Veterinary Sciences

13 pages, 7354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Pericapsular Knee Desensitization Technique in Dogs: An Anatomical Cadaveric Study

by Marta Garbin, Raiane A. Moura, Yasmim C. Souza, Mariana Cavalcanti, Adam W. Stern, Marta Romano, Enzo Vettorato, Pablo E. Otero and Diego A. Portela

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 599; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060599 - 19 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Regional anesthesia techniques targeting articular nerve branches offer promising avenues for managing articular pain. This study developed and compared the success rates of an ultrasound-guided versus a blind pericapsular knee desensitization (PKD) technique in canine cadavers. In Phase I, gross dissection and ultrasound [...] Read more.

Regional anesthesia techniques targeting articular nerve branches offer promising avenues for managing articular pain. This study developed and compared the success rates of an ultrasound-guided versus a blind pericapsular knee desensitization (PKD) technique in canine cadavers. In Phase I, gross dissection and ultrasound evaluations were performed in eight limbs to characterize the anatomy of the medial (MAN), lateral (LAN), and posterior (PAN) articular branches of the saphenous, common fibular, and tibial nerves, respectively, and to identify suitable anatomical and ultrasonographic landmarks. In Phase II, ultrasound-guided and blind PKD injections of a dye solution were randomly performed in 10 cadavers (20 limbs), followed by dissection and histological assessment of staining accuracy. The ultrasound-guided technique achieved a significantly higher overall success rate (96.7%) than the blind technique (73.3%; p = 0.02). The MAN was successfully stained in 100% of ultrasound-guided and 50% of blind injections (p = 0.03), while the LAN and PAN were stained with high but comparable success. Parent nerve involvement was minimal for MAN and PAN but frequent for the common fibular nerve following LAN injections. Histological confirmation supported the anatomical findings, although PAN identification remained inconsistent. These results support the feasibility and increased precision of ultrasound-guided PKD, providing a foundation for further clinical evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Loco-Regional Anaesthesia Techniques in Veterinary Medicine)

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18 pages, 1166 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration

by Xinyue Wang, Ruiqi Fan, Saisai Wang, Yuanyuan Ren, Xin Zhang, Yingchun Mu, Sudong Xia, Xiaoyu Wang and Bo Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 598; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060598 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic in aquaculture, lacks comprehensive research on its residual elimination kinetics in tilapia. This study investigated SMZ residue depletion, withdrawal periods, and dietary risks in 1-year-old GIFT tilapia (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 500 [...] Read more.

Sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), a widely used broad-spectrum antibiotic in aquaculture, lacks comprehensive research on its residual elimination kinetics in tilapia. This study investigated SMZ residue depletion, withdrawal periods, and dietary risks in 1-year-old GIFT tilapia (Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 500 ± 50 g, following oral gavage administration of a loading dose (200 mg/kg BW on day 1) and then 100 mg/kg BW daily for 6 more days, at 22 ± 2 °C. Tissue samples (plasma, muscle, skin, liver, kidney, gill, and remaining tissues) were collected from five fish per time point at intervals from 0.33 to 30 days post-administration, with SMZ residues quantified via HPLC-MS/MS. Results revealed peak SMZ concentrations at 0.33 days (8 h), ordered as liver > skin > plasma > kidney > remaining tissues > gill > muscle. Muscle residues fell below the maximum residue limit (MRL, 100 μg/kg) by day 3, while skin required 10 days. Kidney residues dropped below the limit of detection (LOD) earliest (16 days), followed by muscle, gill, and remaining tissues (25 days), whereas plasma, liver, and skin retained detectable levels until day 30. Elimination equations for SMZ across tissues exhibited first-order kinetics. Based on the specific conditions of this study, a minimum 11-day withdrawal period is recommended for edible tissues (muscle + skin) after SMZ administration. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for all tissues remained below the safety threshold (HQ = 1), indicating low dietary risk. These findings support SMZ use standardization in tilapia aquaculture to ensure food safety compliance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

13 pages, 1534 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Occurrence of Aspergillus spp. in Parrot Feeds on the Polish Market: The Potential Health Threat of Aspergillosis and Mycotoxicosis for Exotic Pet Birds, a Pilot Study

by Aleksandra Kornelia Maj, Piotr Górecki, Olga Szaluś-Jordanow and Dawid Jańczak

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 597; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060597 - 18 Jun 2025

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Abstract

A lack of awareness among exotic bird owners regarding the quality of feed may contribute to adverse health outcomes, including toxicosis, systemic mycoses, and potentially neoplastic processes. Fungi of the Aspergillus genus are the most pathogenic to avian species, particularly due to their [...] Read more.

A lack of awareness among exotic bird owners regarding the quality of feed may contribute to adverse health outcomes, including toxicosis, systemic mycoses, and potentially neoplastic processes. Fungi of the Aspergillus genus are the most pathogenic to avian species, particularly due to their involvement in respiratory diseases such as aspergillosis, which affects the air sacs. This study aims to assess the presence of Aspergillus spp. in commercially available parrot feed (grain mixtures) available on the Polish pet market, considering different price categories. A total of 22 dry parrot food samples were analyzed using the PN-ISO 21527-2:2009 protocol. Aspergillus spp. colonies were isolated from 16 out of 22 samples (72.7%), indicating a high incidence of contamination. Although these results are preliminary, they highlight a microbiological risk associated with grain-based parrot feeds and underscore the need for stricter quality control and greater awareness among pet owners and manufacturers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Food Safety and Zoonosis)

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16 pages, 263 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Establishment of an Inferred Reference Range for Blood Ammonia in Dogs and Cats Using a Point-of-Care Assay

by Giulia Specchia, Emily Hannah Doran Seidel and Charlotte Dye

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 596; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060596 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Point-of-care (POC) tests for blood ammonia (BA) measurement have not been well evaluated in veterinary species. This cross-sectional study sought to establish an inferred reference interval for BA using a POC analyser in dogs and cats. Blood ammonia was measured in 175 dogs [...] Read more.

