Nutrients

21 pages, 1328 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Whole Dietary Patterns, Cognitive Decline and Cognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review of Prospective and Intervention Studies

by Rebecca F. Townsend, Danielle Logan, Roisin F. O’Neill, Federica Prinelli, Jayne V. Woodside and Claire T. McEvoy

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020333 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 6299

Abstract

Dementia prevalence is a global public health concern. Adherence towards a healthy dietary pattern (DP) may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. This narrative systematic review aimed to synthesise prospective and intervention study data to evaluate the impact of a-posteriori [...] Read more.

Dementia prevalence is a global public health concern. Adherence towards a healthy dietary pattern (DP) may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. This narrative systematic review aimed to synthesise prospective and intervention study data to evaluate the impact of a-posteriori and a-priori derived DPs on cognitive ageing, from cognitive decline to incident dementia. Ninety-three studies were included: 83 prospective studies and 10 randomised controlled trials (RCT). Most prospective studies (77%) examined a-priori DPs, with the Mediterranean diet examined most frequently. A total of 52% of prospective and 50% of RCTs reported a protective relationship between ‘healthy’ DPs and global cognitive decline. Overall, 59% of prospective studies reported positive associations between healthy DPs and risk of cognitive disorder. Incident cognitive disorder was examined by only one intervention study (subgroup analysis) which reported a beneficial effect of a low-fat diet on risk of probable dementia in women. Unhealthy DPs were examined less frequently (n = 17; 21%), with 41% of these studies reporting associations between adherence and poorer cognitive outcomes. Overall, there were mixed results for healthy and unhealthy DPs on cognition, likely due to between-study heterogeneity. Standardisation of diet exposure and cognitive outcome measurement would help to reduce this. Future research would benefit from investigating effects of culturally appropriate DPs on individual cognitive domains and incident cognitive disorders in diverse and high-risk populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition and Aging - Featured Perspectives on Health and Metabolism)

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25 pages, 1638 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Role of Vitamin D Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

by Éva Pál, Zoltán Ungvári, Zoltán Benyó and Szabolcs Várbíró

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020334 - 9 Jan 2023

Cited by 51 | Viewed by 9724

Abstract

Deficiency in vitamin D (VitD), a lipid-soluble vitamin and steroid hormone, affects approximately 24% to 40% of the population of the Western world. In addition to its well-documented effects on the musculoskeletal system, VitD also contributes importantly to the promotion and preservation of [...] Read more.

Deficiency in vitamin D (VitD), a lipid-soluble vitamin and steroid hormone, affects approximately 24% to 40% of the population of the Western world. In addition to its well-documented effects on the musculoskeletal system, VitD also contributes importantly to the promotion and preservation of cardiovascular health via modulating the immune and inflammatory functions and regulating cell proliferation and migration, endothelial function, renin expression, and extracellular matrix homeostasis. This brief overview focuses on the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular effects of VitD and the cellular, molecular, and functional changes that occur in the circulatory system in VitD deficiency (VDD). It explores the links among VDD and adverse vascular remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and increased risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Improved understanding of the complex role of VDD in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and vascular cognitive impairment is crucial for all cardiologists, dietitians, and geriatricians, as VDD presents an easy target for intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Interventions against Age-Related Vascular Pathologies)

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12 pages, 1462 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Prognostic Nutritional Index as a Predictor of Mortality in 101,616 Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

by Yoshikazu Miyasato, Ramy M. Hanna, Jun Morinaga, Masashi Mukoyama and Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 311; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020311 - 8 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4084

Abstract

High mortality in dialysis patients is linked to malnutrition and inflammation. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI), calculated from serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count, has been developed as a prognostic marker for cancer patients. We investigated the clinical utility of PNI in predicting [...] Read more.

High mortality in dialysis patients is linked to malnutrition and inflammation. Prognostic nutritional index (PNI), calculated from serum albumin level and total lymphocyte count, has been developed as a prognostic marker for cancer patients. We investigated the clinical utility of PNI in predicting mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Thus, 101,616 patients who initiated hemodialysis in United States dialysis centers between 2007 and 2011 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Using the Cox regression model, we assessed the relationship between PNI and mortality. Further, the predictive value of PNI for one-year mortality was compared with that of its constituent using area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, net reclassification improvement, and integrated discrimination improvement. Higher PNI quartiles were incrementally associated with lower mortality; in patients with PNI values of 39.5–<43.1, 43.1–<46.6, and ≥46.6 (reference: PNI < 39.5), case-mix adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.66 (0.64, 0.68), 0.49 (0.48, 0.51), and 0.36 (0.34, 0.37), respectively. PNI predicted mortality better than serum albumin level or total lymphocyte count alone. In the subgroup analysis, PNI performed well in predicting mortality in patients aged < 65 years. Our results indicate that PNI is a simple and practical prognostic marker in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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18 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Hospital Services to Improve Nutritional Intake and Reduce Food Waste: A Systematic Review

by Emanuele Rinninella, Pauline Raoul, Valeria Maccauro, Marco Cintoni, Andrea Cambieri, Alberto Fiore, Maurizio Zega, Antonio Gasbarrini and Maria Cristina Mele

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020310 - 7 Jan 2023

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 8537

Abstract

Background and Aims: Patients’ nutritional intake is a crucial issue in modern hospitals, where the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition may worsen clinical outcomes. On the other hand, food waste raises concerns in terms of sustainability and environmental burden. We conducted a systematic [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Patients’ nutritional intake is a crucial issue in modern hospitals, where the high prevalence of disease-related malnutrition may worsen clinical outcomes. On the other hand, food waste raises concerns in terms of sustainability and environmental burden. We conducted a systematic review to ascertain which hospital services could overcome both issues. Methods: A systematic literature search following PRISMA guidelines was conducted across MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies comparing the effect of hospital strategies on energy intake, protein intake, and plate/food waste. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies and the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions for RCTs. Results: Nineteen studies were included, assessing as many hospital strategies such as food service systems—including catering and room service—(n = 9), protected mealtimes and volunteer feeding assistance (n = 4), food presentation strategies (n = 3), nutritional counseling and education (n = 2), plant-based proteins meal (n = 1). Given the heterogeneity of the included studies, the results were narratively analysed. Conclusions: Although the results should be confirmed by prospective and large sample-size studies, the personalisation of the meal and efficient room service may improve nutritional intake while decreasing food waste. Clinical nutritionist staff—especially dietitians—may increase food intake reducing food waste through active monitoring of the patients’ nutritional needs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Hot Topics in Clinical Nutrition)

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15 pages, 2040 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Maternal Betaine Supplementation Mitigates Maternal High Fat Diet-Induced NAFLD in Offspring Mice through Gut Microbiota

by Liuqiao Sun, Xuying Tan, Xiaoping Liang, Hangjun Chen, Qian Ou, Qiongmei Wu, Xinxue Yu, Hanqing Zhao, Qiaoli Huang, Zehua Yi, Jun Wei, Feng Wu, Huilian Zhu and Lijun Wang

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020284 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3888

Abstract

Maternal betaine supplementation has been proven to alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in offspring caused by maternal high-fat diet (MHFD). The gut–liver axis plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation can alleviate NAFLD in offspring by the [...] Read more.

Maternal betaine supplementation has been proven to alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in offspring caused by maternal high-fat diet (MHFD). The gut–liver axis plays an important role in NAFLD pathogenesis. However, whether maternal betaine supplementation can alleviate NAFLD in offspring by the gut–liver axis is unknown. C57BL/6J mice were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks before mating, and supplemented with 1% betaine during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, offspring mice were fed with standard diet to 10 weeks. Maternal betaine supplementation reduced hepatic triglyceride content and alleviated hepatic steatosis in offspring mice exposed to MHFD. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of PPARα, CPT1α and FATP2 was increased and TNFα was reduced by maternal betaine supplementation. Maternal betaine intake decreased the relative abundances of Proteobateria, Desulfovibrio and Ruminococcus, but increased the relative abundances of Bacteroides and Parabacteroides. Moreover, maternal betaine intake increased the concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic acid, butyric acid and valeric acid, in the feces. Gut microbiota and SCFAs were significantly correlated with hepatic triglyceride content and expression of the above genes. Maternal betaine intake had no effect on other gut microbiota-related metabolites (bile acid and trimethylamine-n-oxide). Altogether, maternal betaine supplementation ameliorated MHFD-induced NAFLD possibly through regulating gut microbiota and SCFAs in offspring mice. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Diet–Microbiome Interactions on Chronic Diseases)

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13 pages, 1157 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Emotional Eating and Binge Eating Disorders and Night Eating Syndrome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome—A Vicious Circle of Disease: A Systematic Review

by Ewelina Burnatowska, Agnieszka Wikarek, Paulina Oboza, Natalia Ogarek, Mateusz Glinianowicz, Piotr Kocelak and Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 295; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020295 - 6 Jan 2023

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 7805

Abstract

Obesity is an established risk factor for the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), especially phenotype A. PCOS is an important cause of fertility disorders in a large group of women of reproductive age. For many years, effective methods of treating hormonal disorders [...] Read more.

Obesity is an established risk factor for the development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), especially phenotype A. PCOS is an important cause of fertility disorders in a large group of women of reproductive age. For many years, effective methods of treating hormonal disorders associated with PCOS have been sought in order to restore ovulation with regular menstrual cycles. Numerous studies support obesity treatment as an effective therapeutic method for many women. A seemingly simple method of treatment may prove to be particularly difficult in this group of women. The reason for this may be the lack of recognition the primary cause of obesity development or the occurrence of a vicious circle of disease. Primary causes of developing obesity may be emotional eating (EE) and eating disorders (EDs), such as binge eating disorder (BED) and its extreme form, addictive eating, as well as night eating syndrome (NES). All of these are caused by impaired function of the reward system. Consequently, these disorders can develop or be exacerbated in women with obesity and PCOS as a result of depression and anxiety related to hirsutism and fertility disturbances. Therefore, for the effective treatment of obesity, it is very important to recognize and treat EE, BED, and NES, including the appropriate selection of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Therefore, the aim of our manuscript is to analyze the available data on the relationships between EE, BED, NES, obesity, and PCOS and their impact on the treatment of obesity in women with PCOS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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28 pages, 1545 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Immunomodulation of B Lymphocytes by Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: Application in Pathologies

by Anaïs Rousseaux, Carole Brosseau and Marie Bodinier

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020269 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 5667

Abstract

Introduction: Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are known to have major beneficial effects on human health due to their ability to modify the composition and the function of the gut mucosa, the gut microbiota and the immune system. These components largely function in a [...] Read more.

