Veterinary Sciences

13 pages, 1035 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Burdizzo and Surgical Castration on Immune and Oxidative Stress Markers in Cattle

by Thanyakorn Chalalai, Piyarat Srinontong, Worapol Aengwanich, Kanticha Srisila, Sudarat Promkrathok, Mookdawan Sununta, Bhuripit Saraphol and Zhiliang Wu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060537 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Castration is an essential procedure in beef cattle management, designed to enhance meat quality, regulate aggressiveness, and control undesirable breeding. This study compared the impacts of Burdizzo and surgical castration on the immunological, oxidative, and inflammatory responses in Angus calves. Calves were randomly [...] Read more.

Castration is an essential procedure in beef cattle management, designed to enhance meat quality, regulate aggressiveness, and control undesirable breeding. This study compared the impacts of Burdizzo and surgical castration on the immunological, oxidative, and inflammatory responses in Angus calves. Calves were randomly assigned to the Burdizzo (n = 4) and surgical (n = 4) castration groups. Blood samples were collected before castration and 3, 6, 24, and 48 h post-castration for the measurement of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, the total antioxidant capacity, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations, including CD3⁺CD4⁺, CD3⁺CD8⁺, and CD3⁺WC1⁺ T-cells. The results showed that Burdizzo castration caused significantly higher levels of IFN-γ at 3 and 6 h, TNF-α at 24 and 48 h, IL-10 at 3 and 24 h, and malondialdehyde at 24 h post-castration (p < 0.05), indicating more intense inflammatory and oxidative stress responses. Both methods caused alterations in CD3⁺CD4⁺ and CD3⁺CD8⁺ T-cell counts, while Burdizzo castration induced longer-lasting immune activation. These findings indicate that surgical castration may provide welfare advantages by mitigating prolonged inflammation and stress and promoting faster recovery. This study offers insights into optimal castration practices prioritizing productivity and animal welfare. Full article

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14 pages, 334 KiB

Open AccessCommentary

Commentary on the Issue of Leishmania Infection: Focus on Some Pathogenetic, Clinical, and Epidemiological Aspects

by Stefania Hanau, Martina Maritati, Carlo Contini, Alessandro Trentini, Maria Cristina Manfrinato and Shawgi Hago Almugadam

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 536; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060536 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Leishmaniasis are infectious diseases caused by several parasitic species of Leishmania, mainly transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies. Humans, dogs, rodents, and other domestic and wild animals can act as reservoir hosts for the different Leishmania species. It is a [...] Read more.

Leishmaniasis are infectious diseases caused by several parasitic species of Leishmania, mainly transmitted by the bite of infected phlebotomine sandflies. Humans, dogs, rodents, and other domestic and wild animals can act as reservoir hosts for the different Leishmania species. It is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in Asia, the Middle East, North and East Africa, the Mediterranean region, and South and Central America. Clinical manifestations and disease severity depend on the species of the infecting parasites and the immunity status of the host. Leishmania represses the protective host immune response by manipulating the macrophage function, subverting cytokine expression to favor its survival and dissemination. A balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory cells is necessary to bring a positive outcome. Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment represent the cornerstone in the control of this disease, although these are difficult in an environment of precariousness and poverty. Some recent studies highlighted the progressing work on diagnosis and treatments, such as the development of new benzimidazole-triazole derivatives for blocking the parasite growth, feline leishmaniasis with a comparison of immune responses in cats and dogs, and a transglutaminase that has been purified from L. infantum. The results of these studies could open new avenues in combating leishmaniasis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Leishmania Infection: Pathogenesis, Clinical and Epidemiological Aspects)

13 pages, 1428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Detection of Porcine Parvovirus 5 in Domestic Pigs in Russia and Propagation of Field Isolates in Primary Porcine Testicular Cells

by Afshona Anoyatbekova, Alina Komina, Natalia Vlasova, Ekaterina Kononova, Alexey Gulyukin, Nikita Krasnikov and Anton Yuzhakov

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 535; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060535 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) is a novel virus frequently detected in pigs worldwide. However, its identification and prevalence in domestic pigs in Russia have not been described. In this study, retrospectively, 984 serum samples collected between 2020 and 2023 were tested by qPCR. [...] Read more.

Porcine parvovirus 5 (PPV5) is a novel virus frequently detected in pigs worldwide. However, its identification and prevalence in domestic pigs in Russia have not been described. In this study, retrospectively, 984 serum samples collected between 2020 and 2023 were tested by qPCR. All samples were obtained from 20 pig farms located in 10 regions of Russia. PPV5 circulation was confirmed in 11 pig farms with the overall detection rate at 8.9%. The highest detection rate was estimated in the farms of the Belgorod Region (17.1%), followed by the Sverdlovsk Region (15.9%), the Republic of Buryatia (14.7%), and the Moscow Region (14.0%). It has been confirmed that PPV5 has been circulating in the swine population since at least 2021. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a high nucleotide identity of Russian isolates with strains from the USA, Colombia, and China. The Moscow-4060 strain was isolated in primary porcine testicular cells (PPTCs), and its continuous replication was confirmed by qPCR. During microscopy, cytoplasmic vacuolization, pyknosis, and other alterations were observed. The results demonstrate the evidence of PPV5 circulation in domestic pigs in Russia and the first isolation of the virus ever described. These findings serve as a first step for studying PPV5 in vivo. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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14 pages, 2244 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of CDKN1A on the Expression of Genes Related to Milk Protein and Milk Fat Synthesis in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

by Yuanyuan Zhang, Junxi Liang, Kai Zhang, Hong Su, Daqing Wang, Min Zhang, Feifei Zhao, Zhiwei Sun, Zhimin Wu, Guifang Cao and Yong Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 534; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060534 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Milk fat is an important nutritional component and flavor substance in dairy products. Its content and composition directly affect the nutritional value, processing characteristics, and economic benefits of dairy products. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms that influence milk protein synthesis [...] Read more.

