The Gut Microbiome-Neuroglia Axis: Implications for Brain Health, Inflammation, and Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Gut Microbiome
3. Overview of Neuroglial Cells
4. Gut Brain Axis
5. Immune Interactions and Inflammation
6. Implications for Brain Health
7. Implications for Neurological Disorders
8. Use of Microbiome-Targeted Therapies in Modulating Neuroglial Function
9. Conclusions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rahman, M.M.; Islam, M.R.; Yamin, M.; Islam, M.M.; Sarker, M.T.; Meem, A.F.K.; Akter, A.; Emran, T.B.; Cavalu, S.; Sharma, R. Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 2022, 3201644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ullah, H.; Arbab, S.; Tian, Y.; Liu, C.Q.; Chen, Y.; Qijie, L.; Khan, M.I.U.; Hassan, I.U.; Li, K. The gut microbiota–brain axis in neurological disorder. Front. Neurosci. 2023, 17, 1225875. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ursell, L.K.; Haiser, H.J.; Van Treuren, W.; Garg, N.; Reddivari, L.; Vanamala, J.; Dorrestein, P.C.; Turnbaugh, P.J.; Knight, R. The intestinal metabolome: An intersection between microbiota and host. Gastroenterology 2014, 146, 1470–1476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Leviatan, S.; Shoer, S.; Rothschild, D.; Gorodetski, M.; Segal, E. An expanded reference map of the human gut microbiome reveals hundreds of previously unknown species. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3863. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rinninella, E.; Raoul, P.; Cintoni, M.; Franceschi, F.; Miggiano, G.; Gasbarrini, A.; Mele, M. What is the Healthy Gut Microbiota composition? A Changing Ecosystem across age, environment, diet, and Diseases. Microorganisms 2019, 7, 14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berg, G.; Rybakova, D.; Fischer, D.; Cernava, T.; Vergès, M.-C.C.; Charles, T.; Chen, X.; Cocolin, L.; Eversole, K.; Corral, G.H.; et al. Microbiome definition re-visited: Old concepts and new challenges. Microbiome 2020, 8, 103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, Y.; Pedersen, O. Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2020, 19, 55–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Valdes, A.M.; Walter, J.; Segal, E.; Spector, T.D. Role of the Gut Microbiota in Nutrition and Health. BMJ 2018, 361, k2179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jäkel, S.; Dimou, L. Glial Cells and Their Function in the Adult Brain: A Journey through the History of Their Ablation. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 235525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belizário, J.E.; Faintuch, J. Microbiome and Gut Dysbiosis. Exp. Suppl. 2018, 109, 459–476. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belizário, J.E.; Faintuch, J.; Garay-Malpartida, M. Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis and Immunometabolism: New Frontiers for Treatment of Metabolic Diseases. Mediat. Inflamm. 2018, 2018, 2037838. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rizzetto, L.; Fava, F.; Tuohy, K.M.; Selmi, C. Connecting the immune system, systemic chronic inflammation and the gut microbiome: The role of sex. J. Autoimmun. 2018, 92, 12–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thursby, E.; Juge, N. Introduction to the Human Gut Microbiota. Biochem. J. 2017, 474, 1823–1836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ursell, L.K.; Metcalf, J.L.; Parfrey, L.W.; Knight, R. Defining the human microbiome. Nutr. Rev. 2012, 70, S38–S44. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3426293/ (accessed on 18 June 2024). [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huffnagle, G.B.; Noverr, M.C. The emerging world of the fungal microbiome. Trends Microbiol. 2013, 21, 334–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pérez, J.C. Fungi of the human gut microbiota: Roles and significance. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 2021, 311, 151490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pargin, E.; Roach, M.J.; Skye, A.; Papudeshi, B.; Inglis, L.K.; Mallawaarachchi, V.; Grigson, S.R.; Harker, C.; Edwards, R.A.; Giles, S.K. The human gut virome: Composition, colonization, interactions, and impacts on human health. Front. Microbiol. 2023, 14, 963173. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cao, Z.; Sugimura, N.; Burgermeister, E.; Ebert, M.P.; Zuo, T.; Lan, P. The gut virome: A new microbiome component in health and disease. eBioMedicine 2022, 81, 104113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chibani, C.M.; Mahnert, A.; Borrel, G.; Almeida, A.; Werner, A.; Brugère, J.-F.; Gribaldo, S.; Finn, R.D.; Schmitz, R.A.; Moissl-Eichinger, C. A catalogue of 1,167 genomes from the human gut archaeome. Nat. Microbiol. 2022, 7, 48–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.Y.; Whon, T.W.; Lim, M.Y.; Kim, Y.B.; Kim, N.; Kwon, M.-S.; Kim, J.; Lee, S.H.; Choi, H.-J.; Nam, I.-H.; et al. The human gut archaeome: Identification of diverse haloarchaea in Korean subjects. Microbiome 2020, 8, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dominguez-Bello, M.G.; Godoy-Vitorino, F.; Knight, R.; Blaser, M.J. Role of the microbiome in human development. Gut 2019, 68, 1108–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ogunrinola, G.A.; Oyewale, J.O.; Oshamika, O.O.; Olasehinde, G.I. The Human Microbiome and Its Impacts on Health. Int. J. Microbiol. 2020, 2020, 8045646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jandhyala, S.M. Role of the Normal Gut Microbiota. World J. Gastroenterol. 2015, 21, 8787. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allen, N.J.; Lyons, D.A. Glia as architects of central nervous system formation and function. Science 2018, 362, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milichko, V.; Dyachuk, V. Novel Glial Cell Functions: Extensive Potency, Stem Cell-Like Properties, and Participation in Regeneration and Transdifferentiation. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2020, 8, 809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Camberos-Barraza, J.; Camacho-Zamora, A.; Bátiz-Beltrán, J.C.; Osuna-Ramos, J.F.; Rábago-Monzón, Á.R.; Valdez-Flores, M.A.; Angulo-Rojo, C.E.; Guadrón-Llanos, A.M.; Picos-Cárdenas, V.J.; Calderón-Zamora, L.; et al. Sleep, Glial Function, and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Neuroinflammation and Sleep Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siracusa, R.; Fusco, R.; Cuzzocrea, S. Astrocytes: Role and Functions in Brain Pathologies. Front. Pharmacol. 2019, 10, 1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, H.-G.; Wheeler, M.A.; Quintana, F.J. Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2022, 21, 339–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valles, S.L.; Singh, S.K.; Campos-Campos, J.; Colmena, C.; Campo-Palacio, I.; Alvarez-Gamez, K.; Caballero, O.; Jorda, A. Functions of Astrocytes under Normal Conditions and after a Brain Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 8434. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Osuna-Ramos, J.F.; Camberos-Barraza, J.; Torres-Mondragón, L.E.; Rábago-Monzón, Á.R.; Camacho-Zamora, A.; Valdez-Flores, M.A.; Angulo-Rojo, C.E.; Guadrón-Llanos, A.M.; Picos-Cárdenas, V.J.; Calderón-Zamora, L.; et al. Interplay between the Glymphatic System and the Endocannabinoid System: Implications for Brain Health and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 17458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Butovsky, O.; Weiner, H.L. Microglial signatures and their role in health and disease. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2018, 19, 622–635. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thompson, K.; Tsirka, S. The Diverse Roles of Microglia in the Neurodegenerative Aspects of Central Nervous System (CNS) Autoimmunity. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017, 18, 504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Colonna, M.; Butovsky, O. Microglia Function in the Central Nervous System During Health and Neurodegeneration. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2017, 35, 441–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, J.-W.; Chun, W.; Lee, H.J.; Kim, S.-M.; Min, J.-H.; Kim, D.-Y.; Kim, M.-O.; Ryu, H.W.; Lee, S.U. The Role of Microglia in the Development of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomedicines 2021, 9, 1449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bradl, M.; Lassmann, H. Oligodendrocytes: Biology and pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 2009, 119, 37–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Michalski, J.-P.; Kothary, R. Oligodendrocytes in a Nutshell. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2015, 9, 340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuhn, S.; Gritti, L.; Crooks, D.; Dombrowski, Y. Oligodendrocytes in Development, Myelin Generation and Beyond. Cells 2019, 8, 1424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Munyeshyaka, M.; Fields, R.D. Oligodendroglia are emerging players in several forms of learning and memory. Commun. Biol. 2022, 5, 1148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, S.; Gan, L.; Liu, C.; Xu, T.; Zhou, S.; Guo, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Yang, G.-Y.; Tian, H.; Tang, Y. Roles of Ependymal Cells in the Physiology and Pathology of the Central Nervous System. Aging Dis. 2022, 14, 468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiménez, A.J.; Domínguez-Pinos, M.-D.; Guerra, M.M.; Fernández-Llebrez, P.; Pérez-Fígares, J.-M. Structure and function of the ependymal barrier and diseases associated with ependyma disruption. Tissue Barriers 2014, 2, e28426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelles, D.G.; Hazrati, L.-N. Ependymal cells and neurodegenerative disease: Outcomes of compromised ependymal barrier function. Brain Commun. 2022, 4, fcac288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kakinuma, Y. Significance of vagus nerve function in terms of pathogenesis of psychosocial disorders. Neurochem. Int. 2021, 143, 104934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Howland, R.H. Vagus Nerve Stimulation. Curr. Behav. Neurosci. Rep. 2014, 1, 64–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Date, Y. Ghrelin and the vagus nerve. Methods Enzymol. 2012, 514, 261–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perelló, M.; Cornejo, M.P.; De Francesco, P.N.; Fernandez, G.; Gautron, L.; Valdivia, L.S. The controversial role of the vagus nerve in mediating ghrelin’s actions: Gut feelings and beyond. IBRO Neurosci. Rep. 2022, 12, 228–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Torres-Mondragón, L.E.; León-Pimentel, L.C.; Pérez-Tamayo, D.E.; Alberto, K. The endocannabinoid system: A new frontier in addressing psychosomatic challenges. J. Clin. Basic Psychosom. 2024, 2, 2288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rogers, G.B.; Keating, D.J.; Young, R.L.; Wong, M.-L.; Licinio, J.; Wesselingh, S. From gut dysbiosis to altered brain function and mental illness: Mechanisms and pathways. Mol. Psychiatry 2016, 21, 738–748. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frankiensztajn, L.M.; Elliott, E.; Koren, O. The microbiota and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, implications for anxiety and stress disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2020, 62, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, J.; Tan, Y.; Cheng, H.; Zhang, D.; Feng, W.; Peng, C. Functions of Gut Microbiota Metabolites, Current Status and Future Perspectives. Aging Dis. 2022, 13, 1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hou, Y.; Li, J.; Ying, S. Tryptophan Metabolism and Gut Microbiota: A Novel Regulatory Axis Integrating the Microbiome, Immunity, and Cancer. Metabolites 2023, 13, 1166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, T.-T.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, R.-Y.; Wang, F.-X.; Ma, L.-J.; Jiang, L.; Liu, H.-D. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease. Nutrients 2023, 15, 930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wen, J.; Xu, Q.; Li, J.; Shen, X.; Zhou, X.; Huang, J.; Liu, S. Sodium butyrate exerts a neuroprotective effect in rats with acute carbon monoxide poisoning by activating autophagy through the mTOR signaling pathway. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14, 4610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terry, N.; Margolis, K.G. Serotonergic Mechanisms Regulating the GI Tract: Experimental Evidence and Therapeutic Relevance. Handb. Exp. Pharmacol. 2017, 239, 319–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shajib, M.S.; Baranov, A.; Khan, W.I. Diverse Effects of Gut-Derived Serotonin in Intestinal Inflammation. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 2017, 8, 920–931. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Israelyan, N.; Del Colle, A.; Li, Z.; Park, Y.; Xing, A.; Jacobsen, J.P.R.; Luna, R.A.; Jensen, D.D.; Madra, M.; Saurman, V.; et al. Effects of Serotonin and Slow-Release 5-Hydroxytryptophan on Gastrointestinal Motility in a Mouse Model of Depression. Gastroenterology 2019, 157, 507–521.e4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barandouzi, Z.A.; Lee, J.; del Carmen Rosas, M.; Chen, J.; Henderson, W.A.; Starkweather, A.R.; Cong, X.S. Associations of neurotransmitters and the gut microbiome with emotional distress in mixed type of irritable bowel syndrome. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 1648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duan, H.; Cai, X.; Luan, Y.; Yang, S.; Yang, J.; Dong, H.; Zeng, H.; Shao, L. Regulation of the Autonomic Nervous System on Intestine. Front. Physiol. 2021, 12, 700129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Iovino, P.; Azpiroz, F.; Domingo, E.; Malagelada, J.R. The sympathetic nervous system modulates perception and reflex responses to gut distention in humans. Gastroenterology 1995, 108, 680–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zubcevic, J.; Richards, E.M.; Yang, T.; Kim, S.; Sumners, C.; Pepine, C.J.; Raizada, M.K. Impaired Autonomic Nervous System-Microbiome Circuit in Hypertension. Circ. Res. 2019, 125, 104–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fleming, M.A.; Ehsan, L.; Moore, S.R.; Levin, D.E. The Enteric Nervous System and Its Emerging Role as a Therapeutic Target. Gastroenterol. Res. Pract. 2020, 2020, 8024171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hamilton, M.K.; Wall, E.S.; Robinson, C.D.; Guillemin, K.; Eisen, J.S. Enteric nervous system modulation of luminal pH modifies the microbial environment to promote intestinal health. PLoS Pathog. 2022, 18, e1009989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rao, M.; Gershon, M.D. The Bowel and beyond: The Enteric Nervous System in Neurological Disorders. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2016, 13, 517–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zheng, Z.; Tang, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, W. Role of gut microbiota-derived signals in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. Front. Med. 2022, 9, 961703. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Waclawiková, B.; Codutti, A.; Alim, K.; El Aidy, S. Gut microbiota-motility interregulation: Insights from in vivo, ex vivo and in silico studies. Gut Microbes 2022, 14, 1997296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barone, M.; Ramayo-Caldas, Y.; Estellé, J.; Tambosco, K.; Chadi, S.; Maillard, F.; Gallopin, M.; Planchais, J.; Chain, F.; Kropp, C.; et al. Gut barrier-microbiota imbalances in early life lead to higher sensitivity to inflammation in a murine model of C-section delivery. Microbiome 2023, 11, 140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Vincenzo, F.; Del Gaudio, A.; Petito, V.; Lopetuso, L.R.; Scaldaferri, F. Gut microbiota, intestinal permeability, and systemic inflammation: A narrative review. Intern. Emerg. Med. 2023, 19, 275–293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghosh, S.; Whitley, C.S.; Haribabu, B.; Jala, V.R. Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites. Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 11, 1463–1482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bemark, M.; Pitcher, M.J.; Dionisi, C.; Spencer, J. Gut-associated lymphoid tissue: A microbiota-driven hub of B cell immunity. Trends Immunol. 2024, 45, 211–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arrazuria, R.; Pérez, V.; Molina, E.; Juste, R.A.; Khafipour, E.; Elguezabal, N. Diet induced changes in the microbiota and cell composition of rabbit gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT). Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 14103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jacobse, J.; Li, J.; Rings, E.H.; Samsom, J.N.; Goettel, J.A. Intestinal Regulatory T Cells as Specialized Tissue-Restricted Immune Cells in Intestinal Immune Homeostasis and Disease. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 716499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- de Moreno de LeBlanc, A.; del Carmen, S.; Zurita-Turk, M.; Santos Rocha, C.; van de Guchte, M.; Azevedo, V.; Miyoshi, A.; LeBlanc, J.G. Importance of IL-10 Modulation by Probiotic Microorganisms in Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases. ISRN Gastroenterol. 2011, 2011, 892971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, H.; Chi, H. Metabolic control of regulatory T cell development and function. Trends Immunol. 2015, 36, 3–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kinashi, Y.; Hase, K. Partners in Leaky Gut Syndrome: Intestinal Dysbiosis and Autoimmunity. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 673708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martín, F.; Blanco-Suárez, M.; Zambrano, P.; Cáceres, O.; Almirall, M.; Alegre, J.; Lobo, B.; González-Castro, A.M.; Santos, J.; Joan Carles Domingo Jurek, J.; et al. Increased gut permeability and bacterial translocation are associated with fibromyalgia and myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome: Implications for disease-related biomarker discovery. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, 1253121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chae, Y.-R.; Lee, Y.R.; Kim, Y.-S.; Park, H.-Y. Diet-Induced Gut Dysbiosis and Leaky Gut Syndrome. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024, 34, 747–756. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wenzel, T.J.; Gates, E.J.; Ranger, A.L.; Klegeris, A. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) alone or in combination regulate select immune functions of microglia-like cells. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. 2020, 105, 103493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Caetano-Silva, M.E.; Rund, L.A.; Hutchinson, N.T.; Woods, J.A.; Steelman, A.J.; Johnson, R.W. Inhibition of inflammatory microglia by dietary fiber and short-chain fatty acids. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 2819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colombo, A.V.; Sadler, R.K.; Llovera, G.; Singh, V.; Roth, S.; Heindl, S.; Sebastian Monasor, L.; Verhoeven, A.; Peters, F.; Parhizkar, S.; et al. Microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids modulate microglia and promote Aβ plaque deposition. ELife 2021, 10, e59826. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abdel-Haq, R.; Schlachetzk, J.C.M.; Glass, C.K.; Mazmanian, S.K. Microbiome–microglia connections via the gut–brain axis. J. Exp. Med. 2019, 216, 41–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chunchai, T.; Thunapong, W.; Yasom, S.; Wanchai, K.; Eaimworawuthikul, S.; Metzler, G.; Lungkaphin, A.; Pongchaidecha, A.; Sirilun, S.; Chaiyasut, C.; et al. Decreased microglial activation through gut-brain axis by prebiotics, probiotics, or synbiotics effectively restored cognitive function in obese-insulin resistant rats. J. Neuroinflamm. 2018, 15, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Feng, J.; Zhou, D.; Wang, J. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced endothelial activation and dysfunction: A new predictive and therapeutic paradigm for sepsis. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2023, 28, 339. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Page, M.J.; Kell, D.B.; Pretorius, E. The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. Chronic Stress 2022, 6, 24705470221076390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Candelli, M.; Franza, L.; Pignataro, G.; Ojetti, V.; Covino, M.; Piccioni, A.; Gasbarrini, A.; Franceschi, F. Interaction between Lipopolysaccharide and Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 6242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Subedi, L.; Ji, E.; Shin, D.; Jin, J.-S.; Yeo, J.H.; Kim, S.Y. Equol, a Dietary Daidzein Gut Metabolite Attenuates Microglial Activation and Potentiates Neuroprotection In Vitro. Nutrients 2017, 9, 207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fragas, M.G.; May, D.; Hiyane, M.I.; Braga, T.T.; Olsen, N. The dual effect of acetate on microglial TNF-α production. Clinics 2022, 77, 100062. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Burton, M.D.; Sparkman, N.L.; Johnson, R.W. Inhibition of interleukin-6 trans-signaling in the brain facilitates recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior. J. Neuroinflamm. 2011, 8, 54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zißler, J.; Rothhammer, V.; Linnerbauer, M. Gut–Brain Interactions and Their Impact on Astrocytes in the Context of Multiple Sclerosis and Beyond. Cells 2024, 13, 497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhao, Y.-F.; Wei, D.-N.; Tang, Y. Gut microbiota regulate astrocytic functions in the brain: Possible therapeutic consequences. Curr. Neuropharmacol. 2021, 19, 1354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, Z.; Jiang, Y.; Long, C.; Peng, Q.; Yue, R. The gut microbiota-astrocyte axis: Implications for type 2 diabetic cognitive dysfunction. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2023, 29, 59–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yue, M.; Jin, C.; Jiang, X.; Xue, X.; Wu, N.; Li, Z.; Zhang, L. Causal Effects of Gut Microbiota on Sleep-Related Phenotypes: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. Clocks Sleep 2023, 5, 566–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Smith, R.P.; Easson, C.; Lyle, S.M.; Kapoor, R.; Donnelly, C.P.; Davidson, E.J.; Parikh, E.; Lopez, J.V.; Tartar, J.L. Gut microbiome diversity is associated with sleep physiology in humans. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0222394. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neroni, B.; Evangelisti, M.; Radocchia, G.; Di Nardo, G.; Pantanella, F.; Villa, M.P.; Schippa, S. Relationship between sleep disorders and gut dysbiosis: What affects what? Sleep Med. 2021, 87, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tahara, Y.; Yamazaki, M.; Sukigara, H.; Motohashi, H.; Sasaki, H.; Miyakawa, H.; Haraguchi, A.; Ikeda, Y.; Fukuda, S.; Shibata, S. Gut Microbiota-Derived Short Chain Fatty Acids Induce Circadian Clock Entrainment in Mouse Peripheral Tissue. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1395. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Segers, A.; Desmet, L.; Thijs, T.; Verbeke, K.; Tack, J.; Depoortere, I. The circadian clock regulates the diurnal levels of microbial short-chain fatty acids and their rhythmic effects on colon contractility in mice. Acta Physiol. 2018, 225, e13193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Swanson, G.R.; Siskin, J.; Gorenz, A.; Shaikh, M.; Raeisi, S.; Fogg, L.; Forsyth, C.; Keshavarzian, A. Disrupted diurnal oscillation of gut-derived Short chain fatty acids in shift workers drinking alcohol: Possible mechanism for loss of resiliency of intestinal barrier in disrupted circadian host. Transl. Res. 2020, 221, 97–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, B.; Chen, T.; Cao, M.; Yuan, C.; Reiter, R.J.; Zhao, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Chen, L.; Fan, W.; Wang, X.; et al. Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis Induced by Decreasing Endogenous Melatonin Mediates the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease and Obesity. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 900132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iesanu, M.I.; Zahiu, C.D.M.; Dogaru, I.-A.; Chitimus, D.M.; Pircalabioru, G.G.; Voiculescu, S.E.; Isac, S.; Galos, F.; Pavel, B.; O’Mahony, S.M.; et al. Melatonin–Microbiome two-sided interaction in dysbiosis-associated conditions. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 2244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, Y.P.; Bernardi, A.; Frozza, R.L. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication. Front. Endocrinol. 2020, 11, 508738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dalile, B.; Van Oudenhove, L.; Vervliet, B.; Verbeke, K. The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota–gut–brain communication. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 461–478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mansuy-Aubert, V.; Ravussin, Y. Short chain fatty acids: The messengers from down below. Front. Neurosci. 2023, 17, 1197759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davoli-Ferreira, M.; Thomson, C.A.; McCoy, K.D. Microbiota and Microglia Interactions in ASD. Front. Immunol. 2021, 12, 676255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Sales-Millán, A.; Aguirre-Garrido, J.F.; González-Cervantes, R.M.; Velázquez-Aragón, J.A. Microbiome–Gut–Mucosal–Immune–Brain Axis and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Novel Proposal of the Role of the Gut Microbiome in ASD Aetiology. Behav. Sci. 2023, 13, 548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fowlie, G.; Cohen, N.; Ming, X. The Perturbance of Microbiome and Gut-Brain Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2018, 19, 2251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Q.; Han, Y.; Dy AB, C.; Hagerman, R.J. The Gut Microbiota and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2017, 11, 120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharon, G.; Cruz, N.J.; Kang, D.-W.; Gandal, M.J.; Wang, B.; Kim, Y.-M.; Zink, E.M.; Casey, C.P.; Taylor, B.C.; Lane, C.J.; et al. Human Gut Microbiota from Autism Spectrum Disorder Promote Behavioral Symptoms in Mice. Cell 2019, 177, 1600–1618.e17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yousefi, B.; Kokhaei, P.; Mehranfar, F.; Bahar, A.; Abdolshahi, A.; Emadi, A.; Eslami, M. The role of the host microbiome in autism and neurodegenerative disorders and effect of epigenetic procedures in the brain functions. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 2022, 132, 998–1009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, X.; Chen, M.; Li, Y. The glial perspective of autism spectrum disorder convergent evidence from postmortem brain and PET studies. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 2023, 70, 101064. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taş, E.; Ulgen, K.O. Understanding the ADHD-Gut Axis by Metabolic Network Analysis. Metabolites 2023, 13, 592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.-J.; Li, S.-C.; Li, S.-W.; Kuo, H.-C.; Lee, S.-Y.; Huang, L.-H.; Chin, C.-Y.; Yang, C.-Y. Gut microbiota and plasma cytokine levels in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Transl. Psychiatry 2022, 12, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Payen, A.; Chen, M.J.; Carter, T.G.; Kilmer, R.P.; Bennett, J.M. Childhood ADHD, Going Beyond the Brain: A Meta-Analysis on Peripheral Physiological Markers of the Heart and the Gut. Front. Endocrinol. 2022, 13, 738065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seo, D.O.; Holtzman, D.M. Current understanding of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies. Exp. Mol. Med. 2024, 56, 86–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreiro, A.L.; Choi, J.; Ryou, J.; Newcomer, E.P.; Thompson, R.; Bollinger, R.M.; Hall-Moore, C.; Ndao, I.M.; Sax, L.; Benzinger, T.L.; et al. Gut microbiome composition may be an indicator of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Sci. Transl. Med. 2023, 15, eabo2984. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cammann, D.; Lu, Y.; Cummings, M.J.; Zhang, M.L.; Cue, J.M.; Do, J.; Ebersole, J.; Chen, X.; Oh, E.C.; Cummings, J.L.; et al. Genetic correlations between Alzheimer’s disease and gut microbiome genera. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 5258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dissanayaka, D.S.; Jayasena, V.; Rainey-Smith, S.R.; Martins, R.N.; Fernando, W.B. The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease. Nutrients 2024, 16, 412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grabrucker, S.; Marizzoni, M.; Silajdžić, E.; Lopizzo, N.; Mombelli, E.; Nicolas, S.; Dohm-Hansen, S.; Scassellati, C.; Moretti, D.V.; Rosa, M.; et al. Microbiota from Alzheimer’s patients induce deficits in cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain 2023, 146, 4916–4934. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Liang, H.; Hu, Y.; Lu, L.; Zheng, C.-Y.; Fan, Y.; Wu, B.; Zou, T.; Luo, X.; Zhang, X.; et al. Gut bacterial profiles in Parkinson’s disease: A systematic review. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2022, 29, 140–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romano, S.; Savva, G.M.; Bedarf, J.R.; Charles, I.G.; Hildebrand, F.; Narbad, A. Meta-analysis of the Parkinson’s disease gut microbiome suggests alterations linked to intestinal inflammation. npj Parkinson’s Dis. 2021, 7, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hey, G.; Nair, N.; Klann, E.; Gurrala, A.; Safarpour, D.; Mai, V.; Ramirez-Zamora, A.; Vedam-Mai, V. Therapies for Parkinson’s disease and the gut microbiome: Evidence for bidirectional connection. Front. Aging Neurosci. 2023, 15, 1151850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Devos, D.; Lebouvier, T.; Lardeux, B.; Biraud, M.; Rouaud, T.; Pouclet, H.; Coron, E.; Bruley des Varannes, S.; Naveilhan, P.; Nguyen, J.-M.; et al. Colonic inflammation in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2013, 50, 42–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tizabi, Y.; Getachew, B.; Hauser, S.R.; Tsytsarev, V.; Manhães, A.C.; Da Silva, V.D.A. Role of Glial Cells in Neuronal Function, Mood Disorders, and Drug Addiction. Brain Sci. 2024, 14, 558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hanslik, K.L.; Marino, K.M.; Ulland, T.K. Modulation of Glial Function in Health, Aging, and Neurodegenerative Disease. Front. Cell. Neurosci. 2021, 15, 718324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, X.; Yin, X.; Liu, Y.; Yan, X.; Zhang, S.; Wang, X.; Lin, Z.; Zhou, X.; Gao, J.; Wang, Z.; et al. Gut Dysbiosis Contributes to the Imbalance of Treg and Th17 Cells in Graves’ Disease Patients by Propionic Acid. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2020, 105, 3526–3547. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shao, L.; Li, M.; Zhang, B.; Chang, P. Bacterial dysbiosis incites Th17 cell revolt in irradiated gut. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2020, 131, 110674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cosorich, I.; Dalla-Costa, G.; Sorini, C.; Ferrarese, R.; Messina, M.J.; Dolpady, J.; Radice, E.; Mariani, A.; Testoni, P.A.; Canducci, F.; et al. High frequency of intestinal T H 17 cells correlates with microbiota alterations and disease activity in multiple sclerosis. Sci. Adv. 2017, 3, e1700492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sauma, S.; Casaccia, P. Does the gut microbiota contribute to the oligodendrocyte progenitor niche? Neurosci. Lett. 2020, 715, 134574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bronzini, M.; Maglione, A.; Rosso, R.; Matta, M.; Masuzzo, F.; Rolla, S.; Clerico, M. Feeding the gut microbiome: Impact on multiple sclerosis. Front. Immunol. 2023, 14, 1176016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jangi, S.; Gandhi, R.; Cox, L.M.; Li, N.; von Glehn, F.; Yan, R.; Patel, B.; Mazzola, M.A.; Liu, S.; Glanz, B.L.; et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 12015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thirion, F.; Sellebjerg, F.; Fan, Y.; Lyu, L.; Hansen, T.H.; Pons, N.; Levenez, F.; Quinquis, B.; Stankevic, E.; Søndergaard, H.B.; et al. The gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis varies with disease activity. Genome Med. 2023, 15, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ordoñez-Rodriguez, A.; Roman, P.; Rueda-Ruzafa, L.; Campos-Rios, A.; Cardona, D. Changes in Gut Microbiota and Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Correale, J.; Hohlfeld, R.; Baranzini, S.E. The role of the gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2022, 18, 544–558. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.; Zhang, B.; Zhou, S.; Huang, Z.; Xu, Y.; Lu, X.; Zheng, X.; Ouyang, D. Associations between gut microbiota and sleep: A two-sample, bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front. Microbiol. 2023, 14, 1236847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Hao, Y.; Fan, F.; Zhang, B. The Role of Microbiome in Insomnia, Circadian Disturbance and Depression. Front. Psychiatry 2018, 9, 669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karl, J.P.; Whitney, C.C.; Wilson, M.A.; Fagnant, H.S.; Radcliffe, P.N.; Chakraborty, N.; Campbell, R.; Hoke, A.; Gautam, A.; Hammamieh, R.; et al. Severe, short-term sleep restriction reduces gut microbiota community richness but does not alter intestinal permeability in healthy young men. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gul, S.; Durante-Mangoni, E. Unraveling the Puzzle: Health Benefits of Probiotics—A Comprehensive Review. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 1436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Latif, A.; Shehzad, A.; Niazi, S.; Zahid, A.; Ashraf, W.; Iqbal, M.W.; Rehman, A.; Riaz, T.; Aadil, R.M.; Khan, I.M.; et al. Probiotics: Mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Front. Microbiol. 2023, 14, 1216674. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Venkatesh, G.P.; Kuruvalli, G.; Syed, K.; Reddy, V.D. An Updated Review on Probiotic Production and Applications. Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15, 221–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, M.E.; Merenstein, D.J.; Reid, G.; Gibson, G.R.; Rastall, R.A. Probiotics and prebiotics in intestinal health and disease: From biology to the clinic. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019, 16, 605–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lewis, S. “Chillax” with probiotics. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 2011, 12, 549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tette, F.-M.; Kwofie, S.K.; Wilson, M.D. Therapeutic Anti-Depressant Potential of Microbial GABA Produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strains for GABAergic Signaling Restoration and Inhibition of Addiction-Induced HPA Axis Hyperactivity. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. 2022, 44, 1434–1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarubbo, F.; Cavallucci, V.; Pani, G. The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Neurogenesis: Evidence and Hopes. Cells 2022, 11, 382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, A.P.; Hutch, W.; Borre, Y.E.; Kennedy, P.J.; Temko, A.; Boylan, G.; Murphy, E.; Cryan, J.F.; Dinan, T.G.; Clarke, G. Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: Modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers. Transl. Psychiatry 2016, 6, e939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jarosz, Ł.S.; Socała, K.; Michalak, K.; Wiater, A.; Ciszewski, A.; Majewska, M.; Marek, A.; Grądzki, Z.; Wlaź, P. The effect of psychoactive bacteria, Bifidobacterium longum Rosell®-175 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus JB-1, on brain proteome profiles in mice. Psychopharmacology 2023, 241, 925–945. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kanakupt, K.; Vester Boler, B.M.; Dunsford, B.R.; Fahey, G.C. Effects of short-chain fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, individually and in combination, on nutrient digestibility, fecal fermentative metabolite concentrations, and large bowel microbial ecology of healthy adults cats. J. Anim. Sci. 2011, 89, 1376–1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, W.; Tan, D.; Yang, Z.; Tang, J.; Bai, W.; Tian, L. Fermentation patterns of prebiotics fructooligosaccharides-SCFA esters inoculated with fecal microbiota from ulcerative colitis patients. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2023, 180, 114009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahalak, K.K.; Firrman, J.; Narrowe, A.B.; Hu, W.; Jones, S.M.; Bittinger, K.; Moustafa, A.M.; Liu, L. Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) differentially modifies the in vitro gut microbiota in an age-dependent manner. Front. Nutr. 2023, 9, 1058910. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, J.W.; Roach, J.; Fabela, S.; Moorfield, E.; Ding, S.; Blue, E.; Dagher, S.; Magness, S.; Tamayo, R.; Bruno-Barcena, J.M.; et al. The pleiotropic effects of prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides on the aging gut. Microbiome 2021, 9, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bruno-Barcena, J.M.; Azcarate-Peril, M.A. Galacto-oligosaccharides and colorectal cancer: Feeding our intestinal probiome. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 12, 92–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monteagudo-Mera, A.; Arthur, J.C.; Jobin, C.; Keku, T.; Bruno-Barcena, J.M.; Azcarate-Peril, M.A. High purity galacto-oligosaccharides enhance specific Bifidobacterium species and their metabolic activity in the mouse gut microbiome. Benef. Microbes 2016, 7, 247–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rinninella, E.; Tohumcu, E.; Raoul, P.; Fiorani, M.; Cintoni, M.; Mele, M.C.; Cammarota, G.; Gasbarrini, A.; Ianiro, G. The role of diet in shaping human gut microbiota. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2023, 62–63, 101828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, P. Influence of Foods and Nutrition on the Gut Microbiome and Implications for Intestinal Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 9588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Church, J.S.; Bannish, J.A.; Adrian, L.A.; Rojas Martinez, K.; Henshaw, A.; Schwartzer, J.J. Serum short chain fatty acids mediate hippocampal BDNF and correlate with decreasing neuroinflammation following high pectin fiber diet in mice. Front. Neurosci. 2023, 17, 1134080. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cross, C.; Davies, M.; Bateman, E.; Crame, E.; Joyce, P.; Wignall, A.; Ariaee, A.; Gladman, M.A.; Wardill, H.; Bowen, J. Fibre-rich diet attenuates chemotherapy-related neuroinflammation in mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 2024, 115, 13–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, F.; Fan, D.; Huang, J.; Zuo, T. The gut microbiome: Linking dietary fiber to inflammatory diseases. Med. Microecol. 2022, 14, 100070. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matt, S.M.; Allen, J.M.; Lawson, M.A.; Mailing, L.J.; Woods, J.A.; Johnson, R.W. Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated with Aging in Mice. Front. Immunol. 2018, 9, 1832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dziewiecka, H.; Buttar, H.S.; Kasperska, A.; Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J.; Domagalska, M.; Cichoń, J.; Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. Physical activity induced alterations of gut microbiota in humans: A systematic review. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil. 2022, 14, 122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Boytar, A.N.; Skinner, T.L.; Wallen, R.E.; Jenkins, D.G.; Dekker Nitert, M. The Effect of Exercise Prescription on the Human Gut Microbiota and Comparison between Clinical and Apparently Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Monda, V.; Villano, I.; Messina, A.; Valenzano, A.; Esposito, T.; Moscatelli, F.; Viggiano, A.; Cibelli, G.; Chieffi, S.; Monda, M.; et al. Exercise Modifies the Gut Microbiota with Positive Health Effects. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017, 3831972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Li, Y.; Barber, A.F.; Noya, S.B.; Williams, J.A.; Li, F.; Daniel, S.G.; Bittinger, K.; Fang, J.; Sehgal, A. The microbiome stabilizes circadian rhythms in the gut. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2023, 120, e2217532120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Voigt, R.M.; Forsyth, C.B.; Green, S.J.; Engen, P.A.; Keshavarzian, A. Circadian Rhythm and the Gut Microbiome. Int. Rev. Neurobiol. 2016, 131, 193–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heddes, M.; Altaha, B.; Niu, Y.; Reitmeier, S.; Kleigrewe, K.; Haller, D.; Kiessling, S. The intestinal clock drives the microbiome to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 6068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Amara, J.; Itani, T.; Hajal, J.; Bakhos, J.J.; Saliba, Y.; Aboushanab, S.A.; Kovaleva, E.G.; Fares, N.; Mondragon, A.C.; Miranda, J.M. Circadian Rhythm Perturbation Aggravates Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Colitis in Mice. Nutrients 2024, 16, 247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Withrow, D.; Bowers, S.J.; Depner, C.M.; González, A.; Reynolds, A.C.; Wright, K.P. Sleep and circadian disruption and the gut microbiome-possible links to dysregulated metabolism. Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res. 2021, 17, 26–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vasey, C.; McBride, J.; Penta, K. Circadian Rhythm Dysregulation and Restoration: The Role of Melatonin. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zisapel, N. New perspectives on the role of melatonin in human sleep, circadian rhythms and their regulation. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2018, 175, 3190–3199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qian, X.; Xie, R.; Liu, X.; Chen, S.; Tang, H. Mechanisms of Short-Chain Fatty Acids Derived from Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease. Aging Dis. 2022, 13, 1252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, C.; Li, B.; He, Y.; Huang, P.; Du, J.; He, G.; Zhang, P.; Tang, H.; Chen, S. Early changes of fecal short-chain fatty acid levels in patients with mild cognitive impairments. CNS Neurosci. Ther. 2023, 29, 3657–3666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, J.; Tang, M.; Fang, R.; Tang, C.; Wang, Q. Diet and physical activity influence the composition of gut microbiota, benefit on Alzheimer’s Disease. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2023, 13, 541–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, C.T.; Chan, L.; Chen, K.Y.; Lee, H.H.; Huang, L.K.; Yang, Y.C.S.; Liu, Y.-R.; Hu, C.-J. Rifaximin Modifies Gut Microbiota and Attenuates Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease: Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Cells 2022, 11, 3468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Patel, V.C.; Lee, S.; McPhail, M.; Da Silva, K.; Guilly, S.; Zamalloa, A.; Witherden, E.; Støy, S.; Manakkat Vijay, G.K.; Pons, N.; et al. Rifaximin reduces gut-derived inflammation and mucin degradation in cirrhosis and encephalopathy: RIFSYS randomised controlled trial. J. Hepatol. 2021, 76, 332–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kimer, N.; Meldgaard, M.; Hamberg, O.; Kronborg, T.M.; Lund, A.M.; Møller, H.J.; Bendtsen, F.; Ytting, H. The impact of rifaximin on inflammation and metabolism in alcoholic hepatitis: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS ONE 2022, 17, e0264278. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Engen, P.A.; Zaferiou, A.; Rasmussen, H.; Naqib, A.; Green, S.J.; Fogg, L.F.; Forsyth, C.B.; Raeisi, S.; Hamaker, B.; Keshavarzian, A. Single-Arm, Non-randomized, Time Series, Single-Subject Study of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Multiple Sclerosis. Front. Neurol. 2020, 11, 978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al, K.F.; Craven, L.J.; Gibbons, S.; Parvathy, S.N.; Wing, A.C.; Graf, C.; Parham, K.A.; Kerfoot, S.M.; Wilcox, H.; Burton, J.P.; et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation is safe and tolerable in patients with multiple sclerosis: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Mult. Scler. J.-Exp. Transl. Clin. 2022, 8, 205521732210866. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matheson, J.-A.T.; Holsinger, R.M.D. The Role of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Camberos-Barraza, J.; Guadrón-Llanos, A.M.; De la Herrán-Arita, A.K. The Gut Microbiome-Neuroglia Axis: Implications for Brain Health, Inflammation, and Disease. Neuroglia 2024, 5, 254-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030018
Camberos-Barraza J, Guadrón-Llanos AM, De la Herrán-Arita AK. The Gut Microbiome-Neuroglia Axis: Implications for Brain Health, Inflammation, and Disease. Neuroglia. 2024; 5(3):254-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030018
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamberos-Barraza, Josué, Alma M. Guadrón-Llanos, and Alberto K. De la Herrán-Arita. 2024. "The Gut Microbiome-Neuroglia Axis: Implications for Brain Health, Inflammation, and Disease" Neuroglia 5, no. 3: 254-273. https://doi.org/10.3390/neuroglia5030018