Journal Description
Materials
Materials
is an international peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials science and engineering published semimonthly online by MDPI. The Portuguese Materials Society (SPM), Spanish Materials Society (SOCIEMAT) and Manufacturing Engineering Society (MES) are affiliated with Materials and their members receive discounts on the article processing charges.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Ei Compendex, CaPlus / SciFinder, Inspec, Astrophysics Data System, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering) / CiteScore - Q2 (Condensed Matter Physics)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.9 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Testimonials: See what our editors and authors say about Materials.
- Companion journals for Materials include: Electronic Materials and Construction Materials.
Impact Factor:
3.4 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.8 (2022)
Latest Articles
Axial Tensile Ultimate Strength of an Unbonded Flexible Riser Based on a Numerical Method
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2286; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102286 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Unbonded flexible risers consist of several helical and cylindrical layers, which can undergo large bending deformation and can be installed to different configurations to adapt to harsh marine environments, and is a key equipment in transporting oil and gas resources from Ultra Deep
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Unbonded flexible risers consist of several helical and cylindrical layers, which can undergo large bending deformation and can be installed to different configurations to adapt to harsh marine environments, and is a key equipment in transporting oil and gas resources from Ultra Deep Waters (UDWs) to offshore platforms. The helical interlayer of an unbonded flexible riser makes the structural behavior difficult to predict. In this paper, the axial tensile behavior and the axial tensile ultimate strength of an unbonded flexible riser are studied based on a typical 2.5-inch eight-layer unbonded flexible riser model, and verified through a theoretical method considering the contact between adjacent layers. First, the balance equation of separate layers is deduced by a functional principle, and then the overall theoretical model of an unbonded flexible riser is established considering the geometric relationship between adjacent layers. Then, the numerical model considering the detailed geometric properties of an unbonded flexible riser is established to simulate the axial tensile behavior. Finally, after being verified through the experimental results, the axial tensile stiffness and axial tensile strength of an unboned flexible riser considering the elasticity of the tensile armor layer are studied using the proposed two methods. Additionally, the effect of frictional coefficients is conducted. The numerical and theoretical results show good agreement with the test results, and the friction between adjacent layers would increase the axial tensile stiffness of an unbonded flexible riser.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plastic Forming Process and Microstructure Evolution of Hard-to-Deform Metals)
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Open AccessArticle
New Method for Photoactive Cement Preparation—Selected Mechanical Properties and Photocatalytic Activity of New Materials
by
Magdalena Janus, Jarosław Strzałkowski, Kamila Zając and Ewelina Kusiak-Nejman
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2285; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102285 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
In this study, a new method of obtaining photoactive cements is presented. The goal was to obtain photoactive cements using a method that could reduce the production costs. In the study, an intermediate product from the production of titanium dioxide using the sulfate
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In this study, a new method of obtaining photoactive cements is presented. The goal was to obtain photoactive cements using a method that could reduce the production costs. In the study, an intermediate product from the production of titanium dioxide using the sulfate method, taken from the installation before the calcination process, was used to obtain photoactive cements. Laboratory conditions corresponding to introducing this amorphous TiO2 into cement clinker during its cooling were simulated. The study shows that the temperature from 300 to 800 °C and the time of amorphous TiO2 contact with the cement clinker within 30 min is sufficient to obtain a photoactive cement. The highest photocatalytic activity was obtained for the material with 5 wt.% TiO2 content, and the method used did not cause a significant decrease in the bending and compressive strength of the new photoactive cements. The obtained materials were characterized by determining the crystal size of the TiO2, the sulfur content and the photocatalytic activity during NO decomposition under UV radiation. The bending and compressive strength were measured. The influence of the addition of photocatalysts on the beginning and end of the setting time was also investigated.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Findings in Cementitious Materials (2nd Edition))
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Open AccessArticle
