Nutrients

25 pages, 2680 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gut Microbiota Markers and Dietary Habits Associated with Extreme Longevity in Healthy Sardinian Centenarians

by Vanessa Palmas, Silvia Pisanu, Veronica Madau, Emanuela Casula, Andrea Deledda, Roberto Cusano, Paolo Uva, Andrea Loviselli, Fernanda Velluzzi and Aldo Manzin

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2436; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122436 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 6367

Abstract

This study was aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota (GM) and its functional profile in two groups of Sardinian subjects with a long healthy life expectancy, overall named Long-Lived Subjects (LLS) [17 centenarians (CENT) and 29 nonagenarians (NON)] by comparing them to 46 [...] Read more.

This study was aimed at characterizing the gut microbiota (GM) and its functional profile in two groups of Sardinian subjects with a long healthy life expectancy, overall named Long-Lived Subjects (LLS) [17 centenarians (CENT) and 29 nonagenarians (NON)] by comparing them to 46 healthy younger controls (CTLs). In addition, the contribution of genetics and environmental factors to the GM phenotype was assessed by comparing a subgroup of seven centenarian parents (CPAR) with a paired cohort of centenarians’ offspring (COFF). The analysis was performed through Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) of the V3 and V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene on the MiSeq Illumina platform. The Verrucomicrobia phylum was identified as the main biomarker in CENT, together with its members Verrucomicrobiaceae, Akkermansia and Akkermansia muciniphila. In NON, the strongest associations concern Actinobacteria phylum, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bifidobacterium, while in CTLs were related to the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides and Bacteroides spp. Intestinal microbiota of CPAR and COFF did not differ significantly from each other. Significant correlations between bacterial taxa and clinical and lifestyle data, especially with Mediterranean diet adherence, were observed. We observed a harmonically balanced intestinal community structure in which the increase in taxa associated with intestinal health would limit and counteract the action of potentially pathogenic bacterial species in centenarians. The GM of long-lived individuals showed an intrinsic ability to adapt to changing environmental conditions, as confirmed by functional analysis. The GM analysis of centenarians’ offspring suggest that genetics and environmental factors act synergistically as a multifactorial cause in the modulation of GM towards a phenotype similar to that of centenarians, although these findings need to be confirmed by larger study cohorts and by prospective studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet and Inflammation in Older Adults)

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19 pages, 1107 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Usage of Mobile Applications or Mobile Health Technology to Improve Diet Quality in Adults

by Alan Scarry, Jennifer Rice, Eibhlís M. O’Connor and Audrey C. Tierney

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2437; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122437 - 12 Jun 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8302

Abstract

The use of mobile applications for dietary purposes has dramatically increased along with the consistent development of mobile technology. Assessing diet quality as a dietary pattern or an indicator across key food groups in comparison to those recommended by dietary guidelines is useful [...] Read more.

The use of mobile applications for dietary purposes has dramatically increased along with the consistent development of mobile technology. Assessing diet quality as a dietary pattern or an indicator across key food groups in comparison to those recommended by dietary guidelines is useful for identifying optimal nutrient intake. This systematic review aims to explore mobile applications and their impact on the diet quality of the user. The electronic databases of The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (Cinahl), The American Psychological Association’s (APA Psycinfo), and PubMed were systematically searched for randomised and non-randomised controlled trials to retrieve papers from inception to November 2021. Ten studies with 1638 participants were included. A total of 5342 studies were retrieved from the database searches, with 10 articles eligible for final inclusion in the review. The sample sizes ranged from 27 to 732 participants across the included studies, with 1638 total participants. The ratio of female to male participants in the studies was 4:1. The majority of the mobile applications or M-health interventions were used to highlight dietary health changes (six studies), with the remainder used to reduce weight or blood sugar levels (four studies). Each study used a different measure to quantify diet quality. Studies were either assessed by diet quality scoring or individual dietary assessment, of the ten studies, six studies reported an improvement in diet quality following diet-related mobile application use. Mobile applications may be an effective way to improve diet quality in adults; however, there is a need for more targeted and longer-term studies that are expressly designed to investigate the impact using mobile applications has on diet quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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21 pages, 16678 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Cross-Talk between Diet and the Oral Microbiome: Balance of Nutrition on Inflammation and Immune System’s Response during Periodontitis

by Simona Santonocito, Amerigo Giudice, Alessandro Polizzi, Giuseppe Troiano, Emanuele Maria Merlo, Rossana Sclafani, Giuseppe Grosso and Gaetano Isola

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2426; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122426 - 11 Jun 2022

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 11226

Abstract

Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult [...] Read more.

Over the last few decades, studies on the oral microbiome have increased awareness that the balance between the host and the microbial species that coexist in it is essential for oral health at all stages of life. However, this balance is extremely difficult to maintain, and many factors can disrupt it: general eating habits, sugar consumption, tobacco smoking, oral hygiene, and use of antibiotics and other antimicrobials. It is now known that alterations in the oral microbiota are responsible for developing and promoting many oral diseases, including periodontal disease. In this context, diet is an area for further investigation as it has been observed that the intake of particular foods, such as farmed animal meat, dairy products, refined vegetable oils, and processed cereals, affects the composition of the microbiota, leading to an increased representation of acid-producing and acid-tolerant organisms and periodontal pathogens. However, little is known about the influence of diet on the oral microbiome and the creation of a suitable microenvironment for the development of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study is to evaluate current knowledge on the role of diet in the oral dysbiosis underlying periodontal disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrients in Dermatology and Oral Diseases)

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22 pages, 890 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Dietary Advanced Glycation End-Products on Neurocognitive and Mental Disorders

by Nathan M. D’Cunha, Domenico Sergi, Melissa M. Lane, Nenad Naumovski, Elizabeth Gamage, Anushri Rajendran, Matina Kouvari, Sarah Gauci, Thusharika Dissanayka, Wolfgang Marx and Nikolaj Travica

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122421 - 10 Jun 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 12825

Abstract

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of [...] Read more.

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are glycated proteins or lipids formed endogenously in the human body or consumed through diet. Ultra-processed foods and some culinary techniques, such as dry cooking methods, represent the main sources and drivers of dietary AGEs. Tissue accumulation of AGEs has been associated with cellular aging and implicated in various age-related diseases, including type-2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The current review summarizes the literature examining the associations between AGEs and neurocognitive and mental health disorders. Studies indicate that elevated circulating AGEs are cross-sectionally associated with poorer cognitive function and longitudinally increase the risk of developing dementia. Additionally, preliminary studies show that higher skin AGE accumulation may be associated with mental disorders, particularly depression and schizophrenia. Potential mechanisms underpinning the effects of AGEs include elevated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are both key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration and mental disorders. Decreasing dietary intake of AGEs may improve neurological and mental disorder outcomes. However, more sophisticated prospective studies and analytical approaches are required to verify directionality and the extent to which AGEs represent a mediator linking unhealthy dietary patterns with cognitive and mental disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Link between Modern Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 453 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Hesperidin: A Review on Extraction Methods, Stability and Biological Activities

by Krystyna Pyrzynska

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122387 - 9 Jun 2022

Cited by 162 | Viewed by 14514

Abstract

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. The food industry uses large quantities of citrus fruit, especially for the [...] Read more.

Hesperidin is a bioflavonoid occurring in high concentrations in citrus fruits. Its use has been associated with a great number of health benefits, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties. The food industry uses large quantities of citrus fruit, especially for the production of juice. It results in the accumulation of huge amounts of by-products such as peels, seeds, cell and membrane residues, which are also a good source of hesperidin. Thus, its extraction from these by-products has attracted considerable scientific interest with aim to use as natural antioxidants. In this review, the extraction and determination methods for quantification of hesperidin in fruits and by-products are presented and discussed as well as its stability and biological activities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Bioactive Plant Compounds for Sustainable Health)

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30 pages, 705 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Malnutrition Screening and Assessment

by Carlos Serón-Arbeloa, Lorenzo Labarta-Monzón, José Puzo-Foncillas, Tomas Mallor-Bonet, Alberto Lafita-López, Néstor Bueno-Vidales and Miguel Montoro-Huguet

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122392 - 9 Jun 2022

Cited by 140 | Viewed by 28180

Abstract

Malnutrition is a serious problem with a negative impact on the quality of life and the evolution of patients, contributing to an increase in morbidity, length of hospital stay, mortality, and health spending. Early identification is fundamental to implement the necessary therapeutic actions, [...] Read more.

Malnutrition is a serious problem with a negative impact on the quality of life and the evolution of patients, contributing to an increase in morbidity, length of hospital stay, mortality, and health spending. Early identification is fundamental to implement the necessary therapeutic actions, involving adequate nutritional support to prevent or reverse malnutrition. This review presents two complementary methods of fighting malnutrition: nutritional screening and nutritional assessment. Nutritional risk screening is conducted using simple, quick-to-perform tools, and is the first line of action in detecting at-risk patients. It should be implemented systematically and periodically on admission to hospital or residential care, as well as on an outpatient basis for patients with chronic conditions. Once patients with a nutritional risk are detected, they should undergo a more detailed nutritional assessment to identify and quantify the type and degree of malnutrition. This should include health history and clinical examination, dietary history, anthropometric measurements, evaluation of the degree of aggression determined by the disease, functional assessment, and, whenever possible, some method of measuring body composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support in Digestive Diseases, and Nutritional Implications of Dietary Interventions)

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21 pages, 714 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic and Modified Mediterranean Diet as a Tool to Counteract Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis: Nutritional Suggestions

by Danila Di Majo, Francesco Cacciabaudo, Giulia Accardi, Giuditta Gambino, Giuseppe Giglia, Giuseppe Ferraro, Giuseppina Candore and Pierangelo Sardo

Nutrients 2022, 14(12), 2384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14122384 - 8 Jun 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 8515

Abstract

Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the [...] Read more.