Introduction: Prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics are known to have major beneficial effects on human health due to their ability to modify the composition and the function of the gut mucosa, the gut microbiota and the immune system. These components largely function in a healthy population throughout different periods of life to confer homeostasis. Indeed, they can modulate the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing bacteria strands that are beneficial for health, such as Firmicute and Bifidobacteria, and decreasing harmful bacteria, such as Enteroccocus. Their immunomodulation properties have been extensively studied in different innate cells (dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes) and adaptive cells (Th, Treg, B cells). They can confer a protolerogenic environment but also modulate pro-inflammatory responses. Due to all these beneficial effects, these compounds have been investigated to prevent or to treat different diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, allergies, autoimmune diseases, etc. Regarding the literature, the effects of these components on dendritic cells, monocytes and T cells have been studied and presented in a number of reviews, but their impact on B-cell response has been less widely discussed. Conclusions: For the first time, we propose here a review of the literature on the immunomodulation of B-lymphocytes response by prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, both in healthy conditions and in pathologies. Discussion: Promising studies have been performed in animal models, highlighting the potential of prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics intake to treat or to prevent diseases associated with B-cell immunomodulation, but this needs to be validated in humans with a full characterization of B-cell subsets and not only the humoral response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prebiotics and Probiotics in Immune Health)

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26 pages, 1458 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut Microbial-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids: Impact on Adipose Tissue Physiology

by Karolline S. May and Laura J. den Hartigh

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020272 - 5 Jan 2023

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6517

Abstract

Obesity is a global public health issue and major risk factor for pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hepatic steatosis, and certain types of cancer. These metabolic complications result from a combination of genetics and environmental influences, thus contributing [...] Read more.

Obesity is a global public health issue and major risk factor for pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, hepatic steatosis, and certain types of cancer. These metabolic complications result from a combination of genetics and environmental influences, thus contributing to impact whole-body homeostasis. Mechanistic animal and human studies have indicated that an altered gut microbiota can mediate the development of obesity, leading to inflammation beyond the intestine. Moreover, prior research suggests an interaction between gut microbiota and peripheral organs such as adipose tissue via different signaling pathways; yet, to what degree and in exactly what ways this inter-organ crosstalk modulates obesity remains elusive. This review emphasizes the influence of circulating gut-derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate, on adipose tissue metabolism in the scope of obesity, with an emphasis on adipocyte physiology in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discuss some of the well-established mechanisms via which microbial SCFAs exert a role as a prominent host energy source, hence regulating overall energy balance and health. Collectively, exploring the mechanisms via which SCFAs impact adipose tissue metabolism appears to be a promising avenue to improve metabolic conditions related to obesity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Modulation of Host Physiology and Pathophysiology by the Gut Microbiome)

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12 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Waist Circumference Is an Essential Factor in Predicting Insulin Resistance and Early Detection of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults

by José Ignacio Ramírez-Manent, Andrés Martínez Jover, Caroline Silveira Martinez, Pilar Tomás-Gil, Pau Martí-Lliteras and Ángel Arturo López-González

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 257; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020257 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 37 | Viewed by 4591

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is considered one of the most important health problems of the 21st century. It includes a group of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as overweight and obesity, elevated lipid profile and blood pressure and [...] Read more.

Background: Metabolic syndrome (Met-S) is considered one of the most important health problems of the 21st century. It includes a group of metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases such as overweight and obesity, elevated lipid profile and blood pressure and insulin resistance (IR). Based on the information mentioned above in which there seems to be a relationship between IR and Met-S, the objective of this work was twofold: on the one hand, to assess the relationship between the values of different insulin resistance risk scales and Met-S determined with three different scales, and on the other, to determine whether any of the components of Met-S predispose more to the appearance of IR. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of 418,343 workers. Waist circumference was measured and evaluated together with six formulas to assess the insulin resistance index. Categorical variables were evaluated by calculating the frequency and distribution of each one. For quantitative variables, mean and standard deviation were determined, and Student’s t-test was applied, while for qualitative variables, the chi-square test was performed. The usefulness of the different risk scales for insulin resistance for predicting metabolic syndrome was evaluated using ROC curves, the area under the curve (AUC), as well as their cut-off points for sensitivity, specificity, and the Youden index. Results: People with metabolic syndrome applying any criteria had higher values in the IR risk scales. The different IR scales made it possible to adequately classify people with metabolic syndrome. Of the three definitions of Met-S, the one that showed the greatest relationship with IR was IDF. Conclusions: Most risk scales for insulin resistance enable the presence of metabolic syndrome to be adequately classified, finding the best ones if the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria are applied. Of the elements included in the Met-S, the one that seems to increase the risk of presenting IR the most is waist circumference; hence, the Met-S definition that is most related to IR is that of the IDF, which is the only one of the three in which a high value of waist circumference is necessary to be able to diagnose Met-S. Waist circumference can be considered the central essential component for detecting insulin resistance and, therefore, the early detection of metabolic syndrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Metabolism and Health)

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23 pages, 1097 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Gut Microbiota and Time-Restricted Feeding/Eating: A Targeted Biomarker and Approach in Precision Nutrition

by Falak Zeb, Tareq Osaili, Reyad Shakir Obaid, Farah Naja, Hadia Radwan, Leila Cheikh Ismail, Hayder Hasan, Mona Hashim, Iftikhar Alam, Bismillah Sehar and MoezAllslam Ezzat Faris

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020259 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 9426

Abstract

Each individual has a unique gut microbiota; therefore, the genes in our microbiome outnumber the genes in our genome by about 150 to 1. Perturbation in host nutritional status influences gut microbiome composition and vice versa. The gut microbiome can help in producing [...] Read more.

Each individual has a unique gut microbiota; therefore, the genes in our microbiome outnumber the genes in our genome by about 150 to 1. Perturbation in host nutritional status influences gut microbiome composition and vice versa. The gut microbiome can help in producing vitamins, hormones, and other active metabolites that support the immune system; harvest energy from food; aid in digestion; protect against pathogens; improve gut transit and function; send signals to the brain and other organs; oscillate the circadian rhythm; and coordinate with the host metabolism through multiple cellular pathways. Gut microbiota can be influenced by host genetics, medications, diet, and lifestyle factors from preterm to aging. Aligning with precision nutrition, identifying a personalized microbiome mandates the provision of the right nutrients at the right time to the right patient. Thus, before prescribing a personalized treatment, it is crucial to monitor and count the gut flora as a focused biomarker. Many nutritional approaches that have been developed help in maintaining and restoring an optimal microbiome such as specific diet therapy, nutrition interventions, and customized eating patterns. One of these approaches is time-restricted feeding/eating (TRF/E), a type of intermittent fasting (IF) in which a subject abstains from food intake for a specific time window. Such a dietary modification might alter and restore the gut microbiome for proper alignment of cellular and molecular pathways throughout the lifespan. In this review, we have highlighted that the gut microbiota would be a targeted biomarker and TRF/E would be a targeted approach for restoring the gut-microbiome-associated molecular pathways such as hormonal signaling, the circadian system, metabolic regulators, neural responses, and immune-inflammatory pathways. Consequently, modulation of the gut microbiota through TRF/E could contribute to proper utilization and availability of the nutrients and in this way confer protection against diseases for harnessing personalized nutrition approaches to improve human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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16 pages, 4609 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biotin Deficiency Induces Intestinal Dysbiosis Associated with an Inflammatory Bowel Disease-like Phenotype

by Julianne C. Yang, Jonathan P. Jacobs, Michael Hwang, Subrata Sabui, Fengting Liang, Hamid M. Said and Jonathan Skupsky

Nutrients 2023, 15(2), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020264 - 4 Jan 2023

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 13581

Abstract

Biotin is an essential vitamin and critical cofactor in several metabolic pathways, and its deficiency has been linked to several disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that biotin deficiency (BD) in mice, whether modeled through intestine-specific deletion of biotin transporter [...] Read more.

Biotin is an essential vitamin and critical cofactor in several metabolic pathways, and its deficiency has been linked to several disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We previously reported that biotin deficiency (BD) in mice, whether modeled through intestine-specific deletion of biotin transporter (SMVT-icKO) or through a biotin-deficient diet, resulted in intestinal inflammation consistent with an IBD-like phenotype. To assess whether the gut microbiome is associated with these BD-induced changes, we collected stool and intestinal samples from both of these mouse models and utilized them for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We find that both diet-mediated and deletion-mediated BD result in the expansion of opportunistic microbes including Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Helicobacter, at the expense of mucus-resident microbes including Akkermansia. Additionally, microbiome dysbiosis resulting from diet-mediated BD precedes the onset of the IBD-like phenotypic changes. Lastly, through the use of predictive metagenomics, we report that the resulting BD-linked microbiome perturbations exhibit increased biotin biosynthesis in addition to several other perturbed metabolic pathways. Altogether, these results demonstrate that biotin deficiency results in a specific microbiome composition, which may favor microbes capable of biotin synthesis and which may contribute to intestinal inflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Prebiotics and Probiotics)

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30 pages, 4143 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Treatment of Dyslipidemia through Targeted Therapy of Gut Microbiota

by Brandon Flaig, Rachel Garza, Bhavdeep Singh, Sevag Hamamah and Mihai Covasa

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 228; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010228 - 2 Jan 2023

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 7531

Abstract

Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown [...] Read more.

Dyslipidemia is a multifaceted condition with various genetic and environmental factors contributing to its pathogenesis. Further, this condition represents an important risk factor for its related sequalae including cardiovascular diseases (CVD) such as coronary artery disease (CAD) and stroke. Emerging evidence has shown that gut microbiota and their metabolites can worsen or protect against the development of dyslipidemia. Although there are currently numerous treatment modalities available including lifestyle modification and pharmacologic interventions, there has been promising research on dyslipidemia that involves the benefits of modulating gut microbiota in treating alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we examine the relationship between gut microbiota and dyslipidemia, the impact of gut microbiota metabolites on the development of dyslipidemia, and the current research on dietary interventions, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics and microbiota transplant as therapeutic modalities in prevention of cardiovascular disease. Overall, understanding the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites affect dyslipidemia progression will help develop more precise therapeutic targets to optimize lipid metabolism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases in Human Health)

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13 pages, 332 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Erythritol: An In-Depth Discussion of Its Potential to Be a Beneficial Dietary Component

by Tagreed A. Mazi and Kimber L. Stanhope

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010204 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 29098

Abstract

The sugar alcohol erythritol is a relatively new food ingredient. It is naturally occurring in plants, however, produced commercially by fermentation. It is also produced endogenously via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Consumers perceive erythritol as less healthy than sweeteners extracted from plants, [...] Read more.