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical and Magnetic Properties of the New Quaternary Erbium Telluride EuErCuTe3: Experiment and Calculation
by
Anna V. Ruseikina, Maxim V. Grigoriev, Ralf J. C. Locke, Vladimir A. Chernyshev, Alexander A. Garmonov and Thomas Schleid
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2284; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102284 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time on a new layered magnetic heterometallic erbium telluride EuErCuTe3. Single crystals of the compound were obtained from the elements at 1120 K using CsI as a flux. The crystal structure of EuErCuTe3 was
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This paper reports for the first time on a new layered magnetic heterometallic erbium telluride EuErCuTe3. Single crystals of the compound were obtained from the elements at 1120 K using CsI as a flux. The crystal structure of EuErCuTe3 was solved in the space group Cmcm (a = 4.3086(3) Å, b = 14.3093(9) Å, and c = 11.1957(7) Å) with the KZrCuS3 structure type. In the orthorhombic structure of erbium telluride, distorted octahedra ([ErTe6]9−) form two-dimensional layers ( , while distorted tetrahedra ([CuTe4]7−) form one-dimensionally connected substructures ( ) along the [100] direction. The distorted octahedra and tetrahedra form parallel two-dimensional layers ( between which Eu2+ ions are located in a trigonal-prismatic coordination environment ( . The trigonal prisms are connected by faces, forming chains ( ) along the [100] direction. Regularities in the variations in structural parameters were established in the series of erbium chalcogenides (EuErCuCh3 (Ch = S, Se, and Te)) and tellurides (EuLnCuTe3 (Ln = Gd, Er, and Lu)). Ab-initio calculations of the crystal structure, phonon spectrum, and elastic properties of the compound EuErCuTe3 were performed. The types and wavenumbers of fundamental modes were determined, and the involvement of ions in the IR and Raman modes was assessed. The experimental Raman spectra were interpreted. The telluride EuErCuTe3 at temperatures below 4.2 K was ferrimagnetic, as were the sulfide and selenide derivatives (EuErCuCh3 (Ch = S and Se)). Its experimental magnetic characteristics were close to the calculated ones. The decrease in the magnetic phase transition temperature in the series of the erbium chalcogenides was discovered.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obtaining and Characterization of New Materials, Volume IV)
Open AccessArticle
Photoluminescence Study of Undoped and Eu-Doped Alkali-Niobate Aluminosilicate Glasses and Glass-Ceramics
by
Maria Rita Cicconi, Hongyi Deng, Takahito Otsuka, Aadhitya Telakula Mahesh, Neamul Hayet Khansur, Tomokatsu Hayakawa and Dominique de Ligny
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2283; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102283 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
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In this study, the photoluminescence (PL) behavior of two aluminosilicate glass series containing alkali-niobates ranging from 0.4 to 20 mol% was investigated. The glasses exhibit an intense visible emission centered at ~18,400 cm−1 for the peralkaline series and at higher energies (~19,300
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In this study, the photoluminescence (PL) behavior of two aluminosilicate glass series containing alkali-niobates ranging from 0.4 to 20 mol% was investigated. The glasses exhibit an intense visible emission centered at ~18,400 cm−1 for the peralkaline series and at higher energies (~19,300 cm−1) for the metaluminous glasses. However, the photoluminescence emission intensity varies significantly with the niobate content and the bulk chemistry. PL and fluorescence lifetime measurements indicate that the broad emission bands result from the overlap of different niobate populations, whose distribution changes with niobate content. The distinct PL behavior in the two glass series was related to the structural evolution of the niobate units upon niobium addition. An enhancement of the visible emission was observed for a higher fraction of distorted [NbO6] units. Eu-doping was carried out as a structural probe of the glass network, and also to determine if these glasses could be used as potential rare earth element (REE) activators. The crystal field strength around Eu ions is strongly dependent on the bulk chemistry and the niobate content. Furthermore, the peralkaline series showed energy transfer from the host [NbO6] to Eu3+, confirming the feasibility of exploring niobate glasses and glass-ceramics as lanthanide ion-activated luminescent materials. In addition, glass-ceramics (GCs) containing alkali-niobate phases with a perovskite-like structure were developed and studied to verify the optical performance of these materials. It was verified that the bulk chemistry influences crystallization behavior, and also the photoluminescence response. The transparent GC from the metaluminous series exhibits a quenching of the Eu3+ emission, whereas an enhanced emission intensity is observed for the peralkaline GC. The latter shows a strong excitation-dependent PL emission, suggesting energy transfer and migration of electronic excitation from one Eu population to another. Additionally, Eu3+ emissions arising from the and excited states were observed, highlighting the low phonon energy achievable in niobo-aluminosilicate hosts.