Ketogenic Diet is a nutritional pattern often used as dietotherapy in inflammatory diseases, including neurological disorders. Applied on epileptic children since 1920, in recent years it has been taken into account again as a tool to both reduce inflammatory burdens and ameliorate the nutritional status of patients affected by different pathologies. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered an immune-mediated neuro-inflammatory disease and diet is a possible factor in its pathogenesis. The aim of this work is to investigate the main potential targets of MS-related impairments, in particular the cognitive deficits, focusing on the alteration of biomarkers such as the Brain Derived-Neurotrophic Factor and the Tryptophan/Kynurenine ratio that could play a role on neuroprotection and thus on MS progression. Furthermore, we here propose nutritional suggestions which are useful in the development of a ketogenic diet protocol that takes advantage of the anti-inflammatory properties of low-carbohydrate foods from the Mediterranean diet to be applied to subjects with MS. In conclusion, this approach will allow one to develop the ketogenic diet combined with a modified Mediterranean diet as a possible tool to improve neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health)

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17 pages, 387 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Impact of Iodine Concentration Disorders on Health and Cancer

by Mateusz Winder, Zofia Kosztyła, Aleksandra Boral, Piotr Kocełak and Jerzy Chudek

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2209; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112209 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 6368

Abstract

Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones [...] Read more.

Iodine deficiency is an ongoing problem. The implementation of salt iodization has significantly reduced the effects of iodine deficiency worldwide in recent years, and the remaining iodine deficiency is mild to moderate. Iodine is an essential substrate for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland. It can also act as an antioxidant, as well as an anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic factor. Pregnant women, breastfeeding women, and children are particularly affected by iodine deficiency. It leads to thyroid diseases and metabolic and developmental disorders, as well as cancer. However, an excessive iodine intake may, similarly to iodine deficiency, lead to the development of goiter, and toxic amounts of iodine can lead to thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, and even to the development of papillary thyroid cancer. Correcting iodine deficiency potentially reduces the chance of developing malignancies. Additional research is needed to better understand both the effect of iodine on carcinogenesis and the clinical outcome of iodine deficiency compensation on cancer patients’ prognosis. The upcoming public health challenge appears to be reducing salt consumption, which could result in a lower iodine intake. Thus, an iodine enrichment vehicle other than salt could be considered if salt iodine levels are not increased to compensate, and urine iodine levels should be monitored more frequently. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

14 pages, 2293 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation Alone and Combined with Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Stephen M. Cornish, Dean M. Cordingley, Keely A. Shaw, Scott C. Forbes, Taylor Leonhardt, Ainsley Bristol, Darren G. Candow and Philip D. Chilibeck

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2221; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112221 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 11475

Abstract

Sarcopenia negatively affects skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid supplementation, with or without resistance exercise training (RET), is suggested to play a role as a therapeutic component to prevent or treat the negative effects of sarcopenia. A [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia negatively affects skeletal muscle mass and function in older adults. Omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acid supplementation, with or without resistance exercise training (RET), is suggested to play a role as a therapeutic component to prevent or treat the negative effects of sarcopenia. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on the impact of ω-3 fatty acid supplementation with or without RET on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (≥55 y). The data sources included SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and Medline. All the study types involving ω-3 fatty acid supplementation on measures of muscle mass and function in older adults (without disease) were included. The mean differences (MDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated and pooled effects assessed. Sixteen studies (1660 females, 778 males) met our inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. ω-3 fatty acid supplementation did not impact lean tissue mass (SMD 0.09 [−0.10, 0.28]). Benefits were observed for lower body strength (SMD 0.54 [0.33, 0.75]), timed-up-and-go (MD 0.29 [0.23, 0.35]s), and 30-s sit-to-stand performance (MD 1.93 [1.59, 2.26] repetitions) but not walking performance (SMD −0.01 [−0.10, 0.07]) or upper body strength (SMD 0.05 [−0.04, 0.13]). Supplementing with ω-3 fatty acids may improve the lower-body strength and functionality in older adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition, Dietary Supplements and Ergogenic Aids in the Treatment of Sarcopenia and Associated Conditions)

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25 pages, 1970 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Neuroprotective Effects and Therapeutic Potential of the Citrus Flavonoid Hesperetin in Neurodegenerative Diseases

by Jasmine A. Evans, Patricia Mendonca and Karam F. A. Soliman

Nutrients 2022, 14(11), 2228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14112228 - 26 May 2022

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 6546

Abstract

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral [...] Read more.

Neurodegenerative disorders affect more than fifty million Americans each year and represent serious health threats as the population ages. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are critical in the onset, progression, and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A wide range of natural compounds has been investigated because of their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. The citrus flavonoid hesperetin (HPT), an aglycone of hesperidin found in oranges, mandarins, and lemons, has been extensively reported to exert neuroprotective effects in experimental models of neurogenerative diseases. This review has compiled multiple studies on HPT in both in vivo and in vitro models to study neurodegeneration. We focused on the modulatory effects of hesperetin on the release of cellular anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress mediators. Additionally, this review discusses the hesperetin effect in maintaining the levels of microRNA (miRNA) and modulating autophagy as it relates to hesperetin’s protective mechanisms against neurodegeneration. Moreover, this review is focused on providing experimental data for hesperetin’s potential as a neuroprotective compound and discusses reported evidence that HPT crosses the blood–brain barrier. In summary, this review shows the evidence available in the literature to indicate the efficacy of hesperetin in delaying the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Novel Therapeutic Nutrient Molecules)

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30 pages, 1257 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Anthocyanins in Chronic Diseases: The Power of Purple

by Sunil K. Panchal, Oliver D. John, Michael L. Mathai and Lindsay Brown

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102161 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 11404

Abstract

Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of [...] Read more.

Anthocyanins are mainly purple-coloured phenolic compounds of plant origin that as secondary metabolites are important in plant survival. Understanding their health benefits in humans requires sourcing these unstable compounds in sufficient quantities at a reasonable cost, which has led to improved methods of extraction. Dark-coloured fruits, cereals and vegetables are current sources of these compounds. The range of potential sustainable sources is much larger and includes non-commercialised native plants from around the world and agri-waste containing anthocyanins. In the last 5 years, there have been significant advances in developing the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins in chronic human diseases. Anthocyanins exert their beneficial effects through improvements in gut microbiota, oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of neuropeptides such as insulin-like growth factor-1. Their health benefits in humans include reduced cognitive decline; protection of organs such as the liver, as well as the cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract and kidneys; improvements in bone health and obesity; and regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. This review summarises some of the sources of anthocyanins and their mechanisms and benefits in the treatment of chronic human diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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14 pages, 768 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Plant-Based Dairy Alternatives: Consumers’ Perceptions, Motivations, and Barriers—Results from a Qualitative Study in Poland, Germany, and France

by Dominika Adamczyk, Diana Jaworska, Daria Affeltowicz and Dominika Maison

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2171; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102171 - 23 May 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8377

Abstract

Plant-based dairy substitutes have been gaining popularity in recent years, but consumer perspective on these products is still relatively unexplored. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential of plant-based dairy alternatives, including consumers’ motives and the barriers to embracing this [...] Read more.

Plant-based dairy substitutes have been gaining popularity in recent years, but consumer perspective on these products is still relatively unexplored. The purpose of the study was to investigate the potential of plant-based dairy alternatives, including consumers’ motives and the barriers to embracing this food category. A qualitative study (24 focus groups, 154 respondents) was conducted in three countries: Poland, Germany, and France. The study allowed us to describe the reasons for using dairy substitutes (curiosity, health reasons, influence of others), their perceived advantages, and the barriers to their use. The study also showed that the role of dairy differs between the surveyed countries and is related to culinary traditions. As a result, attitudes towards and motives for using dairy substitutes differ in the different countries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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19 pages, 1804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on COVID-19 Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Banafsheh Hosseini, Asmae El Abd and Francine M. Ducharme

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102134 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 11538

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly expanded to a global pandemic; however, our knowledge is limited with regards to the protective factors against this infection. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 outbreak has rapidly expanded to a global pandemic; however, our knowledge is limited with regards to the protective factors against this infection. The aim of this systematic literature review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of vitamin D supplementation on COVID-19 related outcomes. A systematic search of relevant papers published until January 2022 was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-randomized studies of intervention (NRISs). The primary outcomes included the risk of COVID-19 infection (primary prevention studies on uninfected individuals), hospital admission (secondary prevention studies on mild COVID-19 cases), and ICU admission and mortality rate (tertiary prevention studies on hospitalized COVID-19 patients). We identified five studies (one RCT, four NRISs) on primary prevention, with five (two RCTs, three NRISs) on secondary prevention, and 13 (six RCTs, seven NRISs) on tertiary prevention. Pooled analysis showed no significant effect on the risk of COVID-19 infection. No meta-analysis was possible on hospitalization risk due to paucity of data. Vitamin D supplementation was significantly associated with a reduced risk of ICU admission (RR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.20, 0.62) and mortality (RR = 0.46, 95% CI: 0.30, 0.70). Vitamin D supplementation had no significant impact on the risk of COVID-19 infection, whereas it showed protective effects against mortality and ICU admission in COVID-19 patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Micronutrients and Human Health)

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25 pages, 1885 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alkaline Phosphatase: An Old Friend as Treatment Target for Cardiovascular and Mineral Bone Disorders in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Mathias Haarhaus, Giuseppe Cianciolo, Simona Barbuto, Gaetano La Manna, Lorenzo Gasperoni, Giovanni Tripepi, Mario Plebani, Maria Fusaro and Per Magnusson

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2124; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102124 - 19 May 2022

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 14724

Abstract

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of four human isozymes that are expressed as distinct TNALP isoforms after posttranslational modifications, mainly in bone, liver, and kidney tissues. Beyond [...] Read more.

