Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration
Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Pharmaceuticals and Reagents
2.2. Instruments and Equipment
2.3. Test Animals
2.4. Dosing and Sampling
2.5. Sample Testing
2.6. Method Validation
2.6.1. Standard Curves
2.6.2. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ)
2.6.3. Determination of Recovery
2.6.4. Determination of Precision
2.7. Data Processing
3. Results
3.1. Method Validation Result
3.2. Elimination Patterns of SMZ in Various Tissues of GIFT Tilapia After Oral Gavage Admin-Istrations
3.3. Determination of the Withdrawal Period of SMZ in GIFT Tilapia After Multiple Oral Gavage Administrations
3.4. Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in Plasma and Tissues of GIFT Tilapia
4. Discussion
4.1. The Residue Elimination Patterns of SMZ in GIFT Tilapia
4.2. The Withdrawal Period of SMZ in GIFT Tilapia
4.3. Potential Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in the Plasma and Tissues of GIFT Tilapia
4.4. Limitations and Future Perspectives
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Target Compound | Parent Ion m/z | Product Ion m/z | Collision Energy eV |
---|---|---|---|
Sulfamethoxazole | 254 | 108 | 22 |
156 * | 16 | ||
Sulfadoxine-D3 (internal standard) | 314 | 156 * | 17 |
Tissue | Equation | β | t1/2 (d) | r2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
plasma | y = 86,930.08e−3.0093t | 3.0093 | 0.2303 | 0.8478 |
muscle | y = 148,547.29e−7.0295t | 7.0295 | 0.0986 | 0.9562 |
liver | y = 851,754.91e−7.1029t | 7.1029 | 0.0976 | 0.8829 |
kidney | y = 86,226.53e−4.8745t | 4.8745 | 0.1422 | 0.8562 |
skin | y = 190,180.51e−4.1390t | 4.1390 | 0.1674 | 0.8903 |
gill | y = 27,486.32e−1.6153t | 1.6153 | 0.4290 | 0.7337 |
remaining tissues | y = 93,507.37e−4.8671t | 4.8671 | 0.1424 | 0.8329 |
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Wang, X.; Fan, R.; Wang, S.; Ren, Y.; Zhang, X.; Mu, Y.; Xia, S.; Wang, X.; Cheng, B. Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration. Vet. Sci. 2025, 12, 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060598
Wang X, Fan R, Wang S, Ren Y, Zhang X, Mu Y, Xia S, Wang X, Cheng B. Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration. Veterinary Sciences. 2025; 12(6):598. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060598
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xinyue, Ruiqi Fan, Saisai Wang, Yuanyuan Ren, Xin Zhang, Yingchun Mu, Sudong Xia, Xiaoyu Wang, and Bo Cheng. 2025. "Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration" Veterinary Sciences 12, no. 6: 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060598
APA StyleWang, X., Fan, R., Wang, S., Ren, Y., Zhang, X., Mu, Y., Xia, S., Wang, X., & Cheng, B. (2025). Withdrawal Time Estimation and Dietary Risk Assessment of Sulfamethoxazole in GIFT Tilapia (GIFT Oreochromis niloticus) After Oral Administration. Veterinary Sciences, 12(6), 598. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060598