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Study on the Comparison between Network Microstructure Titanium Matrix Composites and Ti6Al4V on EDM Milling
by
Leheng Zhang, Yizhou Hu, Sirui Gong and Zhenlong Wang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2282; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102282 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Network microstructure titanium matrix composites (NMTMCs), featuring Ti6Al4V as the matrix and network-distributed TiB whiskers (TiBw) as reinforcement, exhibit remarkable potential for diverse applications due to their superior physical properties. Due to the difficulty in machining titanium matrix composites, electrical discharge machining (EDM)
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Network microstructure titanium matrix composites (NMTMCs), featuring Ti6Al4V as the matrix and network-distributed TiB whiskers (TiBw) as reinforcement, exhibit remarkable potential for diverse applications due to their superior physical properties. Due to the difficulty in machining titanium matrix composites, electrical discharge machining (EDM) stands as one of the preferred machining techniques for NMTMCs. Nevertheless, the compromised surface quality and the recast layer significantly impact the performance of the workpiece machined by EDM. Therefore, for the purpose of enhancing the surface quality and restraining the defects of NMTMCs, this study conducted comparative EDM milling experiments between NMTMCs and Ti6Al4V to analyze the effects of discharge capacitance, charging current, and pulse interval on the surface roughness, recast layer thickness, recast layer uniformity, and surface microcrack density of both materials. The results indicated that machining energy significantly influences workpiece surface quality. Furthermore, comparative experiments exploring the influence of network reinforcement on EDM milling revealed that NMTMCs have a higher melting point, leading to an accumulation phenomenon in low-energy machining where the reinforcement could not be completely removed. The residual reinforcement in the recasting layer had an adsorption effect on molten metal affecting the thermal conductivity and uniformity within the recasting layer. Finally, specific guidelines are put forward for optimizing the material’s surface roughness, recast layer thickness, and uniformity, along with minimizing microcrack density, which attain a processing effect that features a roughness of Ra 0.9 μm, an average recast layer thickness of 6 μm with a range of 8 μm, and a surface microcrack density of 0.08 μm−1.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue High Performance Alloy and Its Nanocomposites)
Open AccessArticle
Rapid and Comprehensive Analysis of 41 Harmful Substances in Multi-Matrix Products by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Using Matrix-Matching Calibration Strategy
by
Yue Wang, Dawei Xiong, Xiangke He, Lihua Yu, Guixiao Li, Tian Wang, Chongshu Liu, Zhongxian Liu, Zhi Li and Cuiling Gao
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102281 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper
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Harmful substances in consumer goods pose serious hazards to human health and the environment. However, due to the vast variety of consumer goods and the complexity of their substrates, it is difficult to simultaneously detect multiple harmful substances in different materials. This paper presents a method for the simultaneous determination of 41 harmful substances comprising 17 phthalates (PAEs), 8 organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in five types of products using the matrix-matching calibration strategy. The method employs an efficient ultrasonic extraction procedure using a mixture of dichloromethane and methylbenzene, followed by dissolution–precipitation and analysis through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Compared with previous experiments, we established a universal pretreatment method suitable for multi-matrix materials to simultaneously determine multiple harmful substances. To evaluate the effects of the matrix on the experimental results, we compared neat standard solutions and matrix-matching standard solutions. The results demonstrated that all compounds were successfully separated within 30 min with excellent separation efficiency. Additionally, the linear relationships of all analytes showed strong correlation coefficients (R2) of at least 0.995, ranging from 0.02 mg/L to 20 mg/L. The average recoveries of the target compounds (spiked at three concentration levels) were between 73.6 and 124.1%, with a relative standard deviation (n = 6) varying from 1.2% to 9.9%. Finally, we tested 40 different materials from consumer products and detected 16 harmful substances in 31 samples. Overall, this method is simple and accurate, and it can be used to simultaneously determine multiple types of hazardous substances in multi-matrix materials by minimizing matrix effects, making it an invaluable tool for ensuring product safety and protecting public health.