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is an evolutionary conserved enzyme and widely used biomarker in clinical practice. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNALP) is one of four human isozymes that are expressed as distinct TNALP isoforms after posttranslational modifications, mainly in bone, liver, and kidney tissues. Beyond the well-known effects on bone mineralization, the bone ALP (BALP) isoforms (B/I, B1, B1x, and B2) are also involved in the pathogenesis of ectopic calcification. This narrative review summarizes the recent clinical investigations and mechanisms that link ALP and BALP to inflammation, metabolic syndrome, vascular calcification, endothelial dysfunction, fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. The association between ALP, vitamin K, bone metabolism, and fracture risk in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is also discussed. Recent advances in different pharmacological strategies are highlighted, with the potential to modulate the expression of ALP directly and indirectly in CKD–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD), e.g., epigenetic modulation, phosphate binders, calcimimetics, vitamin D, and other anti-fracture treatments. We conclude that the significant evidence for ALP as a pathogenic factor and risk marker in CKD-MBD supports the inclusion of concrete treatment targets for ALP in clinical guidelines. While a target value below 120 U/L is associated with improved survival, further experimental and clinical research should explore interventional strategies with optimal risk–benefit profiles. The future holds great promise for novel drug therapies modulating ALP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Bone and Vascular Health: The Journey from Pathophysiology to Treatment)

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12 pages, 798 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

From Gut Microbiota through Low-Grade Inflammation to Obesity: Key Players and Potential Targets

by Claudia Vetrani, Andrea Di Nisio, Stavroula A. Paschou, Luigi Barrea, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Chiara Graziadio, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao and on behalf of the Obesity Programs of Nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment (OPERA) Group

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2103; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102103 - 18 May 2022

Cited by 49 | Viewed by 7146

Abstract

During the last decades, the gut microbiota has gained much interest in relation to human health. Mounting evidence has shown a strict association between gut microbiota and obesity and its related diseases. Inflammation has been appointed as the driving force behind this association. [...] Read more.

During the last decades, the gut microbiota has gained much interest in relation to human health. Mounting evidence has shown a strict association between gut microbiota and obesity and its related diseases. Inflammation has been appointed as the driving force behind this association. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota might influence inflammation in the host could pave for the identification of effective strategies to reduce inflammation-related diseases, such as obesity and obesity-related diseases. For this purpose, we carried out an extensive literature search for studies published in the English language during the last 10 years. Most relevant studies were used to provide a comprehensive view of all aspects related to the association of gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation with obesity. Accordingly, this narrative review reports the evidence on the key players supporting the role of gut microbiota in the modulation of inflammation in relation to obesity and its complications. Moreover, therapeutic approaches to reduce microbiota-related inflammation are discussed to provide potential targets for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue OPERA 2021 (Obesity Programs of Nutrition, Education, Research and Assessment of the Best Treatment): Obesity and Low Grade Inflammation)

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23 pages, 1419 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotics and the Human Gut Microbiota: From Breakdown Mechanisms to the Impact on Metabolic Health

by Cassandre Bedu-Ferrari, Paul Biscarrat, Philippe Langella and Claire Cherbuy

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2096; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102096 - 17 May 2022

Cited by 58 | Viewed by 11342

Abstract

The colon harbours a dynamic and complex community of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which constitutes the densest microbial ecosystem in the human body. These commensal gut microbes play a key role in human health and diseases, revealing the strong potential [...] Read more.

The colon harbours a dynamic and complex community of microorganisms, collectively known as the gut microbiota, which constitutes the densest microbial ecosystem in the human body. These commensal gut microbes play a key role in human health and diseases, revealing the strong potential of fine-tuning the gut microbiota to confer health benefits. In this context, dietary strategies targeting gut microbes to modulate the composition and metabolic function of microbial communities are of increasing interest. One such dietary strategy is the use of prebiotics, which are defined as substrates that are selectively utilised by host microorganisms to confer a health benefit. A better understanding of the metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown of prebiotics is essential to improve these nutritional strategies. In this review, we will present the concept of prebiotics, and focus on the main sources and nature of these components, which are mainly non-digestible polysaccharides. We will review the breakdown mechanisms of complex carbohydrates by the intestinal microbiota and present short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as key molecules mediating the dialogue between the intestinal microbiota and the host. Finally, we will review human studies exploring the potential of prebiotics in metabolic diseases, revealing the personalised responses to prebiotic ingestion. In conclusion, we hope that this review will be of interest to identify mechanistic factors for the optimization of prebiotic-based strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Health)

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16 pages, 3871 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Alleviation of Gut Microbiota-Induced Depression and Colitis in Mice by Anti-Inflammatory Probiotics NK151, NK173, and NK175

by Jong-Wook Yoo, Yoon-Jung Shin, Xiaoyang Ma, Young-Hoo Son, Hyo-Min Jang, Chang Kyun Lee and Dong-Hyun Kim

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2080; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102080 - 16 May 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5123

Abstract

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we examined whether the fecal microbiota of IBD patients with depression (IBDD) and their gut microbiota culture (iGm) could cause depression and colitis in mice and anti-inflammatory probiotics [...] Read more.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis is strongly associated with psychiatric disorders and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Herein, we examined whether the fecal microbiota of IBD patients with depression (IBDD) and their gut microbiota culture (iGm) could cause depression and colitis in mice and anti-inflammatory probiotics could mitigate depression in iGm-transplanted or immobilization stress (IS)-exposed mice. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from IBDD patients, which exhibited Enterobacteriaceae-rich gut microbiota, and its gut microbiota culture (iGm) increased depression-like behaviors in mice. Their treatments heightened the blood lipopolysaccharide (LPS) level and colonic IL-1β and IL-6 expression. However, FMT from healthy volunteers or sulfasalazine treatment alleviated cGm-induced depressive-like behaviors and hippocampal and colonic inflammation in mice. Moreover, oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum NK151, Bifidobacterium longum NK173, and Bifidobacterium bifidum NK175, which inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 expression in macrophages, alleviated cGm-induced depression-like behaviors, hippocampal NF-κB⁺Iba1⁺ cell numbers and IL-1β and IL-6 expression, blood LPS, IL-6, and creatinine levels, and colonic NF-κB⁺CD11c⁺ number and IL-1β and IL-6 expression in mice. Treatment with NK151, NK173, or NK175 mitigated immobilization stress (IS)-induced depressive-like behaviors, neuroinflammation, and gut inflammation in mice. NK151, NK173, or NK175 also decreased IS-induced blood LPS, IL-6, and creatinine levels. The transplantation of Enterobacteriaceae-rich gut microbiota can cause depression and colitis, as IS exposure, and anti-inflammatory NK151, NK173, and NK175, may alleviate stress-induced fatigue, depression, and colitis by regulating the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines through the suppression of gut bacterial LPS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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11 pages, 726 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods Is Inversely Associated with Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Monica Dinu, Marta Tristan Asensi, Giuditta Pagliai, Sofia Lotti, Daniela Martini, Barbara Colombini and Francesco Sofi

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2073; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102073 - 15 May 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 4802

Abstract

Information on the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in relation to an adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) is limited. Our aim was to assess UPF consumption in a group of Italian adults and to evaluate the relationship with the MD adherence. A [...] Read more.

Information on the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in relation to an adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) is limited. Our aim was to assess UPF consumption in a group of Italian adults and to evaluate the relationship with the MD adherence. A total of 670 participants (median age: 30 years) were included in the analysis. The consumption of UPF was assessed through the NOVA Food Frequency Questionnaire (NFFQ). Adherence to the MD was assessed through the Medi-Lite score. The percentage of UPF in the diet was 16.4% corresponding to 299 g of UPF per day. These amounts were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in men than in women and came mainly from ready-to-eat meals or pre-packaged bread, bread alternatives, pizza, frozen potato chips (24.5% of total UPF intake), pre-packaged biscuits and sweets (20.7%), soft drinks (15.8%), and dairy products such as flavored yogurt (12%). As to the MD adherence, a significant inverse association between the Medi-Lite score and the percentage of UPF in the diet (R = −0.35; p < 0.001) was observed. Participants with a low adherence to the MD had a significantly higher contribution of UPF in the diet (22.2%) compared to those with a moderate (16.2%) and high (12.6%) adherence. In terms of individual UPF, the largest difference between low and high MD adherents was observed for pre-packaged biscuits and sweets, soft and energy drinks, sausages and other reconstituted meat products, and pre-packaged bread and bread alternatives. These results suggest that public health strategies are needed to implement more effective actions to promote healthy eating habits in the population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Processed Foods, Diet Quality and Human Health)

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11 pages, 794 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet: Impact of Geographical Location of the Observations

by Elisa Mattavelli, Elena Olmastroni, Daniela Bonofiglio, Alberico L. Catapano, Andrea Baragetti and Paolo Magni

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2040; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102040 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5161

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet has emerged as a comprehensive lifestyle, including specific foods and meal composition and a set of behavioural and social features. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been shown to promote health and reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases. The actual [...] Read more.

The Mediterranean diet has emerged as a comprehensive lifestyle, including specific foods and meal composition and a set of behavioural and social features. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been shown to promote health and reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases. The actual implementation of the Mediterranean diet is affected by several sociocultural factors as well as geographical components. Indeed, the geographical location, such as a specific country or different areas in a country and specific latitude and climate, appears to be an important factor that may strongly affect the implementation of the Mediterranean diet or some of its principles as well as the adherence to it. Another dynamic component affecting personal nutritional choices, also regarding adherence to the Mediterranean diet and its principles, is the individual life-long trajectory of food preference and nutrition habits and awareness. In this review, we discuss the current evidence on the impact of geographical location on adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity as Healthy Lifestyles for Human Health)

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16 pages, 661 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and Obesity/Adiposity—A Brief Overview of Recent Studies

by Imene Bennour, Nicole Haroun, Flavie Sicard, Lourdes Mounien and Jean-François Landrier

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2049; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102049 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 15093

Abstract

Observational studies classically find an inverse relationship between human plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and obesity. However, interventional and genetic studies have failed to provide clear conclusions on the causal effect of vitamin D on obesity/adiposity. Likewise, vitamin D supplementation in obese rodents has [...] Read more.