The sugar alcohol erythritol is a relatively new food ingredient. It is naturally occurring in plants, however, produced commercially by fermentation. It is also produced endogenously via the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Consumers perceive erythritol as less healthy than sweeteners extracted from plants, including sucrose. This review evaluates that perspective by summarizing current literature regarding erythritol’s safety, production, metabolism, and health effects. Dietary erythritol is 30% less sweet than sucrose, but contains negligible energy. Because it is almost fully absorbed and excreted in urine, it is better tolerated than other sugar alcohols. Evidence shows erythritol has potential as a beneficial replacement for sugar in healthy and diabetic subjects as it exerts no effects on glucose or insulin and induces gut hormone secretions that modulate satiety to promote weight loss. Long-term rodent studies show erythritol consumption lowers body weight or adiposity. However, observational studies indicate positive association between plasma erythritol and obesity and cardiometabolic disease. It is unlikely that dietary erythritol is mediating these associations, rather they reflect dysregulated PPP due to impaired glycemia or glucose-rich diet. However, long-term clinical trials investigating the effects of chronic erythritol consumption on body weight and risk for metabolic diseases are needed. Current evidence suggests these studies will document beneficial effects of dietary erythritol compared to caloric sugars and allay consumer misperceptions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sugar and Sugar Alternatives—Consumption, Metabolism, and Weight Management)

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15 pages, 1385 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Five U.S. Dietary Patterns and Their Relationship to Land Use, Water Use, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Implications for Future Food Security

by Rose Jennings, Andrew D. Henderson, Alexis Phelps, Kathryn M. Janda and Alexandra E. van den Berg

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 215; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010215 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 15630

Abstract

The U.S. agri-food system is a driver of climate change and other impacts. In order to achieve environmental targets that limit global mean temperature rise ≤2 °C, a shift in American dietary patterns is critical. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) [...] Read more.

The U.S. agri-food system is a driver of climate change and other impacts. In order to achieve environmental targets that limit global mean temperature rise ≤2 °C, a shift in American dietary patterns is critical. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the environmental impact (i.e., land use, water use, and GHG emissions) related to consumption of five U.S. dietary patterns (i.e., Current U.S., the Healthy U.S., Mediterranean, Healthy Vegetarian, and Vegan), and (2) to determine the specific impact of each food group in each dietary pattern on the three environmental indicators. This study utilized existing datasets to synthesize information related to the study’s environmental indicators and food production and connected these data to the current U.S. diet and the USDA-defined diets. Results indicate that the three omnivore diets contributed the greatest to GHG emissions, land use and water use. The Vegan diet scored the lowest across all indicators, although the water required for plant-based protein nearly offset other water gains. For the omnivore diets, red meat and dairy milk contributed the most to each environmental indicator. By considering sustainability as well as health outcomes in their recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, the USDA can have a critical role in shifting diets necessary to alter climate change trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Examining Linkages among Food Insecurity, Food Systems, and Public Health)

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10 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of High-Intensity Anaerobic Exercise on the Scavenging Activity of Various Reactive Oxygen Species and Free Radicals in Athletes

by Yuri Sawada, Hiroshi Ichikawa, Naoyuki Ebine, Yukiko Minamiyama, Ahad Abdulkarim D. Alharbi, Noriaki Iwamoto and Yoshiyuki Fukuoka

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010222 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 4795

Abstract

High-intensity exercise in athletes results in mainly the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, and thus athletes should maintain greater ROS scavenging activity in the body. We investigated the changes in six different ROS-scavenging activities in athletes following high-intensity [...] Read more.

High-intensity exercise in athletes results in mainly the production of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle, and thus athletes should maintain greater ROS scavenging activity in the body. We investigated the changes in six different ROS-scavenging activities in athletes following high-intensity anaerobic exercise. A 30-s Wingate exercise test as a form of high-intensity anaerobic exercise was completed by 10 male university track and field team members. Blood samples were collected before and after the exercise, and the ROS-scavenging activities (OH•, O₂•⁻, ¹O₂, RO• and ROO•, and CH₃•) were evaluated by the electron spin resonance (ESR) spin-trapping method. The anaerobic exercise significantly increased RO• and ROO• scavenging activities, and the total area of the radar chart in the ROS-scavenging activities increased 178% from that in pre-exercise. A significant correlation between the mean power of the anaerobic exercise and the ¹O₂ scavenging activity was revealed (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). The increase ratio in OH• scavenging activity after high-intensity exercise was significantly greater in the higher mean-power group compared to the lower mean-power group (n = 5, each). These results suggest that (i) the scavenging activities of some ROS are increased immediately after high-intensity anaerobic exercise, and (ii) an individual’s OH• scavenging activity responsiveness may be related to his anaerobic exercise performance. In addition, greater pre-exercise ¹O₂ scavenging activity might lead to the generation of higher mean power in high-intensity anaerobic exercise. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antioxidants in Metabolic Recovery after Intense Exercise)

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15 pages, 3126 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index and Sarcopenia: A Meta-Analysis

by Houze Diao, Feifei Yan, Qingzhen He, Mingyuan Li, Qingzhao Zheng, Qing Zhu, Fang Fang and Weiwei Cui

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 219; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010219 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 5005

Abstract

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is thought to be related to many healthy events. However, the association between the DII and sarcopenia remains unclear. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the DII on the risk of sarcopenia utilizing [...] Read more.

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) is thought to be related to many healthy events. However, the association between the DII and sarcopenia remains unclear. Methods: The meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects of the DII on the risk of sarcopenia utilizing available studies. Up to September 2022, Cochrane, PubMed, Web of Science, Medline, and EMBASE databases were searched to evaluate the relationships between the DII and sarcopenia. A random‒effects model was used to calculate the effect size and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Result: Eleven studies with 19,954 participants were included in our meta-analysis. The results indicated that a high DII increased the risk of sarcopenia (OR = 1.16, 95%CI [1.06, 1.27], p < 0.05). The result of the dose–response analysis showed that the risk of sarcopenia increased by 1.22 times for each 1-point increase in the DII score (OR = 1.22, 95%CI [1.12, 1.33], p < 0.05). Conclusion: The meta-analysis demonstrated that the DII is associated with sarcopenia. Considering some limitations in this study, more studies are needed to verify this relationship. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Epigenetics and Nutritional Epidemiology of Metabolic Diseases)

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16 pages, 804 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Update on Anti-Inflammatory Molecular Mechanisms Induced by Oleic Acid

by Consuelo Santa-María, Soledad López-Enríquez, Sergio Montserrat-de la Paz, Isabel Geniz, María Edith Reyes-Quiroz, Manuela Moreno, Francisca Palomares, Francisco Sobrino and Gonzalo Alba

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 224; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010224 - 1 Jan 2023

Cited by 98 | Viewed by 15746

Abstract

In 2010, the Mediterranean diet was recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Olive oil is the most characteristic food of this diet due to its high nutraceutical value. The positive effects of olive oil have often been attributed to [...] Read more.

In 2010, the Mediterranean diet was recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Olive oil is the most characteristic food of this diet due to its high nutraceutical value. The positive effects of olive oil have often been attributed to its minor components; however, its oleic acid (OA) content (70–80%) is responsible for its many health properties. OA is an effective biomolecule, although the mechanism by which OA mediates beneficial physiological effects is not fully understood. OA influences cell membrane fluidity, receptors, intracellular signaling pathways, and gene expression. OA may directly regulate both the synthesis and activities of antioxidant enzymes. The anti-inflammatory effect may be related to the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and the activation of anti-inflammatory ones. The best-characterized mechanism highlights OA as a natural activator of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), derived from OA, is an endogenous ligand of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) nuclear receptor. OEA regulates dietary fat intake and energy homeostasis and has therefore been suggested to be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity. OEA has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The beneficial effects of olive oil may be related to the actions of OEA. New evidence suggests that oleic acid may influence epigenetic mechanisms, opening a new avenue in the exploration of therapies based on these mechanisms. OA can exert beneficial anti-inflammatory effects by regulating microRNA expression. In this review, we examine the cellular reactions and intracellular processes triggered by OA in T cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in order to better understand the immune modulation exerted by OA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Nutraceuticals in Immune Function)

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14 pages, 550 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Saturated Fatty Acid Chain Length and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review

by Monica Perna and Susan Hewlings

Nutrients 2023, 15(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15010030 - 21 Dec 2022

Cited by 55 | Viewed by 13177

Abstract

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of saturated fatty acid chain lengths on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The importance of replacement macronutrients is also discussed. PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane library were searched for relevant prospective cohort [...] Read more.

The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the impact of saturated fatty acid chain lengths on the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The importance of replacement macronutrients is also discussed. PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane library were searched for relevant prospective cohort studies that measured SFA chain length via diet analysis through October of 2020. A second updated PubMed search was conducted from October 2020 to 7 August 2022. Five prospective cohort studies were added. All studies used food frequency questionnaires to assess dietary intake. For all five added studies, the main sources of saturated fat were palmitic and steric acid from meat and cheese. Most studies discovered an association with increased risk of CVD and long-chain saturated fatty acid intake, as well as a neutral (potentially beneficial) association with short- and medium-chain saturated fatty acids. Isocaloric substitutions were associated with a higher risk for CVD when saturated fats were replaced with refined carbohydrates and protein from meat, but a reduced or neutral impact when relaced with plant-based protein, unsaturated fat, or complex carbohydrates. When examining the impact of diet on CVD risk, it is critical to consider the macronutrient replacing saturated fat as well as the saturated fat chain length, whole foods, and diet patterns on CVD risk. The studies included in this review suggest that LCSFA (C12–18) may increase the risk for CVD development, while SCFA and MCFA (C4–-C10) may be more beneficial or neutral. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Lipids)

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48 pages, 1563 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Short Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism in Relation to Gut Microbiota and Genetic Variability

by Guilherme Ramos Meyers, Hanen Samouda and Torsten Bohn

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5361; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245361 - 16 Dec 2022

Cited by 64 | Viewed by 8809

Abstract

It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses of their host. In recent years, the host-microbiota interface has gained relevance in understanding the development of many non-communicable chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, [...] Read more.