Point-of-care (POC) tests for blood ammonia (BA) measurement have not been well evaluated in veterinary species. This cross-sectional study sought to establish an inferred reference interval for BA using a POC analyser in dogs and cats. Blood ammonia was measured in 175 dogs and 63 cats for which relevant clinical history and laboratory data was available. Reference values were inferred based on comparisons between patients with and without disease pathologies reported to cause BA elevation. Descriptive statistics, Pearson Chi², and Mann–Whitney U testing were used to assess for associations between clinical parameters and BA concentration. Seventy-one percent (124/175) of dogs and forty-six percent (29/63) of cats had undetectable BA. Following the exclusion of dogs with potential causes of hyperammonaemia, all remaining dogs had BA < 30 µg/dL. With one exception, all dogs with BA > 30 µg/dL had liver disease. All dogs with a clinical suspicion of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) had BA > 40 µg/dL. Following the exclusion of cats with potential causes of hyperammonaemia, all remaining cats had BA < 25 µg/dL. Only 50% of cats with BA > 25 µg/dL had liver disease. All cats with a clinical suspicion of HE had BA > 30 µg/dL. Based on this study population, BA < 30 µg/dL and <25 µg/dL should be considered normal in dogs and cats, respectively. Additionally, dogs with BA > 30 µg/dL are likely to have liver disease, while cats with BA > 25 µg/dL appear to exhibit a wider variety of disease pathologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

15 pages, 1426 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contributions to Knowledge of the Dictyocaulus Infection of the Red Deer

by M. González-Velo, A. Espinosa-Sánchez, A. Ripa, M. A. Hurtado-Preciado, M. A. Habela Martínez-Estéllez, J. L. Fernández-García and C. Bazo-Pérez

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 595; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060595 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Dictyocaulosis is a parasitic disease that affects ungulate species, including red deer (Cervus elaphus). The genus Dictyocaulus comprises eighteen species, but only four have been reported to infect red deer. The disease is characterized by respiratory tract infection, particularly in the [...] Read more.

Dictyocaulosis is a parasitic disease that affects ungulate species, including red deer (Cervus elaphus). The genus Dictyocaulus comprises eighteen species, but only four have been reported to infect red deer. The disease is characterized by respiratory tract infection, particularly in the lungs, bronchi, and bronchioles, leading to inflammatory and hemorrhagic microscopic lesions, as well as emphysema and edema. The biological cycle involves a female ovipositing larvated eggs in the bronchi and trachea, which are expelled to the exterior through coughing or feces, releasing L1 into the environment. In this study, 106 adult red deer were collected from seven locations in Extremadura (Spain). Eight positive lungs were initially assessed by morphological identification, revealing a mean intensity of 13.3 adult worms per infected lung, with a global decrease to an average of 1.8 adult worms per sampled lung. The presence of adult worms in the upper and middle respiratory tract was confirmed through anatomopathological analysis. Molecular identification was performed by sequencing the COI gene. The results indicated the presence of three genetic groups, supported by significant subdivision using the ɸ_ST measure. D. cervi and D. viviparus exhibited their respective matrilineal ancestry, while D. eckerti and D. cervi demonstrated matrilineal sharing. Consequently, the possibility of introgression between these two species was suggested. Although D. viviparus had previously been identified in the same Spanish region based on morphological characteristics, D. cervi and D. eckerti were reported for the first time in the explored geographic area. Full article

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28 pages, 1191 KiB

Open AccessReview

piRNAs as Potential Regulators of Mammary Gland Development and Pathology in Livestock

by Wenjing Yu, Zixuan Zhang, Zhonghua Wang, Xusheng Dong and Qiuling Hou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 594; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060594 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

PiRNAs are a subclass of non-coding RNAs, 26–31 nucleotides (nt) in length, that form regulatory complexes through their interaction with PIWI proteins. Studies in model organisms have demonstrated that piRNAs play crucial roles in tissue development and in predicting disease outcomes, positioning them [...] Read more.

PiRNAs are a subclass of non-coding RNAs, 26–31 nucleotides (nt) in length, that form regulatory complexes through their interaction with PIWI proteins. Studies in model organisms have demonstrated that piRNAs play crucial roles in tissue development and in predicting disease outcomes, positioning them as promising targets for developmental regulation and therapeutic intervention. In contrast, research on piRNAs in animal husbandry is still in its early stages and has not received sufficient attention. Despite this, the few studies available in livestock research have revealed that piRNAs serve as key regulators of reproductive development, underscoring their significant regulatory potential in farm animals and justifying further investigation. Accordingly, this review uses the bovine mammary gland as an exemplary case to summarize the progress in piRNA research related to mammary development and disease. The role of piRNAs in regulating breast cancer stem cell proliferation and modulating inflammatory progression is a highly active area of research. We hypothesize that piRNAs may play a potential role in regulating both mammary gland development and mastitis, making them promising targets for enhancing mammary development and overall health in dairy cattle and providing a theoretical foundation for further piRNA applications in animal husbandry. Full article

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14 pages, 1299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Post-Slaughter Age Classification and Sex Determination in Deboned Beef Using Lipofuscin Autofluorescence and Amelogenin Gene Analysis

by Büşra Cumhur, Mustafa Yenal Akkurt, Tuğçe Anteplioğlu, Oğuz Kul, Ufuk Kaya and Bengi Çınar

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 593; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060593 - 17 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Beef meat quality and value are influenced by the breed, sex, and age of slaughtered animals. This study aimed to evaluate lipofuscin pigment autofluorescence as a method for age classification in beef meat samples and to determine the sex of market-obtained meat using [...] Read more.

Beef meat quality and value are influenced by the breed, sex, and age of slaughtered animals. This study aimed to evaluate lipofuscin pigment autofluorescence as a method for age classification in beef meat samples and to determine the sex of market-obtained meat using PCR-based amelogenin gene amplification. Deboned beef meat samples from M. longissimus dorsi and M. biceps femoris were collected from 67 slaughtered cows with known age and sex. Additionally, 48 market samples were tested for sex identification and age classification using the same methods. Lipofuscin deposition was first observed at 1.5 years, and autofluorescence analysis effectively distinguished between meat from younger animals (1.5–2.2 years) and older ones (3–13 years), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Lipofuscin levels and excitation intensity increased with age, and no differences were found between the two muscles analyzed. The sex determination results were fully consistent with the records, and 55.2% of animals aged 3 years and older were identified as female. These findings demonstrate the reliability of lipofuscin autofluorescence for binary age determination in beef and support the potential of combining age and sex classification to identify meat derived from older dairy cows in the marketplace. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Livestock Histology and Morphology)

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16 pages, 687 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Serogroup Prevalence, Virulence Profile and Antibiotic Resistance of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Broiler Chicken

by Showkat A. Shah, Masood S. Mir, Shayaib A. Kamil, Majid Shafi, Mudasir A. Rather, Azmat A. Khan, Zahoor A. Wani, Sheikh Adil, Fatmah M. Alqahtani, Majid Alhomrani and Manzoor Wani

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 592; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060592 - 16 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes avian colibacillosis, leading to significant economic losses and concerns for food safety in the poultry industry. This study focused on examining the virulence gene profile, antibiotic resistance prevalence, and resistance patterns of APEC isolates. A total of [...] Read more.

