Veterinary Sciences

17 pages, 863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Porcine Sample Type Characteristics Associated with Sequencing and Isolation of Influenza A Virus

by Daniel C. A. Moraes, Onyekachukwu H. Osemeke, Michael A. Zeller, Amy L. Baker, Gustavo S. Silva, Giovani Trevisan, Daniel C. L. Linhares and Phillip C. Gauger

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070683 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Understanding how sample type may influence the probability of influenza A virus (IAV) sequencing and isolation success can help improve the use of diagnostic tests and refine surveillance strategies in swine populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the probability of [...] Read more.

Understanding how sample type may influence the probability of influenza A virus (IAV) sequencing and isolation success can help improve the use of diagnostic tests and refine surveillance strategies in swine populations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the probability of success for IAV hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) Sanger sequencing and virus isolation in Madin–Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells across different porcine sample types submitted to the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (ISU VDL) from 2018 to 2024. Antemortem and postmortem sample types were selected and analyzed based on reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR) cycle threshold (Ct) values. The Ct values corresponding to 95%, 75%, and 50% probabilities of sequencing or virus isolation success were determined for each sample type. For antemortem samples, a 95% probability of success for HA Sanger sequencing on nasal swabs exhibited a Ct value of 27.8 from 1046 samples and 23.6 for NA sequencing based on 66 nasal swabs. Using oral fluids, HA and NA Sanger sequencing success was at Ct values of 27.3 from 3446 samples and 22.1 from 137 samples, respectively. For postmortem samples, lung tissue had the highest number of sequences for the HA and NA, with Ct values of 25.7 and 21.5, respectively. For a 95% probability of successful virus isolation, nasal swabs demonstrated a Ct value of 21.1 from 647 samples, while lungs had a Ct value of 18.7 from 5892 samples. This study determined that nasal swabs and lung tissue had the highest probability of IAV gene sequencing and virus isolation success, while oral fluids, a common swine diagnostic sample type that is easy to collect and welfare-friendly, can be effective for gene sequencing when using lower IAV RT-rtPCR Ct values, i.e., ≤27.3. These results provide practical expectations for successful IAV HA and NA gene sequencing and virus isolation at 95%, 75%, and 50% probabilities based on sample type and RT-rtPCR Ct values to improve diagnostic testing strategies in swine populations. Full article

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12 pages, 948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Stress Distribution in Canine Lumbar Fractures with Different Pedicle Screw Insertion Angles

by Ziyao Zhou, Xiaogang Shi, Jiahui Peng, Xiaoxiao Zhou, Liuqing Yang, Zhijun Zhong, Haifeng Liu, Guangneng Peng, Chengli Zheng and Ming Zhang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 682; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070682 - 19 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Pedicle screw fixation is a critical technique for stabilizing lumbar fractures in canines, yet the biomechanical implications of insertion angles remain underexplored. This study aims to identify optimal screw trajectories by analyzing stress distribution and deformation patterns in beagle lumbar segments (L6-L7) using [...] Read more.

Pedicle screw fixation is a critical technique for stabilizing lumbar fractures in canines, yet the biomechanical implications of insertion angles remain underexplored. This study aims to identify optimal screw trajectories by analyzing stress distribution and deformation patterns in beagle lumbar segments (L6-L7) using finite element analysis (FEA). A 3D finite element model was reconstructed from CT scans of a healthy beagle, incorporating cortical/cancellous bone, intervertebral disks, and cartilage. Pedicle screws (2.4 mm diameter, 22 mm length) were virtually implanted at angles ranging from 45° to 65°. A 10 N vertical load simulated standing conditions. Equivalent stress and total deformation were evaluated under static loading. The equivalent stress occurred at screw–rod junctions, with maxima at 50° (11.73 MPa) and minima at 58° (3.25 MPa). Total deformation ranged from 0.0033 to 0.0064 mm, with the highest at 55° and the lowest at 54°. The 58° insertion angle demonstrated optimal biomechanical stability with minimal stress concentration, with 56–60° as a biomechanically favorable range for pedicle screw fixation in canine lumbar fractures, balancing stress distribution and deformation control. Future studies should validate these findings in multi-level models and clinical settings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals—2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 1940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Equine Colostrum-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: A Potential Resource for Veterinary Regenerative Medicine

by Angelita Capone, Barbara Merlo, Fabiana Begni and Eleonora Iacono

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 681; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070681 - 19 Jul 2025

Viewed by 195

Abstract

Beyond its immunological role, colostrum has emerged as a promising, non-invasive source of bioactive factors, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). This study represents the first attempt to isolate and characterize MSCs from equine colostrum (C-MSCs) to assess their potential use in veterinary regenerative [...] Read more.

Beyond its immunological role, colostrum has emerged as a promising, non-invasive source of bioactive factors, including mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). This study represents the first attempt to isolate and characterize MSCs from equine colostrum (C-MSCs) to assess their potential use in veterinary regenerative medicine. Colostrum (n = 6) was collected from mares immediately after their delivery and centrifuged, and the recovered cells were cultured under standard conditions. The C-MSCs displayed plastic adherence and a heterogeneous morphology, including spindle-shaped and epithelial-like cells. The population doubling time (PDT) values varied among the samples, and four out of six showed rapid proliferation (<2 days). Colony-forming unit (CFU) assays confirmed their clonogenic potential, though significant inter-sample variability was observed (p < 0.05). Spheroid formation assays revealed differences in cell–cell adhesion: four out of six samples formed stable spheroids within four days. A migration assay showed significant variability (p < 0.05): one out of six achieved complete wound closure within 72 h, whereas five out of six reached ~30% at 96 h. All samples were positive for adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic differentiation as shown via staining. RT-PCR confirmed MSC marker expression, while hematopoietic markers were absent. MHC-I expression was weak in five out of six samples, whereas MHC-II was consistently negative. These findings support equine colostrum as a viable MSC source, though its variability requires further validation with larger samples. Additional research is needed to investigate C-MSCs’ immunomodulatory properties and therapeutic potential. Full article

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15 pages, 288 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Biochars on Growth Performance, Bone Mineralization, Footpad Health, Lymphoid Organs Weight, Antibody Titers of Newcastle Disease and Infectious Bronchitis Disease in Broiler Chicks

by Raheel Pervaiz, Riaz Mustafa, Umar Farooq, Waseem Abbas, Muhammad Farooq Khalid, Abdur Rehman, Munawar Hussain, Muhammad Muzammil Riaz, Asfa Fatima and Muhammad Aziz ur Rahman

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 680; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070680 - 18 Jul 2025

