximately [...] Read more.

This study examines the fume emissions from various energetic materials utilized in open-pit mining, emphasizing the influence of chemical composition on their environmental impact. The analysis of fume emissions based on data from an open-pit mine reveals that the annual consumption of approximately 89.7 tons of ANFO, 121.4 tons of emulsion, or 137.8 tons of dynamite can result in total CO_x and NO_x emissions ranging between 16,432.88 and 21,834.07 m³. The use of TNT boosters in ANFO and emulsion energetic material further amplified emissions; however, substituting TNT with dynamite for priming achieved a notable reduction in overall fumes by approximately 9–9.5%, depending on the energetic material used. The scale effect of energetic material mass highlighted the importance of optimized formulations for large-scale blasting. A three-year predictive model indicated fluctuations in energetic material demand, with reductions anticipated as deposits deplete. The result of this study offers pathways for reducing emissions and process optimization, particularly in large-scale mining operations, where the blasting technique is the major extraction method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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24 pages, 2724 KB

Open AccessArticle

Indium Phosphide Semiconductor Technology for Next-Generation Communication Systems: Sustainability and Material Considerations

by Léa Roulleau, Laura Vauche, Didier Marsan, Hervé Boutry, Léo Colas, Jean-Baptiste Doré, Alexis Divay and Léa Di Cioccio

Sustainability 2025, 17(3), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031339 - 6 Feb 2025

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 5909

Abstract

Indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor technology is being explored for radiofrequency (RF) applications, targeting frequencies exceeding 100 GHz, to support the next generation of 6G communication systems. When taking into account sustainability in designing this future generation, growing concerns are emerging regarding the environmental [...] Read more.

Indium phosphide (InP) semiconductor technology is being explored for radiofrequency (RF) applications, targeting frequencies exceeding 100 GHz, to support the next generation of 6G communication systems. When taking into account sustainability in designing this future generation, growing concerns are emerging regarding the environmental impact of communication networks and the reliance on raw materials for the production of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). The extraction, processing, and manufacturing of such materials and semiconductor technologies result in environmental impacts, but these impacts remain insufficiently documented. Firstly, this study evaluates the environmental impacts of manufacturing indium phosphide (InP) wafers based on industrial data and those of InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) based on early-stage research data. Secondly, this study attempts to highlight the challenges posed by the increasing demand for high-tech solutions, involving raw materials, by evaluating the potential demand for indium for RF 6G applications, with a deployment scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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17 pages, 2023 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Energetic Materials from Obsolete Military Ammunition Through Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): A Circular Economy Approach to Environmental Impact Reduction

by Andrzej Maranda, Leszek Wachowski, Bożena Kukfisz, Dorota Markowska and Józef Paszula

Sustainability 2025, 17(1), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17010346 - 5 Jan 2025

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3636

Abstract

Military ammunition and derivative materials that have reached the end of their service life are classified as hazardous waste due to the presence of explosives, necessitating proper decommissioning. Valorization of such materials through the reuse of energetic components offers a sustainable alternative, aligning [...] Read more.

Military ammunition and derivative materials that have reached the end of their service life are classified as hazardous waste due to the presence of explosives, necessitating proper decommissioning. Valorization of such materials through the reuse of energetic components offers a sustainable alternative, aligning with circular economy principles. This study aims to assess the environmental impact of civilian emulsion explosives (EEs) formulated with nitrocellulose powder derived from recycled ammunition, comparing these findings to traditional EEs and EEs containing standard nitrocellulose powder. The Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) was performed using the CML Baseline v3.07 methodology combined with the Ecoinvent 3.8 database, utilizing inventory data obtained from Polish sources. The results indicate that incorporating nitrocellulose powder into conventional EEs increases the overall environmental impact by 4.5%, while utilizing recycled nitrocellulose powder reduces the impact by 4.99%. This highlights the environmental benefits of recycling energetic materials for use in civilian applications, as it not only reduces hazardous waste and reliance on virgin materials but also supports the principles of the circular economy. By closing the loop on material use, this approach promotes environmental sustainability and resource efficiency, aligning with broader goals of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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Review

Jump to: Research

46 pages, 9507 KB

Open AccessReview

Recycled Cellulosic Natural Fibers and Their Reinforced Polymer Composites: Processing Methods, Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

by Mulat Alubel Abtew, Esubalew Kasaw Gebeyehu, Bekinew Kitaw Dejene and Desalegn Atalie

Sustainability 2026, 18(5), 2500; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18052500 - 4 Mar 2026

Viewed by 1130

Abstract

Recycled cellulosic fiber (RCF) composites offer significant potential to reduce environmental burdens associated with virgin fiber production; however, their broader adoption remains limited by feedstock variability, recycling-induced degradation, and uncertainty regarding long-term performance. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in RCF composites using [...] Read more.

