Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Expert Consultation and Data Collection
2.2. Qualitative Analysis and Framework Synthesis
2.3. Selection of the Pilot Community, Reșița’s Marginalized Urban Areas
2.4. Framework Deployment Plan
2.5. Community Survey Design and Administration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Challenges in Waste Management for Marginalized Urban Areas (Expert Perspectives)
3.2. Potential Strategies for Mitigating the Challenges (Expert Proposed Solutions)
3.3. Development of the Integrated Waste Management Framework
3.4. Case Study in Reșița’s MUAs
3.4.1. Overview of Reșița’s Marginalized Areas
3.4.2. Initial Site Observations
3.4.3. Stakeholder Mapping
3.4.4. Analysis of Survey Responses in Reșița
3.5. Framework Deployment Matrix
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Profile | Number | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Environmental scientists and engineers | 8 | 22% |
Sanitation operators | 7 | 19% |
Urban planners and architects | 6 | 16% |
Waste management practitioners and consultants | 9 | 24% |
Public policy makers and authorities’ representatives | 4 | 11% |
Academics and researchers | 3 | 8% |
Factors | Questions |
---|---|
Socio-demographics | We asked respondents about their age, gender, ethnicity, and housing status (owner, tenant, or informal occupant) to contextualize the data and check representation across community sub-groups. |
Current waste practices | Questions in this section inquired how households typically dispose of their waste (e.g., use municipal collection, dump it in an open area, burn it, etc.), whether they separate any materials for recycling or reuse, and if they engage in informal waste-related activities (like collecting scrap metal or using waste as fuel). We included specific yes/no and multiple-choice questions, such as “Do you burn household waste (plastic, paper, etc.)?” and “Where do you mostly put your garbage?” |
Knowledge and awareness | To assess residents’ familiarity with waste management concepts, we asked whether they had heard of terms like composting, recycling, or seen any local campaigns about waste. One question was, “Have you heard of composting as a way to manage organic waste? If yes, do you practice it?” to estimate both awareness and adoption. |
Attitudes and willingness | We presented scenarios to measure willingness to participate in improvement efforts. For instance, “Would you be willing to join community clean-up actions in your area?” (Yes/No/Maybe), and “How interested are you in attending workshops on waste reduction and recycling?” We also asked about willingness to separate waste if provided with the necessary resources, and preferences for incentives (e.g., lower fees) to encourage participation. |
Perceived priorities and issues | An open-ended question and a checklist were used to learn what residents see as the biggest waste problem in their area (options included infrequent collection, insufficient bins, illegal dumping, health problems, etc.) and what improvements they most want to see (e.g., “more frequent trash pickup”, “free dumpsters provided”, “stricter enforcement against littering”, etc.). |
Engagement with authorities | We asked if residents were aware of any ongoing initiatives by the city or NGOs to improve cleanliness and if they had ever reported a waste issue or contacted authorities about it. |
Challenge Area | Summary of Experts’ Insights |
---|---|
Behavior and environment | Experts emphasized that the absence of regular waste collection and clean public spaces negatively influences resident behavior and community morale. As one expert noted, “visible cleanliness can reinforce positive behaviors and community pride”. This insight aligns with the existing literature demonstrating the correlation between environmental cues and pro-environmental behavior [39,40]. |
Illegal dumping | Illegal dumping was unanimously identified as a major concern, particularly in areas with absent or irregular waste collection. Experts described how open dumping contributes to soil and water pollution and attracts vermin. These concerns corroborate the findings of [41], which identify service deficits as predictors of illicit disposal practices. |
Budgetary constraints and technical gaps | Several experts highlighted that financial limitations and insufficient technical capacity hinder municipalities from extending formal services to marginalized zones. An expert observed, “Even when funds exist, there may be insufficient know-how to design inclusive systems”. These insights are echoed in equity-focused urban planning research [42]. |
Social responsibility and health | A recurring theme was the societal obligation to protect environmental health. Experts advocated for shared responsibility and educational outreach to support behavioral change, consistent with the findings in [43]. |
Community education and awareness of WM practices | Low levels of environmental awareness were identified as a core barrier. Experts emphasized the role of informal educators (e.g., teachers, community health workers) in increasing waste literacy. This view is supported by empirical studies on localized educational strategies [44,45,46]. |