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Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of biochars on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass yield, bone mineralization, litter quality and footpad lesions in broilers. Eight hundred day-old chicks were randomly divided into four treatments, 10 replicates per treatment (20 birds/replicate) for 35 days. Treatments [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effect of biochars on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass yield, bone mineralization, litter quality and footpad lesions in broilers. Eight hundred day-old chicks were randomly divided into four treatments, 10 replicates per treatment (20 birds/replicate) for 35 days. Treatments were basal diet (control), a control diet with corncob (CC) biochar (1%), a control diet with wheat straw (WS) biochar (1%) and a control diet with sugarcane bagasse (SCB) biochar (1%). Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded weekly. Nutrient digestibility, bone mineralization and carcass parameters were determined on the 21st and 35th days, while footpad lesions and litter quality were also assessed. The results revealed significant improvement (p < 0.05) in FI, BWG and FCR with supplementation. Nutrient digestibility was higher (p < 0.05) in the SCB biochar group. Tibia calcium and phosphorus levels were enhanced (p < 0.05) in the WS and SCB biochar groups, respectively. Footpad lesions were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the CC biochar group, while litter quality was improved (p < 0.05) in the WS biochar group. Lymphoid organ relative weight results revealed that spleen weight was not affected by biochar supplementation in diet (p > 0.05), while dietary supplementation of CS and WS biochar in the diet resulted in the highest relative weights of thymus and bursa (p < 0.05). However, dietary supplementation of WS, SC and SCB biochar supplementation had affected positively the log value of the ND virus and IBV titers in birds. Overall, dietary supplementation of 1% biochars enhances growth performance, bone mineralization, footpad health immunity and litter quality in broilers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Feeding Livestock for Health Improvement)

13 pages, 1135 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Field-Based Characterization of Peste des Petits Ruminants in Sheep in Romania: Clinical, Pathological, and Diagnostic Perspectives

by Romică Iacobescu-Marițescu, Adriana Morar, Viorel Herman, Emil Tîrziu, János Dégi and Kálmán Imre

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 679; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070679 - 18 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease that poses a serious threat to small ruminant populations worldwide. In 2024, seven outbreaks of PPR were recorded in sheep flocks from Timiș County, marking the second confirmed incursions of peste des [...] Read more.

Peste des petits ruminants is a highly contagious transboundary viral disease that poses a serious threat to small ruminant populations worldwide. In 2024, seven outbreaks of PPR were recorded in sheep flocks from Timiș County, marking the second confirmed incursions of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in Romania. This study aimed to document the clinical presentation, pathological findings, and diagnostic confirmation with these field outbreaks. Comprehensive field investigations were carried out between July and September 2024, including clinical examinations, post mortem analysis, serological screening, and molecular detection using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A total of 13,203 sheep were evaluated, with an overall mortality rate of 12.77%. Characteristic clinical signs included mucopurulent nasal discharge, oral erosions, respiratory distress, and diarrhea. Gross lesions observed during necropsy included hemorrhagic bronchopneumonia, bile-stained liver, catarrhal enteritis, and mucosal hemorrhages. Serological testing revealed flock-level seroprevalence rates ranging from 46.7% to 80.0%, with higher rates observed in older animals. RT-PCR confirmed PPRV infection in all affected flocks. Our findings provide strong evidence of virulent PPRV circulation in an area where the virus had not been reported before. The results highlight an urgent need to strengthen surveillance systems, enhance diagnostic capacity, and foster cross-border collaboration. These field-based insights can contribute to both national and international efforts aimed at controlling and ultimately eradicating the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Infections in Wild and Domestic Animals)

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13 pages, 563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Validating Sperm Concentration in Rabbit Cryopreservation Protocol: Implications for Fertility, Litter Size, and Offspring Growth

by Michele Di Iorio, Giusy Rusco, Fabrizio Lauriola, Emanuele Antenucci, Alessandra Roncarati, Silvia Cerolini, Michele Schiavitto and Nicolaia Iaffaldano

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 678; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070678 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 143

Abstract

The cryopreservation of rabbit semen is a valuable strategy for genetic resource preservation and efficient artificial insemination, but outcomes remain inconsistent, partly due to variations in sperm concentration per dose. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of different sperm concentrations [...] Read more.

The cryopreservation of rabbit semen is a valuable strategy for genetic resource preservation and efficient artificial insemination, but outcomes remain inconsistent, partly due to variations in sperm concentration per dose. This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo effects of different sperm concentrations (15, 25, 35, 55, and 75 million per straw) on fertility, prolificacy, and offspring growth in nulliparous and multiparous does. A total of 384 rabbit females were inseminated using frozen–thawed semen, and their reproductive performance was compared with fresh semen. Fertility and kindling rates varied with sperm concentration and parity: nulliparous does showed the highest fertility at 15 million sperm/straw (84.4%), while multiparous does reached peak values at 25–55 million/straw (78.1–81.3%). Litter size and live-born kits were consistently higher in multiparous than in nulliparous does. Offspring body weight at 19 and 60 days was influenced by both sperm concentration and maternal parity, with better growth generally observed in multiparous groups. Weaning success remained high across all groups. Our results indicate that sperm concentrations ranging from 15 to 35 × 10⁶/straw are the most suitable for cryopreservation, as they maintain high fertility, prolificacy, and offspring growth, comparable to fresh semen. These results confirm that optimizing sperm concentration during cryopreservation improves reproductive efficiency and that tailoring insemination strategies to the physiological status of the female enhances outcomes. The results provide useful recommendations for improving cryopreservation techniques in rabbit breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sperm Conservation Techniques for Better Fertility—2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 508 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chiari-like Malformation and Syringomyelia in Pomeranians: A Longitudinal Study

by Mees R. Jansma, Marieke van den Heuvel, Kenny Bossens, Erik Noorman, Michelle Hermans and Paul J. J. Mandigers

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070677 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Background: Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are commonly observed conditions in Pomeranian dogs. Affected dogs may develop clinical signs that significantly impact quality of life. Therefore, it is crucial to select only unaffected dogs for breeding. However, the progression of CM/SM has [...] Read more.

