Experience-dependent plasticity involves coordinated changes in neuronal and glial function, but the glial contribution to circuit adaptation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) remains incompletely understood. Astrocytes monitor synaptic activity and...
Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor characterized by marked heterogeneity, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Dysregulation of autophagy and apoptosis may contribute to tumor adaptation, yet experimental...
Background/Objectives: Interindividual variability in responses to physiological and pathological perturbations remains a fundamental challenge in neuroscience. Astrocytes and microglia are dynamic regulators of brain homeostasis, immune surveillance...
Background: Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha 2 (IL13Rα2) is an attractive therapeutic target for glioblastoma because of its limited expression in normal brain tissue and overexpression in many tumors. However, the spatial heterogeneity of gliobla...
The cerebellum, long studied as the principal center for motor coordination, is now recognized as a participant in epileptogenic network dynamics through the pathway running from the cerebellar cortex to the deep cerebellar nuclei and on to thalamic...
Background: Mood disorders are associated with excess mortality and with cardiovascular, oncological, endocrine and gastrointestinal disease, yet the mechanisms that link the brain and the body remain unclear. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) cros...
Background/Objective: New therapeutic targets are urgently needed for glioblastoma, the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. Monepantel (MPL), a repurposed anthelmintic, is thought to act in cancer cells through ATF4-mediated endoplasmic re...
Brain aging is characterized by heterogeneous microglial states and altered mitochondrial, metabolic, and lysosomal homeostasis. Mitophagy is central to mitochondrial quality control, but its contribution to age-associated microglial dysfunction rema...
Background/objectives: Perinatal hypoxia–ischemia (HI) is a major cause of brain injury and is associated with long-term neurological impairments, including white matter injury, astrogliosis, microgliosis, and hypomyelination. Maternal exercise...
Background: Drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) affects approximately one-third of individuals with epilepsy, where seizures remain uncontrolled despite appropriate trials of at least two antiseizure medications (ASMs). Neuroinflammation, specifically chro...
The Tau protein is traditionally recognized for stabilizing axonal microtubules in neurons. However, emerging evidence indicates that astrocytes also show basal expression of the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) gene, with potential implicat...
Neurotoxicity is generally thought to result from exogenous agents like environmental chemicals, drugs and biological toxins. However, increasing evidence suggests that many endogenous molecules that play a critical role in normal brain function can...
Despite remarkable advances in glial biology, the development of effective glia-targeted therapeutics has lagged behind. Accumulating evidence has established glial cells as dynamic regulators of neuroimmune communication, synaptic function, metaboli...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the intracellular accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) ag...
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) play a critical role in the development and maintenance of chronic pain through complex interactions with inflammatory mediators and the opioid pathway. This systematic review synthesizes recent advances in the molecular...
Glioblastoma (GBM), classified as grade 4 of high-grade glioma (HGG) under the 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors (WHO CNS-2021), is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults. However, with ma...
Background/Objectives: Transcription factor 4 (TCF4) is a proneural basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor that plays a critical role in brain development and is associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders, including autism sp...
Huntington’s disease (HD) has traditionally been conceptualized as a neuron-centric disorder primarily attributed to cell-autonomous toxicity of mutant huntingtin (mHTT) in striatal medium spiny neurons. However, this framework inadequately exp...
Background: Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are metabolites produced by the gut microbiota after fiber fermentation. Some SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, have been recognized as essential for human health, especially for the brain;...
Ischaemic stroke induces a dynamic neuroimmune response in which microglia act as central regulators of both secondary injury and tissue repair. In the acute phase, microglial activation amplifies neuronal damage through inflammatory signalling and v...
Background/Objectives: The traditional classification of astrocytes was based on morphological differences between astrocytes and their location in brain tissue. Astrocytes stained by impregnation techniques were divided into protoplasmic and fibrous...
We analyze data indicating that a set of currently marketed FDA/EMA-approved drugs used to treat parkinsonism, extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic drugs, or overactive bladder may have the potential to slow the growth of glioblastoma; diffus...
Hypoxia is a prevalent characteristic of neurological diseases, including ischemic injury, neurodegeneration and infectious disease complications. Concurrently, hypoxia shapes both protective and pathological responses within the central nervous syst...
Autism spectrum disorder is increasingly linked to altered microglial biology. However, current research models are limited by outdated descriptions of microglial “activation”. Here, we propose that microglial involvement in ASD is best u...
Pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) encompass a highly heterogeneous group of conditions characterized by complex interactions among genetic, molecular, developmental, and environmental factors. Growing evidence increasingly supports an imp...
Introduction: Rutin is a heterocyclic flavonol glycoside found in plants like apples, citrus fruits and buckwheat, with demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rutin’s direct effects on microglia,...