It is widely accepted that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory and immune responses of their host. In recent years, the host-microbiota interface has gained relevance in understanding the development of many non-communicable chronic conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Importantly, dietary fibre (DF) and associated compounds digested by the microbiota and their resulting metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were significantly associated with health beneficial effects, such as via proposed anti-inflammatory mechanisms. However, SCFA metabolic pathways are not fully understood. Major steps include production of SCFA by microbiota, uptake in the colonic epithelium, first-pass effects at the liver, followed by biodistribution and metabolism at the host’s cellular level. As dietary patterns do not affect all individuals equally, the host genetic makeup may play a role in the metabolic fate of these metabolites, in addition to other factors that might influence the microbiota, such as age, birth through caesarean, medication intake, alcohol and tobacco consumption, pathogen exposure and physical activity. In this article, we review the metabolic pathways of DF, from intake to the intracellular metabolism of fibre-derived products, and identify possible sources of inter-individual variability related to genetic variation. Such variability may be indicative of the phenotypic flexibility in response to diet, and may be predictive of long-term adaptations to dietary factors, including maladaptation and tissue damage, which may develop into disease in individuals with specific predispositions, thus allowing for a better prediction of potential health effects following personalized intervention with DF. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, and Precision Nutrition in Complex Diseases)

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17 pages, 2064 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Prevalence of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Liver Diseases: NAFLD, NASH, Fibrosis, Cirrhosis—A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression

by Anna Gudan, Dominika Jamioł-Milc, Victoria Hawryłkowicz, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka and Ewa Stachowska

Nutrients 2022, 14(24), 5261; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14245261 - 9 Dec 2022

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 6703

Abstract

Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO) is a pathological growth of the intestinal microbiota in the small intestine that causes clinical symptoms and can lead to digestive and absorption disorders. There is increasing evidence that people with NAFLD have a distinct gut [...] Read more.

Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO) is a pathological growth of the intestinal microbiota in the small intestine that causes clinical symptoms and can lead to digestive and absorption disorders. There is increasing evidence that people with NAFLD have a distinct gut microflora profile as well metabolome changes compared to people without NAFLD. Thorough analysis of observational and RCT studies in the current databases (EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, Cinahl, Clinical Trials) was conducted from 3 November 2021 to 21 June 2022. The following inclusion criteria were applied: confirmed NAFLD, NASH, LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS due to steatosis; diagnostic methods of liver diseases—biopsy, elastography, transabdominal ultrasound; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score; confirmed SIBO; diagnostic methods of SIBO–breath tests (hydrogen test; methane test and mix test; duodenal and jejunal aspiration before any type of intervention; adults above 18yo; number of participants ≥20; full articles. We excluded review articles, populations with HBV/HCV infection and alcohol etiology and interventions that may affect NAFLD or SIBO treatment. The quality of each study methodology was classified by means of the Cochrane Collaboration’s tool (RCT) and Newcastle—Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale adapted for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. The random effects meta-analysis of outcomes for which ≥2 studies contributed data was conducted. The I² index to measure heterogeneity and the χ² test of homogeneity (statistically significant heterogeneity p < 0.05) were applied. For categorical outcome, the pooled event rate (effect size) was calculated. This systematic review was reported according to PRISMA reporting guidelines. We initially identified 6643 studies, from which 18 studies were included in final meta-analysis. The total number of patients was 1263. Accepted SIBO diagnostic methods were both available breath tests (n-total = 15) and aspirate culture (n-total = 3). We found that among patients with non-alcoholic liver diseases, the random overall event rate of SIBO was 0.350 (95% CI, 0.244–0.472), p = 0.017. The subgroup analysis regarding a type of diagnosis revealed that the lowest ER was among patients who developed simultaneously NAFLD, NASH and fibrosis: 0.197 (95% CI, 0.054–0.510) as compared to other annotated subgroups. The highest prevalence of SIBO was observed in the NASH subgroup: 0.411 (95% CI, 0.219–0.634). There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of SIBO in different subgroups (p = 0.854). Statistically significant heterogeneity between studies was estimated (I² = 86.17%, p = 0.00). Egger’s test did not indicate a publication bias (df = 16, p = 0.885). A meta-regression using a random-effects model revealed that higher percentage of males in the population with liver diseases is a predisposing factor toward SIBO (Q = 4.11, df = 1, p = 0.0426 with coefficient = 0.0195, SE = 0.0096, Z = 2.03). We showed that the prevalence of SIBO in patients with chronic non-alcoholic liver diseases can be as high as 35%, and it increases with the percentage of men in the population. The prevalence of SIBO does not differ significantly depending on the type of chronic liver disease. Despite the high heterogeneity and moderate and low quality of included studies, our meta-analysis suggests the existence of a problem of SIBO in the population of patients with non-alcoholic liver diseases, and the presence of SIBO, in turn, determines the therapeutic treatment of such type of patients, which indicates the need for further research in this area. The study protocol was registered with the international Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022341473). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Macronutrient Intake on Liver-Related Diseases)

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13 pages, 736 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Quercetin Is An Active Agent in Berries against Neurodegenerative Diseases Progression through Modulation of Nrf2/HO1

by Al Borhan Bayazid and Beong Ou Lim

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5132; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235132 - 2 Dec 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 5762

Abstract

Berries are well-known fruits for their antioxidant effects due to their high content of flavonoids, and quercetin is one of the potent bioactive flavonoids. Although oxidative stress is an inevitable outcome in cells due to energy uptake and metabolism and other factors, excessive [...] Read more.

Berries are well-known fruits for their antioxidant effects due to their high content of flavonoids, and quercetin is one of the potent bioactive flavonoids. Although oxidative stress is an inevitable outcome in cells due to energy uptake and metabolism and other factors, excessive oxidative stress is considered a pivotal mediator for the cell death and leads to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Furthermore, oxidative stress triggers inflammation that leads to neuronal cell loss. Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and so on are the main neurodegenerative diseases. Hence, AD and PD are the most affected NDDs and cause the most lethality without any effective cure. Since AD and PD are the most common NDDs, therefore, in this study, we will describe the effect of oxidative stress on AD and PD. Targeting oxidative stress could be a very effective way to prevent and cure NDDs. Thus, the nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO1) are potent endogenous antioxidant modulatory pathways, which also show cytoprotective activities. Modulation of Nrf2/HO1 signaling pathways through a biological approach could be an effective way to treat with NDDs. Quercetin is a natural polyphenol, which protects neurodegeneration, remarkably by suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation. Thus, quercetin could be a very effective agent against NDDs. We will discuss the benefits and challenges of quercetin to treat against NDDs, focusing on molecular biology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Berries, Metabolism, Bioenergetics, and Cognition)

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20 pages, 825 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Nongenomic Activities of Vitamin D

by Michał A. Żmijewski

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5104; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235104 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7552

Abstract

Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin [...] Read more.

Vitamin D shows a variety of pleiotropic activities which cannot be fully explained by the stimulation of classic pathway- and vitamin D receptor (VDR)-dependent transcriptional modulation. Thus, existence of rapid and nongenomic responses to vitamin D was suggested. An active form of vitamin D (calcitriol, 1,25(OH)₂D₃) is an essential regulator of calcium–phosphate homeostasis, and this process is tightly regulated by VDR genomic activity. However, it seems that early in evolution, the production of secosteroids (vitamin-D-like steroids) and their subsequent photodegradation served as a protective mechanism against ultraviolet radiation and oxidative stress. Consequently, direct cell-protective activities of vitamin D were proven. Furthermore, calcitriol triggers rapid calcium influx through epithelia and its uptake by a variety of cells. Subsequently, protein disulfide-isomerase A3 (PDIA3) was described as a membrane vitamin D receptor responsible for rapid nongenomic responses. Vitamin D was also found to stimulate a release of secondary massagers and modulate several intracellular processes—including cell cycle, proliferation, or immune responses—through wingless (WNT), sonic hedgehog (SSH), STAT1-3, or NF-kappaB pathways. Megalin and its coreceptor, cubilin, facilitate the import of vitamin D complex with vitamin-D-binding protein (DBP), and its involvement in rapid membrane responses was suggested. Vitamin D also directly and indirectly influences mitochondrial function, including fusion–fission, energy production, mitochondrial membrane potential, activity of ion channels, and apoptosis. Although mechanisms of the nongenomic responses to vitamin D are still not fully understood, in this review, their impact on physiology, pathology, and potential clinical applications will be discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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42 pages, 996 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Animal- and Plant-Based Protein Sources: A Scoping Review of Human Health Outcomes and Environmental Impact

by Luca Ferrari, Stefan-Alexandru Panaite, Antonella Bertazzo and Francesco Visioli

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5115; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235115 - 1 Dec 2022

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 23794

Abstract

Dietary proteins are indispensable to human nutrition. In addition to their tissue-building function, they affect body composition and regulate various metabolic pathways, as well as satiety and immune system activity. Protein use can be examined from a quantitative or qualitative viewpoint. In this [...] Read more.

Dietary proteins are indispensable to human nutrition. In addition to their tissue-building function, they affect body composition and regulate various metabolic pathways, as well as satiety and immune system activity. Protein use can be examined from a quantitative or qualitative viewpoint. In this scoping review, we compare animal- and plant-based protein sources in terms of their effects on human health and the environment. We conclude that the consumption of vegetable protein sources is associated with better health outcomes overall (namely, on the cardiovascular system) than animal-based product use. The healthier outcomes of vegetable protein sources dovetail with their lower environmental impact, which must be considered when designing an optimal diet. Indeed, the health of the planet cannot be disjointed from the health of the human being. Future research will clarify the mechanisms of action underlying the health effects of plant-based protein sources when compared with animal sources, fostering better agronomic practices and influencing public health in a direction that will benefit both the planet and its inhabitants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Proteins and Amino Acids)

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26 pages, 1494 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases

by Damian Dyńka, Katarzyna Kowalcze and Agnieszka Paziewska

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 5003; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14235003 - 24 Nov 2022

Cited by 94 | Viewed by 33389

Abstract

Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that [...] Read more.