Background: Chiari-like malformation (CM) and syringomyelia (SM) are commonly observed conditions in Pomeranian dogs. Affected dogs may develop clinical signs that significantly impact quality of life. Therefore, it is crucial to select only unaffected dogs for breeding. However, the progression of CM/SM has not been fully elucidated. Dogs that are unaffected or mildly affected may progress to severe SM over time. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the progression of CM/SM through repeated MRI scans. A secondary objective is to evaluate the effect of furosemide treatment on syrinx sizes, given its frequent prescription. Methods: Pomeranians that underwent two CM/SM screenings between 2015 and 2025 were included. CM/SM classifications were assessed, and quantitative syrinx measurements were conducted. Maximum syrinx diameter (MSD) and maximum syrinx-to-spinal cord diameter ratio (MSD/SCD-r) were measured and documented. Dogs were classified based on the progression of SM. Furosemide treatment was documented, and its effect on syrinx size was compared with that in dogs not receiving furosemide. Results: At the time of the second MRI, 39.6% of dogs either developed SM or showed substantial progression, whereas 12.5% demonstrated partial recovery. Of the dogs initially classified as free from SM, 20.7% had developed the condition. A significant increase was observed in both MSD (p = 0.0058) and MSD/SCD-r (p = 0.0038) between MRI1 and MRI2. Notably, the change in MSD between MRI1 and MRI2 was statistically significantly smaller in dogs treated with furosemide compared to untreated dogs (p = 0.030). Conclusions: These findings indicate that syrinx dimensions are dynamic and may fluctuate over time, although a general trend toward progression is observed. Furthermore, furosemide may mitigate the progression of SM. Full article

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11 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Swine Parainfluenza Virus 5 from Piglets Co-Infected with PEDV

by Yuling Ma, Xinxin Chen, Mengyao Ma, Xiaolong Gao, Ruoqi Song, Yue Yi, Ying Wang, Sheng Niu, Yujun Zhao, Wenxia Tian, Jianle Ren and Fang Yan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 676; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070676 - 18 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), now reclassified as Orthorubulavirus mammalis, is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the genus Orthorubulavirus of the family Paramyxoviridae [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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20 pages, 489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Profiles in Escherichia coli Linked to Sternal Bursitis in Chickens: A One Health Perspective

by Jessica Ribeiro, Vanessa Silva, Catarina Freitas, Pedro Pinto, Madalena Vieira-Pinto, Rita Batista, Alexandra Nunes, João Paulo Gomes, José Eduardo Pereira, Gilberto Igrejas, Lillian Barros, Sandrina A. Heleno, Filipa S. Reis and Patrícia Poeta

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 675; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070675 - 17 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Sternal bursitis is an underexplored lesion in poultry, often overlooked in microbiological diagnostics. In this study, we characterized 36 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from sternal bursitis in broiler chickens, combining phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based screening, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The genetic [...] Read more.

Sternal bursitis is an underexplored lesion in poultry, often overlooked in microbiological diagnostics. In this study, we characterized 36 Escherichia coli isolates recovered from sternal bursitis in broiler chickens, combining phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR-based screening, and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The genetic analysis revealed a diverse population spanning 15 sequence types, including ST155, ST201, and ST58. Resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was common, and several isolates carried genes encoding β-lactamases, including blaTEM-1B. Chromosomal mutations associated with quinolone and fosfomycin resistance (e.g., gyrA p.S83L, glpT_E448K) were also identified. WGS revealed a high number of virulence-associated genes per isolate (58–96), notably those linked to adhesion (fim, ecp clusters), secretion systems (T6SS), and iron acquisition (ent, fep, fes), suggesting strong pathogenic potential. Many isolates harbored virulence markers typical of ExPEC/APEC, such as iss, ompT, and traT, even in the absence of multidrug resistance. Our findings suggest that E. coli from sternal bursitis may act as reservoirs of resistance and virulence traits relevant to animal and public health. This highlights the need for including such lesions in genomic surveillance programs and reinforces the importance of integrated One Health approaches. Full article

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16 pages, 2567 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Red Cotton Stamen Extracts Mitigate Ferrous Sulfate-Induced Oxidative Stress and Enhance Quality in Bull Frozen Semen

by Jiraporn Laoung-on, Jakree Jitjumnong, Paiwan Sudwan, Nopparuj Outaitaveep, Sakaewan Ounjaijean and Kongsak Boonyapranai

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 674; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070674 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 371

Abstract

Infertility is a significant global health concern, and incorporating antioxidants into sperm preparation media is one strategy to enhance sperm quality and decrease infertility rates. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compounds of red cotton stamen extracts and their effects as antioxidants [...] Read more.

Infertility is a significant global health concern, and incorporating antioxidants into sperm preparation media is one strategy to enhance sperm quality and decrease infertility rates. This study aimed to investigate the phytochemical compounds of red cotton stamen extracts and their effects as antioxidants in improving the quality of bull frozen semen. Among the extracts, RCU contained the highest levels of total phenolics, total tannins, and total monomeric anthocyanins along with the strongest ABTS free radical scavenging activity and protein denaturation inhibition. Exposing sperm to FeSO₄-induced oxidative stress resulted in significantly reduced motility, viability, and normal morphology. However, treatment with RCD, RCU, and RCM improved these parameters. Additionally, the FeSO₄-induced group showed elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) compared to the normal control, whereas all red cotton stamen extracts effectively reduced these levels. In conclusion, red cotton stamen extracts, rich in phenolic bioactive compounds, demonstrated strong free radical scavenging capacity and improved sperm motility, viability, and morphology by neutralizing free radicals and enhancing antioxidant defenses. These findings suggest that the red cotton stamen extracts, particularly RCD and RCU, offer benefits for sperm preservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Reproductive Physiology, Reproductive Endocrine and Obstetric Diseases—2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 1139 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Choledochal Stenting for Treatment of Extrahepatic Biliary Obstruction in Dogs with Ruptured Gallbladder: 2 Cases

by Shin-Ho Lee, Jeong-Hyun Seo and Jae-Hyeon Cho

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070673 - 17 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Two geriatric (>9 years old) dogs presented with vomiting, depression, and anorexia and were diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to ruptured gallbladder mucoceles. Diagnosis was based on serum biochemical analysis, abdominal radiography, and ultrasonography, which revealed gallbladder rupture, peritonitis, and common [...] Read more.

Two geriatric (>9 years old) dogs presented with vomiting, depression, and anorexia and were diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction (EHBO) secondary to ruptured gallbladder mucoceles. Diagnosis was based on serum biochemical analysis, abdominal radiography, and ultrasonography, which revealed gallbladder rupture, peritonitis, and common bile duct dilation. Both dogs underwent emergency surgical intervention involving cholecystectomy and choledochal stent placement in the common bile duct without cholecystojejunostomy or cholecystoduodenostomy. Postoperatively, the clinical symptoms and serum chemistry values improved, and both dogs survived without recurrence for over one year. These cases demonstrate that choledochal stenting can be an effective adjunct to cholecystectomy for managing EHBO in dogs with ruptured gallbladder mucoceles, potentially preventing reocclusion and promoting recovery, especially when histopathological evaluation is not feasible in clinical settings. However, persistent elevation of liver enzymes may occur postoperatively, necessitating prolonged monitoring and medical management in some cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Small Animal Gastrointestinal Diseases: Challenges and Advances)

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13 pages, 6750 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bovine Papillomavirus Genotypic Diversity and a Putative Novel Viral Type in Ecuador

by Diego J. Carvajal-Reina, Fausto Bedoya-Páez, Mónica Salomé Guerrero-Freire, Yanua Ledesma, David Vasco-Julio, Jacobus H. de Waard and Armando Reyna-Bello

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 672; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070672 - 17 Jul 2025

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Abstract

Bovine papillomatosis, caused by a growing group of bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), is a disease with benign proliferative lesions (papillomas) that may progress to malignancies due to immunological, environmental, or viral factors. This study investigated BPV type diversity in cattle from the Province Santo [...] Read more.