Milk fat is an important nutritional component and flavor substance in dairy products. Its content and composition directly affect the nutritional value, processing characteristics, and economic benefits of dairy products. Therefore, an in-depth exploration of the molecular mechanisms that influence milk protein synthesis holds profound significance for dairy farming and dairy production. Molecular biology techniques were used to construct CDKN1A overexpression and interference vectors. Using BMECs (bovine mammary epithelial cells) as the experimental model, the vectors were transfected into the cells via liposome mediation to investigate the effect of CDKN1A on the expression of genes related to milk protein synthesis. The results showed that the CDKN1A overexpression and interference vectors were successfully constructed, and the overexpression of CDKN1A reduced milk protein synthesis, and the interference of CDKN1A enhanced milk protein synthesis. This finding provides an important theoretical basis for dairy farming and dairy production. By regulating the expression level of CDKN1A, it is possible to achieve precise control of milk protein yield in dairy cows. It also offers a potential target for the development of new feed additives or drugs. These additives or drugs can promote milk protein synthesis by regulating the activity of CDKN1A, providing new strategies and methods for the sustainable development of the dairy industry. Full article

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16 pages, 2111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Individual Acute Phase Protein Assessments: Introducing the Acute Phase Index (API) as a Prognostic Indicator in Dogs with Malignant Neoplasia

by Martina Baldin, Maria Elena Gelain, Giacomo Marolato, Silvia Bedin, Michele Berlanda, Manuela Zanetti, Filippo Torrigiani, Alessia Giordano, Pierangelo Moretti, Donatella Scavone and Federico Bonsembiante

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 533; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060533 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are part of the innate immune response, changing during inflammation. An Acute Phase Index (API) is a calculated value that combines multiple APPs. In human medicine, the introduction of APIs has improved outcome monitoring. In veterinary medicine, APIs have [...] Read more.

Acute phase proteins (APPs) are part of the innate immune response, changing during inflammation. An Acute Phase Index (API) is a calculated value that combines multiple APPs. In human medicine, the introduction of APIs has improved outcome monitoring. In veterinary medicine, APIs have been evaluated in livestock and dogs with Leishmaniasis. This study aimed to calculate an API and evaluate its significance in cancer-bearing dogs. Sera were collected from 55 dogs, which were classified by neoplastic category and survival times (> or < than 30 and 90 days). For 32 dogs, multiple samples were available. The API included C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and haptoglobin as positive APPs, and albumin and Paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) as negative APPs. An alternative API excluding PON-1 was calculated. PON-1 levels were lower in round-cell tumors, suggesting increased oxidative stress. Moreover, API increased and PON-1 activity decreased in the last sample in dogs that died before the end of the study. Dogs with shorter survival times showed increased APIs and CRP levels. APIs with and without PON-1 greater than 0.049 and 0.202 at the first sampling were associated with a 3.7- and 4.4-fold higher probability of death, respectively. These results suggest a potential prognostic value of API in dogs with neoplasia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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7 pages, 3519 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Solitary Subcutaneous Nodular Lymphoid Lesions in Dogs: Histopathologic and Immunophenotypic Comparison of B-Cell Pseudolymphoma and Subcutaneous Panniculitis-like T-Cell Lymphoma

by Young-Hyun Koo, Hyo-Sung Kim, Woo-Jin Kim, Hye-Ji Oh, Byoung-Je Lee, Chang-Kyun Im and Sun-Hee Do

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060532 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

This report describes two cases of solitary subcutaneous nodular lymphoid lesions in dogs. Case 1 involved a 6-year-old male Maltese and Case 2 a 5-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier. Both presented with firm, non-ulcerated dorsal subcutaneous nodules and were unresponsive to corticosteroids. Surgical excision [...] Read more.

This report describes two cases of solitary subcutaneous nodular lymphoid lesions in dogs. Case 1 involved a 6-year-old male Maltese and Case 2 a 5-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier. Both presented with firm, non-ulcerated dorsal subcutaneous nodules and were unresponsive to corticosteroids. Surgical excision was performed for diagnosis. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry revealed distinct patterns. Case 1 exhibited well-formed lymphoid follicles with CD20⁺/PAX5⁺ B cells and strong BCL6 but absent BCL2 expression, consistent with B-cell pseudolymphoma. Case 2 demonstrated diffuse CD3⁺ T-cell infiltrates with adipocyte rimming and minimal BCL2/BCL6 expression, diagnostic for SPTCL. Despite their similar clinical presentation, these two lesions were histopathologically and immunophenotypically distinct. These findings underscore the importance of histologic and immunophenotypic correlation in accurately distinguishing benign from malignant subcutaneous lymphoid proliferations in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnostic Research in Pathology of Neoplasia in Dogs and Cats)

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9 pages, 2732 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Bilateral Corrective Mandibular Ostectomy—A Salvage Technique for Traumatic Masticatory Fibrosis in a Dog

by Leann Shaw and Darryl Millis

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 531; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060531 - 30 May 2025

Abstract

End-stage masticatory muscle fibrosis may occur following trauma, resulting in the inability to open the mouth for eating, drinking, panting and vomiting. Following MRI and EMG confirmation of end-stage muscle fibrosis, a bilateral wedge ostectomy was performed of the mandibles, leaving a permanent [...] Read more.

End-stage masticatory muscle fibrosis may occur following trauma, resulting in the inability to open the mouth for eating, drinking, panting and vomiting. Following MRI and EMG confirmation of end-stage muscle fibrosis, a bilateral wedge ostectomy was performed of the mandibles, leaving a permanent mouth opening of 3.5 cm. The osteotomies were stabilized with 6-hole dynamic compression plates and screws. A temporary percutaneous endoscopic gastrotomy tube was placed while the dog underwent rehabilitation and reconditioning. The dog was able to eat, drink, and pant after recovery, which allowed the dog to live a relatively normal and good quality life. Wedge osteotomies of the mandibles with bone plate stabilization may allow dogs with permanent restrictive mouth opening due to fibrosis of the masticatory muscles to live a relatively normal life. Full article

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19 pages, 5053 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Etiological Detection, Isolation, and Pathogenicity of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in China

by Yingbin Du, Jingyi Chen, Tianze Ren, Chunying Xie, Yiye Zhang, Liurong Fang and Yanrong Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 530; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060530 - 29 May 2025

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Abstract

Due to its high genomic variability, the epidemiological landscape of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has become increasingly complex in recent years. From 2022 to 2023, we collected a total of 1044 clinical samples from pigs suspected of PRRSV infection in [...] Read more.

