Sustainability

26 pages, 641 KB

Open AccessArticle

Contracted Land Assets and Rural Labor Transfer: Unlocking the Potential for Sustainable Urbanization Through Total Income of Agricultural Products

by Chong Zhuo and Yuyang Deng

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10884; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310884 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 348

Abstract

Rural labor transfer is crucial for China’s urbanization and agricultural modernization, yet the role of contracted land assets in this process remains underexplored. Understanding how land tenure arrangements affect labor mobility decisions has significant implications for rural development policy. This paper investigates the [...] Read more.

Rural labor transfer is crucial for China’s urbanization and agricultural modernization, yet the role of contracted land assets in this process remains underexplored. Understanding how land tenure arrangements affect labor mobility decisions has significant implications for rural development policy. This paper investigates the impact of rural contracted land assets on rural labor transfer and its underlying mechanisms, with particular attention to the moderated mediating effect of total income from agricultural products. Using data from the 2015 China Household Finance Survey (CHFS) and employing mediation and moderated mediation analyses, we examine rural households across China’s eastern, central, and western regions. The following conclusions are drawn: (1) Whether at the household or individual level, contracted land assets significantly reduce the transfer of rural labor, and this conclusion still holds true after robustness testing and overcoming endogeneity issues. (2) The impact of contracted land assets on rural households in the eastern region is greater than that on rural households in the central and western regions, and the impact on rural households closer to cities is greater than that on rural households far away from cities. (3) The area of contracted land transferred in and the total income of agricultural products play a mediating role, while whether the contracted land is transferred out and whether it is close to the city plays a moderating role. These findings offer important insights for developing countries, suggesting that facilitating land transfer mechanisms and improving agricultural income are essential for sustainable rural development and labor mobility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Agriculture)

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35 pages, 944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Supply Chain Incentives to Reduce Emissions Under Blockchain Technology: Tax or Subsidy

by Yangyang Wang and Dongdong Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10883; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310883 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 438

Abstract

Blockchain technology is increasingly adopted in supply chains to record product carbon footprints and environmental attributes on tamper-resistant ledgers. By improving the transparency and verifiability of emission-related information for governments, firms and consumers, blockchain reshapes the incentive effects of environmental taxes and subsidies [...] Read more.

Blockchain technology is increasingly adopted in supply chains to record product carbon footprints and environmental attributes on tamper-resistant ledgers. By improving the transparency and verifiability of emission-related information for governments, firms and consumers, blockchain reshapes the incentive effects of environmental taxes and subsidies that target emission abatement. This paper presents a government-manufacturer-consumer tripartite game model to analyze the abatement effects of tax and subsidy policies and their differences under heterogeneous consumer demand in a blockchain-driven framework. The results indicate that: (1) Both subsidy and tax policies can facilitate environmental improvement. When consumers’ green preference exceeds a specific threshold

X^{*} / (1 + γ)

, the greenness of the tax policy is superior to that of the subsidy policy, and vice versa. (2) Under blockchain technology, tax and subsidy instruments differentially affect the profits of conventional and green manufacturers, shifting profits from high-emission sectors to green sectors. (3) The improvement of consumers’ environmental awareness can gradually reduce the implementation of the policy, urge enterprises to reduce emissions, and improve their profits. Nevertheless, the privacy concerns associated with blockchain technology present a significant obstacle to the effective implementation of carbon emission reduction strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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23 pages, 1977 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Generalizable Hybrid AI-LSTM Model for Energy Consumption and Decarbonization Forecasting

by Khaled M. Salem, A. O. Elgharib, Javier M. Rey-Hernández and Francisco J. Rey-Martínez

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10882; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310882 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 403

Abstract

This research presents a solution to the problem of controlling the energy demand and carbon footprint of old buildings, with the focus being on a (heated) building located in Madrid, Spain. A framework that incorporates AI and advanced hybrid ensemble approaches to make [...] Read more.

This research presents a solution to the problem of controlling the energy demand and carbon footprint of old buildings, with the focus being on a (heated) building located in Madrid, Spain. A framework that incorporates AI and advanced hybrid ensemble approaches to make very accurate energy consumption predictions was developed and tested using the MATLAB environment. At first, the study evaluated six individual AI models (ANN, RF, XGBoost, RBF, Autoencoder, and Decision Tree) using a dataset of 100 points that were collected from the building’s sensors. Their performance was evaluated with high-quality data, which were ensured to be free of missing values or outliers, and they were prepared using L1/L2 normalization to guarantee optimal model performance. Later, higher accuracy was achieved through combining the models by means of hybrid ensemble techniques (voting, stacking, and blending). The main contribution is the application of a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model for predicting the energy consumption of the building and, very importantly, its carbon footprint over a 30-year period until 2050. Additionally, the proposed methodology provides a structured pathway for existing buildings to progress toward nearly Zero-Energy Building (nZEB) performance by enabling more effective control of their energy demand and operational emissions. The comprehensive assessment of predictive models definitively concludes that the blended ensemble method is the most powerful and accurate forecasting tool, achieving 97% accuracy. A scenario where building heating energy use jumps to 135 by 2050 (a 35% increase above 2020 levels) represents an alarming complete failure to achieve energy efficiency and decarbonization goals, which would fundamentally jeopardize climate targets, energy security, and consumer expenditure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Driven Smart Sensing and Non-Destructive Testing for Sustainable Innovation: Enhancing Environmental Sustainability and Technological Progress)

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29 pages, 10502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Performance Enhancement of Wireless BLDC Motor Using Adaptive Reinforcement Learning for Sustainable Pumping Applications

by Richard Pravin Antony, Pongiannan Rakkiya Goundar Komarasamy, Moustafa Ahmed Ibrahim, Abdulaziz Alanazi and Narayanamoorthi Rajamanickam

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10881; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310881 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 446

Abstract

This paper presents an adaptive reinforcement learning (RL)-based control strategy for a wireless power transfer (WPT)-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive, aimed at enhancing efficiency in industrial applications. Conventional control methods for BLDC motors often result in higher energy consumption and increased torque [...] Read more.

This paper presents an adaptive reinforcement learning (RL)-based control strategy for a wireless power transfer (WPT)-fed brushless DC (BLDC) motor drive, aimed at enhancing efficiency in industrial applications. Conventional control methods for BLDC motors often result in higher energy consumption and increased torque ripple under dynamic load and voltage variations. To address this, an adaptive RL framework is implemented with pulse density modulation (PDM), enabling the controller to augment motor speed, torque, and input power in real time. The system is modeled and tested for a 48 V, 1 HP BLDC motor, powered through a 1.1 kW WPT system. Training is carried out across 10 learning episodes with varying load torque and speed demands, allowing the RL agent to adaptively minimize losses while maintaining performance. Results indicate a significant reduction in torque ripple to a minimum of 0.20 Nm, stable speed regulation within ±30 rpm, and improved power utilization compared to existing controllers. The integration of RL with WPT provides a robust, contactless, and energy-efficient solution that is suitable for sustainable industrial motor-pump applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Electric Vehicles: New Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainability)

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24 pages, 6853 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Revised Ecosystem Service Value, Ecological Sensitivity and Circuit Theory to Construct an Ecological Security Pattern in the UANSTM, China

by Xueyun An, Alimujiang Kasimu, Xue Zhang, Ning Song, Yan Zhang and Buwajiaergu Shayiti

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10880; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310880 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 292

Abstract

In the rapidly changing Urban Agglomeration on the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains (UANSTM), urbanization and oasis ecosystem degradation have intensified the need for ecological security planning. However, traditional ecosystem service assessments often struggle to capture the spatial heterogeneity of these fragile [...] Read more.