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(This article belongs to the Section Materials Chemistry)
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Effect of Alloying Elements on the High-Temperature Yielding Behavior of Multicomponent γ′-L12 Alloys
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Chen-Yuan Wang, Sae Matsunaga, Yoshiaki Toda, Hideyuki Murakami, An-Chou Yeh and Yoko Yamabe-Mitarai
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2280; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102280 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The exceptional mechanical properties of Ni-based high entropy alloys are due to the presence of ordered L12 (γ′) precipitates embedded within a disordered matrix phase. While the strengthening contribution of the γ′ phase is generally accepted, there is no consensus on the
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The exceptional mechanical properties of Ni-based high entropy alloys are due to the presence of ordered L12 (γ′) precipitates embedded within a disordered matrix phase. While the strengthening contribution of the γ′ phase is generally accepted, there is no consensus on the precise contribution of the individual strengthening mechanisms to the overall strength. In addition, changes in alloy composition influence several different mechanisms, making the assessment of alloying conditions complex. Multicomponent L12-ordered single-phase alloys were systematically developed with the aid of CALPHAD thermodynamic calculations. The alloying elements Co, Cr, Ti, and Nb were chosen to complexify the Ni3Al structure. The existence of the γ′ single phase was validated by microstructure characterization and phase identification. A high-temperature compression test from 500 °C to 1000 °C revealed a positive temperature dependence of strength before reaching the peak strength in the studied alloys NiCoCrAl, NiCoCrAlTi, and NiCoCrAlNb. Ti and Nb alloying addition significantly enhanced the high-temperature yield strengths before the peak temperature. The yield strength was modeled by summing the individual effects of solid solution strengthening, grain boundary strengthening, order strengthening, and cross-slip-induced strengthening. Cross-slip-induced strengthening was shown to be the key contributor to the high-temperature strength enhancement.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High Entropy Alloys and High Entropy Carbides: Microstructural and Mechanical Properties and Modeling)
Open AccessArticle
Economic and Accessible Portable Homemade Magnetic Hyperthermia System: Influence of the Shape, Characteristics and Type of Nanoparticles in Its Effectiveness
by
Teresa Castelo-Grande, Paulo A. Augusto, Lobinho Gomes, Ana Rita Castro Lopes, João Pedro Araújo and Domingos Barbosa
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2279; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102279 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Currently, one of the main causes of death in the world is cancer; therefore, it is urgent to obtain a precocious diagnosis, as well as boost research and development of new potential treatments, which should be more efficient and much less invasive for
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Currently, one of the main causes of death in the world is cancer; therefore, it is urgent to obtain a precocious diagnosis, as well as boost research and development of new potential treatments, which should be more efficient and much less invasive for the patient. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is an emerging cancer therapy using nanoparticles, which has proved to be effective when combined with chemotherapy, radiotherapy and/or surgery, or even by itself, depending on the type and location of the tumor’s cells. This article presents the results obtained by using a previously developed economic homemade hyperthermia device with different types of magnetite nanoparticles, with sizes ranging between 12 ± 5 and 36 ± 11 nm and presenting different shapes (spherical and cubic particles). These magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized by three different methods (co-precipitation, solvothermal and hydrothermal processes), with their final form being naked, or possessing different kinds of covering layers (polyethylene glycol (PEG) or citric acid (CA)). The parameters used to characterize the heating by magnetic hyperthermia, namely the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and the intrinsic loss power (ILP), have been obtained by two different methods. Among other results, these experiments allowed for the determination of which synthesized MNPs showed the best performance concerning hyperthermia. From the results, it may be concluded that, as expected, the shape of MNPs is an important factor, as well as the time that the MNPs can remain suspended in solution (which is directly related to the concentration and covering layer of the MNPs). The MNPs that gave the best results in terms of the SAR were the cubic particles covered with PEG, while in terms of total heating the spherical particles covered with citric acid proved to be better.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The 15th Anniversary of Materials—Recent Advances in Materials Physics)
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Enhanced Catalytic Hydrogenation of Olefins in Sulfur-Rich Naphtha Using Molybdenum Carbide Supported on γ-Al2O3 Spheres under Steam Conditions: Simulating the Hot Separator Stream Process
by
Hadj Abbas Abbas, Zahra Asgar Pour, Mohammed S. Alnafisah, Pablo Gonzalez Cortes, Mustapha El Hariri El Nokab, Ahmed Elshewy and Khaled O. Sebakhy
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2278; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102278 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Spheres comprising 10 wt.% Mo2C/γ-Al2O3, synthesized through the sucrose route, exhibited unprecedented catalytic activity for olefin hydrogenation within an industrial naphtha feedstock that contained 23 wt.% olefins, as determined by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The catalyst demonstrated