Over a hundred years of study on the favourable effect of ketogenic diets in the treatment of epilepsy have contributed to a long-lasting discussion on its potential influence on other neurological diseases. A significant increase in the number of scientific studies in that field has been currently observed. The aim of this paper is a widespread, thorough analysis of the available scientific evidence in respect of the role of the ketogenic diet in the therapy of neurological diseases such as: epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A wide range of the mechanisms of action of the ketogenic diet has been demonstrated in neurological diseases, including, among other effects, its influence on the reduction in inflammatory conditions and the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the restoration of the myelin sheath of the neurons, the formation and regeneration of mitochondria, neuronal metabolism, the provision of an alternative source of energy for neurons (ketone bodies), the reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations, the reduction in amyloid plaques, the induction of autophagy, the alleviation of microglia activation, the reduction in excessive neuronal activation, the modulation of intestinal microbiota, the expression of genes, dopamine production and the increase in glutamine conversion into GABA. The studies discussed (including randomised controlled studies), conducted in neurological patients, have stressed the effectiveness of the ketogenic diet in the treatment of epilepsy and have demonstrated its promising therapeutic potential in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and migraine. A frequent advantage of the diet was demonstrated over non-ketogenic diets (in the control groups) in the therapy of neurological diseases, with simultaneous safety and feasibility when conducting the nutritional model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Support for Chronic Disease)

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13 pages, 1241 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

by Matteo Tosato, Riccardo Calvani, Anna Picca, Francesca Ciciarello, Vincenzo Galluzzo, Hélio José Coelho-Júnior, Angela Di Giorgio, Clara Di Mario, Jacopo Gervasoni, Elisa Gremese, Paolo Maria Leone, Antonio Nesci, Anna Maria Paglionico, Angelo Santoliquido, Luca Santoro, Lavinia Santucci, Barbara Tolusso, Andrea Urbani, Federico Marini, Emanuele Marzetti and Francesco Landi Show full author list Hide full author list

Nutrients 2022, 14(23), 4984; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14234984 - 23 Nov 2022

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 23387

Abstract

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled [...] Read more.

Long COVID, a condition characterized by symptom and/or sign persistence following an acute COVID-19 episode, is associated with reduced physical performance and endothelial dysfunction. Supplementation of l-arginine may improve endothelial and muscle function by stimulating nitric oxide synthesis. A single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in adults aged between 20 and 60 years with persistent fatigue attending a post-acute COVID-19 outpatient clinic. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive twice-daily orally either a combination of 1.66 g l-arginine plus 500 mg liposomal vitamin C or a placebo for 28 days. The primary outcome was the distance walked on the 6 min walk test. Secondary outcomes were handgrip strength, flow-mediated dilation, and fatigue persistence. Fifty participants were randomized to receive either l-arginine plus vitamin C or a placebo. Forty-six participants (median (interquartile range) age 51 (14), 30 [65%] women), 23 per group, received the intervention to which they were allocated and completed the study. At 28 days, l-arginine plus vitamin C increased the 6 min walk distance (+30 (40.5) m; placebo: +0 (75) m, p = 0.001) and induced a greater improvement in handgrip strength (+3.4 (7.5) kg) compared with the placebo (+1 (6.6) kg, p = 0.03). The flow-mediated dilation was greater in the active group than in the placebo (14.3% (7.3) vs. 9.4% (5.8), p = 0.03). At 28 days, fatigue was reported by two participants in the active group (8.7%) and 21 in the placebo group (80.1%; p < 0.0001). l-arginine plus vitamin C supplementation improved walking performance, muscle strength, endothelial function, and fatigue in adults with long COVID. This supplement may, therefore, be considered to restore physical performance and relieve persistent symptoms in this patient population. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Supplements in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases)

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21 pages, 2381 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Molecular Mechanisms for Ketone Body Metabolism, Signaling Functions, and Therapeutic Potential in Cancer

by Chi Yeon Hwang, Wonchae Choe, Kyung-Sik Yoon, Joohun Ha, Sung Soo Kim, Eui-Ju Yeo and Insug Kang

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224932 - 21 Nov 2022

Cited by 47 | Viewed by 14883

Abstract

The ketone bodies (KBs) β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are important alternative energy sources for glucose during nutrient deprivation. KBs synthesized by hepatic ketogenesis are catabolized to acetyl-CoA through ketolysis in extrahepatic tissues, followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain for ATP [...] Read more.

The ketone bodies (KBs) β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are important alternative energy sources for glucose during nutrient deprivation. KBs synthesized by hepatic ketogenesis are catabolized to acetyl-CoA through ketolysis in extrahepatic tissues, followed by the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain for ATP production. Ketogenesis and ketolysis are regulated by the key rate-limiting enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2 and succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid-CoA transferase, respectively. KBs participate in various cellular processes as signaling molecules. KBs bind to G protein-coupled receptors. The most abundant KB, β-hydroxybutyrate, regulates gene expression and other cellular functions by inducing post-translational modifications. KBs protect tissues by regulating inflammation and oxidative stress. Recently, interest in KBs has been increasing due to their potential for treatment of various diseases such as neurological and cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to maintain rapid cell growth and proliferation. Dysregulation of KB metabolism also plays a role in tumorigenesis in various types of cancer. Targeting metabolic changes through dietary interventions, including fasting and ketogenic diets, has shown beneficial effects in cancer therapy. Here, we review current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of KB metabolism and cellular signaling functions, and the therapeutic potential of KBs and ketogenic diets in cancer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)

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27 pages, 2633 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

Effects of Time-Restricted Feeding and Ramadan Fasting on Body Weight, Body Composition, Glucose Responses, and Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Sofia Tsitsou, Nikolaos Zacharodimos, Kalliopi-Anna Poulia, Kalliopi Karatzi, George Dimitriadis and Emilia Papakonstantinou

Nutrients 2022, 14(22), 4778; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14224778 - 11 Nov 2022

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 9860

Abstract

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) and Ramadan fasting (RF) have been recently associated with several health outcomes. However, it is not yet clear if they are superior to existing treatments in terms of glucose metabolism, insulin action, and weight loss. This review aims to summarize [...] Read more.

Time-restricted feeding (TRF) and Ramadan fasting (RF) have been recently associated with several health outcomes. However, it is not yet clear if they are superior to existing treatments in terms of glucose metabolism, insulin action, and weight loss. This review aims to summarize the current data on the effects of these regimes on body weight, body composition, and glycemia. An electronic search was conducted in PUBMED and SCOPUS databases up to August 2022. Twenty-four records met the inclusion criteria and underwent a risk-of-bias assessment. The main outcomes were: (a) TRF may result in moderate weight loss in individuals with overweight/obesity; when TRF is combined with caloric restriction, weight loss is >5% of the initial body weight, (b) 14 h of fasting may be as effective as 16 h in terms of weight loss, and (c) TRF may lead to improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic responses/variability throughout the day in individuals with overweight/obesity. Concerning RF, only two studies were available and thus, conclusions were not drawn. TRF may be an effective nutritional approach for weight loss, and the amelioration of glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with overweight/obesity. However, more long-term, well-designed studies are needed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Insulin 100th Anniversary: Century of Innovation for Diabetes)

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18 pages, 1971 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Indolepropionic Acid, a Gut Bacteria-Produced Tryptophan Metabolite and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

by Ratika Sehgal, Vanessa D. de Mello, Ville Männistö, Jaana Lindström, Jaakko Tuomilehto, Jussi Pihlajamäki and Matti Uusitupa

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4695; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214695 - 6 Nov 2022

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 9675

Abstract

An intricate relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and the human body has recently been extensively investigated. Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, especially, tryptophan derivatives, modulate metabolic and immune functions in health and disease. One of the tryptophan derivatives, indolepropionic acid (IPA), is increasingly [...] Read more.

An intricate relationship between gut microbiota, diet, and the human body has recently been extensively investigated. Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites, especially, tryptophan derivatives, modulate metabolic and immune functions in health and disease. One of the tryptophan derivatives, indolepropionic acid (IPA), is increasingly being studied as a marker for the onset and development of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The IPA levels heavily depend on the diet, particularly dietary fiber, and show huge variations among individuals. We suggest that these variations could partially be explained using genetic variants known to be associated with specific diseases such as T2D. In this narrative review, we elaborate on the beneficial effects of IPA in the mitigation of T2D and NAFLD, and further study the putative interactions between IPA and well-known genetic variants (TCF7L2, FTO, and PPARG), known to be associated with the risk of T2D. We have investigated the long-term preventive value of IPA in the development of T2D in the Finnish prediabetic population and the correlation of IPA with phytosterols in obese individuals from an ongoing Kuopio obesity surgery study. The diversity in IPA-linked mechanisms affecting glucose metabolism and liver fibrosis makes it a unique small metabolite and a promising candidate for the reversal or management of metabolic disorders, mainly T2D and NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genes and Gene–Diet Interactions in the Dietary Management of Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetic Conditions)

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18 pages, 5845 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Once-Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide Improves Fatty Liver Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 52-Week Prospective Real-Life Study

by Sara Volpe, Giuseppe Lisco, Margherita Fanelli, Davide Racaniello, Valentina Colaianni, Domenico Triggiani, Rossella Donghia, Lucilla Crudele, Roberta Rinaldi, Carlo Sabbà, Vincenzo Triggiani, Giovanni De Pergola and Giuseppina Piazzolla

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214673 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7595

Abstract

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed [...] Read more.

Background. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is commonly observed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, may have a therapeutic role by targeting common mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of T2D and NAFLD. The study aimed to assess the effectiveness of Semaglutide on NAFLD in patients with T2D. Methods. Forty-eight patients were treated with subcutaneous Semaglutide in add-on to metformin for 52 weeks. After the baseline visit (T0), follow-up was scheduled quarterly (T3, and T6) and then at 12 months of therapy (T12). During each visit, body composition was analyzed by phase-sensitive bio-impedance, and NAFLD was diagnosed and staged by Ultrasound (US) imaging. Surrogate biomarkers of NAFLD were also calculated and followed over time. Results. A significant decrease in anthropometric and glucometabolic parameters, insulin resistance, liver enzymes, and laboratory indices of hepatic steatosis was observed during treatment. Similarly, fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) decreased over time more than skeletal muscle and free-fat mass. US-assessed VAT thickness and the 12-point steatosis score also declined at T3 up to T12. Liver steatosis improved in most patients (70%), showing a reduction by at least one class in the semiquantitative US staging. Conclusion. Besides glucose control and body composition improvements, Semaglutide was effective in ameliorating the clinical appearance and severity of NAFLD in T2D patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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19 pages, 4942 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Catechins in Regulating Diabetes: An Update Review

by Lianghua Wen, Dan Wu, Xindong Tan, Meiqi Zhong, Jiabao Xing, Wei Li, Dan Li and Fanrong Cao

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214681 - 4 Nov 2022

Cited by 53 | Viewed by 5192

Abstract

Catechins are key functional components in tea and have many health benefits, including relieving diabetes. Glucose is necessary for maintaining life. However, when the glucose in the serum exceeds the threshold, it will lead to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is mainly caused by insufficient insulin [...] Read more.