In the rapidly changing Urban Agglomeration on the Northern Slope of the Tianshan Mountains (UANSTM), urbanization and oasis ecosystem degradation have intensified the need for ecological security planning. However, traditional ecosystem service assessments often struggle to capture the spatial heterogeneity of these fragile landscapes. This study integrates revised ecosystem service value (RESV), ecological sensitivity, and circuit-theory-based connectivity analysis to identify ecological sources and construct an ecological security pattern (ESP). Results indicate: From 2000 to 2020, land conversion among exposed areas, irrigated farmland, and grassland dominated regional change, with 5902 km² of exposed land converting to grassland and 4554 km² to irrigated farmland. RESV declined initially but rose overall from 1104 to 1255 billion yuan, yielding a net increase of about 14%. Ecologically sensitive areas were concentrated in the northeast, covering roughly 19,300 km² and dominated by irrigated farmland. In total, 23 ecological sources, 47 ecological corridors, 28 ecological barrier points, and 61 ecological bottleneck points were identified, forming the basis for a targeted point–line–area protection strategy to guide ecological zoning and restoration. This study provides scientific basis for ecological conservation and territorial spatial planning in arid urban clusters. Nonetheless, limitations related to data resolution and indicator selection remain. Future research should incorporate higher-resolution ecological data and scenario-based simulations to further refine ESP construction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Ecosystem-Based Adaptation: A Holistic Approach to Pursue Multiple Benefits)

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20 pages, 653 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Restructuring Imprinting Influence Green Innovation in Family Firms? Evidence from China

by Yanyan Zhang, Wei Li and Fang Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10879; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310879 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 542

Abstract

In transforming emerging economies, the historical origins of family firms can be traced either to the restructuring of SOEs or to direct establishment. Drawing on imprinting theory and intergenerational family governance, this study investigates how restructuring imprints shape green innovation in family firms [...] Read more.

In transforming emerging economies, the historical origins of family firms can be traced either to the restructuring of SOEs or to direct establishment. Drawing on imprinting theory and intergenerational family governance, this study investigates how restructuring imprints shape green innovation in family firms and under what conditions these effects vary. Based on data from Chinese A-share listed family firms (2007–2022), we find that restructuring imprints—manifested in risk aversion and path dependence—persist long after privatization. Consequently, restructured family firms demonstrate significantly weaker green innovation performance than entrepreneurial family firms. This negative effect is reinforced by founder control but mitigated by second-generation involvement. Overall, this study identifies a critical source of heterogeneity among family firms and contributes to the literature on green innovation within family business research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Green Innovation: The Power Source of Enterprise Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 1446 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Acceptance of Digital Product Passports: The Roles of Technological Awareness and Value Orientations

by Rui Zhao and Chuanlan Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10878; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310878 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 481

Abstract

As the fashion industry accelerates its digital and sustainable transformation, the European Union’s policy development on Digital Product Passports (DPPs) has attracted growing attention. However, there is still a lack of systematic research into whether consumers, particularly those outside Europe, are willing to [...] Read more.

As the fashion industry accelerates its digital and sustainable transformation, the European Union’s policy development on Digital Product Passports (DPPs) has attracted growing attention. However, there is still a lack of systematic research into whether consumers, particularly those outside Europe, are willing to adopt this emerging technology for greater transparency. To address this, this study develops an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by integrating three individual-level consumer variables, Ethical–Sustainability Orientation (ESO), Circular Value Orientation (CVO), and Technological Awareness (TA), to examine how these factors work in concert to shape consumers’ intentions to accept Digital Product Passports (DPPs). Data were collected from US consumers through an online survey, yielding 425 valid responses. Participants were recruited from a professional consumer panel managed by a market research firm. Structural equation modeling was conducted to test the proposed research model and hypotheses. The results reveal that Perceived Usefulness (PU) emerges as the most influential determinant of consumers’ acceptance of Digital Product Passports. Both Ethical–Sustainability Orientation (ESO) and Circular Value Orientation (CVO) demonstrate significant direct effects on adoption intention and indirect impacts through PU. Technological Awareness (TA) exhibits only a modest direct effect, suggesting that its role in shaping adoption behavior is comparatively limited. This study broadens the geographic and cultural scope of existing research on Digital Product Passports (DPPs) by providing empirical evidence on consumer acceptance in a non-European context. The findings advance the theoretical understanding of DPP adoption while offering practical implications for fashion brands and policymakers seeking to facilitate the global implementation of DPP systems within the fashion industry. Full article

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20 pages, 1090 KB

Open AccessArticle

Incorporating Greenhouse Gas Emissions into Optimal Planning of Weigh-in-Motion Systems

by Yunkyeong Jung and Jinwoo Lee

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10877; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310877 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 303

Abstract

In the context of pavement management systems (PMSs), overloaded trucks impose severe economic and environmental burdens by accelerating pavement deterioration and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Existing research on Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) placement has rarely incorporated environmental impacts, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, into [...] Read more.

In the context of pavement management systems (PMSs), overloaded trucks impose severe economic and environmental burdens by accelerating pavement deterioration and increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Existing research on Weigh-in-Motion (WIM) placement has rarely incorporated environmental impacts, particularly greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, into the decision-making process. Instead, most studies have focused on infrastructure damage and have paid limited attention to how enforcement interacts with driver evasion behavior and schedule-related constraints. To address this gap, this study develops a bi-level optimization framework that simultaneously minimizes PMS costs, travel costs, and environmental (GHG) costs. The upper-level problem represents the total social cost minimization, while the lower-level problem models drivers’ routes and demand shift. The framework endogenously captures utility-based demand shifts, allowing overloaded drivers to switch to legal operations when enforcement and schedule-related constraints outweigh overloading benefits. A numerical study using the Sioux Falls network demonstrates that dual WIM installations significantly outperform single configurations, achieving network-wide cost reductions of up to 1.5% compared to 0.4%. Notably, PMS costs for overloaded trucks decreased by nearly 60%, confirming the effectiveness of strategic enforcement. Ultimately, this study contributes a unified decision-support tool that reframes WIM enforcement from a passive control measure into a proactive strategy for sustainable freight management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Transportation)

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40 pages, 10216 KB

Open AccessArticle

Blue–Green Infrastructure Strategies for Improvement of Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Post-Socialist High-Rise Residential Areas: A Case Study of Niš, Serbia

by Ivana Bogdanović Protić, Ljiljana Vasilevska and Nemanja Petrović

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10876; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310876 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 535

Abstract

Urban densification in post-socialist cities has drastically reduced open and green spaces in high-rise housing areas (HRHAs), intensifying heat stress and degrading outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). These neighborhoods—shaped by socialist-era planning and, later, market-led infill—combine high built density, low greenery, and limited ventilation, [...] Read more.