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes avian colibacillosis, leading to significant economic losses and concerns for food safety in the poultry industry. This study focused on examining the virulence gene profile, antibiotic resistance prevalence, and resistance patterns of APEC isolates. A total of 250 bacterial strains were collected from birds affected by colibacillosis. Serogrouping revealed diverse serotypes, with O2 being the most common (16%), followed by O1, O8, and O76. All isolates tested positive for at minimum one virulence gene, with 7.2% carrying all five targeted genes, particularly in serogroups O1, O8, O45, and O88. The most detected gene was iss, present in 79.6% of isolates, followed by tsh, iucC, sitA, and papC. The antibiotic resistance analysis showed that all isolates exhibited multidrug resistance, although they remained susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, specific antibiotic resistance genes were known in the isolates, with tetA detected in 54.8%, tetB in 51.7%, sul1 in 50%, and aadA1 in 29.2%. These findings highlight the widespread antibiotic resistance in chicken carcasses, which poses a hazard to human health in terms of transfer of resistance to humans, reduced effectiveness of antibiotics and impaired ability to contain infectious diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to implement strict monitoring programs to regulate antibiotic usage in poultry production. Full article

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16 pages, 6999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Meat Quality, Volatilome, and Fatty Acid Composition of Meat Parts from Liangshan Semi-Fine Wool Sheep

by Rui Zhang, Yongxia Xu, Hanyu Wang, Ting Bai, Xinhui Wang, Dayu Liu, Yin Zhang, Lin Zhang and Jiamin Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 591; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060591 - 16 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Liangshan Semi-fine Wool Sheep (LSWS, Ovis aries) are widely raised in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. To provide a scientific basis for LSWS meat processing, our study investigated various parameters across six meat parts of LSWS including the neck, chuck roll, [...] Read more.

Liangshan Semi-fine Wool Sheep (LSWS, Ovis aries) are widely raised in Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan, China. To provide a scientific basis for LSWS meat processing, our study investigated various parameters across six meat parts of LSWS including the neck, chuck roll, thin flank, outside flat, eye of round, and hind shank. Our findings revealed that thin flank displayed a higher pH₂₄ compared to outside flat (p < 0.05), as well as greater lightness than outside flat and hind shank (p < 0.05), along with higher redness than eye of round (p < 0.05). Hardness among six meat parts ranked in descending order as chuck roll, hind shank, outside flat, eye of round, neck, and thin flank. Meanwhile, the odor activity value decreased in the order of thin flank, eye of round, hind shank, neck, chuck roll, and outside flat. In terms of the nutritional composition, hind shank exhibited the highest protein content (p < 0.05). Thin flank also contained elevated levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 4977 μg/g), Σn-3 (1859 μg/g) and Σn-6 (2962 μg/g) fatty acids (p < 0.05). Regarding human health implications, thin flank showed a lower thrombogenicity index (p < 0.05). This study undertook a comprehensive analysis of meat quality and nutritional attributes across six LSWS meat parts, providing a scientific foundation for LSWS meat industry development and assisting consumers in making informed purchasing decisions. Full article

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12 pages, 813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Use of Colorimetry for the Measurement of Intradermally Injected Histamine-Induced Erythema in Healthy Dogs: A Proof-of-Concept Study

by Ana Petak, Elisa Samuel (Badulescu), Svetlina Aleksandrova, Evi I. Sofou, Manolis K. Chatzis and Manolis N. Saridomichelakis

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 590; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060590 - 15 Jun 2025

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Abstract

The interpretation of intradermal test results may improve if wheal erythema is measured objectively using colorimetry. Our aim was to find the necessary number of erythema colorimetric measurements, taken before and after intradermal injections of histamine 0.01% (H1), histamine 0.001% (H2), histamine 0.0001% [...] Read more.

The interpretation of intradermal test results may improve if wheal erythema is measured objectively using colorimetry. Our aim was to find the necessary number of erythema colorimetric measurements, taken before and after intradermal injections of histamine 0.01% (H1), histamine 0.001% (H2), histamine 0.0001% (H3) and a negative control (NC). We also aimed to assess whether erythema should be measured at the wheal center or border, and to investigate whether erythema appears beyond histamine wheals (flare), as observed in humans. Duplicate injections of the four solutions were administered on the lateral thorax of seven healthy dogs and erythema was measured by removing and repositioning the colorimeter probe. Colorimetry can differentiate the change in erythema (ΔE) at the center (ΔEc), but not at the border, of the H1 wheals from the ΔE of NC and H3 wheals. Reliable ways to calculate ΔEc were to use the first positive a* axis value of the colorimeter before and after the injection or to obtain the first seven positive a* axis values, excluding the highest and lowest, and calculated the mean of the remaining five. Unlike in humans, intradermal injection of histamine, even at a concentration of 0.01%, did not induce a flare reaction in healthy dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research in Small Animal Clinical Dermatology)

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8 pages, 897 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Oclacitinib Treatment and Surgical Management in a Case of Periocular Eosinophilic Furunculosis and Vasculitis with Secondary Eyelid Fusion in a Diabetic Cat

by Sarah Ehling, Anne Helene Marx, Claudia Busse, Andreas Beineke and Andrea Vanessa Volk

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 589; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060589 - 15 Jun 2025

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Abstract

A 10-year-old male neutered British Shorthair cat with diabetes mellitus presented with an acute onset of unilateral swelling, erythema, alopecia and coalescing ulcerations of the face and periocular skin. Initial clinical differential diagnoses were trauma, infections (including feline respiratory viruses), arthropod bites, and [...] Read more.

A 10-year-old male neutered British Shorthair cat with diabetes mellitus presented with an acute onset of unilateral swelling, erythema, alopecia and coalescing ulcerations of the face and periocular skin. Initial clinical differential diagnoses were trauma, infections (including feline respiratory viruses), arthropod bites, and eosinophilic dermatoses such as eosinophilic granuloma complex, mosquito-bite hypersensitivity and cutaneous adverse drug reaction. Histopathology revealed fulminant furunculosis with abundant eosinophils and vasculitis. Initial topical glucocorticoid treatment partially improved the clinical signs but severely raised serum glucose levels. As a result, systemic glucocorticoids and ciclosporin were not considered optimal treatments, and the off-label and short-term use of oclacitinib was chosen with the owner’s informed consent. This treatment induced fast remission of clinical signs with no recurrence for 17 months. Secondary fusion of the eyelids caused by cicatrization was surgically reconstructed to restore full function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Treatment of Skin Diseases in Small Animals)

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15 pages, 801 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Enrofloxacin and Its Metabolite Ciprofloxacin in Pregnant Goats

by Luis Adrian Ambros, Verónica Kreil, José Julio de Lucas Burneo, Mariano Guillermo Tinti, Manuel Ignacio San Andrés Larrea and Augusto Matías Lorenzutti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060588 - 15 Jun 2025

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Abstract

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin, as well as the placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, have not been studied. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin by intravenous and intramuscular administration of [...] Read more.

The pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin, as well as the placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, have not been studied. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin by intravenous and intramuscular administration of 7.5 mg/kg in pregnant goats; (2) to determine the placental transfer of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin; (3) to conduct a PK/PD analysis to calculate the PK/PD cutoff of different dose regimens; and (4) to evaluate the tentative epidemiological cutoff values for coagulase-negative staphylococci wild-type isolates from goats. Plasmatic concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in pregnant goats were well described by the parent–metabolite model. Simultaneous modeling of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in each individual allowed for a PK/PD analysis that considered both drugs with antimicrobial activity. Our results show that both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin crossed the placenta in goats: fetal/maternal concentration ratio were 0.58 ± 0.05 and 0.03 ± 0.01 for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. MIC values of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolates (n = 90) were obtained, and tentative epidemiological cutoffs were calculated at 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. According to PK/PDco values, an intravenous dose regimen of 10 mg/kg/day was considered the most appropriate, but based on the PK/PDco, culture, and AST data, an effective dosing regimen with the lowest possible dose could be selected to minimize the potential risk of fetal exposure to enrofloxacin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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13 pages, 2976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pleomorphic Lobular Carcinoma of the Mammary Gland in Women and Female Dogs: A Comparative Clinical-Pathological and Immunophenotypic Analysis

by Evelyn Ane Oliveira, Lize Amanda Basaglia Borges, Thaynan Cunha Vieira, Bárbara Jaime dos Santos, Fernanda Rezende Souza, Karen Yumi Ribeiro Nakagaki, Cristiana Buzelin Nunes and Geovanni Dantas Cassali

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 587; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060587 - 14 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC or PLC) is a malignant breast tumor considered a rare variant of invasive lobular carcinoma in women, characterized morphologically by marked nuclear pleomorphism, with cells resembling plasmacytoid, histiocytoid, or apocrine cells. One of its defining features is the [...] Read more.

Pleomorphic invasive lobular carcinoma (PILC or PLC) is a malignant breast tumor considered a rare variant of invasive lobular carcinoma in women, characterized morphologically by marked nuclear pleomorphism, with cells resembling plasmacytoid, histiocytoid, or apocrine cells. One of its defining features is the loss of E-cadherin expression. Considering the biological similarities between species and the limited data available for female dogs, this study aimed to characterize PLC in canines, with an emphasis on its histopathological and immunophenotypic features and its potential applicability as a comparative model. Histopathological analysis of PLC was performed alongside immunohistochemical evaluation using HER2, estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone receptors (PR), E-cadherin, and Ki-67 (cell proliferation indexing) markers. All canine PLCs tested positive for PR, with the majority being negative for ER, and all were negative for HER2 and E-cadherin. In contrast, in women, all cases were positive for ER, most were positive for PR, and all were negative for HER2. The Luminal B molecular subtype was the most frequent in dogs, whereas Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes showed equal prevalence in women. These findings reveal shared and distinct immunophenotypic features between species. The similarities and differences observed emphasize the relevance of the canine model for comparative oncology. Furthermore, the use of spontaneous tumors in immunocompetent dogs in this study strengthens the translational potential of the findings, thereby reinforcing the use of the canine model in breast cancer research and supporting its role within the One Medicine concept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Tumours in Pet Animals: 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 490 KiB

Open AccessReview

Interspecies Relational Theory: A Framework for Compassionate Interspecies Interactions

by Emily Kieson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 586; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060586 - 14 Jun 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

Most studies on relationships between humans and nonhuman animals focus on the benefits of the relationship to humans, the potential detriment or stress to animals, or how humans can better improve husbandry or handling practices in the domestic setting. By comparing existing research [...] Read more.

Most studies on relationships between humans and nonhuman animals focus on the benefits of the relationship to humans, the potential detriment or stress to animals, or how humans can better improve husbandry or handling practices in the domestic setting. By comparing existing research in human working relationships and friendships with animal friendships and studies on human–animal interactions, this paper proposes a new framework of an Interspecies Relational Theory that provides approaches for identifying, developing, and maintaining different levels of relationships between humans and nonhuman species. The framework is broken into three stages aligned with existing research in human levels of trust ranging from strategic/calculus-based to working/knowledge/information-based to friendship/affect-based. These levels are also aligned with stages of Maslow’s Hierarchy. The suggested framework can help provide insight into both human and animal perspectives of the human–animal relationship in a variety of veterinary and animal-assisted settings. Full article

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16 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessReview

Seminal Plasma Extracellular Vesicles: Key Mediators of Intercellular Communication in Mammalian Reproductive Systems

by Yanshe Xie, Chen Peng, Jiayi He, Zhengguang Wang and Jizhong Xiang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 585; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060585 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 317

Abstract

Seminal plasma, traditionally regarded as a passive transport medium for sperm, has emerged as a sophisticated biofluid orchestrating critical dialogues in reproductive physiology. Contemporary research reveals its multifunctional role in modulating endometrial receptivity through molecular priming of the female reproductive tract, a process [...] Read more.

Seminal plasma, traditionally regarded as a passive transport medium for sperm, has emerged as a sophisticated biofluid orchestrating critical dialogues in reproductive physiology. Contemporary research reveals its multifunctional role in modulating endometrial receptivity through molecular priming of the female reproductive tract, a process essential for successful embryo implantation. Notably, seminal plasma contains numerous extracellular vesicles (EVs) that serve as critical mediators of intercellular communication via the regulation of biological processes in target cells. Through this sophisticated vesicular communication system, seminal plasma extracellular vesicles (SPEVs) coordinate critical reproductive events. Thus, it will be important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which SPEVs mediate reproductive processes, to provide knowledge that may improve fertility outcomes. Herein, we elucidated the emerging potential of SPEVs as non-invasive biomarkers for male fertility assessment and infertility diagnosis. Furthermore, this review systematically summarized current advances in SPEVs, highlighting their multifaceted roles in mediating sperm maturation, regulating sperm capacitation, and modulating embryo implantation through targeted delivery of bioactive signaling molecules. Full article

27 pages, 1284 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Potential Genes, Acute Phase Proteins and Hormonal Profiles Associated with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolation from Pneumonic Sheep

by Hanan M. Alharbi, Eman A. Noaman, Ahmed El-Sayed, Mohamed T. Ragab, Amani Hafez, Attia Eissa, Ahmed Ateya, Khairiah M. Alwutayd, Manal A. Babaker and Asmaa Darwish

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 584; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060584 - 13 Jun 2025

Viewed by 490

Abstract

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases in both humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate nucleotide sequence variations, gene expression patterns, and serum biomarkers, including acute phase proteins (APPs), hormonal fluctuations, and iron profile [...] Read more.