Bovine papillomatosis, caused by a growing group of bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs), is a disease with benign proliferative lesions (papillomas) that may progress to malignancies due to immunological, environmental, or viral factors. This study investigated BPV type diversity in cattle from the Province Santo Domingo de Tsáchilas in Ecuador. Warty lesions were collected from 30 cattle across eight farms. Nucleic acids were extracted using a silicon dioxide-based method, and the partial L1 gene was amplified with PCR. DNA sequences were analyzed using maximum likelihood phylogenetics. Fifty-seven warty lesions yielded ten well-known BPV types: BPV1, BPV2, BPV4, BPV6, BPV8, BPV9, BPV10, BPV13, BPV14, and BPV42. Recently described viral types, BPV-CR2 from Costa Rica and BPV/BR-UEL08 from Brazil, were also detected, alongside a putative novel viral type, BPVEC2024-6-22.1—likely belonging to the genus Xipapillomavirus. This genus had the highest overall count. In contrast, Deltapapillomaviruses were found across all sampled farms. This study underscores BPV diversity in this localized region of Ecuador, and includes genotypes linked to cancers such as enzootic hematuria. The findings provide important epidemiological insights, contributing to vaccine development or immune therapy and improved disease management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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13 pages, 683 KiB

Open AccessArticle

What Comes from Cytology Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Epidemiological Retrospective Analysis of 3068 Feline Cases

by Paula Brilhante-Simões, Ricardo Lopes, Leonor Delgado, Ana Machado, Augusto Silva, Ângela Martins, Ricardo Marcos, Felisbina Queiroga and Justina Prada

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 671; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070671 - 17 Jul 2025

Viewed by 145

Abstract

This study evaluated diagnostic trends and the overall utility of cytology in feline patients through the analysis of a large, multicentric dataset from Portugal. A retrospective review of 3068 cytological cases from 130 veterinary practices was conducted, with samples categorised by anatomical location [...] Read more.

This study evaluated diagnostic trends and the overall utility of cytology in feline patients through the analysis of a large, multicentric dataset from Portugal. A retrospective review of 3068 cytological cases from 130 veterinary practices was conducted, with samples categorised by anatomical location and lesion type. Diagnostic outcomes were statistically assessed, revealing an overall success rate of 66.20%. The highest diagnostic yields occurred in fluid samples (83.48%), glandular tissues (76.67%), and mucous membranes (75.81%), followed by organ-based samples (67.79%), miscellaneous tissues (66.98%), cutaneous/subcutaneous nodules (62.16%), and lymph nodes (57.93%). Neoplastic lesions showed age-associated prevalence, being more common in older cats, with epithelial and melanocytic lesions more frequent in females and round cell/mesenchymal lesions predominating in males. Non-diagnostic samples (33.80%) primarily resulted from insufficient cellularity or suboptimal quality, though no significant correlation existed between diagnostic success and clinical setting. This study underscores that cytology remains a fundamental diagnostic tool in feline medicine, particularly when combined with proper sampling techniques and complementary diagnostic methods, and reinforces its value in clinical decision-making, thereby supporting its broader utilisation in routine veterinary practice. Full article

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8 pages, 397 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

The Evaluation of Selected Production Indicators Following the Implementation of Vaccination as Part of a BVDV Eradication Strategy in Two Endemically Infected Beef Suckler Herds

by Matt Yarnall, Ellen Schmitt-van de Leemput, Manuel Cerviño, Ruben Prieto and Arnaud Bolon

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070670 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 130

Abstract

The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) impacts the health and performance of bovine herds. In the present retrospective study, the impact of BVDV control on the production performance of suckler herds was tested by vaccinating all female cows of the herd on the [...] Read more.

The bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) impacts the health and performance of bovine herds. In the present retrospective study, the impact of BVDV control on the production performance of suckler herds was tested by vaccinating all female cows of the herd on the same day (DV). The performance of cows in two commercial suckler herds was analysed during 12 months before DV (PREVAC, n = 497 cows) and 9 to 21 months after vaccination (POSTVAC, n = 531 cows). The proportion of calves born compared to the initial number of cows subjected to mating did not differ (PREVAC and POSTVAC, 87% and 84%, respectively). The proportion of calves weaned compared to the initial number of cows subjected to mating also did not differ between PREVAC (71%) and POSTVAC (74%). However, the proportion of calves weaned compared to the number of calves born was higher than POSTVAC (87%) when compared to PREVAC (81%). Thus, the data demonstrate that a BVDV control programme using vaccination in suckler herds can improve calf survival. Full article

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20 pages, 1256 KiB

Open AccessReview

Exploring Meiotic Recombination and Its Potential Benefits in South African Beef Cattle: A Review

by Nozipho A. Magagula, Keabetswe T. Ncube, Avhashoni A. Zwane and Bohani Mtileni

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 669; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070669 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Meiotic recombination is a key evolutionary process that generates novel allele combinations during prophase I of meiosis, promoting genetic diversity and enabling the selection of desirable traits in livestock breeding. Although its molecular mechanisms are well-characterised in model organisms such as humans and [...] Read more.

Meiotic recombination is a key evolutionary process that generates novel allele combinations during prophase I of meiosis, promoting genetic diversity and enabling the selection of desirable traits in livestock breeding. Although its molecular mechanisms are well-characterised in model organisms such as humans and mice, studies in African indigenous cattle, particularly South African breeds, remain scarce. Key regulators of recombination, including PRDM9, SPO11, and DMC1, play essential roles in crossover formation and genome stability, with mutations in these genes often linked to fertility defects. Despite the Bonsmara and Nguni breeds’ exceptional adaptability to arid and resource-limited environments, little is known about how recombination contributes to their unique genetic architecture and adaptive traits. This review synthesises the current knowledge on the molecular basis of meiotic recombination, with a focus on prophase I events and associated structural proteins and enzymes. It also highlights the utility of genome-wide tools, particularly high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for recombination mapping. By focusing on the underexplored recombination landscape in South African beef cattle, this review identifies key knowledge gaps. It outlines how recombination studies can inform breeding strategies aimed at enhancing genetic improvement, conservation, and the long-term sustainability of local beef production systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

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15 pages, 1422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic and Biological Properties of an Epidemic Feline Panleukopenia Virus Strain (Ala91Ser) in China

by Erkai Feng, Zihan Ye, Manping Yan, Yaxi Zhou, Danni Wu, Shipeng Cheng and Yuening Cheng

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 668; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070668 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 198

Abstract

To genetically characterise an epidemic isolate of feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) harbouring the Ala91Ser mutation in China, a clinical strain (accession number: OR921195.1), named FPLV-CC19-02, was isolated from a PCR-positive faecal swab sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it is far removed from all [...] Read more.