Catechins are key functional components in tea and have many health benefits, including relieving diabetes. Glucose is necessary for maintaining life. However, when the glucose in the serum exceeds the threshold, it will lead to hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is mainly caused by insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance. Persistent hyperglycemia can cause various disorders, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. In this paper, we summarize the research on the underlying mechanisms of catechins in regulating diabetes and elaborate on the mechanisms of catechins in alleviating hyperglycemia by improving insulin resistance, alleviating oxidative stress, regulating mitochondrial function, alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress, producing anti-inflammatory effects, reducing blood sugar source, and regulating intestinal function. This review will provide scientific direction for future research on catechin alleviating diabetes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Diabetes)

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20 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Diet in the Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Research Requirements

by Oliwia Stefaniak, Małgorzata Dobrzyńska, Sławomira Drzymała-Czyż and Juliusz Przysławski

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4564; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214564 - 30 Oct 2022

Cited by 71 | Viewed by 19630

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today’s world due to the aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the literature [...] Read more.

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain disease that is becoming a major health problem in today’s world due to the aging population. Despite it being widely known that diet has a significant impact on the prevention and progression of Alzheimer’s disease, the literature data are still scarce and controversial. The application of the principles of rational nutrition for the elderly is suggested for Alzheimer’s disease. The diet should be rich in neuroprotective nutrients, i.e., antioxidants, B vitamins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Some studies suggest that diets such as the Mediterranean diet, the DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diet, and the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet have a beneficial effect on the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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19 pages, 597 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Race and Ethnicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Narrative Review

by Kiarash Riazi, Mark G. Swain, Stephen E. Congly, Gilaad G. Kaplan and Abdel-Aziz Shaheen

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4556; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214556 - 28 Oct 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4297

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern worldwide with a complex etiology attributed to behavioural, environmental, and genetic causes. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 32.4% and constantly rising. Global data, however, indicate considerable heterogeneity among [...] Read more.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern worldwide with a complex etiology attributed to behavioural, environmental, and genetic causes. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 32.4% and constantly rising. Global data, however, indicate considerable heterogeneity among studies for both NAFLD prevalence and incidence. Identifying variables that affect the estimated epidemiological measures is essential to all stakeholders, including patients, researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Besides helping with the research on disease etiology, it helps to identify individuals at risk of the disease, which in turn will outline the focus of the preventive measures and help to fittingly tailor individualized treatments, targeted prevention, screening, or treatment programs. Several studies suggest differences in the prevalence and severity of NAFLD by race or ethnicity, which may be linked to differences in lifestyle, diet, metabolic comorbidity profile, and genetic background, among others. Race/ethnicity research is essential as it can provide valuable information regarding biological and genetic differences among people with similar cultural, dietary, and geographical backgrounds. In this review, we examined the existing literature on race/ethnicity differences in susceptibility to NAFLD and discussed the contributing variables to such differences, including diet and physical activity, the comorbidity profile, and genetic susceptibility. We also reviewed the limitations of race/ethnicity studies in NAFLD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutritional Epidemiology)

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20 pages, 574 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Role of Diet and Dietary Patterns in Parkinson’s Disease

by Emily Knight, Thangiah Geetha, Donna Burnett and Jeganathan Ramesh Babu

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4472; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214472 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 12738

Abstract

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable [...] Read more.

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder associated with diminished nutrition status and decreased quality of life. While the prevalence of PD is expected to increase, no preventative or curative therapy for PD exists at this time. Although nutrition and diet represent modifiable risk factors for reducing chronic disease risk, research on the impact of single nutrients on PD has yielded mixed results. As a result, this single-nutrient approach may be the driving force behind the inconsistency, and a holistic dietary approach may overcome this inconsistency by accounting for the interactions between nutrients. The following review aims to examine the impact of a generally healthy dietary pattern, the protein-restricted diet (PRD), the ketogenic diet (KD), the Mediterranean diet (MD), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on PD risk, progression, and severity. While most of the included studies support the role of diet and dietary patterns in reducing the risk of PD or alleviating PD severity, the inconsistent results and need for further evidence necessitate more research being conducted before making dietary recommendations. Research on the potential beneficial effects of dietary patterns on PD should also investigate potential risks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Cutting Edge in Brain Foods: Understanding How Food Components Improve Brain Function at the Molecular and System Level)

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17 pages, 3683 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Co-Cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis Enhance Mucosal Barrier by Modulating Gut Microbiota-Derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids

by Zhengjun Xie, Meng Li, Mengqi Qian, Zhiren Yang and Xinyan Han

Nutrients 2022, 14(21), 4475; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14214475 - 25 Oct 2022

Cited by 45 | Viewed by 4840

Abstract

Weaning stress induces intestinal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation in mammals. Various interventions based on the modulation of intestinal microbiota have been proposed. Our study aims to explore the effects of co-cultures from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis (FAM^®) on intestinal [...] Read more.

Weaning stress induces intestinal barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation in mammals. Various interventions based on the modulation of intestinal microbiota have been proposed. Our study aims to explore the effects of co-cultures from Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis (FAM^®) on intestinal mucosal barrier from the perspective of metabolic function of gut microbiota. A total of 180 piglets were allocated to three groups, i.e., a control group (C, basal diet), a FAM group (F, basal diet supplemented with 0.1% FAM), and an antibiotic group (A, basal diet supplemented with antibiotic mixtures). Here, we showed FAM supplementation significantly increased body weight and reduced diarrhea incidence, accompanied by attenuated mucosal damage, increased levels of tight junction proteins, serum diamine oxidase (DAO) and antimicrobial peptides. In addition, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis revealed an increase in relative abundance of Clostridiales, Ruminococcaceae, Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae and a significant increase in the total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and butyric acid in FAM-treated piglets. FAM also increased CD4⁺ T cells and SIgA⁺ cells in intestinal mucosa and SIgA production in colon contents. Furthermore, FAM upregulated the expression of IL-22, short-chain fatty acid receptors GPR43 and GPR41, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). FAM shows great application prospect in gut health and provides a reference for infant weaning. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction and Probiotics-Focused Interventions)

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20 pages, 987 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Vitamin D and the Central Nervous System: Causative and Preventative Mechanisms in Brain Disorders

by Xiaoying Cui and Darryl W. Eyles

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4353; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204353 - 17 Oct 2022

Cited by 66 | Viewed by 7333

Abstract

Twenty of the last one hundred years of vitamin D research have involved investigations of the brain as a target organ for this hormone. Our group was one of the first to investigate brain outcomes resulting from primarily restricting dietary vitamin D during [...] Read more.

Twenty of the last one hundred years of vitamin D research have involved investigations of the brain as a target organ for this hormone. Our group was one of the first to investigate brain outcomes resulting from primarily restricting dietary vitamin D during brain development. With the advent of new molecular and neurochemical techniques in neuroscience, there has been increasing interest in the potential neuroprotective actions of vitamin D in response to a variety of adverse exposures and how this hormone could affect brain development and function. Rather than provide an exhaustive summary of this data and a listing of neurological or psychiatric conditions that vitamin D deficiency has been associated with, here, we provide an update on the actions of this vitamin in the brain and cellular processes vitamin D may be targeting in psychiatry and neurology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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10 pages, 475 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Evolving Concepts on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Malnutrition in Chronic Kidney Disease

by Fredzzia Graterol Torres, María Molina, Jordi Soler-Majoral, Gregorio Romero-González, Néstor Rodríguez Chitiva, Maribel Troya-Saborido, Guillem Socias Rullan, Elena Burgos, Javier Paúl Martínez, Marina Urrutia Jou, Carles Cañameras, Josep Riera Sadurní, Anna Vila and Jordi Bover

Nutrients 2022, 14(20), 4297; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14204297 - 14 Oct 2022

Cited by 77 | Viewed by 7699

Abstract

While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology [...] Read more.

While patient care, kidney replacement therapy, and transplantation techniques for chronic kidney disease (CKD) have continued to progress, the incidence of malnutrition disorders in CKD appears to have remained unchanged over time. However, there is now a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology according to the disease background, disease stage, and the treatment received. In CKD patients, the increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress lead to a proinflammatory milieu that is at least partially responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality in this patient population. New insights into the pathogenic role of innate immunity and the proinflammatory cytokine profile, characterized, for instance, by higher levels of IL-6 and TNF-α, explain some of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities observed in these patients. In this article, we will explore currently available nutritional–inflammatory biomarkers in distinct CKD populations (hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, transplantation) with a view to evaluating their efficacy as predictors of malnutrition and their involvement in the common proinflammatory process. Although there is a direct relationship between inflammatory-nutritional status, signs and symptoms [e.g., protein-energy wasting (PEW), anorexia], and comorbidities (e.g., atheromatosis, atherosclerosis), we are in need of clearly standardized markers for nutritional-inflammatory assessment to improve their performance and design appropriate bidirectional interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Relevant Nutritional, Biochemical and Molecular Disorders in CKD)

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14 pages, 2637 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin C Supplementation for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Monika Olczak-Pruc, Damian Swieczkowski, Jerzy R. Ladny, Michal Pruc, Raul Juarez-Vela, Zubaid Rafique, Frank W. Peacock and Lukasz Szarpak

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4217; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194217 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 35 | Viewed by 9362

Abstract

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect [...] Read more.

Since the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), millions of people have died, and the medical system has faced significant difficulties. Our purpose was to perform a meta-analysis to estimate the effect of vitamin C on in-hospital mortality and the ICU or hospital length of stay for patients diagnosed with COVID-19. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We included studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation, compared with standard treatment in COVID-19 patients who are ≥18 y of age. Nineteen trials were included in the meta-analysis. In-hospital mortality with and without vitamin C supplementation was 24.1% vs. 33.9% (OR = 0.59; 95%CI: 0.37 to 0.95; p = 0.03), respectively. Sub-analysis showed that, in randomized clinical trials, in-hospital mortality varied and amounted to 23.9% vs. 35.8% (OR = 0.44; 95%CI: 0.25 to 0.76; p = 0.003), respectively. In the non-randomized trials, in-hospital mortality was 24.2% vs. 33.5% (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.38 to 1.39; p = 0.33), respectively. The ICU length of stay was longer in patients treated with vitamin C vs. standard therapy, 11.1 (7.3) vs. 8.3 (4.7) days (MD = 1.91; 95%CI: 0.89 to 2.93; p < 0.001), respectively. Acute kidney injury in patients treated with and without vitamin C varied and amounted to 27.8% vs. 45.0% (OR = 0.56; 95%CI: 0.40 to 0.78; p < 0.001), respectively. There were no differences in the frequency of other adverse events among patients’ treatment with and without vitamin C (all p > 0.05). The use of vitamin C reduces hospital mortality. The length of stay in the ICU is longer among patients treated with vitamin C. In terms of patient safety, vitamin C has an acceptable profile. Low doses of vitamin C are effective and safe. Despite some evidence of the usefulness of vitamin C in modifying the course of COVID-19, it is too early to modify guidelines and recommendations. Further studies, in particular randomized clinical trials, are necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrition for Prevention and Control of Chronic Degenerative Diseases and COVID-19)

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23 pages, 1376 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Review of the Health Benefits of Food Enriched with Kynurenic Acid

by Monika Turska, Piotr Paluszkiewicz, Waldemar A. Turski and Jolanta Parada-Turska

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194182 - 8 Oct 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4170

Abstract

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan, is an endogenous substance produced intracellularly by various human cells. In addition, KYNA can be synthesized by the gut microbiome and delivered in food. However, its content in food is very low and the total alimentary [...] Read more.