Due to its high genomic variability, the epidemiological landscape of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has become increasingly complex in recent years. From 2022 to 2023, we collected a total of 1044 clinical samples from pigs suspected of PRRSV infection in China and discovered a PRRSV-positive rate of 29.8% (311/1044) using RT-PCR targeting the nsp2 gene. Among these positive samples, NADC30/34-like PRRSV, highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV), and classical PRRSV strains accounted for 60.1%, 37.9%, and 4.5%, respectively. These results indicate that the most prevalent PRRSV strains in China are NADC30/34-like PRRSV, followed by HP-PRRSV. Two PRRSV strains, JX03 and HN08, were isolated, and TCID₅₀ assays were performed to determine their titers at different time points post-infection, revealing differences in their proliferation kinetics. Phylogenetic, amino acid sequence, and recombination analyses demonstrated that the JX03 and HN08 strains cluster within lineage 8 (HP-PRRSV) and sublineage 1.5 (NADC34-like PRRSV), respectively. Notably, the HN08 strain was identified as a recombinant between the NADC30-like and NADC34-like strains, while no recombination event was detected in the JX03 strain. Pathogenicity assessments showed that the JX03 strain exhibited higher pathogenicity than the CHN-HB-2018 strain (a NADC30-like PRRSV strain was previously isolated by our lab), as evidenced by differences in clinical signs and mortality rates in piglets. In contrast, HN08 displayed no obvious clinical symptoms or mortality, revealing lower pathogenicity than the CHN-HB-2018 strain. These findings provide valuable information on the epidemiological and genetic characteristics of PRRSV strains in China, laying a foundation for the development of effective strategies against PRRSV. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Vaccine Development of Swine Viral Diseases)

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20 pages, 6354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Gastrointestinal Health in Diabetic Cats: Insights from Owner Surveys, Ultrasound, and Histopathological Analysis

by Marisa Esteves-Monteiro, Cláudia S. Baptista, Diogo Cardoso-Coutinho, Clara Landolt, Patrícia Dias-Pereira and Margarida Duarte-Araújo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 529; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060529 - 29 May 2025

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Abstract

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, affecting between 0.21% and 1.24% of cats. While gastrointestinal complications are well-documented in human diabetic patients—affecting up to 75%—similar data in cats remain scarce. This study explores gastrointestinal alterations in diabetic cats using ultrasound [...] Read more.

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, affecting between 0.21% and 1.24% of cats. While gastrointestinal complications are well-documented in human diabetic patients—affecting up to 75%—similar data in cats remain scarce. This study explores gastrointestinal alterations in diabetic cats using ultrasound and histopathological evaluations, alongside assessing owners’ perceptions of digestive issues. A brief survey was conducted with the owners of diabetic cats to document diabetes symptoms and any gastrointestinal changes. Following the survey, each cat underwent abdominal US, focusing on the digestive tract including the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Additionally, histopathological analysis was conducted on necropsied diabetic cats. Thirteen domestic spayed diabetic cats with no prior gastrointestinal disease were included, with 83% showing at least one gastrointestinal issue reported by owners. All cats exhibited increased gastric, duodenal, and jejunal wall thickness, while the ileum and colon showed normal thickness. Histopathological evaluation revealed increased thickness of the muscular layers, inflammatory infiltrate, and collagen deposits in the whole length of the gastrointestinal tract. These findings suggest that diabetic cats may experience gastrointestinal remodeling, a phenomenon that, while well recognized in human diabetes, has not been adequately studied in feline patients. Full article

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13 pages, 514 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Selective Removal of Plasma Proteins by Double-Filtration Plasmapheresis in Canine Blood: An Ex Vivo Study and Retrospective Report of In Vivo Clinical Treatments in Three Dogs

by Roberta Troia, Claudia Iannucci, Lisa Niemann and Alessio Vigani

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 528; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060528 - 29 May 2025

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Abstract

Double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is a plasma-exchange modality that allows selective clearance of high-molecular-weight proteins, potentially minimizing albumin loss and the need for volume replacement. Reports concerning DFPP use in dogs are scarce. This study evaluates the quantitative net loss of different plasma proteins [...] Read more.

Double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) is a plasma-exchange modality that allows selective clearance of high-molecular-weight proteins, potentially minimizing albumin loss and the need for volume replacement. Reports concerning DFPP use in dogs are scarce. This study evaluates the quantitative net loss of different plasma proteins fractions in an ex vivo model using canine blood processed via DFPP. DFPP treatment with INUSpheresis^® processing 1.5, 2, and 3 plasma volumes (PVs) was performed. Plasma proteins fractions were measured in the reservoir blood bag at baseline (pre-treatment) and in the effluent bag at the end of each target PV exchanged to calculate the net loss of selected plasma proteins. At 1.5 PV, net globulin and albumin loss was 41 and 25% respectively. At 3 PV, net globulin and albumin loss was 47 and 40%, respectively. Fibrinogen concentration was unmeasurable low in the reservoir blood bag after processing 1.5 PV. INUSpheresis^® allows selective plasma proteins removal, with a sparing effect on albumin at 1.5 PV. Selectivity is, however, progressively reduced with incremental target PV. A description of five DFPP treatments in three dogs is additionally presented. Semi-selective protein removal was also demonstrated in vivo, with a significantly lower percentage reduction in albumin compared to total globulin (p = 0.01) and fibrinogen (p = 0.007). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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12 pages, 416 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria in Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) and Their Impact on Its Health

by Natalia Jiménez-Pizarro, Beatriz Serrano, Jorge Peña, Rafael Barrera, María Gil-Molino, David Risco and Javier Hermoso-de-Mendoza

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 527; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060527 - 29 May 2025

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Abstract

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) population has been increasing in recent years thanks to the collaboration of several associations within the framework of the Life Lynxconnect project, which promotes captive breeding for the subsequent release of specimens into the environment. It [...] Read more.

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) population has been increasing in recent years thanks to the collaboration of several associations within the framework of the Life Lynxconnect project, which promotes captive breeding for the subsequent release of specimens into the environment. It is therefore important to know their population status, the diseases to which these animals are exposed, and how they affect their repopulation. In this sense, this study aims to study how the presence of mycobacteria affects the lynx population in Extremadura (southwest of Spain). To this end, blood samples, tracheal swabs, and tracheobronchial washings from live-captured lynxes, as well as mediastinal and mesenteric lymph nodes from roadkill animals, were collected. The association between the presence of mycobacteria and various factors—including body condition, age, sex, and blood parameters—was subsequently evaluated. Up to date, our findings show the absence of tuberculosis (TB) in all lynxes tested, while they seem to be reservoirs of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), mainly M. lentiflavum, the most isolated species. Nonetheless, these mycobacteria appear to have no significant effect on the health condition of the animals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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22 pages, 2085 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Correlation Between Aggressive Behavior and Gut Microbiota and Serum Serotonin (5-HT) in Working Dogs

by Ning Sun, Liuwei Xie, Jingjing Chao, Fuxiao Xiu, He Zhai, Yuanting Zhou, Xi Yu and Yingyi Shui

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 526; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060526 - 28 May 2025

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Abstract

Aggressive canine behavior poses a significant threat to public health. Understanding aggressive behavior is crucial for canine socialization and human–dog interactions. This study conducted an exploratory analysis of working dogs to investigate changes in gut microbiota and neurotransmitters associated with aggressive behavior. Notably, [...] Read more.