To genetically characterise an epidemic isolate of feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) harbouring the Ala91Ser mutation in China, a clinical strain (accession number: OR921195.1), named FPLV-CC19-02, was isolated from a PCR-positive faecal swab sample. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that it is far removed from all current commercial vaccine strains and differs from the FPLV prototype strain Cu-4 (M38246.1), specifically the vaccine strain of Fel-O-Vax^® PCT, at positions 91 (Ala91Ser) and 101 (Ile101Thr) within the VP2 protein. This virus can induce the typical cytopathic effect seen in parvovirus infection in feline kidney cells, resulting in severe clinical symptoms in cats, including haematochezia and hyperthermia. Furthermore, infected cats died of virus infection within 5–10 days post-infection (dpi) (100% morbidity and 83% mortality), indicating that FPLV-CC19-02 is a strain with increased virulence. Additionally, it demonstrated good immunogenicity in cats. Overall, these findings may help us to better understand the molecular prevalence of feline panleukopenia virus in cats and provide valuable basic data for the development of effective, locally adapted feline panleukopenia virus vaccines in China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gastrointestinal Disease and Health in Pets)

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8 pages, 337 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Appraisal of Allostatic Load in Wild Boars Under a Controlled Environment

by Nadia Piscopo, Anna Balestrieri, Nicola D’Alessio, Pasqualino Silvestre, Giovanna Bifulco, Alessio Cotticelli, Tanja Peric, Alberto Prandi, Danila d’Angelo, Francesco Napolitano and Luigi Esposito

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070667 - 16 Jul 2025

Viewed by 185

Abstract

Besides metabolic and cardiovascular parameters, fluctuations in endocrine and inflammatory biomarkers might be regarded as reliable indicators of allostatic load. Among them, glucocorticoids have been shown to correlate with social stress in animals, regardless of whether they are dominant or subordinate, thus highlighting [...] Read more.

Besides metabolic and cardiovascular parameters, fluctuations in endocrine and inflammatory biomarkers might be regarded as reliable indicators of allostatic load. Among them, glucocorticoids have been shown to correlate with social stress in animals, regardless of whether they are dominant or subordinate, thus highlighting the crucial role of physiological energetic costs, together with social challenges, in the onset and severity of allostasis. Therefore, in the present work, we evaluated and monitored monthly the concentration of cortisol in bristles (pg/mg) over six months in young (n = 8), sub-adult (n = 5) and adult female wild boars (n = 5), which were kept in a controlled State Forest in Southern Italy. Our data revealed higher concentrations of cortisol in young animals when compared to sub-adult (p < 0.01) and adult (p < 0.05) groups. Moreover, such an increase faded away over time, and cortisol concentrations were found to be overlapping those of sub-adult and adult groups, which did not display any significant variation throughout monitoring. Collectively, our findings suggest that the wild boars adapted to the controlled environment, thus preserving both a physiological state and animal welfare. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology)

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18 pages, 4848 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Determining Frequency of Multiple Organ System Involvement and Concurrent Lesions Identified in Feedyard Mortalities and Potential Associations with Cattle Demographics

by Madeline R. Mancke, Brad J. White, Eduarda M. Bortoluzzi, Brandon E. Depenbusch, Paige H. Schmidt, Rachel E. Champagne, Makenna Jensen, Phillip A. Lancaster and Robert L. Larson

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 666; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070666 - 15 Jul 2025

Viewed by 196

Abstract

Necropsies are commonly used to diagnose the causes of death in feedyard cattle, but the documentation of multiple organ system involvement and concurrent lesions is limited. This observational study aimed to determine the frequency of such findings and their associations with animal demographics. [...] Read more.

Necropsies are commonly used to diagnose the causes of death in feedyard cattle, but the documentation of multiple organ system involvement and concurrent lesions is limited. This observational study aimed to determine the frequency of such findings and their associations with animal demographics. Systemic necropsies were conducted for 889 cattle mortalities with minimal autolysis across six feedyards in the Central High Plains during the summers of 2022 and 2023. Lesions and abnormalities were recorded along with arrival weight, sex, days on feed (DOFs), and number of treatments. The results showed that 72% of mortalities had more than one gross lesion, averaging 2.3 lesions per animal. The most common organ systems affected together were digestive and pulmonary (19%), followed by cardiovascular, digestive, and pulmonary (6%), and cardiovascular and pulmonary (5%). Common concurrent lesions included bronchopneumonia with an interstitial pattern (BIP) and gastrointestinal lesions (GI) (8%), bronchopneumonia and GI (7%), and acute interstitial pneumonia (AIP) and GI (3%). A generalized linear mixed effects model revealed that the likelihood of multiple lesions increased with DOFs (p = 0.02). These findings highlight the value of thorough necropsy documentation to enhance our understanding of disease and guide improved feedyard management and treatment practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Anatomy, Histology and Pathology)

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9 pages, 2447 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Primary Evaluation of Three-Dimensional Printing-Guided Endodontics in the Dog Maxillary

by Chengli Zheng, Xiaoxuan Pan, Jiahui Peng, Xiaoxiao Zhou, Xin Shi, Liuqing Yang, Yan Luo, Haifeng Liu, Zhijun Zhong, Guangneng Peng, Min Yang, Ming Zhang and Ziyao Zhou

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 665; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070665 - 14 Jul 2025

Viewed by 167

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of 3D printing-guided endodontics in the maxillary teeth of dogs. CT data from a Beagle dog were processed to create a 3D model of the maxilla, and virtual root canal pathways were established using [...] Read more.

This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and accuracy of 3D printing-guided endodontics in the maxillary teeth of dogs. CT data from a Beagle dog were processed to create a 3D model of the maxilla, and virtual root canal pathways were established using SOLIDWORKS software (version 29.0.0.5028). Guided endodontic templates were 3D printed and tested in vitro on 20 maxillary teeth (excluding the third molars), with 36 root canals treated using both guided and conventional methods. Results indicated that 3D printing-guided endodontics provided accurate root canal pathways, with minimal deviations in length (average 3.08 ± 1.75%) and angular alignment (average 2.06° ± 0.5°) compared to conventional methods. This research represents a significant step forward in the application of 3D printing technology in veterinary endodontics, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods for treating complex dental conditions in dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Therapy in Companion Animals)

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17 pages, 3331 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Automated Cattle Head and Ear Pose Estimation Using Deep Learning for Animal Welfare Research

by Sueun Kim

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 664; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070664 - 13 Jul 2025

Viewed by 263

Abstract

With the increasing importance of animal welfare, behavioral indicators such as changes in head and ear posture are widely recognized as non-invasive and field-applicable markers for evaluating the emotional state and stress levels of animals. However, traditional visual observation methods are often subjective, [...] Read more.