Urban densification in post-socialist cities has drastically reduced open and green spaces in high-rise housing areas (HRHAs), intensifying heat stress and degrading outdoor thermal comfort (OTC). These neighborhoods—shaped by socialist-era planning and, later, market-led infill—combine high built density, low greenery, and limited ventilation, making them critical testbeds for climate-adaptive regeneration. This study presents the first empirically validated ENVI-met assessment of blue–green infrastructure (BGI) performance in a post-socialist HRHA, using a representative courtyard in Niš, Serbia, during the 14 August 2024 heatwave. A 24 h field campaign (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and mean radiant temperature) validated the model with high accuracy (R² = 0.92, RMSE = 1.1 °C for air temperature; R² = 0.88, RMSE = 3.5 K for Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET). Four retrofit scenarios were simulated: S0 (existing), S1 (grass), S2 (grass + trees), and S3 (S2 + shallow pool). Across all scenarios, daytime PET indicated strong–extreme heat stress, peaking at 61.9 °C (16:00 h). The best configuration (S3) reduced PET by 2.68 °C (10:00 h) but <1 °C at peak hours, with acceptable comfort limited to 04:00–07:00 h. The results confirm that small-scale surface-level greening provides negligible thermal relief under a dense HRHA morphology. Urban morphological reform—optimizing height, spacing, ventilation, and integrated greening—is more effective for heat mitigation. Future work should include multi-seasonal field monitoring and human thermal-perception surveys to link microclimate improvement with exposure and health risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Systems Approach to Urban Greenspace System and Climate Change)

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2 pages, 137 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ullah et al. UAV Based Spatiotemporal Analysis of the 2019–2020 New South Wales Bushfires. Sustainability 2021, 13, 10207

by Fahim Ullah, Sara Imran Khan, Hafiz Suliman Munawar, Zakria Qadir and Siddra Qayyum

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10875; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310875 - 4 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper [...] Full article

22 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

Does Patient Capital Crowd out the Stabilizing Benefits of ESG? Evidence from Corporate Investment Volatility

by Guosheng He and Xiaobin Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10874; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310874 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

The market imperfection hypothesis posits that market frictions undermine economic efficiency and amplify economic fluctuations. As an emerging corporate evaluation framework and behavioral norm, ESG (environmental, social, and governance) performance helps mitigate such market imperfections. This study empirically examines the impact of corporate [...] Read more.

The market imperfection hypothesis posits that market frictions undermine economic efficiency and amplify economic fluctuations. As an emerging corporate evaluation framework and behavioral norm, ESG (environmental, social, and governance) performance helps mitigate such market imperfections. This study empirically examines the impact of corporate ESG performance on investment volatility and its underlying mechanisms. Using panel data from Chinese listed companies, we find that higher ESG ratings significantly reduce corporate investment volatility. Mechanism tests reveal that ESG practices curb investment fluctuations through two key channels: alleviating information asymmetry and reducing agency costs, thereby addressing fundamental market frictions. Moderating effect tests indicate that patient capital suppresses the smoothing effect of ESG on corporate investment volatility. Heterogeneity analysis further demonstrates that this stabilizing effect is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises, larger firms, and financially constrained firms. These findings highlight the economic value of ESG practices in promoting corporate investment stability and provide relevant insights for policy design and market participants. Full article

27 pages, 2470 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling Health-Supportive Urban Environments: The Role of Mixed Land Use, Socioeconomic Factors, and Walkability in U.S. ZIP Codes

by Maged Zagow, Ahmed Mahmoud Darwish and Sherif Shokry

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10873; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310873 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 408

Abstract

Over recent decades, planners in the U.S. have increasingly adopted mixed-use projects to reduce automobile dependency and strengthen local community identity, although results remain inconsistent across cities. Urban health and fitness outcomes are shaped by complex interactions between the built environment, socioeconomic factors, [...] Read more.

Over recent decades, planners in the U.S. have increasingly adopted mixed-use projects to reduce automobile dependency and strengthen local community identity, although results remain inconsistent across cities. Urban health and fitness outcomes are shaped by complex interactions between the built environment, socioeconomic factors, and demographic characteristics. This study introduces a Health and Fitness Index (HFI) for 28,758 U.S. ZIP codes, derived from normalized measures of walkability, healthcare facility density, and carbon emissions, to assess spatial disparities in health-supportive environments. Using four modeling approaches—lasso regression, multiple linear regression, decision trees, and k-nearest neighbor classifiers—we evaluated the predictive importance of 15 urban and socioeconomic variables. Multiple linear regression produced the strongest generalization performance (R² = 0.60, RMSE = 0.04). Key positive predictors included occupied housing units, business density, land-use mix, household income, and racial diversity, while income inequality and population density were negatively associated with health outcomes. This study evaluates five statistical formulations (Metropolis Hybrid Models) that incorporate different combinations of walkability, land-use mix, environmental variables, and socioeconomic indicators to test whether relationships between urban form and socioeconomic conditions remain consistent under different variable combinations. In cross-sectional multivariate regression, although mixed-use development in high-density areas is strongly associated with healthcare facilities, these areas tend to serve younger and more racially diverse populations. Decision tree feature importance rankings and clustering profiles highlight structural inequalities across regions, suggesting that enhancing business diversity, land-use integration, and income equity could significantly improve health-supportive urban design. This research provides a data-driven framework for urban planners to identify underserved neighborhoods and develop targeted interventions that promote walkability, accessibility to health infrastructure, and sustainability. It contributes to the growing literature on urban health analytics, integrating machine learning, spatial clustering, and multidimensional urban indicators to advance equitable and resilient city planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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18 pages, 1425 KB

Open AccessArticle

ELECTRE-Based Optimization of Renewable Energy Investments: Evaluating Environmental, Economic, and Social Sustainability Through Sustainability Accounting

by Elias Ojetunde, Olubayo Babatunde, Busola Akintayo, Adebayo Dosa, John Ogbemhe, Desmond Ighravwe and Olanrewaju Oludolapo

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10872; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310872 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 279

Abstract

The shift towards renewable energy demands decision-making tools that unite economic performance with environmental stewardship and social equity. The conventional evaluation methods fail to consider these interconnected factors, which results in substandard investment results. The paper establishes a sustainability accounting system that uses [...] Read more.