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Spheres comprising 10 wt.% Mo2C/γ-Al2O3, synthesized through the sucrose route, exhibited unprecedented catalytic activity for olefin hydrogenation within an industrial naphtha feedstock that contained 23 wt.% olefins, as determined by supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). The catalyst demonstrated resilience to sulfur, exhibiting no discernible deactivation signs over a tested 96 h operational period. The resultant hydrogenated naphtha from the catalytic process contained only 2.5 wt.% olefins when the reaction was conducted at 280 °C and 3.44 × 106 Pa H2, subsequently blended with Athabasca bitumen to meet pipeline specifications for oil transportation. Additionally, the carbide catalyst spheres effectively hydrogenated olefins under steam conditions without experiencing any notable hydrogenation in the aromatics. We propose the supported carbide catalyst as a viable alternative to noble metals, serving as a selective agent for olefin elimination from light petroleum distillates in the presence of steam and sulfur, mitigating the formation of gums and deposits during the transportation of diluted bitumen (dilbit) through pipelines.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Applications of Functional Materials, Volume II)
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Open AccessReview
Ceramic-Based Dielectric Materials for Energy Storage Capacitor Applications
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Srinivas Pattipaka, Yeseul Lim, Yong Hoon Son, Young Min Bae, Mahesh Peddigari and Geon-Tae Hwang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2277; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102277 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Materials offering high energy density are currently desired to meet the increasing demand for energy storage applications, such as pulsed power devices, electric vehicles, high-frequency inverters, and so on. Particularly, ceramic-based dielectric materials have received significant attention for energy storage capacitor applications due
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Materials offering high energy density are currently desired to meet the increasing demand for energy storage applications, such as pulsed power devices, electric vehicles, high-frequency inverters, and so on. Particularly, ceramic-based dielectric materials have received significant attention for energy storage capacitor applications due to their outstanding properties of high power density, fast charge–discharge capabilities, and excellent temperature stability relative to batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and dielectric polymers. In this paper, we present fundamental concepts for energy storage in dielectrics, key parameters, and influence factors to enhance the energy storage performance, and we also summarize the recent progress of dielectrics, such as bulk ceramics (linear dielectrics, ferroelectrics, relaxor ferroelectrics, and anti-ferroelectrics), ceramic films, and multilayer ceramic capacitors. In addition, various strategies, such as chemical modification, grain refinement/microstructure, defect engineering, phase, local structure, domain evolution, layer thickness, stability, and electrical homogeneity, are focused on the structure–property relationship on the multiscale, which has been thoroughly addressed. Moreover, this review addresses the challenges and opportunities for future dielectric materials in energy storage capacitor applications. Overall, this review provides readers with a deeper understanding of the chemical composition, physical properties, and energy storage performance in this field of energy storage ceramic materials.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting and Sensing Technology: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications)
Open AccessArticle
An Innovative Design to Enhance Osteoinductive Efficacy and Biomechanical Behavior of a Titanium Dental Implant
by
Yung-Chieh Cho, Pei-Wen Peng, Yu-Sin Ou, Chung-Ming Liu, Bai-Hung Huang, Wen-Chien Lan, Hsin-Hui Kuo, Chia-Chien Hsieh, Brian Chen, Mao-Suan Huang and Hiroyuki Nakano
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2276; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102276 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The present study investigated the in vivo bone-forming efficacy of an innovative titanium (Ti) dental implant combined with a collagen sponge containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a pig model. Two different concentrations of BMP-2 (20 and 40 µg/mL) were incorporated
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The present study investigated the in vivo bone-forming efficacy of an innovative titanium (Ti) dental implant combined with a collagen sponge containing recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a pig model. Two different concentrations of BMP-2 (20 and 40 µg/mL) were incorporated into collagen sponges and placed at the bottom of Ti dental implants. The investigated implants were inserted into the edentulous ridge at the canine–premolar regions of Lanyu small-ear pigs, which were then euthanized at weeks 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 post-implantation. Specimens containing the implants and surrounding bone tissue were collected for histological evaluation of their bone-to-implant contact (BIC) ratios and calculation of maximum torques using removal torque measurement. Analytical results showed that the control and BMP-2-loaded implants presented good implant stability and bone healing for all testing durations. After 1 week of healing, the BMP-2-loaded implants with a concentration of 20 µg/mL exhibited the highest BIC ratios, ranging from 58% to 76%, among all groups (p = 0.034). Additionally, they also possessed the highest removal torque values (50.1 ± 1.3 N-cm) throughout the 8-week healing period. The BMP-2-loaded implants not only displayed excellent in vivo biocompatibility but also presented superior osteoinductive performance. Therefore, these findings demonstrate that BMP-2 delivered through a collagen sponge can potentially enhance the early-stage osseointegration of Ti dental implants.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Materials: Design, Mechanical Properties and Applications)