With the increasing importance of animal welfare, behavioral indicators such as changes in head and ear posture are widely recognized as non-invasive and field-applicable markers for evaluating the emotional state and stress levels of animals. However, traditional visual observation methods are often subjective, as assessments can vary between observers, and are unsuitable for long-term, quantitative monitoring. This study proposes an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system for the detection and pose estimation of cattle heads and ears using deep learning techniques. The system integrates Mask R-CNN for accurate object detection and FSA-Net for robust 3D pose estimation (yaw, pitch, and roll) of cattle heads and left ears. Comprehensive datasets were constructed from images of Japanese Black cattle, collected under natural conditions and annotated for both detection and pose estimation tasks. The proposed framework achieved mean average precision (mAP) values of 0.79 for head detection and 0.71 for left ear detection and mean absolute error (MAE) of approximately 8–9° for pose estimation, demonstrating reliable performance across diverse orientations. This approach enables long-term, quantitative, and objective monitoring of cattle behavior, offering significant advantages over traditional subjective stress assessment methods. The developed system holds promise for practical applications in animal welfare research and real-time farm management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in Veterinary Science Imaging)

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31 pages, 2326 KiB

Open AccessReview

“My Bitch Is Empty!” an Overview of the Preconceptional Causes of Infertility in Dogs

by Juliette Roos-Pichenot and Maja Zakošek Pipan

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 663; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070663 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 537

Abstract

Infertility is a complex and common problem in reproductive medicine consultations. Three factors must be examined during the preconception phase: breeding management, the fertility of the bitch, and the fertility of the stud dog. Among these factors, improper breeding management remains the main [...] Read more.

Infertility is a complex and common problem in reproductive medicine consultations. Three factors must be examined during the preconception phase: breeding management, the fertility of the bitch, and the fertility of the stud dog. Among these factors, improper breeding management remains the main cause of reproductive failure, with accurate recognition of ovulation being crucial for successful mating. Artificial insemination allows for a thorough evaluation of semen quality compared to natural mating. In addition, genetic selection, nutritional factors, and reproductive health management can either impair or improve the fertility of females and males. Idiopathic infertility can occur in bitches, but it is important to rule out other possible causes first. In bitches with irregular estrus cycles, ovarian dysfunction and endocrine imbalances should be investigated. In bitches with regular cycles, uterine disorders such as cystic endometrial hyperplasia, endometritis or congenital anomalies may be the cause. Both mating-related and chronic endometritis are recognized as contributing factors to infertility. Infectious agents, particularly Brucella spp. and Mycoplasma spp., should also be evaluated, although interpretation of Mycoplasma test results requires caution. In males presenting with poor semen quality, potential causes include infectious diseases (with brucellosis always requiring exclusion), hormonal imbalances, and the impact of exogenous treatments. The article underscores the critical role of comprehensive diagnostic protocols, proactive health surveillance, and data-driven breeding strategies in systematically addressing this multifaceted challenge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Reproduction and Obstetrics)

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16 pages, 442 KiB

Open AccessReview

Enhancing Agricultural Productivity in Dairy Cow Mastitis Management: Innovations in Non-Antibiotic Treatment Technologies

by Lijie Jiang, Qi Li, Huiqing Liao, Hourong Liu and Zhiqiang Wang

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070662 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 310

Abstract

Dairy mastitis is a common dairy farming disease. It severely affects the health of dairy cows and the quality and yield of dairy products. This paper reviews the main current mastitis treatments and associated bacterial resistance. It emphasizes the importance of integrated resistance [...] Read more.

Dairy mastitis is a common dairy farming disease. It severely affects the health of dairy cows and the quality and yield of dairy products. This paper reviews the main current mastitis treatments and associated bacterial resistance. It emphasizes the importance of integrated resistance and treatment management. The therapeutic efficacy and resistance associated with commonly used antibiotics such as penicillin, cephalosporins, macrolides and fluoroquinolones are analyzed. The principles, application effects and benefits of non-antibiotic therapies are also discussed, including those of immunotherapy, herbal therapy, probiotic therapy and phage therapy. The paper presents the latest gene editing and nanotechnology advances in the contexts of big data and artificial intelligence. It suggests future research directions such as developing new antibiotics, optimizing treatment and enhancing immunity. In conclusion, effective treatment and management can control dairy cow mastitis. It can guarantee cow health, improve dairy product quality and promote sustainable dairy industry development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring Innovative Approaches in Veterinary Health)

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17 pages, 310 KiB

Open AccessPerspective

Honeybee Sentience: Scientific Evidence and Implications for EU Animal Welfare Policy

by Roberto Bava, Giovanni Formato, Giovanna Liguori and Fabio Castagna

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 661; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070661 - 12 Jul 2025

Viewed by 395

Abstract

The growing recognition of animal sentience has led to notable progress in European Union animal welfare legislation. However, a significant inconsistency remains: while mammals, birds, and cephalopods are legally protected as sentient beings, honeybees (Apis mellifera)—despite robust scientific evidence of their [...] Read more.

The growing recognition of animal sentience has led to notable progress in European Union animal welfare legislation. However, a significant inconsistency remains: while mammals, birds, and cephalopods are legally protected as sentient beings, honeybees (Apis mellifera)—despite robust scientific evidence of their cognitive, emotional, and sensory complexity—are excluded from such protections. This manuscript examines, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the divergence between emerging evidence on invertebrate sentience and current EU legal frameworks. Honeybees and cephalopods serve as comparative case studies to assess inconsistencies in the criteria for legal recognition of sentience. Findings increasingly confirm that honeybees exhibit advanced cognitive functions, emotional states, and behavioral flexibility comparable to those of legally protected vertebrates. Their omission from welfare legislation lacks scientific justification and raises ethical and ecological concerns, especially given their central role in pollination and ecosystem stability. In general, we advocate for the inclusion of Apis mellifera in EU animal welfare policy. However, we are aware that there are also critical views on their introduction, which we address in a dedicated paragraph of the manuscript. For this reason, we advocate a gradual and evidence-based approach, guided by a permanent observatory, which could ensure that legislation evolves in parallel with scientific understanding, promoting ethical consistency, sustainable agriculture, and integrated health under the One Health framework. This approach would meet the concerns of consumers who consider well-being and respect for the environment as essential principles of breeding, and who carefully choose products from animals raised with systems that respect welfare, with indisputable economic advantages for the beekeeper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Farm Animal Health and Welfare Disorders: Recent Trends and Strategies of Prevention and Treatment)

11 pages, 1632 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Characterization of Two Bovine Enterovirus Strains Isolated from Newly Transported Cattle

by Cuilan Wu, Shuhong Zhong, Shiwen Feng, Huili He, Shuai Hu, Zhongwei Chen, Changting Li, Xiongbiao Xuan, Hao Peng, Zuzhang Wei and Jun Li

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 660; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070660 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

This study isolated and identified two novel Chinese bovine enterovirus (BEV) strains, designated as BEV-GX1901 and BEV-GX1902, from newly transported cattle with the diarrheal feces symptom. We also determined their complete genome sequences (7408 and 7405 nucleotides, respectively) and found both strains have [...] Read more.