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterial pathogen responsible for a wide range of diseases in both humans and animals. This study aimed to investigate nucleotide sequence variations, gene expression patterns, and serum biomarkers, including acute phase proteins (APPs), hormonal fluctuations, and iron profile parameters in sheep affected by pneumonia. Additionally, the study focused on the isolation and characterization of S. aureus from pneumonic sheep, with particular emphasis on the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. Blood samples were collected from both healthy and pneumonic sheep for gene expression and biochemical analyses, while nasal swabs from pneumonic sheep were used for bacterial isolation and identification. Out of 100 nasal swabs analyzed, 44% tested positive for Staphylococcus spp., and 61.4% of these were confirmed as S. aureus by PCR. The mecA gene, a key marker of methicillin resistance, was identified in 17 isolates (38.6% of the S. aureus-positive samples). MRSA isolates showed complete resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin, and erythromycin, and high resistance to penicillin, amoxicillin, and tetracycline; however, all MRSA strains remained fully susceptible to vancomycin. Gene expression analysis revealed that TLR2, CLEC4E, PTX3, CXCL8, and IL15RA were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in pneumonic ewes, while SOCS3 expression was markedly downregulated. Sequence analysis of immune-related genes revealed notable nucleotide differences between healthy and affected animals. Furthermore, the pneumonic group exhibited significantly elevated levels of APPs, cortisol, and growth hormone, along with reduced levels of insulin, T3, and T4. These findings underscore the zoonotic risk posed by MRSA and emphasize the need for robust surveillance and antibiotic stewardship to control its spread. The study also highlights the importance of molecular diagnostics in accurately identifying MRSA and elucidating resistance mechanisms, thereby facilitating targeted treatment and informed management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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13 pages, 552 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Behavioral Evaluation of Shelter Dogs During Veterinary Routine Health Checks

by Valentina Gazzano, Maria Claudia Curadi, Paolo Baragli, Chiara Mariti, Francesca Cecchi, Stefano Cavallo, Luigi Sacchettino and Angelo Gazzano

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 583; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060583 - 13 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Shelter environments can be inherently stressful for dogs, a highly social species that forms strong attachment bond with humans. This study evaluated stress responses in 26 shelter dogs during routine veterinary examinations, analyzing behavioral scores alongside physiological and hormonal parameters, including heart rate, [...] Read more.

Shelter environments can be inherently stressful for dogs, a highly social species that forms strong attachment bond with humans. This study evaluated stress responses in 26 shelter dogs during routine veterinary examinations, analyzing behavioral scores alongside physiological and hormonal parameters, including heart rate, body temperature, cortisol (CRT), oxytocin (OXT), serotonin (5-HT), tryptophan (TRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). A significant negative correlation was observed between OXT and CRT (ρ = –0.540, p = 0.007), particularly in dogs exhibiting relaxed behavior. OXT was also negatively correlated with body temperature (ρ = –0.435, p = 0.034), supporting its potential role in modulating stress-induced hyperthermia. No significant associations were found between TRP, 5-HT, IL-6, or other physiological measures and behavioral scores. The absence of correlation between TRP and 5-HT may be due to blood–brain barrier regulation, while IL-6′s lack of association suggests further investigation is needed to clarify its role in canine stress responses. These findings highlight OXT’s possible buffering effect on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and suggest that behavioral assessment may offer a more sensitive measure of canine stress than hormonal or physiological parameters alone. Future studies with larger and more diverse samples are needed to confirm and expand upon these results. Full article

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21 pages, 2080 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Individual Variations in Sperm Quality of High-Fertility Boars Impact the Offspring Production and Early Physiological Functions

by Santa María Toledo-Guardiola, Chiara Luongo, Felipe Martínez-Pastor, Cristina Soriano-Úbeda and Carmen Matás

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 582; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060582 - 13 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Artificial insemination (AI) is essential in intensive pig production, which significantly depends on semen quality from boars selected for health, genetics, and fertility. While AI aims to improve productivity, larger litters often result in smaller and less resistant piglets. Beyond fertility and genetic [...] Read more.

Artificial insemination (AI) is essential in intensive pig production, which significantly depends on semen quality from boars selected for health, genetics, and fertility. While AI aims to improve productivity, larger litters often result in smaller and less resistant piglets. Beyond fertility and genetic traits, boars also influence offspring health. This study investigated the relationship between sperm parameters of highly fertile boars and both reproductive outcomes and piglet physiological indicators. Multivariate analysis revealed significant paternal effects on blood markers reflecting organ function, including those of the pancreas, liver, and kidneys, as well as on glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, protein and carbohydrate metabolism, muscle contraction, and neural signaling. Notably, sperm velocity was correlated with mitochondrial function, which is crucial for sperm motility, capacitation, DNA integrity, and embryo development—factors likely linked to healthier, more resilient offspring. Boars transmitting superior sperm velocity, erythropoiesis efficiency, and oxygen transport capacities produced piglets with better glucose regulation, growth, and resistance to neonatal hypoglycemia. These findings underscore the broader impact of sperm quality on offspring vitality and suggest that advanced sperm analysis could improve boar selection and enable more effective, health-oriented breeding strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sperm Biotechnology in Animals Reproduction—2nd Edition)

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19 pages, 291 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Zootechnical Additives Associated with Antimicrobials: Effects on Immune Response and Intestinal Histomorphometry in Broiler Chickens

by Kenes Leonel de Morais Castro, Nilton Rohloff Júnior, Elaine Talita Santos, Jean Kaique Valentim, Rodrigo Garófallo Garcia, Giancarlo Rieger and Sarah Sgavioli

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060581 - 13 Jun 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of zootechnical additives in combination with antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on broiler performance, leukocyte differential activity, phagocytic activity, intestinal histomorphometry, and the inside index. A total of 1400 one-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were assigned to a completely [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of zootechnical additives in combination with antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) on broiler performance, leukocyte differential activity, phagocytic activity, intestinal histomorphometry, and the inside index. A total of 1400 one-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were assigned to a completely randomized design with seven treatments and eight replicates of 25 birds per unit. The treatments included a basal diet without AGPs, a basal diet with AGPs, and AGPs combined with different zootechnical additives: prebiotics (fructooligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, beta-glucans, and mannan-oligosaccharides), probiotics (Bacillus subtilis LFU160), essential oils (cashew nut shell liquid), and organic acids (butyric acid glycerides). The results showed the treatments combining AGPs and zootechnical additives had better effects (p < 0.05) on weight gain, feed intake, the feed conversion ratio, and the productive efficiency index. The phagocytic activity was worse in birds without AGPs and with AGPs but without additives. However, birds that received AGPs in combination with zootechnical additives exhibited a poorer intestinal histomorphometry and lower inside index compared to those fed only AGPs or diets without AGPs. In conclusion, zootechnical additives can be used alongside AGPs to enhance broiler performance and immune function, particularly during early growth stages, with essential oils showing the most promising results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Poultry Science: Nutritional Aspects of Poultry Production)