Aggressive canine behavior poses a significant threat to public health. Understanding aggressive behavior is crucial for canine socialization and human–dog interactions. This study conducted an exploratory analysis of working dogs to investigate changes in gut microbiota and neurotransmitters associated with aggressive behavior. Notably, it represents the first research to systematically differentiate canine aggression into offensive and defensive subtypes for investigation. In this study, 56 working dogs from three regions of China, comprising different breeds (11 Spaniels, 13 German Shepherds, and 32 Belgian Malinois), aged 4.89 ± 1.54 years, and of both sexes (38 males and 18 females), were assessed and grouped for aggressive behavior using a C-BARQ-based questionnaire. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing and ELISA were employed to compare differences in gut microbiota and serotonin concentrations between aggressive (n = 35) and non-aggressive (n = 21) groups, as well as between offensive (n = 26) and defensive (n = 9) aggression subgroups. β-diversity analysis confirmed no significant correlation between aggressive behavior and gut microbiota composition (p > 0.05), suggesting a limited role of gut microbiota in modulating host behavior. Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition revealed no significant differences in phylum-level abundance among different aggression types (p > 0.05). Notably, the non-aggressive group exhibited significantly higher relative abundances of Escherichia-Shigella, Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 compared to the aggressive group (p < 0.05). Random forest analysis identified Lactobacillus as a biomarker for canine aggressive behavior and Turicibacter as a discriminatory factor between offensive and defensive aggression. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between aggression and 5-HT neurotransmission. Serum serotonin levels were significantly lower in both the defensive (39.92 ± 2.58 ng/mL) and offensive (50.07 ± 3.90 ng/mL) aggression groups compared to the non-aggressive group (59.49 ± 2.76 ng/mL), with the lowest levels found in defensively aggressive dogs. The defensive group showed significantly lower serotonin levels than the offensive group (p < 0.001). The results demonstrate that different behavioral phenotypes in aggressive dogs lead to distinct gut microbiome compositions. This suggests that microbiome analysis may facilitate early diagnosis and preventive intervention before aggressive behavior manifests. As such, 5-HT shows potential as a monitoring tool for diagnosing canine aggression, with significant practical applications in canine behavior management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disease and Health in Pets)

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12 pages, 251 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rumen-Protected Fat and Rumen-Protected Choline Co-Supplementation: Impacts on Performance and Meat Quality of Growing Lambs

by Haitao Liu, Fadi Li, Fei Li, Zhiyuan Ma, Tao Wang, Qinwu Li, Xinji Wang and Kaidong Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060525 - 28 May 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess the effect of co-supplementing rumen-protected fat and rumen-protected choline on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in lambs. Using a randomized experimental design, 45 weaned female Tian×Hu crossbred lambs (3 months old; average body weight: 27.34 ± [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess the effect of co-supplementing rumen-protected fat and rumen-protected choline on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in lambs. Using a randomized experimental design, 45 weaned female Tian×Hu crossbred lambs (3 months old; average body weight: 27.34 ± 0.57 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatment groups. The three dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet group (CON), a group receiving 2% rumen-protected fat in place of 2% barley (RPF), and a group supplemented with 2% rumen-protected fat and 0.4% rumen-protected choline, replacing 2% barley and 0.4% corn germ in the basal diet (RPFC). Compared to the CON group, neither the RPF nor RPFC treatments resulted in significant differences in growth performance (p > 0.05). However, the RPFC group showed a 5.3% increase in dry matter intake (DMI) compared to the RPF group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON, the RPF treatment increased 69.23% the relative abundance of C18:2n-6t (p < 0.05), but the content of C17:0, C17:1, C18:1n-9c, and iso-C18:0 in Longissimus lumborum was decreased by 16.49%, 15.78%, 6.45% and 27.78%, respectively (p < 0.05). The RPFC treatment increased the relative abundance of C16:1 in Longissimus lumborum (p < 0.05). The RPF and RPFC treatments significantly increased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). The RPF treatment raised HDL by 50.00% and total cholesterol by 38.03%, while the RPFC treatment increased HDL by 39.47% and total cholesterol by 26.03%. Furthermore, compared to the RPF group, the RPFC treatment led to a 13.47% increase in the 45 min b* color value of the Longissimus lumborum (p < 0.01) and a significant 45.45% reduction in the relative abundance of C18:2n-6t fatty acid in the same muscle (p < 0.05). In summary, rumen-protected choline reduces the negative effects of rumen-protected fat on feed intake in lambs and changes fatty acid profile in meat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ruminant Nutrition and Feeding Innovations: Enhancing Welfare, Health, and Sustainability)

10 pages, 938 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Volume (0.3 mL/kg) Ropivacaine 0.5% for a Quadratus Lumborum Block in Cats Undergoing Ovariectomy: A Randomized Study

by Chiara Di Franco, Camilla Cozzani, Iacopo Vannozzi and Angela Briganti

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 524; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060524 - 28 May 2025

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Abstract

Elective surgical ovariectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures in veterinary medicine [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Loco-Regional Anaesthesia Techniques in Veterinary Medicine)

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21 pages, 3797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Infrared Thermography and Physiological Variables as Methods for Recognizing Fear in Domestic Cats (Felis catus) Using Three Pharmacological Models: Cannabidiol, Gabapentin, and Synthetic Facial Pheromones

by Fabiola Torres-Bernal, Julio Martínez-Burnes, Ismael Hernández-Avalos, Adriana Olmos-Hernández, Adriana Domínguez-OIiva, Brenda Reyes-Sotelo, Cynthia González-López, Diana Villanueva-Pereyra and Daniel Mota-Rojas