This study isolated and identified two novel Chinese bovine enterovirus (BEV) strains, designated as BEV-GX1901 and BEV-GX1902, from newly transported cattle with the diarrheal feces symptom. We also determined their complete genome sequences (7408 and 7405 nucleotides, respectively) and found both strains have a genome organization analogous to that of picornaviruses. To better understand these two novel strains, a detailed analysis was applied to both strains, including the time of the cytopathic effect (CPE) production, TCID₅₀ measurement, trypsin sensitivity test, ether sensitivity test, chioroform sensitivity test, acid and alkali resistance test, and heat resistance test. Our results showed that these two strains are different in physical and chemical properties. Our study also characterized that BEV-GX1901 and BEV-GX1902, both belonging to the BEV-E4 subtype, were closely related to the Australian strains K2577 and SL305, and the Japanese strain IS1 based on their genome sequences and VP1 region characterizations. It is speculated that this may be related to cattle trade and transportation. Additionally, the gene-by-gene or amino acid-by-amino acid comparison of the two strains found they have differences between their 5′UTR, 3′UTR, VP2, VP1, 2A, 3C, and 3D regions. Our results provide an important update of the virus’s presence in China and contribute to a better understanding of the distribution and characterization of BEVs in cattle. Full article

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10 pages, 559 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mitigating Bovine Mastitis and Raw Milk Pathogen Risks: Inhibition of Staphylococcus xylosus by Mediterranean Plants’ Essential Oil

by Rosario De Fazio, Giacomo Di Giacinto, Paola Roncada, Domenico Britti, Rosangela Odore, Paola Badino and Cristian Piras

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 659; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070659 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 334

Abstract

Milk is frequently susceptible to contamination by potential pathogens, posing risks to both food safety and public health. Cheesemaking often relies on raw milk, where microbial communities—including Staphylococcus xylosus—can play a dual role: (i) contributing to fermentation and (ii) acting as opportunistic [...] Read more.

Milk is frequently susceptible to contamination by potential pathogens, posing risks to both food safety and public health. Cheesemaking often relies on raw milk, where microbial communities—including Staphylococcus xylosus—can play a dual role: (i) contributing to fermentation and (ii) acting as opportunistic pathogens that can be often present in subclinical mastitis and be subjected to carry over in dairy products. In this study, Staphylococcus xylosus was isolated from raw bovine milk (preclinical mastitis) and identified via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Biotyper scores: 1.87–2.19). Its susceptibility to erythromycin and to an essential oil blend composed of Myrtus communis, Salvia officinalis, and Cistus ladanifer was evaluated. The essential oil blend produced inhibition zones ranging from 9 mm to 13.3 mm, indicating moderate antibacterial activity. Further Minimum Inhibitory Concentration analysis revealed that Myrtus communis, Salvia officinalis, and the essential oil blend inhibited Staphylococcus xylosus growth at concentrations between 0.5 and 0.25 percent, while Cistus ladanifer required higher levels (1 to 0.5 percent). These findings suggest that selected essential oils—especially in combination—hold promise as complementary antimicrobial agents in food safety and antimicrobial resistance mitigation efforts. Full article

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15 pages, 1423 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sperm Membrane Stability: In-Depth Analysis from Structural Basis to Functional Regulation

by Shan-Hui Xue, Bing-Bing Xu, Xiao-Chun Yan, Jia-Xin Zhang and Rui Su

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070658 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 194

Abstract

Sperm membrane stability is a key factor in determining sperm viability and fertilization capability, with broad implications ranging from basic reproductive biology to livestock breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the structural and functional mechanisms underlying sperm membrane integrity, including defensive barrier functions, [...] Read more.

Sperm membrane stability is a key factor in determining sperm viability and fertilization capability, with broad implications ranging from basic reproductive biology to livestock breeding practices. This comprehensive review examines the structural and functional mechanisms underlying sperm membrane integrity, including defensive barrier functions, potentiometric ion channel regulation, and motility modulation that collectively optimize sperm survival, motility, and fertilization potential. Environmental factors such as temperature fluctuations, abnormal pH levels (outside the optimal 7.2–8.2 range), pathological conditions, and hormonal imbalances can compromise membrane stability by inducing oxidative stress and protein denaturation. Key regulatory proteins, notably NPC2 for cholesterol homeostasis, Flotillin proteins for lipid raft organization, and Annexin V for membrane repair mechanisms, demonstrate essential roles in maintaining structural integrity. In livestock reproduction, membrane stability research facilitates the optimization of cryoprotectant formulations and freezing protocols, resulting in 15–25% improvements in post-thaw sperm survival rates and enhanced artificial insemination success. These findings provide valuable insights for advancing assisted reproductive technologies and improving reproductive efficiency in animal husbandry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Animal Sperm Conservation Techniques for Better Fertility—2nd Edition)

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12 pages, 1617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genomic Analysis of Reproductive Trait Divergence in Duroc and Yorkshire Pigs: A Comparison of Mixed Models and Selective Sweep Detection

by Changyi Chen, Yu He, Juan Ke, Xiaoran Zhang, Junwen Fei, Boxing Sun, Hao Sun and Chunyan Bai

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070657 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 220