The shift towards renewable energy demands decision-making tools that unite economic performance with environmental stewardship and social equity. The conventional evaluation methods fail to consider these interconnected factors, which results in substandard investment results. The paper establishes a sustainability accounting system that uses the Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE) method to optimize investment distribution between solar power, wind power, and bioenergy systems. The evaluation framework uses six performance indicators, which include cost efficiency and return on investment, together with CO₂ emissions intensity, job creation, energy output, and financial sustainability indicators, like Net Present Value (NPV) and payback period. The barrier optimization algorithm solved the model in 10 iterations, which took 0.10 s to achieve an optimal objective value of 1.6929. The wind energy source demonstrated superior performance in every evaluation criterion because it achieved the highest concordance scores, lowest discordance levels, best payback period, and strongest NPV. The maximum allocation went to wind at 53.3%, while bioenergy received 31.0%, and solar received 16.7%. The optimized portfolio reached a total sustainability index (SI) of 1.70, which validates the method’s strength. The research shows that using ELECTRE with sustainability accounting creates an exact and open system for renewable energy investment planning. The framework reveals wind as the core alternative yet demonstrates how bioenergy and solar work together to support sustainable development across environmental and economic and social dimensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Decision-Making Frameworks for Energy Justice: Balancing Social, Economic, and Environmental Objectives)

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18 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Management of Crisis Situations Towards Tourism Destination Sustainability: Key Factors and Measures

by Dora Smolčić Jurdana and Romina Agbaba

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10871; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310871 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 648

Abstract

Crisis situations highlight the need for timely planning to mitigate their impacts on the economy and society. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of prevention, preparedness, and effective communication in tourism crises. As tourism involves numerous stakeholders, transparent communication and cooperation are [...] Read more.

Crisis situations highlight the need for timely planning to mitigate their impacts on the economy and society. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized the importance of prevention, preparedness, and effective communication in tourism crises. As tourism involves numerous stakeholders, transparent communication and cooperation are essential for coordinated crisis responses. The aim of this work is to examine management’s perception of the relationship between crisis planning, communication, and cooperation with the achievement of sustainable destination management, and to identify key factors in the preparatory and reactive phases of a crisis. The questionnaire was distributed online to 533 directors of Croatian tourist boards, of which 165 responses were valid and analyzed using regression analysis. The results confirmed a statistically significant connection between planning for crisis situations, communication, cooperation with effective tourist destination crisis management, and the contribution of these factors to resilience and long-term sustainability. Crisis management in tourism contributes to the preservation of the social, economic, and ecological values necessary for sustainable development. To align economic growth with environmental and social concerns, coordinated action by governments, the private sector, and local communities is required. Enhanced education, trust, and systematic cooperation help build resilient destinations that are prepared to respond effectively to short-term shocks and long-term challenges. Full article

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31 pages, 7350 KB

Open AccessArticle

Broadband Wave Energy Harvesting with a Nonlinear 3DOF Magnetic Spring-Based PTO: Design, Testing and Sustainable Design Considerations

by Raju Ahamed, Ian Howard and Kristoffer McKee

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10870; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310870 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 262

Abstract

Ocean waves constitute a vast renewable resource, yet most linear generator-based wave energy converters (WECs) rely on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) linear oscillators that exhibit narrow resonance bandwidths and utilise sliding components prone to wear. To address these limitations, this paper presents a nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom [...] Read more.

Ocean waves constitute a vast renewable resource, yet most linear generator-based wave energy converters (WECs) rely on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) linear oscillators that exhibit narrow resonance bandwidths and utilise sliding components prone to wear. To address these limitations, this paper presents a nonlinear three-degree-of-freedom (3DOF) magnetic spring power-take-off (PTO) system for broadband wave energy harvesting. The device comprises three axially levitated NdFeB permanent magnets, each coupled to an independent copper coil, forming a compact, friction-free generator column. A coupled electromechanical state-space model was developed and experimentally validated on a laboratory-scale test rig. The 3DOF PTO exhibited three distinct resonance modes at approximately 35, 48, and 69 rad s⁻¹, enabling multi-mode energy capture across a broad frequency range. Under identical excitation (6.5 N amplitude and 3.13 Hz excitation force), the 3DOF configuration achieved a 114.5% increase in RMS voltage compared with the SDOF design and a 44.10% improvement over the 2DOF benchmark, confirming the effectiveness of the coupled resonance mechanism. The levitated magnetic architecture eliminates mechanical contact and lubrication, reducing wear and maintenance while improving long-term reliability in marine environments. A preliminary life-cycle assessment estimated a cradle-to-gate carbon intensity of 40–80 g CO₂-eq kWh⁻¹, significantly lower than that of conventional hydraulic PTOs, owing to reduced steel use and recyclable magnet assemblies. The proposed 3DOF magnetic spring PTO thus offers a sustainable, low-maintenance, and high-efficiency solution for next-generation ocean-energy converters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Energy Development and Energy Economics in the Context of Climate Change)

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17 pages, 3625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Asphalt Mixtures Incorporating Secondary Raw Materials Under a Circular Economy Perspective

by Konstantinos Mantalovas, Francesco Graziano, Rosalia Teresi, Maria Cristina Mangano, Gianluca Sarà and Clara Celauro

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10869; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310869 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 353

Abstract

The road construction sector is increasingly striving to reduce its environmental footprint while advancing circular economic goals. Conventional asphalt mixtures depend on virgin aggregates and bitumen, which significantly contribute to emissions and resource depletion. This study addresses the issue by assessing the environmental [...] Read more.

The road construction sector is increasingly striving to reduce its environmental footprint while advancing circular economic goals. Conventional asphalt mixtures depend on virgin aggregates and bitumen, which significantly contribute to emissions and resource depletion. This study addresses the issue by assessing the environmental performance of asphalt mixtures incorporating secondary raw materials—reclaimed asphalt, recycled fishnets, and cellulose fibres. A cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment was conducted on four mixtures, using the ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) impact assessment methodology. The results along with the hotspot and sensitivity analyses show that reclaimed asphalt offers the most consistent environmental benefits, notably mitigating climate change and resource depletion impacts by replacing virgin aggregates. Recycled fishnets, despite addressing marine plastic waste, showed higher toxicity and eutrophication burdens due to energy-intensive processing. Cellulose fibres reduced climate impacts but increased land use and terrestrial ecotoxicity. Results highlight that the environmental benefits of introducing recycled materials are incremental rather than transformative at the production stage, and that the influence of supply-chain logistics can outweigh differences among mixtures. Although the cradle-to-gate perspective provides valuable insights for material selection and procurement, future studies should include use and end-of-life phases, where larger environmental benefits may emerge for certain mixtures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Life Cycle Approaches in Road Construction, Pavement Engineering, and Management)

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20 pages, 1459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Considering the Sustainable Benefit Distribution in Agricultural Supply Chains from Sales Efforts: An Improved ‘Tripartite Synergy’ Model Based on Shapley–TOPSIS

by Enhao Chen, Yumin Guo, Jiuzhen Huang, Bingqing Zheng and Wenhe Lin

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10868; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310868 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 322

Abstract

Balancing efficiency and equity within agricultural supply chains is crucial for rural revitalization and sustainable development. This study focuses on the three-tiered chain of ‘farmers–cooperatives–retailers’, constructing a joint decision-making model linking pricing, sales effort, and order volume. It compares the performance differences between [...] Read more.