Recycled cellulosic fiber (RCF) composites offer significant potential to reduce environmental burdens associated with virgin fiber production; however, their broader adoption remains limited by feedstock variability, recycling-induced degradation, and uncertainty regarding long-term performance. This review critically synthesizes recent advances in RCF composites using a structure–processing–performance–sustainability framework, treating recycled fibers as secondary materials with distinct morphological, chemical, and mechanical characteristics rather than direct substitutes for virgin reinforcements. Emphasis is placed on the effects of fiber shortening, surface damage, moisture sensitivity, and altered surface chemistry on interfacial adhesion, load transfer efficiency, durability, and failure mechanisms. The analysis reveals that many reported performance discrepancies arise from poorly defined structure–property relationships and the absence of standardized characterization, grading, and durability testing protocols for recycled fibers. Addressing these gaps enables more reliable predictive modeling and application-specific material design. Beyond mechanical behavior, the review evaluates various critical factors for integration into higher-value applications such as durability under realistic service conditions, including environmental aging, fire performance, and long-term stability. Emerging strategies such as hybrid reinforcement, environmentally benign surface functionalization, smart functionalities, and recyclable or bio-based matrices are assessed for their potential to enhance multifunctionality and circularity. Overall, the findings indicate that RCF composites can meaningfully contribute to circular material systems if materials design, performance validation, and life-cycle assessment are integrated systematically. Advancing standardized evaluation and aligning materials innovation with circular economy principles are essential to transition RCF composites from downcycled applications to reliable, performance-oriented components in sustainable engineering systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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18 pages, 1501 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Biopolymers: A Comprehensive Review Towards a Circular Economy

by Elizabeth Hernández-Hernández, Fabiola Sandoval-Salas, Carlos Méndez-Carreto, Daniela Ruiz-Sandoval, Christell Barrales-Fernández and Francisco Hernández-Quinto

Sustainability 2026, 18(4), 1983; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18041983 - 14 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 913

Abstract

Biopolymers can be derived from biological sources, including protein blends with plasticizers, starch, enzymatic synthesis, microorganisms, and algae. They are classified into polynucleotides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, and thermoplastic starch. Blending polymers with plasticizers and nanoparticles enhances their mechanical, thermal, [...] Read more.

Biopolymers can be derived from biological sources, including protein blends with plasticizers, starch, enzymatic synthesis, microorganisms, and algae. They are classified into polynucleotides, polysaccharides, and polypeptides, including polyhydroxyalkanoates, polylactic acid, and thermoplastic starch. Blending polymers with plasticizers and nanoparticles enhances their mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties. Biopolymers have various applications, such as in packaging, textiles, medical devices, cosmetics, agriculture, food products, emulsifiers, construction additives, bioplastics, and biofuels. Some of the advantages of biopolymers include their biodegradability, use of renewable resources, and reduced environmental impact. Nevertheless, certain disadvantages persist, such as high production costs, inadequate waste management systems, material quality loss during recycling, and the limited availability of raw materials. In this context, castor oil has emerged as a promising raw material for biopolymer production, with notable applications in coatings and sealants, and, consequently, bioplastics have become a sustainable and feasible alternative to conventional plastics that aligns with the principles of the circular economy. Moreover, new biopolymers are constantly being developed, and innovative applications are increasingly being explored across industries. The aim of the present review is to analyze the potential of biopolymers as sustainable alternatives to conventional plastics by evaluating their sources, production methods, advantages, limitations, and applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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62 pages, 5142 KB

Open AccessReview

Nanocellulose-Based Sustainable Composites for Advanced Flexible Functional Devices: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

by Abdella Simegnaw Ahmmed, Melkie Getnet Tadesse, Mulat Alubel Abtew and Manuela Bräuning

Sustainability 2026, 18(3), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/su18031511 - 2 Feb 2026

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1593

Abstract

Nanocellulose, a biodegradable and renewable nanomaterial derived from biomass, has emerged as a promising sustainable building block for flexible functional devices due to its renewability, low density, excellent mechanical strength, tunable surface chemistry, and outstanding film-forming capability. This paper provides a critical review [...] Read more.