Background: Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as a central mechanism in the pathogenesis of epilepsy, particularly drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), where conventional anti-seizure medications fail to achieve adequate control. Microglia, the...
Background: Endotoxin tolerance describes the phenomenon whereby prior lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure attenuates inflammatory responses to subsequent LPS challenge. Studies have reported the involvement of different mediators of the toll-like rece...
Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSD) is a severe and highly disabling autoimmune astrocytopathy in which humoral immunity, mediated by the presence of autoantibodies, and cellular immunity, through Th17 cells and related cytokine...
The discovery of the glymphatic system (GS) transformed understanding of central nervous system homeostasis by revealing a brain-wide network that facilitates cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid exchange along perivascular pathways. This system clea...
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been associated with a wide range of neurological complications, among which persistent cognitive impairment and memory deficits are increasingly recognized as key symptoms of the post-acute sequel...
Background: Schwannomas of the third cranial nerve are exceedingly rare benign tumors, and standardized management guidelines are lacking. Their close relationship with critical neurovascular structures makes diagnosis and treatment challenging, with...
Background: The principal glial cells of the retina, Müller glia, play a central role in retinal regeneration in teleost fish and have recently attracted attention as potential sources of neuronal regeneration in mammals. Objectives: In this stu...
Satellite glial cells (SGCs) in sensory ganglia are increasingly recognized as active regulators of neuronal excitability and inflammatory signaling involved in pain conditions. In craniofacial and orofacial pain, trigeminal SGCs exhibit stimulus-dep...
Background/Objectives: Injuries to spinal ventral roots induce complex retrograde reactions that compromise motoneuron survival, synaptic organization, and glial responses, ultimately limiting the potential for regeneration. The endocannabinoid syste...
Background/Objective: Parkinson’s disease (PD) has long been viewed from a neurocentric perspective; however, increasing evidence indicates that glial dysfunction also contributes to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Although neurotoxic glial phe...
COVID-19 has raised significant concern regarding its neurological impact, particularly during the early pandemic waves when severe systemic inflammation and neuroimmune dysregulation were more common. Although SARS-CoV-2 has been extensively studied...
The microglia, first identified by Pío del Río-Hortega, are resident macrophages in the CNS that aid in immune monitoring, synaptic remodeling, and tissue repair. Microglial biology’s dual functions in maintaining homeostasis and...
Background/Objectives: A healthy lifestyle based on a balanced diet promotes overall well-being and supports brain health, while the consumption of high-energy foods can negatively affect cognitive function, particularly during early developmental st...
Introduction: This study investigates how early aging affects the rat brain, focusing on aquaporin-4 and IL-17 levels in the whole brain, as well as glial cell alterations in the hippocampus. The hippocampus, essential for learning and memory, underg...
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) constitute the main glial population in the central nervous system and are indispensable for the stability and performance of neural networks. Although best known for generating and maintaining myelin to speed impulse conductio...
Maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy has been associated with increased risk of fetal loss and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. This review summarizes recent findings on the effects of MIA on fetal survival and microglial pheno...
Background: Glioblastoma (GBM) remains refractory to chemoradiotherapy. Glial populations—microglia/monocyte-derived macrophages, reactive astrocytes, and the oligodendrocyte lineage—shape both treatment resistance and radiation-related b...
Background: During development, reelin sets the pace of neocortical neurogenesis, enabling newborn neurons to migrate. However, whether—and, if so, how—reelin signaling affects the adult neurogenic niches remains uncertain. Methods: In th...
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) remains a leading cause of disability worldwide, perpetuated by an incomplete understanding of its pathophysiology and the limited efficacy of conventional antidepressants. Historically, research has focused on neuron-...
Background/Objectives: Compartmentalized glucose metabolism in the brain contributes to neuro-metabolic stability and shapes hypothalamic control of glucose homeostasis. Glucose transporter-2 (GLUT2) is a plasma membrane glucose sensor that exerts se...
Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor associated with poor survival outcomes. Given the significant financial burden of cancer treatments, repurposing existing drugs can reduce costs and enhance thera...
Background: Primary spinal gliomas are rare in the pediatric population. Separately, FGFR1 genomic aberrations are also uncommon in spinal cord tumors. We report a case of a previously well adolescent who presented with progressive symptoms secondary...
Astrocytes are the most common type of glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS). They have many different functions that go beyond just supporting other cells. Astrocytes were once thought of as passive parts of the CNS. However, now they are k...
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by progressive loss of neurons and remain largely incurable. Numerous mammalian models have been developed to study the mechanisms underlying their physiopathology; however, their high cost, complexity and...