Social stigmatization and exclusion | Experts underscored that unmanaged waste exacerbates social stigma and perpetuates exclusion. One planner described this as “garbage becoming part of the identity imposed on these communities”. Such dynamics are explored in depth by the authors of [47]. |
Poverty and specific local challenges | Economic difficulties and insecure tenure were described as key obstacles to accessing waste services. Informal recycling was noted as both a survival strategy and a gap in policy integration. These observations mirror findings in sustainability studies focused on rural and under-resourced settings [48]. |
Waste as a resource in the circular economy | Experts linked improved waste practices to reductions in methane emissions and enhanced material recovery, particularly in underserved areas. These views reflect circular economy strategies with climate mitigation co-benefits [48]. |
WM and urban planning | Urban planners stressed the necessity of embedding waste infrastructure from the outset in spatial design. Retrofitting was described as cost-inefficient and often exclusionary. This is consistent with urban planning research advocating for holistic, design-integrated waste systems [49,50]. |
Needs | Findings |
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Related to the provisions of the current legal framework |
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In the field of housing sanitation |
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Regarding sanitation of the areas adjacent to the municipality |
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Phase | Focus Area | Timeline | Lead Actors | Objective |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Stakeholder Mobilization and Framework Adaptation | Months 1–2 | Municipal authorities, NGOs, LAGs, CBOs | Establish governance structure; localize framework through consultations and capacity-building. |
2 | Education and Community Engagement | Months 2–6 | NGOs, CBOs, schools, municipality | Raise awareness of segregation, recycling, and health through tailored campaigns and events. |
3 | Infrastructure Development | Months 3–10 | Municipal departments, private contractors | Install inclusive infrastructure; optimize logistics using GIS, particularly in irregular or high-density urban layouts; support decentralization. |
4 | Policy and Regulatory Implementation | Months 6–12 | Local government, legal advisors | Enact enabling policies, incentivize compliance, and control illegal dumping. |
5 | Urban Integration and Sustainable Planning | Months 6–18 | Urban planning departments, local authorities | Embed waste goals into city planning; enable access and sustainable neighborhood design. This includes allocating space for waste facilities, ensuring truck access, and applying sustainable neighborhood design principles. |
6 | Economic and Institutional Sustainability | Months 8–20 | Economic departments, private sector, NGOs | Develop circular economy models (resource recovery and circular economy opportunities, focusing on compost production, plastic recycling, and upcycled materials); support social enterprises; leverage public–private synergy. Micro-grants or social enterprise models can be used to support local initiatives (e.g., waste pickers’ cooperatives). |
7 | Additional Contextual Measures | Ongoing from Month 6 | NGOs, CBOs, municipality | Adjust operations to local needs (e.g., clean-up events, flexible pickups, feedback loops). These interventions should remain flexible and locally tailored. |
8 | Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning | Months 6–24+ | Municipality, academic partners, CBOs | Establish indicators and feedback systems to track results, refine, and scale interventions. Regular feedback loops with community members should be maintained to refine and adapt implementation strategies. |
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Iacoboaea, C.; Damian, A.; Nenciu, I.; Aldea, M.; Luca, O.; Șercăianu, M.; Neagu, A.; Răuță, E. Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania. Sustainability 2025, 17, 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070
Iacoboaea C, Damian A, Nenciu I, Aldea M, Luca O, Șercăianu M, Neagu A, Răuță E. Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania. Sustainability. 2025; 17(11):5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070
Chicago/Turabian StyleIacoboaea, Cristina, Andrei Damian, Ioana Nenciu, Mihaela Aldea, Oana Luca, Mihai Șercăianu, Ancuța Neagu, and Emanuel Răuță. 2025. "Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania" Sustainability 17, no. 11: 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070
APA StyleIacoboaea, C., Damian, A., Nenciu, I., Aldea, M., Luca, O., Șercăianu, M., Neagu, A., & Răuță, E. (2025). Towards Inclusive Waste Management in Marginalized Urban Areas: An Expert-Guided Framework and Its Pilot in Reșița, Romania. Sustainability, 17(11), 5070. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17115070