29 pages, 411 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selective Dry Cow Therapy in Modern Dairy Management: Balancing Udder Health and Antimicrobial Stewardship

by Ionela Delia Ut, Daniel Ionut Berean, Liviu Marian Bogdan, Simona Ciupe and Sidonia Gog Bogdan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060580 - 12 Jun 2025

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Abstract

In recent decades, Blanket Dry Cow Therapy (BDCT) has been regarded as a cornerstone strategy for the control of mastitis in dairy cows during the dry period. However, concerns regarding the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance and the associated zoonotic risks have prompted [...] Read more.

In recent decades, Blanket Dry Cow Therapy (BDCT) has been regarded as a cornerstone strategy for the control of mastitis in dairy cows during the dry period. However, concerns regarding the rising incidence of antibiotic resistance and the associated zoonotic risks have prompted a paradigm shift, leading to intensified research into alternative management approaches. In response, many countries have adopted a more targeted approach, known as Selective Dry Cow Therapy (SDCT), which focuses on the therapeutic use of antibiotics, administered only to cows or quarters that are either infected or at high risk of infection during the dry period. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the scientific literature regarding the main methods for selecting animals for SDCT, the impact of this strategy on udder health, milk production, farm economics, and antibiotic consumption, as well as the factors that may influence its effectiveness. Over time, a range of methods have been developed to identify infected animals, including bacteriological culture, somatic cell count (SCC), differential somatic cell count (DSCC), and the California Mastitis Test (CMT), which are often used alone or in combination with clinical mastitis history and/or parity. Among these methods, SCC has proven to be the most economically viable and best suited for practical use, while its combination with DSCC has been shown to significantly enhance diagnostic accuracy. According to the studies reviewed, SDCT is a safe and effective strategy for maintaining udder health and farm profitability, as long as infected cows are accurately identified, and internal teat sealants are used in quarters not treated with antibiotics during the dry period. However, since udder health is influenced by herd characteristics, management practices, and regional pathogens, the findings cannot be universally applied and must be adapted to each herd’s specific conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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19 pages, 5673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Meloxicam Alleviates Oxidative Stress Through Nrf2/HO-1 Activation in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells

by Luying Cui, Jiangyao Duan, Peng Mao, Jingyi Zhong, Sasa He, Junsheng Dong, Kangjun Liu, Long Guo, Jianji Li and Heng Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 579; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060579 - 12 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Meloxicam has been identified as an adjuvant therapeutic component in the management of bovine uterine diseases, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanisms underlying its antioxidant actions in the context of bovine uterine diseases remain incompletely understood. The objective of this research [...] Read more.

Meloxicam has been identified as an adjuvant therapeutic component in the management of bovine uterine diseases, exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. However, the mechanisms underlying its antioxidant actions in the context of bovine uterine diseases remain incompletely understood. The objective of this research was to determine whether meloxicam exerts its antioxidant effects through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. By employing N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS), along with inhibitors directed against heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) or nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), we investigated the dynamic changes in oxidative stress markers (ROS and malondialdehyde) and antioxidant indices (comprising catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione), as well as the expression profiles of Nrf2 and inflammation-associated genes and proteins in bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. As a result, meloxicam alleviated the LPS-induced elevation of oxidative stress marker levels and the reduction in antioxidant enzyme activities and antioxidant substance contents in BEECs. Compared to NAC, meloxicam demonstrated superior efficacy in activating the Nrf2 pathway, with the promotion of NRF2 expression (~1.6-fold) and nuclear translocation. The pretreatment of cells with HO-1 or Nrf2 inhibitors markedly attenuated the antioxidant activity of meloxicam. In summary, meloxicam primarily alleviates LPS-induced oxidative stress through the activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in BEECs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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15 pages, 1421 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cyranose^® 320 eNose Effectively Differentiates Pre- and Post-Challenge Respiratory Samples in an Induced Bovine Respiratory Disease Model

by Conrad S. Schelkopf, Leslie F. Weaver, Michael D. Apley, Roman M. Pogranichniy, Lance W. Noll, Jianfa Bai, Raghavendra G. Amachawadi and Brian V. Lubbers

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 578; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060578 - 12 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Field-based diagnostic technologies which aid in the early detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are of great need, given the rising attention related to animal welfare and antimicrobial stewardship. This induced BRD study followed 12 Holstein calves through pre-challenge (day 1–3) and post-challenge [...] Read more.

Field-based diagnostic technologies which aid in the early detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are of great need, given the rising attention related to animal welfare and antimicrobial stewardship. This induced BRD study followed 12 Holstein calves through pre-challenge (day 1–3) and post-challenge (day 6–13) periods with daily sampling of nasal secretions with nasal swabs and expired air with air collection bags for determination of BRD status by use of an electronic nose (eNose). Animals were challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) on day 3 following sample collection and Mannheimia haemolytica on day 5. Results demonstrated a high degree of accuracy for the eNose in correctly classifying pre-challenge samples for nasal swabs (93.5%) and expired air (96.8%). Post-challenge correct classification by the eNose was 97.8% for nasal swabs and 72.5% for expired air samples. Logistical regression was used to determine the probability of agreement between eNose classification and actual animal BRD status by study day. The largest discrepancy between nasal swab and expired air samples fell on days 6 and 7, immediately following the bacterial challenge. The eNose demonstrated potential as a field-based diagnostic tool for the detection of BRD with nasal swabs as the optimal sample type. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Bovine Respiratory Diseases—2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 4254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In Silico Designed Multi-Epitope Vaccine Based on the Conserved Fragments in Viral Proteins for Broad-Spectrum Protection Against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