Balancing efficiency and equity within agricultural supply chains is crucial for rural revitalization and sustainable development. This study focuses on the three-tiered chain of ‘farmers–cooperatives–retailers’, constructing a joint decision-making model linking pricing, sales effort, and order volume. It compares the performance differences between decentralized and centralized decision-making structures. Methodologically, we introduce four corrective factors—risk-bearing capacity, cooperation level, capital investment, and information access—to the traditional Shapley value. By employing TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) to calculate proximity, we derive an enhanced Shapley–TOPSIS allocation coefficient. Furthermore, we design a secondary distribution rule of ‘effort-based value-added distribution according to labor contribution,’ tightly binding the marginal returns of sales effort to input intensity, thereby reconciling structural fairness with incentive compatibility. Empirical findings indicate that, compared with decentralized approaches, centralized decision-making significantly enhances overall system revenue and reduces retail prices. The refined distribution scheme outperforms the baseline Shapley value in fairness and stability, effectively mitigating the misalignment where effort contributors receive disproportionately low returns. The optimal sales effort level is approximately 0.35. Under the ‘distribution according to labor’ approach, retailers (the primary effort providers) see a marked increase in their value-added share, whereas farmers and cooperatives also gain positive benefits, enhancing alliance stability. Unlike existing studies that rely mainly on revenue-sharing contracts or a single Shapley allocation, this study, on the one hand, explicitly endogenizes sales effort into demand and profit functions and systematically characterizes the joint mechanism between effort and profit allocation under both centralized and decentralized structures. On the other hand, an improved Shapley–TOPSIS modeling procedure and an ‘effort added-value allocation according to contribution’ rule are proposed. By adjusting demand parameters and the weights of the adjustment factors, the proposed framework can be readily extended to other agricultural products and green supply chain settings, providing a replicable tool and managerial implications for designing sustainable profit allocation schemes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability Management Strategies and Practices—2nd Edition)

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30 pages, 576 KB

Open AccessArticle

Monitoring the Environmental Impact of the Bioeconomy: Indicators and Models for Ex-Post and Ex-Ante Evaluation in Agriculture

by Margarethe Scheffler, Kirsten Wiegmann and Susanne Köppen

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10867; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310867 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

The transformation towards a sustainable bioeconomy presents new challenges and opportunities for the agricultural sector. This paper investigates how the environmental impacts of this transformation can be effectively monitored using existing agricultural models and sustainability indicators. Drawing on comprehensive model and indicator reviews [...] Read more.

The transformation towards a sustainable bioeconomy presents new challenges and opportunities for the agricultural sector. This paper investigates how the environmental impacts of this transformation can be effectively monitored using existing agricultural models and sustainability indicators. Drawing on comprehensive model and indicator reviews from the SYMOBIO project, we identify a set of suitable models and propose a harmonised set of 21 SMART-aligned indicators for immediate use for national and regional monitoring. The key findings highlight strong capabilities for modelling GHG and nutrient indicators, persistent gaps in biodiversity and water indicators, and the need for improved methods for using biomass as well as for representing scenario-based spatially disaggregated approaches. The findings highlight the importance of having harmonised indicators, quantitative targets, and integrated monitoring systems in place. The results mark an intermediate step in the ongoing development of national bioeconomy monitoring in Germany. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Bioeconomy of Sustainability)

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19 pages, 578 KB

Open AccessArticle

Driving the Green Transition: The Role of Renewable Energy, Environmental Technology, FDI, and Globalization in South Africa’s Sustainable Growth: Evidence from a CS-ARDL Approach

by Aida Smaoui

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10866; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310866 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 449

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of renewable energy, environmental technology, foreign direct investment (FDI), and globalization on green economic growth in South Africa within the framework of the country’s National Development Plan (NDP) Vision 2030, covering the period from 1997 to 2024. Using [...] Read more.

This study investigates the impact of renewable energy, environmental technology, foreign direct investment (FDI), and globalization on green economic growth in South Africa within the framework of the country’s National Development Plan (NDP) Vision 2030, covering the period from 1997 to 2024. Using annual data and applying advanced panel techniques, including the CS-ARDL model supported by AMG and CCEMG estimators, the analysis captures both long-run and short-run dynamics. The quantitative findings indicate that renewable energy exerts a strong positive influence on green economic growth, with long-run and short-run coefficients of 0.318 and 0.142 (both significant at the 1% level). Environmental technology also shows a positive and significant impact, with coefficients of 0.274 in the long run (1% level) and 0.105 in the short run (10% level). FDI contributes positively to green growth, as reflected in the long-run and short-run coefficients of 0.186 (at the 1% level) and 0.083 (at the 10% level). In contrast, globalization exhibits a weak and slightly negative long-run effect, with a coefficient of –0.097 (significant at the 10% level). The significant negative error-correction term confirms a stable long-run adjustment process. These findings imply that renewable energy expansion, technological innovation, and environmentally responsible FDI are crucial pillars of South Africa’s sustainable growth strategy. Based on these results, the study recommends intensifying efforts to promote renewable energy investment, strengthen research and development in environmental technologies, and attract green-oriented FDI through clear regulatory incentives. In addition, trade and globalization policies should be redesigned to ensure ecological balance and compliance with sustainability standards. Overall, the study offers practical policy insights to support South Africa’s transition toward a low-carbon, resilient economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Renewable Energy Technologies and Sustainable Economy)

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24 pages, 2719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Circular Perspective for Utilization of Industrial Wastewaters via Phytoremediation

by Piotr Rybarczyk, Jacek Antonkiewicz, Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda, Stanisław Mec and Andrzej Rogala

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10865; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310865 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

Wastewater generated in municipal rendering facilities requires multi-step treatment, but it may also serve as a source of nutrients and water and thus may be valorized before or instead of the necessary wastewater treatment operations. In this work, wastewaters from a composting plant [...] Read more.