Kynurenic acid (KYNA), a metabolite of tryptophan, is an endogenous substance produced intracellularly by various human cells. In addition, KYNA can be synthesized by the gut microbiome and delivered in food. However, its content in food is very low and the total alimentary supply with food accounts for only 1–3% of daily KYNA excretion. The only known exception is chestnut honey, which has a higher KYNA content than other foods by at least two orders of magnitude. KYNA is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract; it is not metabolized and is excreted mainly in urine. It possesses well-defined molecular targets, which allows the study and elucidation of KYNA’s role in various pathological conditions. Following a period of fascination with KYNA’s importance for the central nervous system, research into its role in the peripheral system has been expanding rapidly in recent years, bringing some exciting discoveries. KYNA does not penetrate from the peripheral circulation into the brain; hence, the following review summarizes knowledge on the peripheral consequences of KYNA administration, presents data on KYNA content in food products, in the context of its daily supply in diets, and systematizes the available pharmacokinetic data. Finally, it provides an analysis of the rationale behind enriching foods with KYNA for health-promoting effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Food Supplements and Functional Foods Assessment for Health and Nutrition)

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21 pages, 5805 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Treadmill Exercise Modulates Intestinal Microbes and Suppresses LPS Displacement to Alleviate Neuroinflammation in the Brains of APP/PS1 Mice

by Shunling Yuan, Jialun Yang, Ye Jian, Yong Lei, Sisi Yao, Zelin Hu, Xia Liu, Changfa Tang and Wenfeng Liu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4134; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194134 - 5 Oct 2022

Cited by 44 | Viewed by 4349

Abstract

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with [...] Read more.

Neuroinflammation occurs throughout the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice and the potential involvement of microbe–gut–brain axis (MGB) mechanisms based on growing evidence that AD’s pathogenesis is correlated with a deterioration in the function of gut microbiota. APP/PS1 transgenic AD mice were subjected to 12 weeks of treadmill exercise, followed by spatial memory tests. After the behavioral study, the amyloid (Aβ) pathology, gut microbes and metabolites, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) displacement, and degree of neuroinflammation were analyzed. We found that this strategy of exercise enriched gut microbial diversity and alleviated neuroinflammation in the brain. Notably, exercise led to reductions in pathogenic bacteria such as intestinal Allobaculum, increases in probiotic bacteria such as Akkermansia, increased levels of intestine–brain barrier proteins, and attenuated LPS displacement. These results suggest that prolonged exercise can effectively modulate gut microbes and the intestinal barrier and thereby reduce LPS displacement and ultimately alleviate AD-related neuroinflammation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Improving Body Composition and Metabolism with Exercise, Diet and Surgery: Translational Approaches)

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16 pages, 1298 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Prevalence of Dietary Supplement Use among Athletes Worldwide: A Scoping Review

by Jana Daher, Moriah Mallick and Dalia El Khoury

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4109; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194109 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 8782

Abstract

Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, [...] Read more.

Athletes represent a major part of dietary supplement users. This scoping review aims to explore the prevalence of dietary supplement use among athletes worldwide, most commonly used supplements, sources of information on dietary supplements and their reasons for use of these supplements. PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycInfo were searched for original research articles. Studies were included if they involved athletes, identified the prevalence of dietary supplement use, and were published after 2017. A total of 26 articles were reviewed. Prevalence of dietary supplement use varied among articles, but sex-based differences related to the types of used dietary supplements existed. Generally, the findings were consistent in terms of reasons for use and sources of information. Unfortunately, the lack of homogeneity regarding the definition of dietary supplements, definition of use, reporting timeframes, and data collection methods complicates the attempt to compare the findings among studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Nutrition for Disease Prevention and Sports Performance Enhancement)

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16 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Therapeutic Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Mediated Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet–Gut Microbiota Relationships in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

by Naser A. Alsharairi

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4113; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194113 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5344

Abstract

The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recognized as a promising dietary regimen for the treatment of several diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibre in the gut have potential value for their underlying epigenetic [...] Read more.

The very low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) has been recognized as a promising dietary regimen for the treatment of several diseases. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) produced by anaerobic bacterial fermentation of indigestible dietary fibre in the gut have potential value for their underlying epigenetic role in the treatment of obesity and asthma-related inflammation through mediating the relationships between VLCKD and the infant gut microbiota. However, it is still unclear how VLCKD might influence gut microbiota composition in children, and how SCFAs could play a role in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To overcome this knowledge gap, this review aims to investigate the role of SCFAs as key epigenetic metabolites that mediate VLCKD–gut microbiota relationships in children, and their therapeutic potential in IBD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Ketogenic Diet in Human Health and Diseases)

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18 pages, 713 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Dietary Polysaccharides as Modulators of the Gut Microbiota Ecosystem: An Update on Their Impact on Health

by Ana I. Álvarez-Mercado and Julio Plaza-Diaz

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4116; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194116 - 3 Oct 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9552

Abstract

A polysaccharide is a macromolecule composed of more than ten monosaccharides with a wide distribution and high structural diversity and complexity in nature. Certain polysaccharides are immunomodulators and play key roles in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of some diseases. [...] Read more.

A polysaccharide is a macromolecule composed of more than ten monosaccharides with a wide distribution and high structural diversity and complexity in nature. Certain polysaccharides are immunomodulators and play key roles in the regulation of immune responses during the progression of some diseases. In addition to stimulating the growth of certain intestinal bacteria, polysaccharides may also promote health benefits by modulating the gut microbiota. In the last years, studies about the triad gut microbiota–polysaccharides–health have increased exponentially. In consequence, in the present review, we aim to summarize recent knowledge about the function of dietary polysaccharides on gut microbiota composition and how these effects affect host health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota Ecosystem)

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14 pages, 279 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Prevalence of Hyperuricemia and Its Correlates among Adults in China: Results from CNHS 2015–2017

by Wei Piao, Liyun Zhao, Yuxiang Yang, Hongyun Fang, Lahong Ju, Shuya Cai and Dongmei Yu

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4095; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194095 - 2 Oct 2022

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 4531

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) and associated risk factors in Chinese adults aged 18 to 59 years. All the data were collected from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance during the period 2015–2017, which adopted a stratified, multistage, random sampling method on a national scale. A total of 52,627 participants aged 18 years or older were included in this study. The definition of hyperuricemia was 420 μmol/L for male and 360 μmol/L for female. The Rao–Scott chi-square test was used to compare the differences in prevalence between or among the subgroups. A weighted two-level multivariate survey-logistic regression was used to detect the correlations between HUA and demographic, physical, lifestyle and metabolic factors. The total prevalence of HUA was 15.1%, and that was higher in male, current smokers, higher BMI and less physical activities subgroups, and also in noninfectious chronic diseases (NCDs) subgroups. The subgroups of non-vegetarian diet, insufficient vegetable intakes and excessive red meat and alcohol intakes had significantly higher HUA prevalence. After introducing all the variables in the survey-logistic regression, gender, age, BMI, physically active, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, bean and nut intake, vegetable intake, red meat intake, alcohol consumption and vegetarian were associated with HUA. Among the significant variables, age and physical active served as a protective factor, and BMI showed to be a risk factor for HUA. Hypertension and dyslipidemia could increase the risk for HUA, while diabetes mellitus was shown a negative association with it. For dietary factors, vegetarian diet, sufficient beans and nuts and vegetables intake could lower the risk of HUA, but more alcohol could increase the risk of HUA. Dietary factor played a key role in HUA. It suggested that the intervention of dietary factor should receive more attention to ameliorate the high prevalence of HUA in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dietary Intake and Health throughout the Life Cycle)

21 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceSystematic Review

What Are the Effects of Vitamin A Oral Supplementation in the Prevention and Management of Viral Infections? A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

by Alessandra Sinopoli, Susanna Caminada, Claudia Isonne, Maria Mercedes Santoro and Valentina Baccolini

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4081; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194081 - 1 Oct 2022

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6208

Abstract

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support [...] Read more.

Vitamin A (VA) deficiency is associated with increased host susceptibility to infections, but evidence on its role in the prevention and management of viral infections is still lacking. This review aimed at summarizing the effects of VA supplementation against viral infections to support clinicians in evaluating supplemental treatments. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Randomized clinical trials comparing the direct effects of VA oral supplementation in any form vs. placebo or standard of care in the prevention and/or management of confirmed viral infections in people of any age were included. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. The revised Cochrane Risk-Of-Bias tool was used to assess quality. Overall, 40 articles of heterogeneous quality were included. We found data on infections sustained by Retroviridae (n = 17), Caliciviradae (n = 2), Flaviviridae (n = 1), Papillomaviridae (n = 3), Pneumoviridae (n = 4), and Paramyxoviridae (n = 13). Studies were published between 1987 and 2017 and mostly conducted in Africa. The findings were heterogeneous across and within viral families regarding virological, immunological, and biological response, and no meaningful results were found in the prevention of viral infections. For a few diseases, VA-supplemented individuals had a better prognosis and improved outcomes, including clearance of HPV lesions or reduction in some measles-related complications. The effects of VA oral supplementation seem encouraging in relation to the management of a few viral infections. Difference in populations considered, variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain the heterogeneity of the results. Further investigations are needed to better identify the benefits of VA administration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Vitamins and Human Health)

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26 pages, 1463 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): A Comprehensive Review of Nutritional Value, Phytochemical Composition, Health Benefits, Development of Food, and Industrial Applications

by Panpan Wei, Fenglan Zhao, Zhen Wang, Qibao Wang, Xiaoyun Chai, Guige Hou and Qingguo Meng

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 4079; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14194079 - 30 Sep 2022

Cited by 139 | Viewed by 23315

Abstract

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), of the Pedaliaceae family, is one of the first oil crops used in humans. It is widely grown and has a mellow flavor and high nutritional value, making it very popular in the diet. Sesame seeds are rich [...] Read more.