by Shaukat Ullah, Hikmat Ullah, Kainat Fatima and Tan Lei

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 577; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060577 - 12 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major viral threat to swine, causing significant economic loss in the global pig farming industry. This virus includes two major genotypes, PRRSV1 and PRRSV2, both characterized by high mutation rates and genetic variability, complicating [...] Read more.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a major viral threat to swine, causing significant economic loss in the global pig farming industry. This virus includes two major genotypes, PRRSV1 and PRRSV2, both characterized by high mutation rates and genetic variability, complicating the development of a universally effective vaccine and disease control. To address this challenge, this study utilizes immunoinformatics tools to identify conserved epitopes and design a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against PRRSV based on reverse vaccinology. The complete sequences of PRRSV-encoded proteins were retrieved worldwide, and the conserved fragments were identified through the alignment of polypeptide sequences. Subsequent screening was conducted to screen epitopes for their potential to be safe and to activate B cells, HTLs (helper T cells), and CTLs (cytotoxic T cells). By conjugating the selected epitopes with distinct adjuvant proteins, three vaccine candidates were designed and termed PRRSV-vaccine (PRRSV-V-1, PRRSV-V-2, and PRRSV-V-3, respectively). Furthermore, systematic evaluations of their physicochemical properties, structural stability, binding with pattern recognition receptors, and induction of the host immune system were performed. PRRSV-V-2 had the most promising physicochemical and structural characteristics, strong binding with toll-like receptors (TLR3 and TLR8), and the most vigorous reactions to host immune responses. As the most promising candidate, the recombinant PRRSV plasmid was in silico designed for expression in Escherichia coli. Our study proposed a novel approach to PRRSV vaccine development against PRRSV, offering a promising strategy for controlling the infection across diverse PRRSV strains in swine. Despite providing significant insights into vaccine design through computational methods, the results of this study remain predictive. So, it is open for the experimental validations of the scientific community to ensure its actual immunological properties, especially the safety and efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)

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16 pages, 1870 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Companion Animals as Reservoirs of Multidrug Resistance—A Rare Case of an XDR, NDM-1-Producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain of Feline Origin in Greece

by Marios Lysitsas, Eleftherios Triantafillou, Irene Chatzipanagiotidou, Anastasios Triantafillou, Georgia Agorou, Maria Eleni Filippitzi, Antonis Giakountis and George Valiakos

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 576; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060576 - 12 Jun 2025

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Abstract

A backyard cat with symptoms of otitis was transferred to a veterinary clinic in Central Greece. A sample was obtained and P. aeruginosa was isolated. The strain exhibited an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) profile, as it was non-susceptible to all tested agents except colistin. [...] Read more.

A backyard cat with symptoms of otitis was transferred to a veterinary clinic in Central Greece. A sample was obtained and P. aeruginosa was isolated. The strain exhibited an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) profile, as it was non-susceptible to all tested agents except colistin. DNA extraction and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) were performed using a robotic extractor and Ion Torrent technology, respectively. The genome was assembled and screened for resistance and virulence determinants. The isolate belonged to the high-risk clone ST308 with a total of 67 antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and 221 virulence factor-related genes being identified. No plasmids were detected. The metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) bla_NDM-1 gene and 46 efflux pumps were included in the strain’s resistome. Both ARGs conferring tolerance to disinfecting agents and biofilm-related genes were identified, associated with the ability of this clone to adapt and persist in healthcare facilities. This case highlights the risk of relevant bacterial clones spreading in the community and even being transmitted to companion animals, causing challenging opportunistic infections to susceptible individuals, while others may become carriers, further spreading the clones to their owners, other animals and the environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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11 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of PCV2 Vaccination Under Natural Conditions: A Longitudinal Study Using PCR and Virus Isolation

by Eugene Mazimpaka, Rissar Siringo Ringo, Tasuku Hirooka and Tamaki Okabayashi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 575; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060575 - 11 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Despite the widespread use of anti-PCV2 vaccines, their efficacy varies, influenced by co-infection and evaluation methods. This study assessed the efficacy of Ingelvac CircoFLEX^® PCV2 vaccine under natural [...] Read more.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the main cause of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD). Despite the widespread use of anti-PCV2 vaccines, their efficacy varies, influenced by co-infection and evaluation methods. This study assessed the efficacy of Ingelvac CircoFLEX^® PCV2 vaccine under natural conditions. One hundred serum samples were collected from vaccinated and non-vaccinated piglets aged 21 to 173 days. PCR and antibody positivity rates did not show significant differences between the two groups, but PCV2 gene load at 91 days was significantly lower (p = 0.0095) in the vaccinated group. Anti-PCV2 antibody titers were also significantly lower in the vaccinated group at 91, 145, and 173 days (p < 0.0001). PCV2 was isolated from 50% of piglets in the non-vaccinated group (50%), compared with none (0%) in the vaccinated group, suggesting that PCV2 gene load in the non-vaccinated group did not correlate with viremia. Both groups were positive for antibodies to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) at 63 days, prior to the surge in PCV2 gene load, suggesting PRRSV may enhance PCV2 replication. These findings highlight that while the vaccine reduced PCVAD damage, evaluation should incorporate methods such as virus isolation instead of relying solely on PCR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Control of Swine Infectious Diseases: 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 5712 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Pseudomonas-Enterobacter Co-Infection Drives Cellulitis and Lymphangitis in Equines: A Case Report

by Xiangning Huang, Renjie Deng, Haoen Huang, Huisheng Xie and Aolei Chen

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 574; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060574 - 11 Jun 2025

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Abstract

This case report detailed a rare co-infection of Pseudomonas asiatica and Enterobacter hormaechei in a 9-year-old warmblood mare, leading to severe cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis following traditional hoof blood-letting therapy. The mare exhibited acute limb swelling, fever, cutaneous ulceration, lymphatic dysfunction and unknown [...] Read more.

This case report detailed a rare co-infection of Pseudomonas asiatica and Enterobacter hormaechei in a 9-year-old warmblood mare, leading to severe cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis following traditional hoof blood-letting therapy. The mare exhibited acute limb swelling, fever, cutaneous ulceration, lymphatic dysfunction and unknown anemia. Comprehensive diagnostics, including bacterial culture, whole-genome sequencing, anti-elastin antibody (AEAb) ELISA, and diagnostic imaging, confirmed the pathogens causing cellulitis and secondary lymphangitis. AEAb levels were elevated, correlating with lymphatic degradation, while radiography and lymphangiography ruled out laminitis but identified tortuous lymphatic vessels. The treatment integrated systemic antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory therapy, combined decongestive therapy, and traditional Chinese herbal medicine, resulting in resolution of infection, improved hematological parameters, and restored athletic performance. The therapeutic regimen primarily included gentamicin, enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and the Wei Qi Booster. The case highlights the critical role of pathogen-directed antimicrobial selection and the potential benefits of combining conventional and holistic therapies. This report emphasizes the necessity of early, multifaceted interventions to prevent life-threatening complications in equine cellulitis–lymphangitis cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Progress of Equine Medical Research in China and Beyond)

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10 pages, 431 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

First Molecular Characterization of Trueperella pyogenes Isolated from a Rabbit Periodontal Abscess

by Magdalena Kizerwetter-Świda, Ewelina Kwiecień, Ilona Stefańska, Dorota Chrobak-Chmiel, Magdalena Rzewuska and Wojciech Bielecki

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 573; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060573 - 11 Jun 2025

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Abstract

Periodontal abscesses are a frequent health problem found in pet rabbits that could lead to severe complications, including life-threatening ones. Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from pyogenic infections in different animal species, mostly from farm animals such as ruminants and pigs. [...] Read more.