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 523; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060523 - 27 May 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to assess changes in the surface temperature and physiological parameters of cats exposed to a fear model involving negative dog–cat interactions, receiving three pharmacological options: a single dose of cannabidiol, gabapentin, or synthetic facial pheromones. The surface temperature of the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to assess changes in the surface temperature and physiological parameters of cats exposed to a fear model involving negative dog–cat interactions, receiving three pharmacological options: a single dose of cannabidiol, gabapentin, or synthetic facial pheromones. The surface temperature of the upper and lower limbs, facial, dorsal, and appendicular thermal windows was assessed through infrared thermography. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature were recorded. Eighty male and female domestic cats were included in the study and randomly divided into four groups: CONTROL (placebo, 2 mL/cat orally), CBD (cannabidiol, 2 mg/kg orally), GABA (gabapentin, 100 mg/cat orally), and SFP (synthetic facial pheromone, two sprays/carrier). All cats underwent six experimental phases: T_basal−, T1st_fear, T1st_recovery, T_basal+, T2nd_fear, and T2nd_recovery. Drug administration was carried out at the end of T1st_recovery; the time between drug administration and T_basal+ differed according to each drug’s nature. Statistical differences were obtained between experimental groups and times in the average surface temperature of thermal windows and cardiorespiratory parameters. In particular, the CBD, GABA, and SFP groups exhibited differences during T2nd_fear, in contrast to the control and T1st_fear groups. In conclusion, the results suggest a pharmacological effect of CBD, GABA, and SFP on cats’ physiological alterations in response to fear. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers in Veterinary Medicine)

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7 pages, 1080 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Effect of Nanoemulsions of Betulinic Acid on the Development of Canine Mammary Tumors

by Zayra Yeretzi Amoros-Cerón, Juan Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez, Hugo Sergio García, Angélica Olivares-Muñoz, Isaac De Gasperin-López and Argel Flores-Primo

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 522; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060522 - 27 May 2025

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Abstract

Mammary gland tumors in dogs are very common in clinical practice. Betulinic acid is currently a compound considered to have anticancer properties in human mammary tumors via nanoemulsions. In this study, betulinic acid nanoemulsions with a particle size of less than 300 nm [...] Read more.

Mammary gland tumors in dogs are very common in clinical practice. Betulinic acid is currently a compound considered to have anticancer properties in human mammary tumors via nanoemulsions. In this study, betulinic acid nanoemulsions with a particle size of less than 300 nm were prepared. Biopsies were obtained from five female dogs with mammary tumors for histopathological analysis, confirming that two were tubular mammary carcinomas (MMTs, malignant) and three were complex mammary adenomas (BMTs, benign). The five female dogs were administered with a daily oral dose of nanoemulsion containing 5 mg/kg of betulinic acid for 30 days. Tumor size was measured every 7 days, and the response to treatment was assessed according to RECIST (Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors) standards. In one of the females with MMTs treated with the nanoemulsion, the tumor size was reduced by approximately 38%, while in the BMT female dogs, the nanoemulsion reduced the tumor size by 25.3%. It was concluded that oral administration of betulinic acid nanoemulsions reduced the size of canine mammary tumors. Experimental studies are still needed to further evaluate this preparation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insight into Canine and Feline Tumor)

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9 pages, 1113 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Clinical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Insights into a Canine Hepatic Myofibroblastic Sarcoma

by Valentina Rinaldi, Laura Nordio, Massimo Vignoli, Stefano Masci, Lorenzo Ressel and Paolo Emidio Crisi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 521; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060521 - 26 May 2025

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Abstract

Hepatic sarcomas are rare and aggressive tumors in veterinary medicine, with limited reports in the literature. This case report describes a canine hepatic myofibroblastic sarcoma in a 5-year-old spayed female Dobermann. The dog presented with abdominal enlargement and was diagnosed with a large [...] Read more.

Hepatic sarcomas are rare and aggressive tumors in veterinary medicine, with limited reports in the literature. This case report describes a canine hepatic myofibroblastic sarcoma in a 5-year-old spayed female Dobermann. The dog presented with abdominal enlargement and was diagnosed with a large hepatic mass following comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, including blood tests, imaging, and histopathology. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the tumor’s myofibroblastic origin, characterized by positivity for markers such as vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA), and muscular actin (HHF35). Treatment involved a combination of intense-dose chemotherapy using doxorubicin and a subsequent metronomic chemotherapy protocol, which resulted in prolonged survival of over 690 days at the time this manuscript was written. This case highlights the importance of extensive diagnostic and immunohistochemical profiling in the accurate classification of and treatment planning for hepatic sarcomas, and emphasizes the role of advanced veterinary diagnostics in improving patient outcomes. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to enhance understanding of the biological behavior and optimal therapeutic strategies for such rare tumors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Internal Medicine)

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14 pages, 1695 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficacy of Two Mycotoxin Detoxifications on Laying Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, and Liver Damage of Laying Hens Fed Diet Naturally Contaminated with Low-Level Mycotoxins

by Huimin Ma, Wentao Cheng, Usman Nazir, Chengfei Wang, Haiming Yang and Xiaoli Wan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 520; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060520 - 26 May 2025

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Abstract

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two mycotoxin detoxifications on laying hens. A total of 360 70-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into 1 of the 4 dietary treatment groups, with 6 replicates per group and 15 hens [...] Read more.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of two mycotoxin detoxifications on laying hens. A total of 360 70-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were randomly divided into 1 of the 4 dietary treatment groups, with 6 replicates per group and 15 hens per replicate. The laying hens of the four treatments were fed with a basal diet (CON), a diet with naturally low-level mycotoxin contaminated corn (the levels of AFB₁, ZEA, and DON in the corn of the CON group were 1.68 μg/kg, 42.75 μg/kg, and 585.40 μg/kg, respectively), replacing 73% of the corn in CON (MC), the MC diet with 1 g/kg modified silica-aluminate mycotoxin adsorbent (MA), and the MC diet with 1 g/kg mycotoxin degrading enzyme and bacteria complexes degradation agent (MD), respectively. Liver tissue and serum samples were extracted at the end of the trial to assess the antioxidant status and hepatic injury biomarkers. The experimental data were preliminarily interpreted in Excel and then analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS, version 25 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The results showed that compared to the CON, the MC group had decreased laying rate (p < 0.05), ferric reducing antioxidant potential in serum (p < 0.05), and reduced glutathione (GSH) content in the liver, and increased feed/egg ratio, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Compared to the MC group, feed/egg ratio and serum ALT activity in the MA group and MD group decreased (p < 0.05), while serum GSH content and superoxide dismutase activity in the liver of the MA and MD groups increased. The liver glutathione peroxidase activity and the egg yolk percentage in the MA group decreased (p < 0.05) compared to the MC group. Histopathological alterations in liver tissues induced by mycotoxin included vacuolar degeneration, hepatocyte necrosis and disintegration, inflammatory cell infiltration, and enlarged hepatic sinuses. In short, both MA and MD were effective in mitigating the combined effects of low-level mycotoxins on laying hen performance, antioxidant capacity and liver damage. Full article

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16 pages, 4131 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification, Pathogenicity, and Reverse Genetics System Construction of a Pseudorabies Virus Isolate from Pigs in China

by Mo Zhou, Haiyang Liang, Nannan Nie, Li Zhang, Rui Zhu, Shinuo Cao and Shanyuan Zhu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 519; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060519 - 26 May 2025

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Abstract

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly contagious pathogen in swine that can cross species barriers and infect other mammals, including humans. Given the potential for interspecies transmission and its threat to public health, understanding the molecular biology of PRV strains is essential for [...] Read more.

Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a highly contagious pathogen in swine that can cross species barriers and infect other mammals, including humans. Given the potential for interspecies transmission and its threat to public health, understanding the molecular biology of PRV strains is essential for developing effective control measures and preparing for future pandemics. In this study, a novel PRV strain, PRV-HL-2021, was isolated from an outbreak in Heilongjiang Province, China. The viral genome was used to establish a reverse genetics system based on a fosmid library of the PRV-HL-2021 genome. This system facilitated the creation of recombinant PRV, including one expressing EGFP and another with deletions in the US9, gI, and gE genes. PRV-HL-2021 was found to be highly lethal to mice in vivo. The recombinant PRV strains, such as rPRV-US9-EGFP and rPRV-delgI/gE/US9, exhibited growth characteristics similar to the parental PRV-HL-2021 strain. The isolation and characterization of PRV-HL-2021 contribute to a better understanding of the genetic diversity of PRV strains. The developed reverse genetics system provides valuable tools for investigating viral functions, creating genetically modified PRV strains, and advancing the development of safer vaccines. These findings will enhance strategies for controlling PRV outbreaks and mitigating its impact on both animal and public health. Full article

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19 pages, 2225 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fecal Microbiota and Performance of Dairy Cattle from a West Mexican Family Dairy Farm Supplemented with a Fiber-Degrading Enzymatic Complex

by José Martín Ruvalcaba-Gómez, Ramón Ignacio Arteaga-Garibay, Luis Miguel Anaya-Esparza, Lorena Jacqueline Gómez-Godínez, Jazmín Guadalupe Martínez-Sotelo, Elías Hernández-Cruz and Luis Eduardo Arias-Chávez

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060518 - 25 May 2025

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Abstract

Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes are widely used as feed additives in monogastric and ruminant species, with positive effects reported. In this study, the commercial, fiber-degrading enzyme complex Hostazym^® X, derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride (DSM34663), was included in the total mixed rations of 17 [...] Read more.

Non-starch polysaccharide-degrading enzymes are widely used as feed additives in monogastric and ruminant species, with positive effects reported. In this study, the commercial, fiber-degrading enzyme complex Hostazym^® X, derived from Trichoderma citrinoviride (DSM34663), was included in the total mixed rations of 17 mid-lactating (135 ± 61 days in milk) Holstein cows for 10 weeks. A control group (n = 17) was included. Dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, 4% fat-corrected milk, solid yield, and milk fatty acid profile were assessed. The structure and composition of fecal bacterial communities, as well as PICRUSt2-based functional prediction of bacterial communities, were also evaluated. Higher DMI and milk yield scores were observed in the supplemented group (27.20 vs. 26.59 kgDM/cow/d; and 39.01 vs. 36.70 L/cow/d, respectively). No effects were observed in fat yield, contrary to lactose and protein, which were greater in the supplemented group compared to the control group (1.18 vs. 1.13 and 1.83 vs. 1.75 kg/cow/d, respectively; p < 0.05). Palmitic and oleic acids, in addition to monounsaturated fat in milk, were increased in the supplemented group (p > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation increased the Patescibacteria (p < 0.5) and Actinobacteriota (p > 0.05) in feces, but slightly reduced the Bacteroidota and Firmicutes. The Turicibacter genus remained at a lower relative abundance after supplementation but Candidatus_Saccharimonas, Clostridioides, Prevotellaceae UCG 003, Corynebacterium, Akkermansia, Syntrophococcus, Erysipelotrichaceae UCG 008, other Lachnospiraceae, other members of the Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group, Bifidobacterium, Rumminococcus, Akkermansia, and other Spirochaetaceae increased, modifying the functional predicted profile of bacterial communities. In conclusion, a positive effect on performance and milk composition were observed through modulation of microbiota induced by enzyme supplementation. The enzyme complex could be a viable supplement alternative in the feeding of dairy cows in semi-intensive productive systems, mainly when an ad libitum feeding scheme is used. Full article

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12 pages, 26405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Morphological and Ultrastructural Insights into the Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Spleen: Immune Organization and Cellular Composition

by Doaa M. Mokhtar, Giacomo Zaccone and Manal T. Hussein

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 517; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060517 - 25 May 2025

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Abstract

The spleen plays a critical role in the immune and hematopoietic systems of teleost fish, functioning as a major secondary lymphoid organ. This study provides a detailed morphological and ultrastructural assessment of the spleen in goldfish (Carassius auratus), focusing on its [...] Read more.

The spleen plays a critical role in the immune and hematopoietic systems of teleost fish, functioning as a major secondary lymphoid organ. This study provides a detailed morphological and ultrastructural assessment of the spleen in goldfish (Carassius auratus), focusing on its immunological organization and cellular diversity. Through light and transmission electron microscopy, we examined red and white pulps, identifying key features such as melanomacrophage centers (MMCs), ellipsoids, and various immune cell types. The red pulp was rich in sinusoidal capillaries and splenic cords, whereas the white pulp housed lymphocytes, dendritic cells, macrophages, and telocytes, all contributing to immune regulation. Notably, ellipsoids were surrounded by reticular and macrophage sheaths, forming a filtration barrier against pathogens. Ultrastructural analysis revealed diverse immune cells with active morphological traits, including macrophages with pseudopodia and pigment granules, dendritic cells with dendrite-like extensions, and epithelial reticular cells involved in forming the blood–spleen barrier. These findings highlight the complex immunological microarchitecture of the goldfish spleen and its functional relevance in teleost immune responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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13 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacteria from Fecal Samples of Insectivorous Bats: A Preliminary Study

by Santina Di Bella, Delia Gambino, Maria Foti, Bianca Maria Orlandella, Vittorio Fisichella, Francesca Gucciardi, Francesco Mira, Rosario Grasso, Maria Teresa Spena, Giuseppa Purpari and Annalisa Guercio

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060516 - 25 May 2025

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Abstract

Bats (order Chiroptera) are increasingly recognized as important reservoirs and potential vectors of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), with potential implications for human, animal, and environmental health. This study aimed to assess the presence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates from bat [...] Read more.