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), of the Pedaliaceae family, is one of the first oil crops used in humans. It is widely grown and has a mellow flavor and high nutritional value, making it very popular in the diet. Sesame seeds are rich in protein and lipids and have many health benefits. A number of in vitro and in vivo studies and clinical trials have found sesame seeds to be rich in lignan-like active ingredients. They have antioxidant, cholesterol reduction, blood lipid regulation, liver and kidney protection, cardiovascular system protection, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and other effects, which have great benefits to human health. In addition, the aqueous extract of sesame has been shown to be safe for animals. As an important medicinal and edible homologous food, sesame is used in various aspects of daily life such as food, feed, and cosmetics. The health food applications of sesame are increasing. This paper reviews the progress of research on the nutritional value, chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and processing uses of sesame to support the further development of more functionalities of sesame. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)

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15 pages, 1197 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Relationship between Mental Health and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

by Ewelina Burnatowska, Stanisław Surma and Magdalena Olszanecka-Glinianowicz

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3989; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193989 - 26 Sep 2022

Cited by 48 | Viewed by 8895

Abstract

Obesity is one of the most dangerous epidemics of the 21st century. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began and caused many deaths among patients with obesity with and without complications. Simultaneously, the lockdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a host of emotional [...] Read more.

Obesity is one of the most dangerous epidemics of the 21st century. In 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic began and caused many deaths among patients with obesity with and without complications. Simultaneously, the lockdown related to the COVID-19 pandemic caused a host of emotional problems including anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Many people began to cope with their emotions by increasing food (emotional eating) and alcohol consumption and in combination with decreased physical activity, promoted the development of overweight and obesity. Emotional eating, also known as stress eating, is defined as the propensity to eat in response to positive and negative emotions and not physical need. It should be noted that emotional eating may be the first step in the development of binge eating disorder and its extreme subtypes such as food addiction. Interestingly in some post-bariatric surgery patients, an increased frequency of addictive disorders has been observed, for example food addiction replaced by alcohol addiction called: “cross addiction” or “addiction transfer”. This data indicates that obesity should be treated as a psychosomatic disease, in the development of which external factors causing the formation of negative emotions may play a significant role. Currently, one of these factors is the COVID-19 pandemic. This manuscript discusses the relationships between the COVID-19 pandemic and development of emotional eating as well as potential implications of the viral pandemic on the obesity pandemic, and the need to change the approach to the treatment of obesity in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Obesity)

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17 pages, 1472 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End-Products in the Body and Dietary Habits

by Agnieszka Zawada, Alicja Machowiak, Anna Maria Rychter, Alicja Ewa Ratajczak, Aleksandra Szymczak-Tomczak, Agnieszka Dobrowolska and Iwona Krela-Kaźmierczak

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3982; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193982 - 25 Sep 2022

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 9142

Abstract

The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in tissues is a physiological process; however, excessive production and storage are pathological and lead to inflammation. A sedentary lifestyle, hypercaloric and high-fructose diet and increased intake of processed food elements contribute to excessive production of [...] Read more.

The formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in tissues is a physiological process; however, excessive production and storage are pathological and lead to inflammation. A sedentary lifestyle, hypercaloric and high-fructose diet and increased intake of processed food elements contribute to excessive production of compounds, which are created in the non-enzymatic multi-stage glycation process. The AGE’s sources can be endogenous and exogenous, mainly due to processing food at high temperatures and low moisture, including grilling, roasting, and frying. Accumulation of AGE increases oxidative stress and initiates various disorders, leading to the progression of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and their complications. Inborn defensive mechanisms, recovery systems, and exogenous antioxidants (including polyphenols) protect from excessive AGE accumulation. Additionally, numerous products have anti-glycation properties, occurring mainly in fruits, vegetables, herbs, and spices. It confirms the role of diet in the prevention of civilization diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs): Link between Modern Health and Disease)

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19 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nutritional Composition and Estimated Iron and Zinc Bioavailability of Meat Substitutes Available on the Swedish Market

by Inger-Cecilia Mayer Labba, Hannah Steinhausen, Linnéa Almius, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen and Ann-Sofie Sandberg

Nutrients 2022, 14(19), 3903; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14193903 - 21 Sep 2022

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 31453

Abstract

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two [...] Read more.

Transition towards plant-based diets is advocated to reduce the climate footprint. Health implications of a diet composed of meat substitutes are currently unknown, and there are knowledge gaps in their nutritional composition and quality. Samples of available meat substitutes were bought in two convenience stores in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, and were included in the study. Meat substitutes (n = 44) were analyzed for their contents of dietary fiber, fat, iron, zinc, phytate, salt, total phenolics and protein, as well as for their amino acid and fatty acid composition. Bioavailability of iron and zinc was estimated based on the phytate:mineral molar ratio. We found large variations in the nutritional composition of the analyzed meat substitutes. Amino acid profiles seemed to be affected by processing methods. Mycoprotein products were rich in zinc, with a median content of 6.7 mg/100 g, and had very low content of phytate, which suggests mycoprotein as a good source of zinc. Degradability of fungal cell walls might, however, pose as a potential aggravating factor. None of the products could be regarded as a good source of iron due to very high content of phytate (9 to 1151 mg/100 g) and/or low content of iron (0.4 to 4.7 mg/100 g). Phytate:iron molar ratios in products with iron contents >2.1 mg/100 g ranged from 2.5 to 45. Tempeh stood out as a protein source with large potential due to low phytate content (24 mg/100 g) and an iron content (2 mg/100 g) close to the level of a nutrition claim. Producers of the products analyzed in this study appear to use nutritional claims regarding iron that appear not in line with European regulations, since the iron is in a form not available by the body. Meat substitutes analyzed in this study do not contribute to absorbed iron in a relevant manner. Individuals following mainly plant-based diets have to meet their iron needs through other sources. Salt and saturated fat were high in certain products, while other products were more in line with nutritional recommendations. Further investigation of the nutritional and health effects of protein extraction and extrusion is needed. We conclude that nutritional knowledge needs to be implemented in product development of meat substitutes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Public Health)

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16 pages, 1773 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Vitamin D Supplementation Does Not Influence SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Efficacy or Immunogenicity: Sub-Studies Nested within the CORONAVIT Randomised Controlled Trial

by David A. Jolliffe, Giulia Vivaldi, Emma S. Chambers, Weigang Cai, Wenhao Li, Sian E. Faustini, Joseph M. Gibbons, Corinna Pade, Anna K. Coussens, Alex G. Richter, Áine McKnight and Adrian R. Martineau

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3821; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183821 - 16 Sep 2022

Cited by 27 | Viewed by 4406

Abstract

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised [...] Read more.

Vitamin D deficiency has been reported to associate with the impaired development of antigen-specific responses following vaccination. We aimed to determine whether vitamin D supplements might boost the immunogenicity and efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination by conducting three sub-studies nested within the CORONAVIT randomised controlled trial, which investigated the effects of offering vitamin D supplements at a dose of 800 IU/day or 3200 IU/day vs. no offer on risk of acute respiratory infections in UK adults with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations <75 nmol/L. Sub-study 1 (n = 2808) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection following two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Sub-study 2 (n = 1853) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on titres of combined IgG, IgA and IgM (IgGAM) anti-Spike antibodies in eluates of dried blood spots collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Sub-study 3 (n = 100) investigated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neutralising antibody and cellular responses in venous blood samples collected after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. In total, 1945/2808 (69.3%) sub-study 1 participants received two doses of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (Oxford–AstraZeneca); the remainder received two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer). Mean follow-up 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly elevated in the 800 IU/day vs. no-offer group (82.5 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 28.8 nmol/L, 95% CI 22.8–34.8) and in the 3200 IU/day vs. no offer group (105.4 vs. 53.6 nmol/L; mean difference 51.7 nmol/L, 45.1–58.4). Vitamin D supplementation did not influence the risk of breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in vaccinated participants (800 IU/day vs. no offer: adjusted hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.84; 3200 IU/day vs. no offer: 1.17, 0.81 to 1.70). Neither did it influence IgGAM anti-Spike titres, neutralising antibody titres or IFN-γ concentrations in the supernatants of S peptide-stimulated whole blood. In conclusion, vitamin D replacement at a dose of 800 or 3200 IU/day effectively elevated 25(OH)D concentrations, but it did not influence the protective efficacy or immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination when given to adults who had a sub-optimal vitamin D status at baseline. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Effect of Vitamin D on Respiratory Disease)

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31 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Comparing the Evidence from Observational Studies and Randomized Controlled Trials for Nonskeletal Health Effects of Vitamin D

by William B. Grant, Barbara J. Boucher, Fatme Al Anouti and Stefan Pilz

Nutrients 2022, 14(18), 3811; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14183811 - 15 Sep 2022

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 10313

Abstract

Although observational studies of health outcomes generally suggest beneficial effects with, or following, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have generally not supported those findings. Here we review results from observational studies and RCTs regarding how vitamin D status [...] Read more.

Although observational studies of health outcomes generally suggest beneficial effects with, or following, higher serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have generally not supported those findings. Here we review results from observational studies and RCTs regarding how vitamin D status affects several nonskeletal health outcomes, including Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, autoimmune diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, COVID-19, major depressive disorder, type 2 diabetes, arterial hypertension, all-cause mortality, respiratory tract infections, and pregnancy outcomes. We also consider relevant findings from ecological, Mendelian randomization, and mechanistic studies. Although clear discrepancies exist between findings of observational studies and RCTs on vitamin D and human health benefits these findings should be interpreted cautiously. Bias and confounding are seen in observational studies and vitamin D RCTs have several limitations, largely due to being designed like RCTs of therapeutic drugs, thereby neglecting vitamin D’s being a nutrient with a unique metabolism that requires specific consideration in trial design. Thus, RCTs of vitamin D can fail for several reasons: few participants’ having low baseline 25(OH)D concentrations, relatively small vitamin D doses, participants’ having other sources of vitamin D, and results being analyzed without consideration of achieved 25(OH)D concentrations. Vitamin D status and its relevance for health outcomes can usefully be examined using Hill’s criteria for causality in a biological system from results of observational and other types of studies before further RCTs are considered and those findings would be useful in developing medical and public health policy, as they were for nonsmoking policies. A promising approach for future RCT design is adjustable vitamin D supplementation based on interval serum 25(OH)D concentrations to achieve target 25(OH)D levels suggested by findings from observational studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Commemorative Issue in Honor of Centennial of the Discovery of Vitamin D-The Central Role of Vitamin D in Physiology)

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