Periodontal abscesses are a frequent health problem found in pet rabbits that could lead to severe complications, including life-threatening ones. Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen isolated from pyogenic infections in different animal species, mostly from farm animals such as ruminants and pigs. This study presents the first case of isolation and molecular characterization of T. pyogenes from a periodontal abscess in a pet rabbit. A narrative review concerning the bacteriological aetiology of odontogenic abscesses in rabbits is also presented. The identification of T. pyogenes isolate was obtained based on the phenotypic properties and confirmed by molecular biology methods, i.e., the 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the presence of species-specific pyolysin gene. Furthermore, the pathogenic potential of the isolate was confirmed by the detection of six out of eight studied virulence genes. This report, along with the literature data, confirms that T. pyogenes may be one of the etiological agents of periodontal abscesses in rabbits. However, inadequate laboratory techniques may result in an underestimation of the occurrence of this bacterial species in rabbits. This study showed the need for standardization of the laboratory methods used for extended microbial culture for the clinical samples obtained from periodontal abscesses in rabbits. These procedures should also include the isolation of fastidious pathogens like T. pyogenes. Full article

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18 pages, 1485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparison of the Changes in Quality-of-Life of Cats with Hyperthyroidism Treated with Radioiodine or Antithyroid Drugs—A Preliminary Study

by Fabienne Blunschi, Sofie Muthmann, Natali Bauer and Katarina Hazuchova

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 572; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060572 - 11 Jun 2025

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Abstract

A previous cross-sectional study found impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hyperthyroid cats, but the longitudinal impact of treatment—especially differences between radioiodine (RAIT) and antithyroid drug (ATD) approaches—remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate changes in HRQoL in recently diagnosed (<6 months) [...] Read more.

A previous cross-sectional study found impaired health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in hyperthyroid cats, but the longitudinal impact of treatment—especially differences between radioiodine (RAIT) and antithyroid drug (ATD) approaches—remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate changes in HRQoL in recently diagnosed (<6 months) hyperthyroid cats that underwent RAIT or received ATD. HRQoL was assessed using the validated HyperthyroidismQoL-cat questionnaire at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months, alongside thyroid status (eu-/hypo-/hyperthyroid) evaluation. Mixed-effects model analysed the influence of treatment type, timepoint, and thyroid status on log(HRQoL). HRQoL differences between groups at baseline and comparison to a non-hyperthyroid control group (n = 322) from a previous study at month 6 were examined using Mann–Whitney U tests. Data are presented as median (range), with significance set at p < 0.05. Thirty-eight client-owned hyperthyroid cats (15 ATD, 23 RAIT) were included. HRQoL scores at baseline did not differ between groups (RAIT: 103.5 [27–211], ATD: 73 [22–260], p = 0.22). HRQoL significantly improved over time (p < 0.001) but was not affected by treatment type (p = 0.20) or thyroid status (p = 0.40). Despite improvement, HRQoL remained lower than in non-hyperthyroid controls (hyperthyroid: 42.5 [3–161.5], non-hyperthyroid: 27 [0–249], p = 0.007). This study highlights the overall positive impact of treatment on HRQoL, but due to the lack of randomisation and heterogeneity of subjects and treatment, conclusion have to be considered preliminary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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13 pages, 843 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancing Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Welfare Using Immersion Analgesics

by Cláudia A. Rocha, Luís M. Félix, Sandra M. Monteiro and Carlos Venâncio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 571; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060571 - 11 Jun 2025

Viewed by 280

Abstract

Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that [...] Read more.

Growing evidence of pain perception in fish has raised concerns about their welfare in different contexts, including research and aquaculture, where potentially painful procedures are standard. Despite ongoing efforts to advance fish analgesia, the field remains underdeveloped, particularly regarding less invasive methods that could improve welfare, such as immersion-based analgesia. As one of the most widely used models in research, zebrafish (Danio rerio) are often at the front of these concerns. This review aimed to consolidate the current knowledge on immersion analgesics by analyzing the behavioral responses of zebrafish exposed to noxious stimuli. Some promising immersion analgesics were identified; however, further research is needed to assess their effects on additional parameters and investigate potential adverse effects. These findings underscore the importance of selecting appropriate analgesics, as their effectiveness may vary depending on the duration and severity of the stimulus. Moreover, this review highlights the critical role of consistent water quality monitoring and detailed parameter reporting, as these factors may influence analgesic efficacy and compromise fish welfare. As research advances, applying these insights beyond zebrafish to other fish species will be crucial for promoting higher welfare standards. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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8 pages, 1104 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxidant/Antioxidant Equilibrium and Neurotransmitter Levels in Camelids Used for Circus Activities: A Preliminary Study

by Raffaella Cocco, Federica Arrigo, Sara Sechi, Maria Rizzo, Giuseppe Piccione and Francesca Arfuso

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 570; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060570 - 10 Jun 2025

Viewed by 314

Abstract

The conditions of animals in captivity have long been a cause for concern, and for that reason should be carefully assessed. In circus activities, animals are used for different purposes, but their needs are different due to their physiological peculiarities. The aim of [...] Read more.

The conditions of animals in captivity have long been a cause for concern, and for that reason should be carefully assessed. In circus activities, animals are used for different purposes, but their needs are different due to their physiological peculiarities. The aim of the present study was to investigate the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant equilibrium in dromedaries, camels, and llamas subjected to circus management. Blood samples were taken from five specimens of three different species in order to assess the serum concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, and the plasma levels of reactive oxygen metabolites (d-Roms) and the animals’ biological antioxidant potential (BAP). The results showed higher levels of d-Roms in dromedaries and llamas than camels and higher concentrations of BAP in camels than other species. Finally, dromedaries showed a higher dopamine concentration than llamas. This preliminary study suggested that some of the species investigated here are more influenced by the circus environment, especially on a relational level. Although the results collected in this study are preliminary and need to be supported by further, more comprehensive investigations from the point of view of welfare assessment, it could be hypothesized that the emotional state and the oxidant/antioxidant balance is very important to assess in an environment such as the circus. Full article

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