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The Impact of Plasma Surface Treatments on the Mechanical Properties and Magnetic Performance of FDM-Printed NdFeB/PA12 Magnets
by
Ana Damnjanović, Gregor Primc, Rok Zaplotnik, Miran Mozetič and Nataša Kovačević
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2275; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102275 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
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This study presents a novel approach for improving the interfacial adhesion between Nd–Fe–B spherical magnetic powders and polyamide 12 (PA12) in polymer-bonded magnets using plasma treatments. By applying radio frequency plasma to the magnetic powder and low-pressure microwave plasma to PA12, we achieved
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This study presents a novel approach for improving the interfacial adhesion between Nd–Fe–B spherical magnetic powders and polyamide 12 (PA12) in polymer-bonded magnets using plasma treatments. By applying radio frequency plasma to the magnetic powder and low-pressure microwave plasma to PA12, we achieved a notable enhancement in the mechanical and environmental stability of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed Nd-Fe-B/PA12 magnets. The densities of the FDM-printed materials ranged from 92% to 94% of their theoretical values, with magnetic remanence (Br) ranging from 85% to 89% of the theoretical values across all batches. The dual plasma-treated batch demonstrated an optimal mechanical profile with an elastic modulus of 578 MPa and the highest ductility at 21%, along with a tensile strength range of 6 to 7 MPa across all batches. Flexural testing indicated that this batch also achieved the highest flexural strength of 15 MPa with a strain of 5%. Environmental stability assessments confirmed that applied plasma treatments did not compromise resistance to corrosion, evidenced by negligible flux loss in both hygrothermal and bulk corrosion tests. These results highlight plasma treatment’s potential to enhance mechanical strength, magnetic performance, and environmental stability.
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Open AccessArticle
Additively Manufactured Bionic Corrugated Lightweight Honeycomb Structures with Controlled Deformation Load-Bearing Properties
by
Jie Li, Han Wang, Xianghao Kong, Zhiwei Jiao and Weimin Yang
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102274 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated the creation of bionic lightweight, energy-absorbing structures, enabling the implementation of more sophisticated internal structural designs. For protective structures, the utilization of artificially controlled deformation patterns can effectively reduce uncertainties arising from random structural
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The rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) has facilitated the creation of bionic lightweight, energy-absorbing structures, enabling the implementation of more sophisticated internal structural designs. For protective structures, the utilization of artificially controlled deformation patterns can effectively reduce uncertainties arising from random structural damage and enhance deformation stability. This paper proposed a bionic corrugated lightweight honeycomb structure with controllable deformation. The force on the onset state of deformation of the overall structure was investigated, and the possibility of controlled deformation in the homogeneous structure was compared with that in the corrugated structure. The corrugated structures exhibited a second load-bearing capacity wave peak, with the load-bearing capacity reaching 60.7% to 117.29% of the first load-bearing peak. The damage morphology of the corrugated structure still maintained relative integrity. In terms of energy absorption capacity, the corrugated lightweight structure has a much stronger energy absorption capacity than the homogeneous structure due to the second peak of the load carrying capacity. The findings of this study suggested that the combination of geometric customization and longitudinal corrugation through additive manufacturing offers a promising approach for the development of high-performance energy-absorbing structures.
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(This article belongs to the Section Materials Simulation and Design)
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Open AccessArticle
Nanoimprinted TiO2 Metasurfaces with Reduced Meta-Atom Aspect Ratio and Enhanced Performance for Holographic Imaging
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Kaiyu Zhang, Yuqi Lin, Yang Qiu, Xingyan Zhao, Shaonan Zheng, Yuan Dong, Qize Zhong and Ting Hu
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2273; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102273 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Metasurface holograms, with the capability to manipulate spatial light amplitudes and phases, are considered next-generation solutions for holographic imaging. However, conventional fabrication approaches for meta-atoms are heavily dependent on electron-beam lithography (EBL), a technique known for its expensive and time-consuming nature. In this
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Metasurface holograms, with the capability to manipulate spatial light amplitudes and phases, are considered next-generation solutions for holographic imaging. However, conventional fabrication approaches for meta-atoms are heavily dependent on electron-beam lithography (EBL), a technique known for its expensive and time-consuming nature. In this paper, a polarization-insensitive metasurface hologram is proposed using a cost-effective and rapid nanoimprinting method with titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle loaded polymer (NLP). Based on a simulation, it has been found that, despite a reduction in the aspect ratio of meta-atoms of nearly 20%, which is beneficial to silicon master etching, NLP filling, and the mold release processes, imaging efficiency can go up to 54% at wavelength of 532 nm. In addition, it demonstrates acceptable imaging quality at wavelengths of 473 and 671 nm. Moreover, the influence of fabrication errors and nanoimprinting material degradation in terms of residual layer thickness, meta-atom loss or fracture, thermal-induced dimensional variation, non-uniform distribution of TiO2 particles, etc., on the performance is investigated. The simulation results indicate that the proposed device exhibits a high tolerance to these defects, proving its applicability and robustness in practice.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Metasurface Optics and Devices)