Observational studies classically find an inverse relationship between human plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and obesity. However, interventional and genetic studies have failed to provide clear conclusions on the causal effect of vitamin D on obesity/adiposity. Likewise, vitamin D supplementation in obese rodents has mostly failed to improve obesity parameters, whereas several lines of evidence in rodents and prospective studies in humans point to a preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on the onset of obesity. Recent studies investigating the impact of maternal vitamin D deficiency in women and in rodent models on adipose tissue biology programming in offspring further support a preventive metabolically driven effect of vitamin D sufficiency. The aim of this review is to summarize the state of the knowledge on the relationship between vitamin D and obesity/adiposity in humans and in rodents and the impact of maternal vitamin D deficiency on the metabolic trajectory of the offspring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Micronutrients Deficiency and Obesity)

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21 pages, 2389 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review on Rhubarb-Derived Substances as Modulators of Cardiovascular Risk Factors—A Special Emphasis on Anti-Obesity Action

by Oleksandra Liudvytska and Joanna Kolodziejczyk-Czepas

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2053; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102053 - 13 May 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5118

Abstract

The currently available anti-obesity therapies encounter many associated risks and side effects often causing the ineffectiveness of treatment. Therefore, various plant-derived substances have been extensively studied as a promising support or even an alternative for existing anti-obesity therapies. This review is dealing with [...] Read more.

The currently available anti-obesity therapies encounter many associated risks and side effects often causing the ineffectiveness of treatment. Therefore, various plant-derived substances have been extensively studied as a promising support or even an alternative for existing anti-obesity therapies. This review is dealing with the anti-obesity potential of edible and ethnomedicinal rhubarb species and emerging possible role of the rhubarb-derived extracts or individual compounds in the prevention of obesity and perspectives for their use in an anti-obesity treatment. A special emphasis is put on the most popular edible specimens, i.e., Rheum rhabarbarum L. (garden rhubarb) and Rheum rhaponticum L. (rhapontic rhubarb, Siberian rhubarb); however, the anti-obesity potential of other rhubarb species (e.g., R. officinale, R. palmatum, and R. emodi) is presented as well. The significance of rhubarb-derived extracts and low-molecular specialized rhubarb metabolites of diversified chemical background, e.g., anthraquinones and stilbenes, as potential modulators of human metabolism is highlighted, including the context of cardiovascular disease prevention. The available reports present multiple encouraging rhubarb properties starting from the anti-lipidemic action of rhubarb fibre or its use as purgative medicines, through various actions of rhubarb-derived extracts and their individual compounds: inhibition of enzymes of cholesterol and lipid metabolism, targeting of key molecular regulators of adipogenesis, regulators of cell energy metabolism, the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory signalling pathways and to regulate glucose and lipid homeostasis contributing to overall in vivo and clinical anti-obesity effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Phytochemicals and Human Health)

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41 pages, 1609 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Complex Role of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Food Detoxification

by Penka Petrova, Alexander Arsov, Flora Tsvetanova, Tsvetomila Parvanova-Mancheva, Evgenia Vasileva, Lidia Tsigoriyna and Kaloyan Petrov

Nutrients 2022, 14(10), 2038; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14102038 - 12 May 2022

Cited by 60 | Viewed by 12199

Abstract

Toxic ingredients in food can lead to serious food-related diseases. Such compounds are bacterial toxins (Shiga-toxin, listeriolysin, Botulinum toxin), mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin), pesticides of different classes (organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroids), heavy metals, and natural antinutrients such as phytates, oxalates, and cyanide-generating [...] Read more.

Toxic ingredients in food can lead to serious food-related diseases. Such compounds are bacterial toxins (Shiga-toxin, listeriolysin, Botulinum toxin), mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin, zearalenone, fumonisin), pesticides of different classes (organochlorine, organophosphate, synthetic pyrethroids), heavy metals, and natural antinutrients such as phytates, oxalates, and cyanide-generating glycosides. The generally regarded safe (GRAS) status and long history of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as essential ingredients of fermented foods and probiotics make them a major biological tool against a great variety of food-related toxins. This state-of-the-art review aims to summarize and discuss the data revealing the involvement of LAB in the detoxification of foods from hazardous agents of microbial and chemical nature. It is focused on the specific properties that allow LAB to counteract toxins and destroy them, as well as on the mechanisms of microbial antagonism toward toxigenic producers. Toxins of microbial origin are either adsorbed or degraded, toxic chemicals are hydrolyzed and then used as a carbon source, while heavy metals are bound and accumulated. Based on these comprehensive data, the prospects for developing new combinations of probiotic starters for food detoxification are considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of Lactobacillus and Probiotics in Human Health and Diseases)

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15 pages, 1920 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Serine Metabolism in Health and Disease and as a Conditionally Essential Amino Acid

by Milan Holeček

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091987 - 9 May 2022

Cited by 68 | Viewed by 13621

Abstract

L-serine plays an essential role in a broad range of cellular functions including protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and folate and methionine cycles and synthesis of sphingolipids, phospholipids, and sulphur containing amino acids. A hydroxyl side-chain of L-serine contributes to polarity of proteins, and serves [...] Read more.

L-serine plays an essential role in a broad range of cellular functions including protein synthesis, neurotransmission, and folate and methionine cycles and synthesis of sphingolipids, phospholipids, and sulphur containing amino acids. A hydroxyl side-chain of L-serine contributes to polarity of proteins, and serves as a primary site for binding a phosphate group to regulate protein function. D-serine, its D-isoform, has a unique role. Recent studies indicate increased requirements for L-serine and its potential therapeutic use in some diseases. L-serine deficiency is associated with impaired function of the nervous system, primarily due to abnormal metabolism of phospholipids and sphingolipids, particularly increased synthesis of deoxysphingolipids. Therapeutic benefits of L-serine have been reported in primary disorders of serine metabolism, diabetic neuropathy, hyperhomocysteinemia, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Use of L-serine and its metabolic products, specifically D-serine and phosphatidylserine, has been investigated for the therapy of renal diseases, central nervous system injury, and in a wide range of neurological and psychiatric disorders. It is concluded that there are disorders in which humans cannot synthesize L-serine in sufficient quantities, that L-serine is effective in therapy of disorders associated with its deficiency, and that L-serine should be classified as a “conditionally essential” amino acid. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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29 pages, 2251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Poultry Meat and Eggs as an Alternative Source of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Human Nutrition

by Alice Cartoni Mancinelli, Simona Mattioli, Cornelia Twining, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Ann M. Donoghue, Komala Arsi, Elisa Angelucci, Diletta Chiattelli and Cesare Castellini

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1969; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091969 - 8 May 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 10660

Abstract

The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios [...] Read more.

The beneficial effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) on human health are widely known. Humans are rather inefficient in synthesizing n-3 LC-PUFA; thus, these compounds should be supplemented in the diet. However, most Western human diets have unbalanced n-6/n-3 ratios resulting from eating habits and the fact that fish sources (rich in n-3 LC-PUFA) are not sufficient (worldwide deficit ~347,956 t/y) to meet the world requirements. In this context, it is necessary to find new and sustainable sources of n-3 LC-PUFA. Poultry products can provide humans n-3 LC-PUFA due to physiological characteristics and the wide consumption of meat and eggs. The present work aims to provide a general overview of the main strategies that should be adopted during rearing and postproduction to enrich and preserve n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The strategies include dietary supplementation of α-Linolenic acid (ALA) or n-3 LC-PUFA, or enhancing n-3 LC-PUFA by improving the LA (Linoleic acid)/ALA ratio and antioxidant concentrations. Moreover, factors such as genotype, rearing system, transport, and cooking processes can impact the n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. The use of a multifactorial view in the entire production chain allows the relevant enrichment and preservation of n-3 LC-PUFA in poultry products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Health and Disease)

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15 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Alcohol, Drinking Pattern, and Chronic Disease

by María Barbería-Latasa, Alfredo Gea and Miguel A. Martínez-González

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1954; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091954 - 7 May 2022

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 11051

Abstract

This review discusses the inconsistent recommendations on alcohol consumption and its association with chronic disease, highlighting the need for an evidence-based consensus. Alcohol is an addictive substance consumed worldwide, especially in European countries. Recommendations on alcohol consumption are controversial. On one hand, many [...] Read more.

This review discusses the inconsistent recommendations on alcohol consumption and its association with chronic disease, highlighting the need for an evidence-based consensus. Alcohol is an addictive substance consumed worldwide, especially in European countries. Recommendations on alcohol consumption are controversial. On one hand, many nonrandomized studies defend that moderate consumption has a beneficial cardiovascular effect or a lower risk of all-cause mortality. On the other hand, alcohol is associated with an increased risk of cancer, neurological diseases, or injuries, among others. For years, efforts have been made to answer the question regarding the safe amount of alcohol intake, but controversies remain. Observational studies advocate moderate alcohol consumption following a Mediterranean pattern (red wine with meals avoiding binge drinking) as the best option for current drinkers. However, agencies such as the IARC recommend abstention from alcohol as it is a potent carcinogen. In this context, more randomized trial with larger sample size and hard clinical endpoints should be conducted to clarify the available evidence and provide clinicians with support for their clinical practice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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31 pages, 2224 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Therapeutic Role of Ketogenic Diet in Neurological Disorders

by Diana Pietrzak, Kamila Kasperek, Paweł Rękawek and Iwona Piątkowska-Chmiel

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1952; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091952 - 6 May 2022

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 17563

Abstract

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate and adequate-protein diet that has gained popularity in recent years in the context of neurological diseases (NDs). The complexity of the pathogenesis of these diseases means that effective forms of treatment are still lacking. Conventional [...] Read more.

The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate and adequate-protein diet that has gained popularity in recent years in the context of neurological diseases (NDs). The complexity of the pathogenesis of these diseases means that effective forms of treatment are still lacking. Conventional therapy is often associated with increasing tolerance and/or drug resistance. Consequently, more effective therapeutic strategies are being sought to increase the effectiveness of available forms of therapy and improve the quality of life of patients. For the moment, it seems that KD can provide therapeutic benefits in patients with neurological problems by effectively controlling the balance between pro- and antioxidant processes and pro-excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and modulating inflammation or changing the composition of the gut microbiome. In this review we evaluated the potential therapeutic efficacy of KD in epilepsy, depression, migraine, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In our opinion, KD should be considered as an adjuvant therapeutic option for some neurological diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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18 pages, 910 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of the Microbiome-Brain-Gut Axis in the Pathogenesis of Depressive Disorder

by Ewelina Młynarska, Joanna Gadzinowska, Julita Tokarek, Joanna Forycka, Aleksandra Szuman, Beata Franczyk and Jacek Rysz

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1921; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091921 - 4 May 2022

Cited by 59 | Viewed by 10979

Abstract

The role of gut microbiota and its association with the central nervous system via the microbiome-brain-gut axis has been widely discussed in the literature. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the development of depression and [...] Read more.