Nanocellulose, a biodegradable and renewable nanomaterial derived from biomass, has emerged as a promising sustainable building block for flexible functional devices due to its renewability, low density, excellent mechanical strength, tunable surface chemistry, and outstanding film-forming capability. This paper provides a critical review of the evaluations and synthesis of recent progress in the manufacturing, functionalization, and incorporation of nanocellulose and its composite materials for electronic devices and electrical systems applications. The paper also highlights the contributions of nanocellulose to performance, durability, and environmental sustainability, along with its potential uses in flexible electrical equipment, energy storage devices, sensors, and conductive components. Furthermore, the review examines the combined effects of nanocellulose with metallic nanoparticles, carbon-based materials, and polymers in developing superior electrically conductive composites. In addition, the article highlights research gaps and suggests future directions for advancing sustainable, high-performance conductive materials. Finally, the paper critically analyzes key challenges such as reliability, interface compatibility, and long-term stability, and proposes strategies to address these limitations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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44 pages, 2549 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Natural Clay in Geopolymer Concrete: A Sustainable Alternative Pozzolanic Material for Future Green Construction—A Comprehensive Review

by Md Toriqule Islam, Bidur Kafle and Riyadh Al-Ameri

Sustainability 2025, 17(22), 10180; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172210180 - 13 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3822

Abstract

The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process is highly resource-intensive and contributes to over 5% of global CO₂ emissions, thereby contributing to global warming. In this context, researchers are increasingly adopting geopolymers concrete due to their environmentally friendly production process. For decades, [...] Read more.

The ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process is highly resource-intensive and contributes to over 5% of global CO₂ emissions, thereby contributing to global warming. In this context, researchers are increasingly adopting geopolymers concrete due to their environmentally friendly production process. For decades, industrial byproducts such as fly ash, ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, and silica fume have been used as the primary binders for geopolymer concrete (GPC). However, due to uneven distribution and the decline of coal-fired power stations to meet carbon-neutrality targets, these binders may not be able to meet future demand. The UK intends to shut down coal power stations by 2025, while the EU projects an 83% drop in coal-generated electricity by 2030, resulting in a significant decrease in fly ash supply. Like fly ash, slag, and silica fume, natural clays are also abundant sources of silica, alumina, and other essential chemicals for geopolymer binders. Hence, natural clays possess good potential to replace these industrial byproducts. Recent research indicates that locally available clay has strong potential as a pozzolanic material when treated appropriately. This review article represents a comprehensive overview of the various treatment methods for different types of clays, their impacts on the fresh and hardened properties of geopolymer concrete by analysing the experimental datasets, including 1:1 clays, such as Kaolin and Halloysite, and 2:1 clays, such as Illite, Bentonite, Palygorskite, and Sepiolite. Furthermore, this review article summarises the most recent geopolymer-based prediction models for strength properties and their accuracy in overcoming the expense and time required for laboratory-based tests. This review article shows that the inclusion of clay reduces concrete workability because it increases water demand. However, workability can be maintained by incorporating a superplasticiser. Calcination and mechanical grinding of clay significantly enhance its pozzolanic reactivity, thereby improving its mechanical performance. Current research indicates that replacing 20% of calcined Kaolin with fly ash increases compressive strength by up to 18%. Additionally, up to 20% replacement of calcined or mechanically activated clay improved the durability and microstructural performance. The prediction-based models, such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Multi Expression Programming (MEP), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Bagging Regressor (BR), showed good accuracy in predicting the compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus. The incorporation of clay in geopolymer concrete reduces reliance on industrial byproducts and fosters more sustainable production practices, thereby contributing to the development of a more sustainable built environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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49 pages, 6371 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Sustainable Lithium Processing in Renewable Energy Development: A Comprehensive Review and the Potential of Kazakhstan Deposits

by Daulet Sagzhanov, Labone L. Godirilwe, Batnasan Altansukh, Yasushi Takasaki and Atsushi Shibayama

Sustainability 2025, 17(13), 5903; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135903 - 26 Jun 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4227

Abstract

Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability [...] Read more.

Lithium, a critical element for clean energy and modern technologies, plays an indispensable role in advancing renewable energy storage, electric vehicles, and high-tech industries. The rapidly growing demand for lithium, along with its limited global production, has led to concerns about the sustainability of current extraction and processing technologies for efficient lithium recovery. This comprehensive review explores global trends in lithium processing, focusing on spodumene beneficiation and extraction techniques. While highlighting well-established conventional processes, such as dense media separation (DMS), flotation, high-temperature roasting, and acid or alkali treatment, it underscores the environmental and economic challenges of these processes, particularly when applied to low-grade lithium ores, which are increasingly being targeted to meet lithium demand. Innovative methods, such as microwave irradiation, are also explored for their potential to improve process efficiency, reduce energy consumption, and minimize environmental impact, offering promising pathways to overcome the limitations of traditional lithium recovery techniques. A significant contribution of this review is its focus on the largely untapped lithium resources of Kazakhstan, presenting geological insights and the potential for sustainable development. By addressing knowledge gaps and integrating technological, eco-friendly, and regional development perspectives, this study provides valuable insights for advancing lithium processing toward more sustainable and circular practices aligned with global climate and resource efficiency goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Materials and Technologies for Environmental Sustainability)

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