Open AccessArticle
Zinc Oxide Nanostructure Deposition into Sub-5 nm Vertical Mesopores in Silica Hard Templates by Atomic Layer Deposition
by
Tauqir Nasir, Yisong Han, Chris Blackman, Richard Beanland and Andrew L. Hector
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2272; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102272 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Nanostructures synthesised by hard-templating assisted methods are advantageous as they retain the size and morphology of the host templates which are vital characteristics for their intended applications. A number of techniques have been employed to deposit materials inside porous templates, such as electrodeposition,
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Nanostructures synthesised by hard-templating assisted methods are advantageous as they retain the size and morphology of the host templates which are vital characteristics for their intended applications. A number of techniques have been employed to deposit materials inside porous templates, such as electrodeposition, vapour deposition, lithography, melt and solution filling, but most of these efforts have been applied with pore sizes higher in the mesoporous regime or even larger. Here, we explore atomic layer deposition (ALD) as a method for nanostructure deposition into mesoporous hard templates consisting of mesoporous silica films with sub-5 nm pore diameters. The zinc oxide deposited into the films was characterised by small-angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Atomic Layer Deposition: From Thin Films to Nanostructured Materials)
Open AccessArticle
Investigating the Influence of Varied Particle Sizes on the Load-Bearing Properties of Arrester Bed Aggregates
by
Pan Liu, Wenju Liu and Peiyi Bai
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2271; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102271 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
This study employs the discrete element method to investigate the influence of particle size on the load-bearing characteristics of aggregates, with a specific emphasis on the aggregates used in escape ramp arrester beds. This study utilises the log edge detection algorithm to introduce
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This study employs the discrete element method to investigate the influence of particle size on the load-bearing characteristics of aggregates, with a specific emphasis on the aggregates used in escape ramp arrester beds. This study utilises the log edge detection algorithm to introduce an innovative approach for modelling irregularly shaped pebbles, integrating their physical properties into a comprehensive discrete element model to enhance the accuracy and applicability of simulations involving such pebbles. Meticulous validation and parameter calibration (friction coefficient: 0.37, maximum RMSE: 3.43) confirm the accuracy of the simulations and facilitate an in-depth examination of the mechanical interactions between aggregate particles at macroscopic and microscopic scales. The findings reveal a significant relationship between the particle size and load-bearing capacity of aggregates. Smaller pebbles, which are more flexible under pressure, can be packed more densely, thereby improving the distribution of vertical forces and increasing the concentration of local stress. This enhancement substantially increases the overall load-bearing capacity of aggregates. These discoveries hold significant implications for engineering practices, particularly in the optimisation of safety for truck escape ramps and in identifying the ideal sizes of pebbles with irregular shapes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Experimental Testing and Constitutive Modelling of Pavement Materials—2nd Volume)
Open AccessArticle
Residual Stress Evaluation in L-PBF-Produced SS 316L Specimens
by
Matúš Geľatko, Michal Hatala, František Botko and Radoslav Vandžura
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102270 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The identification of residual stresses (RS) in components made by selective laser melting (SLM) is necessary for subsequent technological optimization. The presented research is devoted to evaluating the influence of the combination of laser power (P), scanning velocity (v) and the rarely considered
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The identification of residual stresses (RS) in components made by selective laser melting (SLM) is necessary for subsequent technological optimization. The presented research is devoted to evaluating the influence of the combination of laser power (P), scanning velocity (v) and the rarely considered number of layers (nL) on surface residual stresses in SLM stainless steel SS 316L. Experimental parameters were set based on the Design of Experiment (DoE) method, with follow-up X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements and data processing using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression analysis. The obtained data are a valuable stepping-stone for the subsequent design of research focused on the application of sustainable eco-friendly Abrasive Water Jet (AWJ) peening for RS modification in the evaluated material.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Wear Performance of High-Strength Steels)
Open AccessArticle
Comparison of MAF-32 and a One-Pot Synthesized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide/MAF-32 Composite for the Adsorption of Diclofenac
by