The role of gut microbiota and its association with the central nervous system via the microbiome-brain-gut axis has been widely discussed in the literature. The aim of this review is to investigate the impact of gut microbiota on the development of depression and underlying molecular mechanisms. There are two possible pathways in which this interaction might occur. The first one suggests that depressive disorder could lead to dysbiosis and one of the causes may be the influence on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The second one considers if changes in the composition of gut microbiota might cause depressive disorder. The mechanisms that could be responsible for this interaction include the secretion of neurotransmitters, gut peptides and the activation of the immune system. However, current knowledge on this topic does not allow for us to state an unambiguous conclusion, and future studies that take into consideration more precise stress-measurement methods are needed to further explore direct mechanisms of the interaction between gut microbiota and mental health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diet, Gut Microbiota, and Autoimmunity: Relevance for the Gut–Brain Axis and Psychiatric Disorders)

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21 pages, 7468 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-12 Alleviates Inflammation and Colon Cancer Symptoms in AOM/DSS-Treated Mice through Modulating the Intestinal Microbiome and Metabolome

by Fenglian Ma, Mengying Sun, Yinglong Song, Arong Wang, Shujuan Jiang, Fang Qian, Guangqing Mu and Yanfeng Tuo

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1916; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091916 - 3 May 2022

Cited by 36 | Viewed by 5220

Abstract

In our previous research, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-12 alleviated inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice by regulating intestinal microbiota and preventing colon shortening (p < 0.05). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether L. plantarum-12 could ameliorate the [...] Read more.

In our previous research, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum-12 alleviated inflammation in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced mice by regulating intestinal microbiota and preventing colon shortening (p < 0.05). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate whether L. plantarum-12 could ameliorate the colon cancer symptoms of azoxymethane (AOM)/DSS-treated C57BL/6 mice. The results showed that L. plantarum-12 alleviated colonic shortening (from 7.43 ± 0.15 to 8.23 ± 0.25) and weight loss (from 25.92 ± 0.21 to 27.75 ± 0.88) in AOM/DSS-treated mice. L. plantarum-12 oral administration down-regulated pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α (from 350.41 ± 15.80 to 247.72 ± 21.91), IL-8 (from 322.19 ± 11.83 to 226.08 ± 22.06), and IL-1β (111.43 ± 8.14 to 56.90 ± 2.70) levels and up-regulated anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 (from 126.08 ± 24.92 to 275.89 ± 21.87) level of AOM/DSS-treated mice. L. plantarum-12 oral administration restored the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis of the AOM/DSS treated mice by up-regulating beneficial Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Bifidobacteriaceae levels and down-regulating pathogenic Proteobacteria, Desulfovibrionaceae, and Erysipelotrichaceae levels. As a result, the fecal metabolites of the AOM/DSS-treated mice were altered, including xanthosine, uridine, 3,4-methylenesebacic acid, 3-hydroxytetradecanedioic acid, 4-hydroxyhexanoylglycine, beta-leucine, and glycitein, by L. plantarum-12 oral administration. Furthermore, L. plantarum-12 oral administration significantly ameliorated the colon injury of the AOM/DSS-treated mice by enhancing colonic tight junction protein level and promoting tumor cells death via down-regulating PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and up-regulating pro-apoptotic Bax. (p < 0.05). Taken together, L. plantarum-12 oral administration could ameliorate the colon cancer burden and inflammation of AOM-DSS-treated C57BL/6 mice through regulating the intestinal microbiota, manipulating fecal metabolites, enhancing colon barrier function, and inhibiting NF-κB signaling. These results suggest that L. plantarum-12 might be an excellent probiotic candidate for the prevention of colon cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Probiotics, Prebiotics and Postbiotics in Human Health)

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26 pages, 2718 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sleep Quality: A Narrative Review on Nutrition, Stimulants, and Physical Activity as Important Factors

by Monika Sejbuk, Iwona Mirończuk-Chodakowska and Anna Maria Witkowska

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1912; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091912 - 2 May 2022

Cited by 130 | Viewed by 47044

Abstract

Sleep is a cyclically occurring, transient, and functional state that is controlled primarily by neurobiological processes. Sleep disorders and insomnia are increasingly being diagnosed at all ages. These are risk factors for depression, mental disorders, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and/or high blood [...] Read more.

Sleep is a cyclically occurring, transient, and functional state that is controlled primarily by neurobiological processes. Sleep disorders and insomnia are increasingly being diagnosed at all ages. These are risk factors for depression, mental disorders, coronary heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and/or high blood pressure. A number of factors can negatively affect sleep quality, including the use of stimulants, stress, anxiety, and the use of electronic devices before sleep. A growing body of evidence suggests that nutrition, physical activity, and sleep hygiene can significantly affect the quality of sleep. The aim of this review was to discuss the factors that can affect sleep quality, such as nutrition, stimulants, and physical activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition at the Interface of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Implications for Health)

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12 pages, 992 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Intestinal Barrier Permeability in Allergic Diseases

by Monika Niewiem and Urszula Grzybowska-Chlebowczyk

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1893; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091893 - 30 Apr 2022

Cited by 61 | Viewed by 7052

Abstract

The role of intestinal permeability (IP) markers among children and adults with food allergies is not fully understood, and the identification of biological indicators/markers that predict growth retardation in children with allergic diseases and atopy has not been well explained. Studies have shown [...] Read more.

The role of intestinal permeability (IP) markers among children and adults with food allergies is not fully understood, and the identification of biological indicators/markers that predict growth retardation in children with allergic diseases and atopy has not been well explained. Studies have shown that patients with atopic diseases respond abnormally to food allergens. Accordingly, differences in the types of immune complexes formed in response to antigen challenges are significant, which seems to underlie the systemic signs of the food allergy. Increased intestinal permeability over the course of a food allergy allows allergens to penetrate through the intestinal barrier and stimulate the submucosal immune system. Additionally, the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators enhances the degradation of the epithelial barrier and leads to an improper cycle, resulting in increased intestinal permeability. Several studies have also demonstrated increased permeability of the epithelial cells in those afflicted with atopic eczema and bronchial asthma. Ongoing research is aimed at finding various indicators to assess IP in patients with atopic diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Allergy and Clinical Immunology)

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12 pages, 888 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prevalence of Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19: An Observational Cohort Study

by Manyola Voelkle, Claudia Gregoriano, Peter Neyer, Daniel Koch, Alexander Kutz, Luca Bernasconi, Anna Conen, Beat Mueller and Philipp Schuetz

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091862 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 4622

Abstract

Background: A higher risk for severe clinical courses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to deficiencies of several micronutrients. We therefore studied the prevalence of deficiencies of eight different micronutrients in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19-patients. Methods: We measured admission serum/plasma [...] Read more.

Background: A higher risk for severe clinical courses of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been linked to deficiencies of several micronutrients. We therefore studied the prevalence of deficiencies of eight different micronutrients in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19-patients. Methods: We measured admission serum/plasma levels of vitamins A, B12, D, and E, as well as folic acid, zinc, selenium, and copper in 57 consecutively admitted adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 and analyzed prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies and correlations among micronutrient levels. Further, we studied associations of micronutrient levels with severe disease progression, a composite endpoint consisting of in-hospital mortality and/or need for intensive care unit (ICU) treatment with logistic regression. Results: Median age was 67.0 years (IQR 60.0, 74.2) and 60% (n = 34) were male. Overall, 79% (n = 45) of patients had at least one deficient micronutrient level and 33% (n = 19) had ≥3 deficiencies. Most prevalent deficiencies were found for selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc (51%, 40%, 39%, and 39%, respectively). We found several correlations among micronutrients with correlation coefficients ranging from r = 0.27 to r = 0.42. The strongest associations with lower risk for severe COVID-19 disease progression (adjusted odds ratios) were found for higher levels of vitamin A (0.18, 95% CI 0.05–0.69, p = 0.01), zinc (0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.98, p = 0.03), and folic acid (0.88, 95% CI 0.78–0.98, p = 0.02). Conclusions: We found a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in mostly older patients hospitalized for COVID-19, particularly regarding selenium, vitamin D, vitamin A, and zinc. Several deficiencies were associated with a higher risk for more severe COVID-19 courses. Whether supplementation of micronutrients is useful for prevention of severe clinical courses or treatment of COVID-19 warrants further research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition in Chronic Conditions)

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30 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for the Assessment of Body Composition in Sarcopenia and Type 2 Diabetes

by Stefano Sbrignadello, Christian Göbl and Andrea Tura

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091864 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 6679

Abstract

Sarcopenia is emerging as a severe complication in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). On the other hand, it has been documented that nutritional aspects, such as insufficient protein or total energy intake, increase sarcopenia risk. The analysis of body composition is a relevant approach [...] Read more.

Sarcopenia is emerging as a severe complication in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). On the other hand, it has been documented that nutritional aspects, such as insufficient protein or total energy intake, increase sarcopenia risk. The analysis of body composition is a relevant approach to assess nutritional status, and different techniques are available. Among such techniques, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is particularly interesting, since it is non-invasive, simple, and less expensive than the other techniques. Therefore, we conducted a review study to analyze the studies using BIA for body composition analysis in T2DM patients with sarcopenia or at risk of catching it. Revised studies have provided important information concerning relationships between body composition parameters (mainly muscle mass) and other aspects of T2DM patients’ conditions, including different comorbidities, and information on how to avoid muscle mass deterioration. Such relevant findings suggest that BIA can be considered appropriate for body composition analysis in T2DM complicated by sarcopenia/muscle loss. The wide size of the patients’ cohort in many studies confirms that BIA is convenient for clinical applications. However, studies with a specific focus on the validation of BIA, in the peculiar population of patients with T2DM complicated by sarcopenia, should be considered. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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19 pages, 354 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Screening for Low Energy Availability in Male Athletes: Attempted Validation of LEAM-Q

by Bronwen Lundy, Monica K. Torstveit, Thomas B. Stenqvist, Louise M. Burke, Ina Garthe, Gary J. Slater, Christian Ritz and Anna K. Melin

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091873 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 12374

Abstract

A questionnaire-based screening tool for male athletes at risk of low energy availability (LEA) could facilitate both research and clinical practice. The present options rely on proxies for LEA such screening tools for disordered eating, exercise dependence, or those validated in female athlete [...] Read more.