Wastewater generated in municipal rendering facilities requires multi-step treatment, but it may also serve as a source of nutrients and water and thus may be valorized before or instead of the necessary wastewater treatment operations. In this work, wastewaters from a composting plant were utilized to support the growth of Miscanthus x giganteus, known as both a remediation plant and an energy biomass source. A pot experiment was established to compare the effects of different wastewater doses (0, 50, 100, and 200 mL per pot per week) on the miscanthus biomass yield, phytoextraction of heavy metals, biomass heat of combustion, and plant condition. The increase in the wastewater dose resulted in increases in both biomass yield (from about 44 to 139%) and biomass heat of combustion (from 7 to 17%) when compared to the control sample, with no adverse effects on plant physiological parameters. The highest concentrations of metals were found in miscanthus grown with the highest dose of wastewaters. It was found that higher wastewater dose correlates to both higher phytoextraction and phytorecovery of metals from plant substrate and wastewaters. The highest metal uptake was identified for Fe (431 mg·pot⁻¹), followed by Al, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr. The lowest metal uptake was noted for Pb, Co and Cd (0.88, 0.11, and 0.95 mg·pot⁻¹, respectively). The results indicate that miscanthus can be recommended for industrial wastewater treatment. In addition, due to high absorption efficiency of the substrate components, miscanthus can be used as a remediation tool, e.g., for the ecological stabilization of remediation of metal-polluted soils, especially in municipal facilities like rendering plants. This presents a circular perspective for the valorization of post-fermentation wastewaters with subsequent growth of energy crops, with other potential benefits for the environment, such as soil treatment, absorption of CO₂, and air purification. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress and Evaluation Challenges of By-Product and Waste Valorization, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 2545 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Climate Sensitivity Transition Matrix Growth Model of Liaodong Oak Stand in Qingyang City

by Liheng Xu, Xianglong Liu, Nana Wu and Haiting Zhao

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10864; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310864 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 206

Abstract

The Liaodong oak (Quercus wutaishanica Mayr) is dominant in the composition scheme in Qingyang City, and its growth performance and management practices have long been central concerns of forest management. However, the long cycles and complex dynamics of forest development make accurate [...] Read more.

The Liaodong oak (Quercus wutaishanica Mayr) is dominant in the composition scheme in Qingyang City, and its growth performance and management practices have long been central concerns of forest management. However, the long cycles and complex dynamics of forest development make accurate prediction difficult, thereby constraining the design of optimal silvicultural strategies. To remedy the slow growth and suboptimal timber quality of Q. wutaishanica plantations—while fostering large-diameter trees, increasing merchantable yield and the output of high-value timber, and enhancing forests’ carbon-sequestration and oxygen-release services—there is an urgent need for a rigorous predictive framework. Using data from the sixth, seventh, and eighth National Forest Resource Inventories, we developed a transition-matrix growth model comprising growth, ingrowth, and mortality sub-models. With this model, we selected representative plots and simulated 25-year trajectories of stand diameter-class structure and growing stock under three climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP8.5). Results indicate divergent trends in growing stock among scenarios; under RCP2.6, stands attain higher growing stock, a more balanced diameter-class distribution, and a markedly larger number of large-diameter trees. Moreover, Q. wutaishanica exhibits relatively stable growth throughout the simulation horizon. Overall, the transition-matrix model effectively captures short-term stand dynamics, fills a regional research gap for Qingyang City, and provides a robust evidence base for subsequent science-based forest management. Full article

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16 pages, 994 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Impact Travel, High-Value Tourism? Evidence from a Rural Destination

by Fiona Jane McKenna and James Hanrahan

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10863; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310863 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 267

Abstract

Rural destinations face a difficult challenge in balancing economic vitality with the environmental and infrastructural pressures, including congestion of car-dependent destinations. Despite growing calls for more sustainable mobility, destination management organisations (DMOs) can assume that private vehicles are vital for rural access, fearing [...] Read more.

Rural destinations face a difficult challenge in balancing economic vitality with the environmental and infrastructural pressures, including congestion of car-dependent destinations. Despite growing calls for more sustainable mobility, destination management organisations (DMOs) can assume that private vehicles are vital for rural access, fearing that alternatives such as soft mobility or public transport may have an adverse effect on visitor satisfaction and spending. Yet, empirical evidence to support or challenge these assumptions remains limited. This study addresses this gap by analysing visitor survey data (N = 512) from international and domestic tourists to a rural destination in County Clare, Ireland. Using one-way and two-way ANOVA, along with chi-square and logistic regression analyses, we examine how transport mode relates to visitor satisfaction, daily expenditure, and overnight stay behaviour. Results revealed that visitor satisfaction does not significantly differ across transport modes, suggesting that sustainable mobility options (e.g., walking, cycling, public transport) do not impact the visitor experience. While transport mode had a minimal impact on spending overall, overnight visitors, regardless of how they travelled, spent significantly more than day-trippers (p < 0.001), identifying length of stay as the key economic driver. Moreover, soft mobility users (walking and cycling) had a higher likelihood of staying overnight than car users, while tour bus users were significantly less likely to do so. However, among those who did stay overnight, tour bus users reported the highest daily spending, revealing a complex relationship between mobility type and economic impact. Overall, the results question long-held assumptions linking car use with rural tourism success. Low-impact transport options, such as soft mobility and public transport, were found to sustain visitor satisfaction and spending outcomes comparable to car travel, suggesting their integration could contribute to more balanced, sustainable mobility planning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Sustainable Rural Tourism: Methods, Strategies and Practice)

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26 pages, 2664 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicles Charging Stations in Commercial Parking Lots: A Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming Approach

by Kimia Khalili, Rouzbeh Reza Ahrabi, Po-Han Chen and Fuzhan Nasiri

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10862; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310862 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 492

Abstract

This study presents a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) framework to optimize the allocation of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) in existing indoor parking facilities. The model minimizes total life-cycle cost by jointly determining charger types and placements while accounting for spatial feasibility and [...] Read more.

This study presents a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) framework to optimize the allocation of electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) in existing indoor parking facilities. The model minimizes total life-cycle cost by jointly determining charger types and placements while accounting for spatial feasibility and investment constraints. A hybrid search method that combines complete enumeration with dynamic programming is applied to identify the least-cost configuration within geometric and electrical limitations. The results show that configurations combining dual- and quad-port chargers outperform single-port layouts by reducing redundant electrical and installation costs. The analysis confirms that integrating life-cycle costing with spatial feasibility yields a practical decision-support tool for property owners seeking to expand charging capacity within existing facilities. Overall, the framework demonstrates that cost-efficient retrofitting of EV charging infrastructure can be achieved without additional land development, supporting broader sustainability objectives and promoting low-carbon mobility. Future research will extend the model to multiple facility layouts and incorporate sensitivity and uncertainty analyses to evaluate robustness under varying geometric and economic conditions. The findings of this paper provide a practical foundation for future planning studies and demonstrate how cost-optimized retrofit strategies can support the scalable expansion of EV charging infrastructure in existing facilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Studies and Innovative Approaches to Sustainable Communities, Buildings, Cities and Infrastructure)

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16 pages, 44256 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Climate Change on Cyanobacteria Growth: A Case Study of Lama Dei Peligni Rock Paintings Conservation (Majella Massif—Abruzzo Region, Italy)

by Piero Chiacchiaretta, Fernanda Prestileo, Eleonora Maria Stella, Eleonora Aruffo, Pasquale Simeone, Paola Lanuti, Silvia Di Lodovico, Mara Di Giulio, Simone Guarnieri, Piero Del Boccio, Giorgia Spalluto, Maria Concetta Cufaro, Valentina Gatta, Federico Anaclerio, Chiara Alisi, Stefano Dietrich, Piero Di Carlo and Alessandra Mascitelli

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10861; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310861 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 299

Abstract

The atmosphere plays a pivotal role in modulating the interactions between microorganisms and their surrounding environments, influencing ecological cycles, heritage conservation, and providing opportunities for novel applications. Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbial responses to atmospheric conditions as indicators of environmental [...] Read more.