Bats (order Chiroptera) are increasingly recognized as important reservoirs and potential vectors of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant bacteria (ARB), with potential implications for human, animal, and environmental health. This study aimed to assess the presence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacterial isolates from bat populations in Sicily, an area for which data are currently limited. A total of 132 samples (120 rectal swabs and 12 guano samples) were collected at four sites in the provinces of Catania, Siracusa, and Ragusa. Bacteriological analysis yielded 213 isolates, including 161 Gram-negative and 52 Gram-positive strains, representing 55 different species. Among Gram-negative isolates, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, and Morganella morganii were most frequently detected, while Bacillus licheniformis and Staphylococcus xylosus were predominant among Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed high resistance rates to colistin, amoxicillin, and ampicillin in Gram-negative strains, and to oxacillin, ceftazidime, and lincomycin in Gram-positive strains. Notably, 84.5% of isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. These findings highlight the potential role of bats as reservoirs of ARB and underline the importance of ongoing monitoring within a One Health framework to mitigate risks to public and animal health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 1777 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity of Canine Circovirus Detected in Wild Carnivores in Serbia

by Damir Benković, Jakov Nišavić, Nenad Milić, Dejan Krnjaić, Isidora Prošić, Vladimir Gajdov, Nataša Stević, Ratko Sukara, Martina Balać and Andrea Radalj

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 515; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060515 - 24 May 2025

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Abstract

Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging virus of interest in both domestic and wild carnivores that is scarcely reported in southeastern Europe. This study examined the presence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary characteristics of CanineCV in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden [...] Read more.

Canine circovirus (CanineCV) is an emerging virus of interest in both domestic and wild carnivores that is scarcely reported in southeastern Europe. This study examined the presence, genetic diversity, and evolutionary characteristics of CanineCV in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) from northwestern Serbia, a region marked by expanding mesopredator populations overlapping with human habitats. Out of 98 sampled animals, circoviral DNA was detected in 31.6%. Jackals were mostly positive for CanineCV genotype 4, while genotype 5, associated with wild carnivores, was dominant in foxes. Mixed genotype 4/genotype 5 infections were only found in jackals. Phylogenetic and haplotype analyses indicated that most jackal-derived CanineCV strains clustered along sequences from Europe, Africa, and the Americas, while genotype 5 sequences grouped separately from other genotype representatives. A recombinant strain was identified as a divergent lineage, and several sequences showed evidence of recombination between Rep and Cap genes. Despite Cap protein amino acid differences, purifying selection dominated, suggesting functional constraints on viral evolution. The results indicate that jackals may act as recombination hotspots and bridging hosts between viral lineages. This study provides insight into the molecular epidemiology of CanineCV in the Balkans, highlighting the importance of ongoing surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Monitoring Wildlife Health: Surveillance and Management of Infectious Diseases)

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15 pages, 1596 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Ovotransferrin as a Multifunctional Bioactive Protein: Unlocking Its Potential in Animal Health and Wellness

by Sahdeo Prasad, Bhaumik Patel, Prafulla Kumar, Jeffrey Kaufman and Rajiv Lall

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 514; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060514 - 24 May 2025

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Abstract

Ovotransferrin (OVT) is one of the major proteins of egg white and is known to bind and transport irons in animals. OVT exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities due to its iron-binding capacity. OVT effectively controls the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, [...] Read more.

Ovotransferrin (OVT) is one of the major proteins of egg white and is known to bind and transport irons in animals. OVT exerts bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities due to its iron-binding capacity. OVT effectively controls the growth of various pathogenic microorganisms, including Pseudomonas, E. coli, Staphylococcus, Proteus, and Klebsiella species, as well as inhibiting the replication of viruses. OVT also has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, anticancer, and immuno-stimulating properties. For instances, OVT quenches free radicals, induces antioxidant enzymes, suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokines, increases immune cells, reduces angiotensin-converting enzymes, and inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. In this review, the beneficial effects of OVT in both in vitro and in vivo, particularly livestock, are described. Because of its antimicrobial properties, OVT supplementation in livestock feed would be an excellent alternative to antibiotics, which reducing the development of antibiotic-resistant pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, OVT could be a game-changing protein for the growth, performance, and healthy life of animals. Full article

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16 pages, 689 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mining Porcine Blood Whole-DNA Sequencing Datasets to Uncover Pig Viromes: An Exploratory Application to Identify Potential Infecting Agents of an Undefined Disease Outbreak

by Samuele Bovo, Anisa Ribani, Giuseppina Schiavo, Valeria Taurisano, Matteo Bolner, Francesca Bertolini and Luca Fontanesi

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 513; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060513 - 24 May 2025

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Abstract

Pigs are affected by a variety of pathogenic agents that need to be identified correctly and diagnosed even when co-infections may complicate the application of specific and targeted assays. Next-generation sequencing can provide new perspective to monitor viruses infecting or co-infecting diseased pigs. [...] Read more.

Pigs are affected by a variety of pathogenic agents that need to be identified correctly and diagnosed even when co-infections may complicate the application of specific and targeted assays. Next-generation sequencing can provide new perspective to monitor viruses infecting or co-infecting diseased pigs. In this study, we tested, for the first time for diagnostic purposes in a livestock species, a new method based on whole-genome sequencing of all the DNAs extracted from the blood of nine pigs sampled from a farm where there was a suspected outbreak of Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome. We then used unmapped reads on the porcine reference genome to mine for viral sequences using a specifically designed bioinformatic pipeline. Within this fraction of reads, viral sequences ranged from 0.002% to 4.4% of the total unmapped reads and were derived from twelve different viruses known to infect pigs, where three were herpesviruses, eight were parvoviruses, and one was a circovirus. All pig sequencing datasets were positive for one or more viruses, with various potential viral loads. Suid betaherpesvirus 2, also known as Porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV), was the most frequently identified virus as five out of the nine pig sequencing datasets contained viral sequences from this virus. The results may suggest a heterogeneous viral profile of the diseased pigs that may be derived from potential secondary infections or co-infections. This pilot application demonstrated that a whole-genome sequencing approach can complement other routine diagnostic assays in veterinary virology. Other studies and improvements are needed to validate the results and apply this approach in routine monitoring applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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13 pages, 693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing Q Fever Exposure in Veterinary Professionals: A Study on Seroprevalence and Awareness in Portugal, 2024

by Guilherme Moreira, Mário Ribeiro, Miguel Martins, José Maria Cardoso, Fernando Esteves, Sofia Anastácio, Sofia Duarte, Helena Vala, Rita Cruz and João R. Mesquita

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060512 - 23 May 2025

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Abstract

Due to their frequent contact with animals, veterinarians may be at preferential risk of Coxiella burnetii exposure due to occupational contact with livestock. This study assesses the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity in Portuguese veterinarians. A cross-sectional study compared [...] Read more.