A questionnaire-based screening tool for male athletes at risk of low energy availability (LEA) could facilitate both research and clinical practice. The present options rely on proxies for LEA such screening tools for disordered eating, exercise dependence, or those validated in female athlete populations. in which the female-specific sections are excluded. To overcome these limitations and support progress in understanding LEA in males, centres in Australia, Norway, Denmark, and Sweden collaborated to develop a screening tool (LEAM-Q) based on clinical investigations of elite and sub-elite male athletes from multiple countries and ethnicities, and a variety of endurance and weight-sensitive sports. A bank of questions was developed from previously validated questionnaires and expert opinion on various clinical markers of LEA in athletic or eating disorder populations, dizziness, thermoregulation, gastrointestinal symptoms, injury, illness, wellbeing, recovery, sleep and sex drive. The validation process covered reliability, content validity, a multivariate analysis of associations between variable responses and clinical markers, and Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis of variables, with the inclusion threshold being set at 60% sensitivity. Comparison of the scores of the retained questionnaire variables between subjects classified as cases or controls based on clinical markers of LEA revealed an internal consistency and reliability of 0.71. Scores for sleep and thermoregulation were not associated with any clinical marker and were excluded from any further analysis. Of the remaining variables, dizziness, illness, fatigue, and sex drive had sufficient sensitivity to be retained in the questionnaire, but only low sex drive was able to distinguish between LEA cases and controls and was associated with perturbations in key clinical markers and questionnaire responses. In summary, in this large and international cohort, low sex drive was the most effective self-reported symptom in identifying male athletes requiring further clinical assessment for LEA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sports Nutrition)

15 pages, 5270 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Short-Chain Fatty Acids Ameliorate Depressive-like Behaviors of High Fructose-Fed Mice by Rescuing Hippocampal Neurogenesis Decline and Blood–Brain Barrier Damage

by Chuan-Feng Tang, Cong-Ying Wang, Jun-Han Wang, Qiao-Na Wang, Shen-Jie Li, Hai-Ou Wang, Feng Zhou and Jian-Mei Li

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091882 - 29 Apr 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 5397

Abstract

Excessive fructose intake is associated with the increased risk of mental illness, such as depression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our previous study found that high fructose diet (FruD)-fed mice exhibited neuroinflammation, hippocampal neurogenesis decline and blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage, accompanied [...] Read more.

Excessive fructose intake is associated with the increased risk of mental illness, such as depression, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Our previous study found that high fructose diet (FruD)-fed mice exhibited neuroinflammation, hippocampal neurogenesis decline and blood–brain barrier (BBB) damage, accompanied by the reduction of gut microbiome-derived short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Here, we found that chronic stress aggravated these pathological changes and promoted the development of depressive-like behaviors in FruD mice. In detail, the decreased number of newborn neurons, mature neurons and neural stem cells (NSCs) in the hippocampus of FruD mice was worsened by chronic stress. Furthermore, chronic stress exacerbated the damage of BBB integrity with the decreased expression of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-5 and occludin in brain vasculature, overactivated microglia and increased neuroinflammation in FruD mice. These results suggest that high fructose intake combined with chronic stress leads to cumulative negative effects that promote the development of depressive-like behaviors in mice. Of note, SCFAs could rescue hippocampal neurogenesis decline, improve BBB damage and suppress microglia activation and neuroinflammation, thereby ameliorate depressive-like behaviors of FruD mice exposed to chronic stress. These results could be used to develop dietary interventions to prevent depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Protective Effects of Botanical Dietary Supplements on Neurological Diseases)

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16 pages, 5543 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Supplementation with Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Shapes the Gut Microbiota and Regulates the Transcriptomic Landscape in Experimental Colitis

by Chunmei Du, Kun Wang, Yiguang Zhao, Xuemei Nan, Ruipeng Chen, Suyu Quan and Benhai Xiong

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091808 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

Harboring various proteins, lipids, and RNAs, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk exert vital tissue-specific immune-protective functions in neonates via these bioactive cargos. This study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of bovine milk-derived EVs on a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model [...] Read more.

Harboring various proteins, lipids, and RNAs, the extracellular vesicles (EVs) in milk exert vital tissue-specific immune-protective functions in neonates via these bioactive cargos. This study aims to explore the anti-inflammatory effects of bovine milk-derived EVs on a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model and to determine the underlying molecular mechanisms. Sixty C57BL/6 mice were divided into the NC group (normal control), DSS group (DSS + PBS), DSS + LOW group (DSS + 1.5 × 10⁸ p/g EVs), DSS + MID group (DSS + 1.5 × 10⁹ p/g EVs), and DSS + HIG group (DSS + 1.0 × 10¹⁰ p/g EVs). Histopathological sections, the gut microbiota, and intestinal tissue RNA-Seq were used to comprehensively evaluate the beneficial functions in mitigating colitis. The morphology exhibited that the milk-derived EVs contributed to the integrity of the superficial epithelial structure in the intestine. Additionally, the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in the colon tissues were significantly decreased in the EVs-treated mice. The abundances of the Dubosiella, Bifidobacterium, UCG-007, Lachnoclostridium, and Lachnospiraceae genera were increased in the gut after treatment with the milk-derived EVs. Additionally, the butyrate and acetate production were enriched in feces. In addition, 1659 genes were significantly down-regulated and 1981 genes were significantly up-regulated in the EVs-treated group. Meanwhile, 82 lncRNAs and 6 circRNAs were also differentially expressed. Overall, the milk-derived EVs could attenuate colitis through optimizing gut microbiota abundance and by manipulating intestinal gene expression, implying their application potential for colitis prevention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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9 pages, 953 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Ketogenic Diet and Weight Loss: Is There an Effect on Energy Expenditure?

by Alessio Basolo, Silvia Magno, Ferruccio Santini and Giovanni Ceccarini

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091814 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 13683

Abstract

A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component [...] Read more.

A dysregulation between energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE), the two components of the energy balance equation, is one of the mechanisms responsible for the development of obesity. Conservation of energy equilibrium is deemed a dynamic process and alterations of one component (energy intake or energy expenditure) lead to biological and/or behavioral compensatory changes in the counterpart. The interplay between energy demand and caloric intake appears designed to guarantee an adequate fuel supply in variable life contexts. In the past decades, researchers focused their attention on finding efficient strategies to fight the obesity pandemic. The ketogenic or “keto” diet (KD) gained substantial consideration as a potential weight-loss strategy, whereby the concentration of blood ketones (acetoacetate, 3-β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) increases as a result of increased fatty acid breakdown and the activity of ketogenic enzymes. It has been hypothesized that during the first phase of KDs when glucose utilization is still prevalent, an increase in EE may occur, due to increased hepatic oxygen consumption for gluconeogenesis and for triglyceride-fatty acid recycling. Later, a decrease in 24-h EE may ensue due to the slowing of gluconeogenesis and increase in fatty acid oxidation, with a reduction of the respiratory quotient and possibly the direct action of additional hormonal signals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Ketogenic Diet in Human Health and Diseases)

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16 pages, 1132 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D in Osteosarcopenic Obesity

by Luigi Di Filippo, Rebecca De Lorenzo, Andrea Giustina, Patrizia Rovere-Querini and Caterina Conte

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1816; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091816 - 26 Apr 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 8886

Abstract

Osteosarcopenic obesity is a unique clinical condition where low bone and muscle mass coexist in individuals with obesity. Alterations in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and bone are strictly interconnected, and vitamin D plays key roles in several metabolic pathways that are involved in [...] Read more.

Osteosarcopenic obesity is a unique clinical condition where low bone and muscle mass coexist in individuals with obesity. Alterations in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and bone are strictly interconnected, and vitamin D plays key roles in several metabolic pathways that are involved in maintaining musculoskeletal health and glucose homeostasis. We reviewed the available literature on mechanisms underlying osteosarcopenic obesity, with a focus on the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of the condition. We found that, although evidence from large observational studies and pre-clinical experiments strongly supports a role of vitamin D deficiency in the pathogenesis of osteosarcopenic obesity, the common belief that vitamin D improves musculoskeletal health lacks solid clinical evidence, as trials specifically aimed at assessing the effects of vitamin D supplementation in patients with osteosarcopenic obesity are not available, and trials that investigated the role of vitamin D on muscle and bone health in other patient populations either showed no or even detrimental effects. We conclude that large observational and interventional studies including individuals with osteosarcopenic obesity representative of different sex, age and race are needed to better define the role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis and treatment of this condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D in Insulin Resistance)

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12 pages, 2302 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Diet and Risk of Gastric Cancer: An Umbrella Review

by Emmanouil Bouras, Konstantinos K. Tsilidis, Marianthi Triggi, Antonios Siargkas, Michail Chourdakis and Anna-Bettina Haidich

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1764; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091764 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7293

Abstract

Several dietary exposures have been associated with gastric cancer (GC), but the associations are often heterogenous and may be afflicted by inherent biases. In the context of an Umbrella Review (UR), we provide an overview and a critical evaluation of the strength and [...] Read more.