Erick Ramírez, Daniela Carmona-Pérez, J. F. Marco, Karla R. Sanchez-Lievanos, Sergio A. Sabinas-Hernández, Kathryn E. Knowles and María P. Elizalde-González
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102269 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
The global presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in water sources represents a burgeoning public health concern. Recent studies underscore the urgency of addressing this class of emerging contaminants. In this context, our work focuses on synthesizing a composite material, FexOy/MAF-32,
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The global presence of pharmaceutical pollutants in water sources represents a burgeoning public health concern. Recent studies underscore the urgency of addressing this class of emerging contaminants. In this context, our work focuses on synthesizing a composite material, FexOy/MAF-32, through a streamlined one-pot reaction process, as an adsorbent for diclofenac, an emerging environmental contaminant frequently found in freshwater environments and linked to potential toxicity towards several organisms such as fish and mussels. A thorough characterization was performed to elucidate the structural composition of the composite. The material presents magnetic properties attributed to its superparamagnetic behavior, which facilitates the recovery efficiency of the composite post-diclofenac adsorption. Our study further involves a comparative analysis between the FexOy/MAF-32 and a non-magnetic counterpart, comprised solely of 2-ethylimidazolate zinc polymer. This comparison aims to discern the relative advantages and disadvantages of incorporating magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the contaminant removal process facilitated by a coordination polymer. Our findings reveal that even a minimal incorporation of iron oxide nanoparticles substantially enhanced the composite’s overall performance in pollutant adsorption.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal–Organic Frameworks-Based Materials and Composites)
Open AccessReview
Conductive Gels for Energy Storage, Conversion, and Generation: Materials Design Strategies, Properties, and Applications
by
Gazi A. K. M. Rafiqul Bari, Jae-Ho Jeong and Hasi Rani Barai
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102268 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
Gel-based materials have garnered significant interest in recent years, primarily due to their remarkable structural flexibility, ease of modulation, and cost-effective synthesis methodologies. Specifically, polymer-based conductive gels, characterized by their unique conjugated structures incorporating both localized sigma and pi bonds, have emerged as
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Gel-based materials have garnered significant interest in recent years, primarily due to their remarkable structural flexibility, ease of modulation, and cost-effective synthesis methodologies. Specifically, polymer-based conductive gels, characterized by their unique conjugated structures incorporating both localized sigma and pi bonds, have emerged as materials of choice for a wide range of applications. These gels demonstrate an exceptional integration of solid and liquid phases within a three-dimensional matrix, further enhanced by the incorporation of conductive nanofillers. This unique composition endows them with a versatility that finds application across a diverse array of fields, including wearable energy devices, health monitoring systems, robotics, and devices designed for interactive human-body integration. The multifunctional nature of gel materials is evidenced by their inherent stretchability, self-healing capabilities, and conductivity (both ionic and electrical), alongside their multidimensional properties. However, the integration of these multidimensional properties into a single gel material, tailored to meet specific mechanical and chemical requirements across various applications, presents a significant challenge. This review aims to shed light on the current advancements in gel materials, with a particular focus on their application in various devices. Additionally, it critically assesses the limitations inherent in current material design strategies and proposes potential avenues for future research, particularly in the realm of conductive gels for energy applications.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conductive Polymer Composites for Energy Storage and Biosensor Applications)
Open AccessArticle
Flexural and Shear Deformation of Basement-Clamped Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls
by
Harald Schuler
Materials 2024, 17(10), 2267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17102267 (registering DOI) - 11 May 2024
Abstract
For a precise analysis of buildings under earthquake effects, the load–deformation behaviour of the bracing walls must be comprehensively known. The horizontal bracing walls are often clamped in the basement; however, less attention has been paid to these walls’ clamping parts in the
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For a precise analysis of buildings under earthquake effects, the load–deformation behaviour of the bracing walls must be comprehensively known. The horizontal bracing walls are often clamped in the basement; however, less attention has been paid to these walls’ clamping parts in the past. This study presents three shear wall experiments (NW 1, NW 2, NW 3) with heights up to six meters in a scale of 1:1.5 to the real size. Measured were the force–displacement curve, the curvature distribution over the height, the crack pattern, and the crack opening and spacing. Twelve displacement transducers, an optical measurement system with eight cameras, and a manual crack measurement were utilised. Out of the measurements, the impact of the tension shift effect on the load–displacement curves could be quantified for the cantilever part of the walls. Additionally, it was found out that a sliding failure in the clamping part must be considered if the aspect ratio of H/L is equal to or less than one.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Construction and Building Materials)
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