Due to their frequent contact with animals, veterinarians may be at preferential risk of Coxiella burnetii exposure due to occupational contact with livestock. This study assesses the seroprevalence and risk factors associated with C. burnetii seropositivity in Portuguese veterinarians. A cross-sectional study compared IgG anti-C. burnetii in veterinarians’ sera to a demographically matched control group. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses evaluated associations between the demographic, occupational, and biosecurity factors and seropositivity. Seroprevalence among veterinarians was 33.7%, significantly higher (p = 0.0023) than in the controls (17.39%). Univariate analysis identified higher seropositivity in the northern region (p = 0.03), though this association was not significant after adjustment (p = 0.07). Protective measures, including isolating aborting animals from the rest of the herd (adjusted OR [aOR]: 0.35, p = 0.03) and wearing gloves during sample collection (OR: 0.28, p = 0.009), were significantly associated with lower infection risk. Veterinarians face increased C. burnetii exposure, but specific biosecurity practices reduce risk. Strengthening preventive measures, including personal protective equipment (PPE) use and biosecurity training, is essential to mitigate occupational and public health risks. Further research should explore vaccination strategies and molecular epidemiology to improve risk reduction efforts. Full article

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14 pages, 1828 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computed Tomography of the Hyoid Apparatus in Equine Headshaking Syndrome

by Ralph A. Lloyd-Edwards, Eva Mulders, Marianne M. Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan and Stefanie Veraa

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 511; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060511 - 23 May 2025

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Abstract

Introduction: Headshaking is a common condition in horses, most cases are presumed idiopathic/trigeminal-nerve mediated. Diagnostic work-up of a headshaking horse may involve computed tomography (CT) of the head to exclude causative structural pathology. The relevance of the presence and severity of hyoid apparatus [...] Read more.

Introduction: Headshaking is a common condition in horses, most cases are presumed idiopathic/trigeminal-nerve mediated. Diagnostic work-up of a headshaking horse may involve computed tomography (CT) of the head to exclude causative structural pathology. The relevance of the presence and severity of hyoid apparatus findings at CT to headshaking is unknown. Materials and methods: A retrospective analysis of CT changes in the hyoid apparatus in horses was carried out. Comparisons were performed between horses with signs of headshaking and a control population and a subgroup of horses with signs of headshaking and no other ‘likely relevant findings’ to headshaking and the control population. Results: The grade of temporohyoid joint sheath ossification, mineralisation of the tympanohyoid cartilage, and widening and narrowing of the temporohyoid joint all showed significant correlation with age. Findings of the remaining hyoid apparatus (fracture, deformation, or arthropathy) showed significant correlation with temporohyoid joint grade. Centres of ossification of the epihyoid, thyrohyoid, and lingual processes were described. No consistent association of headshaking to hyoid changes was found. Odds ratios were increased in many cases, particularly in comparisons of the subgroup with no ‘likely relevant findings’; however, statistical significance was not reached. Conclusions: CT findings of the temporohyoid joint are not consistently associated with clinical signs of headshaking. Full article

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25 pages, 8447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Protein Encoded by the UL3.5 Gene of the Duck Plague Virus Affects Viral Secondary Envelopment, Release, and Cell-to-Cell Spread

by Huanhuan Cao, Bin Tian, Yanming Tian, Dongjie Cai, Mingshu Wang, Renyong Jia, Shun Chen and Anchun Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 510; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060510 - 23 May 2025

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Abstract

Duck plague (DP), caused by duck plague virus (DPV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease among waterfowl. UL3.5, an unconserved gene belonging to the Herpesviridae family, Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, and Mardivirus genus, is located downstream of UL3 and exhibits high variability in size [...] Read more.

Duck plague (DP), caused by duck plague virus (DPV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease among waterfowl. UL3.5, an unconserved gene belonging to the Herpesviridae family, Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, and Mardivirus genus, is located downstream of UL3 and exhibits high variability in size and sequence, with an absence in herpes simplex virus (HSV). Currently, there is little understanding of DPV UL3.5. In this study, we determined that DPV pUL3.5 is distributed within the cytoplasm and co-located with multiple organelles. In addition, we investigated the genetic type of DPV UL3.5 and found that it is an early gene encoding an early viral protein. To further explore the function of DPV UL3.5, we constructed DPV-BAC-δUL3.5 and discovered that the deletion of UL3.5 significantly impacts the viral secondary envelopment and release processes. Furthermore, the UL3.5-deleted virus shows defects in cell-to-cell spread. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that the early viral protein encoded by DPV UL3.5 plays a crucial role in promoting viral replication. This offers fundamental insights for further investigations into the function of DPV UL3.5. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Characterization of Various Viruses and Bacteria in Small Animals)

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12 pages, 1212 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of an Immunochromatographic Test with Recombinant MIC2-MIC3 Fusion Protein for Serological Detection of Toxoplasma gondii

by Jianzhong Wang, Yi Zhao, Jicheng Qiu, Jing Liu, Rui Zhou, Xialin Ma, Xiaojie Wu, Xiaoguang Li, Wei Mao, Yiduo Liu and Heng Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 509; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060509 - 22 May 2025

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Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally significant zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe parasitic diseases in humans and animals. This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a novel immunochromatographic test (ICT) using a recombinant MIC2-MIC3 fusion protein (rMIC2-MIC3) for detecting specific antibodies against T. [...] Read more.

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally significant zoonotic pathogen responsible for severe parasitic diseases in humans and animals. This study aimed to design, develop, and evaluate a novel immunochromatographic test (ICT) using a recombinant MIC2-MIC3 fusion protein (rMIC2-MIC3) for detecting specific antibodies against T. gondii. The ICT demonstrated exceptional sensitivity, capable of detecting T. gondii-specific antibodies in sera diluted up to 1:8. Specificity evaluation confirmed no cross-reactivity with antibodies against other parasites, such as Neospora caninum, Cryptosporidium suis, Eimeria tenella, and Sarcocystis tenella. Stability tests revealed the test strips maintained full functionality after 12 weeks of storage at 24 °C. The coincidence rate of the colloidal gold test strips prepared in this study with a commercial ELISA kit was 94.59%. Comparisons with advanced serodiagnostic tools, such as chimeric antigen-based ELISAs and recombinant protein diagnostics, further highlighted its robustness and applicability. These findings underscore the potential of the rMIC2-MIC3-based ICT as a reliable, economical, and accessible diagnostic tool for toxoplasmosis in veterinary and human medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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