The atmosphere plays a pivotal role in modulating the interactions between microorganisms and their surrounding environments, influencing ecological cycles, heritage conservation, and providing opportunities for novel applications. Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbial responses to atmospheric conditions as indicators of environmental change. This study highlights the role of climate change, particularly rising temperatures, on the growth of cyanobacteria and, consequently, the impact of this on the conservation of cultural heritage, as in the case study of the rock paintings of the Majella Massif (Lama dei Peligni—Abruzzo Region, central Italy). The region’s rock art, characterized by red and black schematic motifs, is increasingly impacted by microbial colonization, driven by climate-induced temperature variations. These impacts are consistent with broader research demonstrating the link between microbial growth patterns and climatic factors. Laboratory analyses were carried out on cyanobacteria samples collected near the rock paintings at the study site in the Majella National Park. Results revealed a significant increase in growth rates at the higher temperature, demonstrating their sensitivity to climatic shifts. These findings underscore the dynamic role of atmospheric factors in shaping microbial survival and propagation. Consequently, certain atmospheric parameters appear to play a crucial role in the deterioration of fragile cultural assets. Indeed, the enhanced growth of cyanobacteria due to rising temperatures also poses a challenge: their proliferation can degrade cultural heritage sites, threatening their preservation. This research advocates for interdisciplinary approaches that integrate atmospheric sciences, microbial ecology, and heritage studies to explore the role of temperature in affecting cyanobacteria growth and the conservation of a peculiar cultural heritage in the Majella Massif. By leveraging their biological traits, cyanobacteria can provide valuable insights into climate dynamics while emphasizing the urgency for proactive strategies to mitigate environmental impacts on vulnerable ecosystems and heritage sites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic (World) Heritage Sites and Values in Danger: Climate-Change Related Challenges and Transformation)

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11 pages, 346 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Mobile Microlearning: Evaluating Learners’ Perceptions and Learning Outcomes in IT Education

by Zafer Yuca and Fahme Dabaj

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10860; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310860 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

Mobile Microlearning (MML) has emerged as a sustainable digital learning strategy capable of improving cognitive efficiency, reducing learner fatigue, and supporting scalable instructional delivery. This study investigates how MML compares with conventional Mobile Learning (ML) when both formats deliver identical instructional content in [...] Read more.

Mobile Microlearning (MML) has emerged as a sustainable digital learning strategy capable of improving cognitive efficiency, reducing learner fatigue, and supporting scalable instructional delivery. This study investigates how MML compares with conventional Mobile Learning (ML) when both formats deliver identical instructional content in an introductory programming module for undergraduate IT students. Sixty-eight students were randomly assigned to either an ML course or a redesigned MML course built from the same curriculum but reorganized into short, interactive micro-units. Learners completed a pre/post multiple-choice programming test and a five-scale Course Characteristics Questionnaire evaluating Ease of Use, Clarity & Coherence, Appeal, Difficulty, and Focus. Results indicated significant learning gains in both groups; however, the MML group demonstrated substantially greater improvement. Appeal, Difficulty, and Focus were the strongest predictors of learning growth, with Appeal and Difficulty significantly mediating the relationship between course format and performance. Because the two formats differed only in delivery design (not in content), the findings highlight micro-temporal structuring, lightweight interaction, and immediate feedback as key mechanisms driving the superiority of MML. Grounded in sustainability principles, the study shows that MML reduces cognitive load, enables more efficient study patterns, and provides a scalable, reusable content structure that supports accessible, resilient learning ecosystems. These results offer design-level insights for creating sustainable mobile instructional experiences in higher education IT programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adapting Education for a Changing Environment and Sustainable Development)

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19 pages, 285 KB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Attention, Green Attitude, and Climate Change Awareness in Green Purchase Behaviour: Insights from an Emerging Economy

by Zikhona Hlaba and Herring Shava

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10859; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310859 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 579

Abstract

South Africa, like many other emerging economies, has witnessed a growing awareness of climate change in recent years, driven by school-based initiatives, media coverage, and non-governmental campaigns. However, evidence indicates that this awareness does not consistently translate into green purchasing behaviour. Drawing on [...] Read more.

South Africa, like many other emerging economies, has witnessed a growing awareness of climate change in recent years, driven by school-based initiatives, media coverage, and non-governmental campaigns. However, evidence indicates that this awareness does not consistently translate into green purchasing behaviour. Drawing on quantitative data collected from 384 respondents residing in urban and semi-urban areas of the Eastern Cape Province, this study examines the impact of consumer attention to green communication, green attitudes, and awareness of climate change on green purchasing behaviour after controlling for demographic variable effects (gender, age, education and income level). Primary data were obtained through a survey and statistically analysed using SMART-PLS 4 software. The results of the structural equation modelling reveal that consumer attention and green attitude significantly influence green purchasing behaviour, consistent with the Theory of Planned Behaviour. In contrast, awareness of climate change exhibits a non-significant negative effect on green purchase behaviour, an outcome that diverges from existing empirical evidence, which generally reports positive associations between these variables in other emerging economies. This finding suggests that in contexts where poverty and income inequality persist, increasing awareness of climate change may paradoxically correspond with a reduction in green purchasing. The study recommends implementing strategies to enhance access to eco-friendly products and reduce their cost, thereby improving affordability in resource-constrained nations. Full article

31 pages, 5311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Spatio-Temporal Evolution and Policy Drivers of Land Resource Carrying Capacity in Xuchang City, Central China (2000–2020)

by Jia Liu and Mengbo Mi

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10858; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310858 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Understanding the dynamics of Land Resource Carrying Capacity (LRCC) under rapid urbanization requires not only retrospective assessment but also operational tools for supporting future planning. This study develops a spatially explicit LRCC framework for Xuchang City (2000–2020) that integrates economic, land-use, and resource [...] Read more.