Several dietary exposures have been associated with gastric cancer (GC), but the associations are often heterogenous and may be afflicted by inherent biases. In the context of an Umbrella Review (UR), we provide an overview and a critical evaluation of the strength and quality, and evidence classification of the associations of diet-related exposures in relation to the risk of GC. We searched PubMed and Scopus for eligible meta-analyses of observational studies published in English from inception to 12 December 2021, and for any identified association, we applied robust epidemiological validity evaluation criteria and individual study quality assessment using AMSTAR. We screened 3846 titles/abstracts and assessed 501 full articles for eligibility, of which 49 were included in the analysis, investigating 147 unique exposures in relation to GC, cardia (GCC) or non-cardia (GNCC) cancer. Supported by suggestive evidence, positive associations were found comparing the highest vs. lowest categories for: heavy (>42 g/day) alcohol consumption (Relative Risk (RR) = 1.42, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20–1.67), salted fish consumption (RR = 1.56, 95% CI:1.30–1.87) and waist circumference (RR = 1.48, 95% CI:1.24–1.78) and an inverse association for the healthy lifestyle index (RR = 0.60, 95% CI:0.48–0.74) in relation to GC. Additionally, a positive association was found comparing obese individuals (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 30) to normal-weight individuals (BMI: 18.5–25) (RR = 1.82, 95% CI:1.32–2.49) in relation to GCC. Most of the meta-analyses were of medium-to-high quality (median items: 7.0, interquartile range: 6–9). Maintaining a normal body weight and adopting healthy dietary choices, in particular, limiting the consumption of salt-preserved foods and alcohol, can reduce the risk of gastric cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Introduction to Causal Inference Methods in Nutritional Research)

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16 pages, 2009 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet Combined with Aerobic Physical Activity Rearranges the Gut Microbiota Signature in NAFLD Patients

by Francesco Maria Calabrese, Vittoria Disciglio, Isabella Franco, Paolo Sorino, Caterina Bonfiglio, Antonella Bianco, Angelo Campanella, Tamara Lippolis, Pasqua Letizia Pesole, Maurizio Polignano, Mirco Vacca, Giusy Rita Caponio, Gianluigi Giannelli, Maria De Angelis and Alberto Ruben Osella

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1773; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091773 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 16158

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, and its prevalence worldwide is increasing. Several studies support the pathophysiological role of the gut–liver axis, where specific signal pathways are finely tuned by intestinal microbiota both in the onset and progression [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease, and its prevalence worldwide is increasing. Several studies support the pathophysiological role of the gut–liver axis, where specific signal pathways are finely tuned by intestinal microbiota both in the onset and progression of NAFLD. In the present study, we investigate the impact of different lifestyle interventions on the gut microbiota composition in 109 NAFLD patients randomly allocated to six lifestyle intervention groups: Low Glycemic Index Mediterranean Diet (LGIMD), aerobic activity program (ATFIS_1), combined activity program (ATFIS_2), LGIMD plus ATFIS_1 or ATFIS2 and Control Diet based on CREA-AN (INRAN). The relative abundances of microbial taxa at all taxonomic levels were explored in all the intervention groups and used to cluster samples based on a statistical approach, relying both on the discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPCs) and on a linear regression model. Our analyses reveal important differences when physical activity and the Mediterranean diet are merged as treatment and allow us to identify the most statistically significant taxa linked with liver protection. These findings agree with the decreased ‘controlled attenuation parameter’ (CAP) detected in the LGIMD-ATFIS_1 group, measured using FibroScan^®. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the synergistic effect of lifestyle interventions (diet and/or physical activity programs) on the gut microbiota composition in NAFLD patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Management of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease from Primary Care: Prevention and Intervention through Nutrition and Physical Exercise)

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14 pages, 3693 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Intestinal Dysbiosis in Patients with Histamine Intolerance

by Sònia Sánchez-Pérez, Oriol Comas-Basté, Adriana Duelo, M. Teresa Veciana-Nogués, Mercedes Berlanga, M. Luz Latorre-Moratalla and M. Carmen Vidal-Carou

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1774; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091774 - 23 Apr 2022

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 14524

Abstract

An underlying cause of histamine intolerance is diamine oxidase (DAO) deficiency, which leads to defective homeostasis and a higher systemic absorption of histamine. Impaired DAO activity may have a genetic, pharmacological or pathological origin. A recent proposal also suggests it can arise from [...] Read more.

An underlying cause of histamine intolerance is diamine oxidase (DAO) deficiency, which leads to defective homeostasis and a higher systemic absorption of histamine. Impaired DAO activity may have a genetic, pharmacological or pathological origin. A recent proposal also suggests it can arise from an alteration in the gut microbiota, although only one study has explored this hypothesis to date. A greater abundance of histamine-secreting bacteria in the gut could lead to the development of histamine intolerance. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the composition of the intestinal microbiota of patients with histamine intolerance symptoms and compare it with that of healthy individuals. The study was performed by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA genes (V3-V4 region) and analyzing the data using the EzBioCloud Database. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota was observed in the histamine intolerance group who, in comparison with the healthy individuals, had a significantly lower proportion of Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium and Faecablibacterium prausnitzii, which are bacteria related to gut health. They also had a significantly higher abundance of histamine-secreting bacteria, including the genera Staphylococcus and Proteus, several unidentified genera belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae and the species Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus faecalis. A greater abundance of histaminogenic bacteria would favor the accumulation of high levels of histamine in the gut, its subsequent absorption in plasma and the appearance of adverse effects, even in individuals without DAO deficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Unfolding New Evidence on Histamine Intolerance)

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16 pages, 1022 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

ARFID—Strategies for Dietary Management in Children

by Agnieszka Białek-Dratwa, Dorota Szymańska, Mateusz Grajek, Karolina Krupa-Kotara, Elżbieta Szczepańska and Oskar Kowalski

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1739; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091739 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 16163

Abstract

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a relatively new disease entity in DSM-5 and ICD-11. This disorder continues to pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for many professionals. This disorder can affect people of all ages. The most characteristic pattern is considered to [...] Read more.

Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID) is a relatively new disease entity in DSM-5 and ICD-11. This disorder continues to pose a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for many professionals. This disorder can affect people of all ages. The most characteristic pattern is considered to be a lack of interest in eating or avoidance of food intake, which may result in nutritional deficiencies, weight loss or lack of expected weight gain, dependence on enteral feeding or dietary supplements, and impaired psychosocial functioning. This disorder cannot be explained by a current medical condition or co-occurring other psychiatric disorders, but if ARFID co-occurs with another disorder or illness, it necessarily requires extended diagnosis. Its treatment depends on the severity of the nutritional problem and may include hospitalization with multispecialty care (pediatrician, nutritionist, psychologist, psychiatrist, neurologist). The nutritional management strategy may include, inter alia, the use of Food Chaining, and should in the initial stage of therapy be based on products considered “safe” in the patient’s assessment. The role of the dietitian in the management of a patient with ARFID is to monitor weight and height and nutritional status and analyze the foods that should be introduced into the food chain first. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Clinical Nutrition)

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12 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Effects of Nutrition on Linear Growth

by Elena Inzaghi, Valentina Pampanini, Annalisa Deodati and Stefano Cianfarani

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1752; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091752 - 22 Apr 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 15636

Abstract

Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the [...] Read more.

Linear growth is a complex process and is considered one of the best indicators of children’s well-being and health. Genetics, epigenetics and environment (mainly stress and availability of nutrients) are the main regulators of growth. Nutrition exerts its effects on growth throughout the course of life with different, not completely understood mechanisms. Cells have a sophisticated sensing system, which allows growth processes to occur in the presence of an adequate nutrient availability. Most of the nutritional influence on growth is mediated by hormonal signals, in turn sensitive to nutritional cues. Both macro- and micro-nutrients are required for normal growth, as demonstrated by the impairment of growth occurring when their intake is insufficient. Clinical conditions characterized by abnormal nutritional status, including obesity and eating disorders, are associated with alterations of growth pattern, confirming the tight link between growth and nutrition. The precise molecular mechanisms connecting nutrition to linear growth are far from being fully understood and further studies are required. A better understanding of the interplay between nutrients and the endocrine system will allow one to develop more appropriate and effective nutritional interventions for optimizing child growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Habits and Interventions in Childhood)

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26 pages, 2221 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prebiotic Potential of Dietary Beans and Pulses and Their Resistant Starch for Aging-Associated Gut and Metabolic Health

by Saurabh Kadyan, Aditya Sharma, Bahram H. Arjmandi, Prashant Singh and Ravinder Nagpal

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1726; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091726 - 21 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 13504

Abstract

Dietary pulses, including dry beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dry peas, have the highest proportion of fiber among different legume cultivars and are inexpensive, easily accessible, and have a long shelf-life. The inclusion of pulses in regular dietary patterns is an easy and effective [...] Read more.

Dietary pulses, including dry beans, lentils, chickpeas, and dry peas, have the highest proportion of fiber among different legume cultivars and are inexpensive, easily accessible, and have a long shelf-life. The inclusion of pulses in regular dietary patterns is an easy and effective solution for achieving recommended fiber intake and maintaining a healthier gut and overall health. Dietary pulses-derived resistant starch (RS) is a relatively less explored prebiotic ingredient. Several in vitro and preclinical studies have elucidated the crucial role of RS in fostering and shaping the gut microbiota composition towards homeostasis thereby improving host metabolic health. However, in humans and aged animal models, the effect of only the cereals and tubers derived RS has been studied. In this context, this review collates literature pertaining to the beneficial effects of dietary pulses and their RS on gut microbiome-metabolome signatures in preclinical and clinical studies while contemplating their potential and prospects for better aging-associated gut health. In a nutshell, the incorporation of dietary pulses and their RS in diet fosters the growth of beneficial gut bacteria and significantly enhances the production of short-chain fatty acids in the colon. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Diabetes and Metabolism Disorder)

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29 pages, 1509 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Magnesium in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Disorders

by Marta Pelczyńska, Małgorzata Moszak and Paweł Bogdański

Nutrients 2022, 14(9), 1714; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14091714 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 20211

Abstract

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for maintaining vital physiological functions. It is involved in many fundamental processes, and Mg deficiency is often correlated with negative health outcomes. On the one hand, most western civilizations consume less than the recommended daily allowance of [...] Read more.

Magnesium (Mg) is an essential nutrient for maintaining vital physiological functions. It is involved in many fundamental processes, and Mg deficiency is often correlated with negative health outcomes. On the one hand, most western civilizations consume less than the recommended daily allowance of Mg. On the other hand, a growing body of evidence has indicated that chronic hypomagnesemia may be implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic disorders such as overweight and obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), changes in lipid metabolism, and low-grade inflammation. High Mg intake with diet and/or supplementation seems to prevent chronic metabolic complications. The protective action of Mg may include limiting the adipose tissue accumulation, improving glucose and insulin metabolism, enhancing endothelium-dependent vasodilation, normalizing lipid profile, and attenuating inflammatory processes. Thus, it currently seems that Mg plays an important role in developing metabolic disorders associated with obesity, although more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating Mg supplementation strategies are needed. This work represents a review and synthesis of recent data on the role of Mg in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Magnesium: From In Vitro to Clinical Research)

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16 pages, 800 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Potential Effects of Sucralose and Saccharin on Gut Microbiota: A Review

by Susana del Pozo, Sonia Gómez-Martínez, Ligia E. Díaz, Esther Nova, Rafael Urrialde and Ascensión Marcos

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081682 - 18 Apr 2022

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 19171

Abstract

Artificial sweeteners are additives widely used in our diet. Although there is no consensus, current evidence indicates that sucralose and saccharin could influence the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing scientific evidence on the effects of saccharin [...] Read more.