Understanding the dynamics of Land Resource Carrying Capacity (LRCC) under rapid urbanization requires not only retrospective assessment but also operational tools for supporting future planning. This study develops a spatially explicit LRCC framework for Xuchang City (2000–2020) that integrates economic, land-use, and resource subsystems, and encodes key policy instruments as time-varying variables. Entropy weighting is used as a data-driven baseline for indicator aggregation, with robustness checks conducted using equal weighting and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Results show that Xuchang’s citywide LRCC increased from 0.56 in 2000 to 0.81 in 2020, corresponding to a 44.6% rise over the study period. This growth exhibits marked spatial heterogeneity across the urban area and is closely associated with changes in urbanization level, industrial restructuring, and land development intensity. The overall pattern of LRCC change is robust to alternative weighting schemes, supporting the comparability of the estimates across time. To explore potential futures, a scenario-based simulation is conducted in which a +2% increase in urbanization rate and a −10% reduction in land development intensity are translated into LRCC responses, yielding a predicted increase of about +0.023 (from 0.81 to approximately 0.833). This scenario illustrates how the framework can be used to evaluate trade-offs and synergies among development and conservation objectives. By quantifying the contributions of policy-related and socio-economic indicators to LRCC dynamics, the study provides an evidence-based tool for optimizing land governance and promoting sustainable urban development in rapidly urbanizing regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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21 pages, 7891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Climate-Driven Changes in Air Quality: Trends Across Emission and Socioeconomic Pathways

by Alexandra Monteiro, Michael Russo, Silvia Coelho, Diogo Lopes and David Carvalho

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10857; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310857 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 471

Abstract

Climate change (CC) and air pollution are closely interlinked environmental challenges that significantly affect human health and quality of life, especially in urban and industrialized regions. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation on how future climate scenarios may affect air quality and related [...] Read more.

Climate change (CC) and air pollution are closely interlinked environmental challenges that significantly affect human health and quality of life, especially in urban and industrialized regions. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation on how future climate scenarios may affect air quality and related human impacts, using a Southern European country (Portugal) for illustration. The study employed the most up-to-date future climate projections (Shared Socioeconomic Pathways—SSP) that were dynamically downscaled for Portugal. High-resolution simulations were carried out using the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model, providing data for relevant meteorological variables that most affect air quality, for three future climate scenarios: fossil-fueled development (SSP5-8.5), regional inequality (SSP3-7.0), and a middle-of-the-road future (SSP2-4.5). Current and future air quality was simulated with the CHIMERE chemical transport model driven by WRF downscaled data and future emissions from the SSP v2.0 database. Results show that CC will impact nitrogen oxides (NO₂), ozone (O₃), and particulate matter (PM) concentrations over Portugal, with only agricultural emissions increasing in all scenarios. PM and NO₂ will decrease in urban areas, over the short and long term, mainly for more conservative scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP3-7.0), while O₃ will increase over mainland Portugal (except for coastal/urban areas). Regarding human health, premature deaths are expected to be highest in urban areas, with reductions projected for NO₂ and PM_2.5 under SSP2-4.5 and increases in O₃-related mortality under SSP5-8.5. Overall, SSP2-4.5 presents the most sustainable outcomes, highlighting the importance of integrating air quality management and health impact assessments into climate adaptation strategies to promote long-term environmental sustainability in southern Europe, consistent with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Full article

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23 pages, 360 KB

Open AccessArticle

Can Agricultural Insurance Promote Agricultural Modernization?—Evidence from China During 2008–2023

by Hong Li, Qinmei Wang and Qi Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10856; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310856 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 450

Abstract

Agricultural insurance, as a stabilizer, is crucial for the promotion of agricultural modernization. Therefore, exploring the impact mechanism of agricultural insurance on agricultural modernization and seeking ways to promote it has important practical significance. This study uses China’s provincial panel data from 2008 [...] Read more.

Agricultural insurance, as a stabilizer, is crucial for the promotion of agricultural modernization. Therefore, exploring the impact mechanism of agricultural insurance on agricultural modernization and seeking ways to promote it has important practical significance. This study uses China’s provincial panel data from 2008 to 2023 to empirically analyze the direct effect of agricultural insurance on agricultural modernization. The mediation effect, spatial Durbin, and threshold models are used to further explore the internal mechanism of agricultural insurance on agricultural modernization. Results reveal that (1) agricultural insurance plays a significant role in promoting agricultural modernization, with its robustness verified across various models and endogeneity tests. (2) Agricultural insurance can promote agricultural modernization effectively by expanding the scale of agricultural operations, increasing agricultural capital input, enhancing agricultural technology input, and promoting green agricultural production. (3) Agricultural insurance has a positive spatial spillover effect on the development of agricultural modernization in neighboring provinces. Furthermore, there is a threshold effect of agricultural insurance in promoting agricultural modernization, showing stronger effects in rural areas where the human capital level exceeds the single threshold or where the economic development level falls between the single and triple thresholds. (4) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that agricultural insurance exerts stronger promotional effects on agricultural modernization in non-grain-producing regions, in eastern and central areas, and during the initial stages of insurance development. The study proposes recommendations such as the differentiated promotion of agricultural insurance, enhancing the directionality of agricultural insurance policies, and improving the linkage mechanism between agricultural insurance and credit. Full article

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30 pages, 2944 KB

Open AccessArticle

Technology-Enabled Traceability and Sustainable Governance: An Evolutionary Game Perspective on Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration

by Wei Xun, Xuemei Du, Meiling Li, Jianfeng Lu and Xinyi Bao

Sustainability 2025, 17(23), 10855; https://doi.org/10.3390/su172310855 - 4 Dec 2025

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Ensuring product quality and safety is fundamental to sustainable production and consumption. With the rapid advancement of digital technologies such as blockchain and big data, quality and safety traceability systems have become essential tools to enhance transparency, accountability, and governance efficiency across supply [...] Read more.

Ensuring product quality and safety is fundamental to sustainable production and consumption. With the rapid advancement of digital technologies such as blockchain and big data, quality and safety traceability systems have become essential tools to enhance transparency, accountability, and governance efficiency across supply chains. The sustainable functioning of these systems, however, depends on the coordinated actions of multiple stakeholders—including governments, enterprises, consumers, and industry associations—making the study of technological and institutional interactions particularly significant. This paper extends evolutionary game theory to the context of technology-enabled sustainable governance by constructing a tripartite game model involving government regulators, traceability enterprises, and consumers from both technological and institutional perspectives. Unlike existing studies, which focused solely on government regulation, this research explicitly incorporates the role of industry associations in shaping stakeholder behavior and integrates consumer rights protection mechanisms as well as the adoption of emerging technologies such as blockchain into the model. Analytical derivations and MATLAB-based simulations reveal that strengthening reward–penalty mechanisms and improving digital maturity significantly enhance enterprises’ incentives for truthful information disclosure; consumers’ verification and reporting behaviors generate bottom-up pressure that encourages stricter governmental supervision; and active participation of industry associations helps share regulatory costs and stabilize cooperative equilibria. These findings suggest that combining technological innovation with institutional collaboration not only improves transparency and strengthens consumer trust but also reshapes the incentive structures underlying traceability governance. The study provides new insights into how multi-stakeholder coordination and technological adoption jointly foster transparent, credible, and resilient traceability systems, offering practical implications for advancing digital transformation and co-governance in sustainable supply chains. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Management)

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