Artificial sweeteners are additives widely used in our diet. Although there is no consensus, current evidence indicates that sucralose and saccharin could influence the gut microbiota. The aim of this study was to analyze the existing scientific evidence on the effects of saccharin and sucralose consumption on gut microbiota in humans. Different databases were used with the following search terms: sweeteners, non-caloric-sweeteners, sucralose, splenda, saccharin, sugartwin, sweet’n low, microbiota, gut microbiota, humans, animal model, mice, rats, and/or in vitro studies. In vitro and animal model studies indicate a dose-dependent relationship between the intake of both sweeteners and gut microbiota affecting both diversity and composition. In humans, long-term study suggests the existence of a positive correlation between sweetener consumption and some bacterial groups; however, most short-term interventions with saccharin and sucralose, in amounts below the ADI, found no significant effect on those groups, but there seems to be a different basal microbiota-dependent response of metabolic markers. Although studies in vitro and in animal models seem to relate saccharin and sucralose consumption to changes in the gut microbiota, more long-term studies are needed in humans considering the basal microbiota of participants and their dietary and lifestyle habits in all population groups. Toxicological and basal gut microbiota effects must be included as relevant factors to evaluate food safety and nutritional consequences of non-calorie sweeteners. In humans, doses, duration of interventions, and number of subjects included in the studies are key factors to interpret the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Composition and Dedicated Databases: Key Tools for Human Health and Public Nutrition)

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20 pages, 2233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effects of High Fiber Rye, Compared to Refined Wheat, on Gut Microbiota Composition, Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Implications for Weight Loss and Metabolic Risk Factors (the RyeWeight Study)

by Kia Nøhr Iversen, Johan Dicksved, Camille Zoki, Rikard Fristedt, Erik A. Pelve, Maud Langton and Rikard Landberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081669 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 9827

Abstract

Consumption of whole grain and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with body weight and obesity measures in observational studies but data from large, long-term randomized interventions are scarce. Among the cereals, rye has the highest fiber content and high rye consumption has [...] Read more.

Consumption of whole grain and cereal fiber have been inversely associated with body weight and obesity measures in observational studies but data from large, long-term randomized interventions are scarce. Among the cereals, rye has the highest fiber content and high rye consumption has been linked to increased production of gut fermentation products, as well as reduced risks of obesity and metabolic disease. The effects on body weight and metabolic risk factors may partly be mediated through gut microbiota and/or their fermentation products. We used data from a randomized controlled weight loss trial where participants were randomized to a hypocaloric diet rich in either high fiber rye foods or refined wheat foods for 12 weeks to investigate the effects of the intervention on gut microbiota composition and plasma short chain fatty acids, as well as the potential association with weight loss and metabolic risk markers. Rye, compared to wheat, induced some changes in gut microbiota composition, including increased abundance of the butyrate producing Agathobacter and reduced abundance of [Ruminococcus] torques group, which may be related to reductions in low grade inflammation caused by the intervention. Plasma butyrate increased in the rye group. In conclusion, intervention with high fiber rye foods induced some changes in gut microbiota composition and plasma short chain fatty acid concentration, which were associated with improvements in metabolic risk markers as a result of the intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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20 pages, 1225 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pernicious Anemia: The Hematological Presentation of a Multifaceted Disorder Caused by Cobalamin Deficiency

by Gianluca Esposito, Ludovica Dottori, Giulia Pivetta, Irene Ligato, Emanuele Dilaghi and Edith Lahner

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081672 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 20462

Abstract

Pernicious anemia is still a neglected disorder in many medical contexts and is underdiagnosed in many patients. Pernicious anemia is linked to but different from autoimmune gastritis. Pernicious anemia occurs in a later stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis when gastric intrinsic factor deficiency [...] Read more.

Pernicious anemia is still a neglected disorder in many medical contexts and is underdiagnosed in many patients. Pernicious anemia is linked to but different from autoimmune gastritis. Pernicious anemia occurs in a later stage of autoimmune atrophic gastritis when gastric intrinsic factor deficiency and consequent vitamin B₁₂ deficiency may occur. The multifaceted nature of pernicious anemia is related to the important role of cobalamin, which, when deficient, may lead to several dysfunctions, and thus, the proteiform clinical presentations of pernicious anemia. Indeed, pernicious anemia may lead to potentially serious long-term complications related to micronutrient deficiencies and their consequences and the development of gastric cancer and type 1 gastric neuroendocrine tumors. When not recognized in a timely manner or when pernicious anemia is diagnosed with delay, these complications may be potentially life-threatening and sometimes irreversible. The current review aimed to focus on epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical presentations of pernicious anemia in an attempt to look beyond borders of medical specialties. It aimed to focus on micronutrient deficiencies besides the well-known vitamin B₁₂ deficiency, the diagnostic approach for pernicious anemia, its long-term complications and optimal clinical management, and endoscopic surveillance of patients with pernicious anemia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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17 pages, 370 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Effects of Vitamin D on Fertility, Pregnancy and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—A Review

by Szabolcs Várbíró, István Takács, László Tűű, Katalin Nas, Réka Eszter Sziva, Judit Réka Hetthéssy and Marianna Török

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081649 - 15 Apr 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 13401

Abstract

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine reproductive disorders in women. Vitamin D deficiency is also quite common in this condition. The degree of vitamin D deficiency correlates with the severity of PCOS. Both male and female vitamin D [...] Read more.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine reproductive disorders in women. Vitamin D deficiency is also quite common in this condition. The degree of vitamin D deficiency correlates with the severity of PCOS. Both male and female vitamin D levels play a role in fertility and affect the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Moreover, fertility and IVF indicators are improved by vitamin D not only in healthy women but in those diagnosed with PCOS. Both vitamin D deficiency and PCOS increase pregnancy-related complications. Vitamin D supplementation and optimal vitamin D levels decrease both maternal and fetal risk for complications and adverse events. Furthermore, vitamin D supplementation may ameliorate or even prevent pregnancy-related reversible bone loss in mothers. This review emphasizes the roles of vitamin D deficiency and vitamin D supplementation and their correlation with PCOS regarding reproductive health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamin D Receptor in Human Health and Disease)

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11 pages, 649 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Plant-Based Dietary Patterns for Human and Planetary Health

by Joshua Gibbs and Francesco P. Cappuccio

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1614; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081614 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 103 | Viewed by 19372

Abstract

The coronavirus pandemic has acted as a reset on global economies, providing us with the opportunity to build back greener and ensure global warming does not surpass 1.5 °C. It is time for developed nations to commit to red meat reduction targets and [...] Read more.

The coronavirus pandemic has acted as a reset on global economies, providing us with the opportunity to build back greener and ensure global warming does not surpass 1.5 °C. It is time for developed nations to commit to red meat reduction targets and shift to plant-based dietary patterns. Transitioning to plant-based diets (PBDs) has the potential to reduce diet-related land use by 76%, diet-related greenhouse gas emissions by 49%, eutrophication by 49%, and green and blue water use by 21% and 14%, respectively, whilst garnering substantial health co-benefits. An extensive body of data from prospective cohort studies and controlled trials supports the implementation of PBDs for obesity and chronic disease prevention. The consumption of diets high in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, nuts, fish, and unsaturated vegetable oils, and low in animal products, refined grains, and added sugars are associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality. Meat appreciation, health concerns, convenience, and expense are prominent barriers to PBDs. Strategic policy action is required to overcome these barriers and promote the implementation of healthy and sustainable PBDs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Community Nutrition: Dietary Patterns and Planetary Health)

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17 pages, 1677 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Blueberry Supplementation in Midlife for Dementia Risk Reduction

by Robert Krikorian, Matthew R. Skelton, Suzanne S. Summer, Marcelle D. Shidler and Patrick G. Sullivan

Nutrients 2022, 14(8), 1619; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081619 - 13 Apr 2022

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 27633

Abstract

Late-life dementia typically develops over a period of many years beginning in midlife. Prevalence of metabolic disturbance also accelerates in middle age and is a prominent risk factor for dementia. Preliminary studies indicate that blueberry supplementation can improve cognitive performance and influence metabolism [...] Read more.

Late-life dementia typically develops over a period of many years beginning in midlife. Prevalence of metabolic disturbance also accelerates in middle age and is a prominent risk factor for dementia. Preliminary studies indicate that blueberry supplementation can improve cognitive performance and influence metabolism and brain function and therefore may have a role in early intervention to prevent neurodegeneration. In a randomized controlled trial, we investigated the effects of daily blueberry supplementation in a middle-aged sample of insulin-resistant participants with elevated risk for future dementia. We enrolled overweight men and women, aged 50 to 65 years, with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and performed pre- and post-intervention assessments of cognition and metabolism and exploratory measures of peripheral mitochondrial function. We observed improved performances for the blueberry group on measures of lexical access, p = 0.003, and memory interference, p = 0.04, and blueberry-treated participants reported reduced memory encoding difficulty in daily life activities, p = 0.03. The blueberry-treated group also exhibited correction of peripheral hyperinsulinemia, p = 0.04, and a modest trend for increased mitochondrial uncoupling, p = 0.11. The cognitive findings indicated improved executive ability in this middle-aged sample. In addition, the changes in metabolic and bioenergetic measures imply potential mechanistic factors associated with anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin actions. The demonstration of these benefits in middle-aged individuals with insulin resistance and SCD suggests that ongoing blueberry supplementation may contribute to protection against cognitive decline when implemented early in at-risk individuals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Berries, Metabolism, Bioenergetics, and Cognition)

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