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate population genetic differences related to reproductive traits between Duroc and Yorkshire (Dutch Large White) pigs using two approaches: linear mixed models that dissect additive and dominant effects, and selective sweep analysis. (1) Methods: Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate population genetic differences related to reproductive traits between Duroc and Yorkshire (Dutch Large White) pigs using two approaches: linear mixed models that dissect additive and dominant effects, and selective sweep analysis. (1) Methods: Genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of 3917 Duroc and 3217 Yorkshire pigs were analyzed. The first principal component (PC1) was used as a simulated phenotype to capture population-level variance. Additive and dominant genetic effects were partitioned and evaluated by using the combination of the linear mixed models (LMM) and ADDO’s algorithm (LMM + ADDO). In parallel, selective sweep signals were detected using fixation index (F_ST) and nucleotide diversity (θ_π) analyses. A comparative assessment was then conducted between the LMM + ADDO and the selective sweep analysis results. Significant loci were annotated using quantitative trait loci (QTL) databases and the Ensembl genome browser. (2) Results: There are 39040 SNPs retained after quality control. Using the LMM + ADDO framework with PC1 as a simulated phenotype, a total of 632 significant SNPs and 184 candidate genes were identified. Notably, 587 SNPs and 171 genes were uniquely detected by the LMM + ADDO method and not among loci detected by the top 5% of F_ST and θ_π values. Key candidate genes associated with litter size included HSPG2, KAT6B, SAMD8, and LRMDA, while DLGAP1, MYOM1, and VTI1A were associated with teat number traits. (3) Conclusions: This study demonstrates the power of integrating additive and dominant effect modeling with population genetics approaches for the detection of genomic regions under selection. The findings provide novel insights into the genetic architecture of reproductive traits in pigs and have practical implications for understanding the inheritance of complex traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Future Perspectives in Pig Reproductive Biotechnology)

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12 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Reference Intervals for Biochemical Analytes in Clinically Healthy Adult Lusitano Horses

by Maria João Pires, Mário Cotovio, Felisbina Queiroga, Carlos André Pires and Ana C. Silvestre-Ferreira

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070656 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 239

Abstract

To date, serum biochemical analytes reference intervals (RIs) in Lusitano horses have not been studied. This study aimed to establish the RIs for biochemical analytes following the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and to compare them with the general equine population’s [...] Read more.

To date, serum biochemical analytes reference intervals (RIs) in Lusitano horses have not been studied. This study aimed to establish the RIs for biochemical analytes following the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and to compare them with the general equine population’s RIs. Blood samples were collected from 76 clinically healthy adult Lusitano horses, and RIs of 22 biochemical variables were determined using Reference Value Advisor software. Lusitano horse-specific RIs are proposed for the following variables: total protein (3.9–7.0 g/dL), albumin (2.5–3.8 g/dL), globulin (1.1–3.7 g/dL), total bilirubin (1.0–5.6 mg/dL), direct bilirubin (0.09–0.68 mg/dL), indirect bilirubin (0.7–5.2 mg/dL), urea (21.0–38.9 mg/dL), creatinine (0.9–2.0 mg/dL), aspartate aminotransferase (150.7–345.1 IU/L), alkaline phosphatase (60.7–227.4 IU/L), lactate dehydrogenase (247.6–959.0 IU/L), glucose (75.5–131.5 mg/dL), cholesterol (58.6–125.2 mg/dL), sodium (129.0–154.9 mmol/L), phosphorus (1.8–4.5 mmol/L), chloride (90.3–107.0 mmol/L), and calcium (8.9–12.6 mg/dL). Different RIs were identified for healthy adult Lusitano horses for 17/22 serum biochemical analytes tested, emphasizing the need for breed-specific RIs to prevent misinterpretation of laboratory results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomarkers in Veterinary Medicine)

17 pages, 1865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Insights into the Protective Effects of Apigenin and Sodium Butyrate on Jejunal Oxidative Stress in Ducks

by Ning Zhou, Hanxue Sun, Yong Tian, Heng Zhang, Xuemei Xian, Hui Yu, Lingyan Zhao, Yong Chen, Mingkun Sun, Yiqian Zhang, Ting Meng and Lizhi Lu

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 655; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070655 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 207

Abstract

Apigenin and sodium butyrate have been reported to help alleviate oxidative stress. This study evaluated the jejunal transcriptomic responses in ducks receiving apigenin and sodium butyrate supplementation under oxidative stress. In total, 200 healthy 300-day-old female Jinyun Ma ducks (1.53 kg ± 0.15) [...] Read more.

Apigenin and sodium butyrate have been reported to help alleviate oxidative stress. This study evaluated the jejunal transcriptomic responses in ducks receiving apigenin and sodium butyrate supplementation under oxidative stress. In total, 200 healthy 300-day-old female Jinyun Ma ducks (1.53 kg ± 0.15) were randomly divided into four groups, with five replicates per group. The groups were as follows: a control group (CON): ducks were fed a basal diet with sterile saline injection; a diquat-injection (DIQ) group: ducks were fed a basal diet with diquat injection; an apigenin plus diquat group (API): ducks were fed a basal diet containing apigenin (500 mg/kg) with diquat injection; and a sodium butyrate plus diquat group (SB): ducks were fed a basal diet containing sodium butyrate (500 mg/kg) with diquat injection. The injection dose of diquat is 8 mg/kg body weight. Analysis revealed that the dietary supplementation of apigenin and sodium butyrate reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (p < 0.05). Compared to the DIQ group, sodium butyrate supplementation during oxidative stress elevated jejunal villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio in ducks (p < 0.05). The study identified that some candidate genes, including solute carrier family 4 member 3 (SLC4A3), ADAM metallopeptidase domain 12 (ADAM12), and B-cell lymphoma 2-associated-athanogene 3 (BAG3), were significantly upregulated, whereas claudin 23 (CLDN23) and glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 (G6PC1) were markedly downregulated in the API group in comparison with that in the DIQ group (p < 0.05). Collectively, our findings provide molecular evidence for the beneficial effects of apigenin and sodium butyrate against oxidative stress in the jejunum of ducks. Full article

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16 pages, 1391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lyssavirus Antibody Detection in Cave-Dwelling Bats on Cat Ba Island, Vietnam: Implications for Zoonotic Surveillance

by Heliana Dundarova, Tsenka Chassovnikarova, Nadezhda Todorova, Michaela Beltcheva, Iliana Aleksieva, Nguyen Thanh Luong and Vu Dinh Thong

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(7), 654; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12070654 - 11 Jul 2025

Viewed by 794

Abstract

Southeast Asia is a biodiversity hotspot for bats that can carry lyssaviruses, causing zoonotic diseases. This study detects and quantifies IgG antibodies against Lyssavirus glycoproteins in cave-dwelling bat populations on Cat Ba Island, northern Vietnam, to determine their past exposure history and the [...] Read more.

Southeast Asia is a biodiversity hotspot for bats that can carry lyssaviruses, causing zoonotic diseases. This study detects and quantifies IgG antibodies against Lyssavirus glycoproteins in cave-dwelling bat populations on Cat Ba Island, northern Vietnam, to determine their past exposure history and the prevalence of immune responses. Samples were collected from five caves, encompassing three families and five key species (Hipposideros armiger, H. alongensis, H. poutensis, Taphozous melanopogon, and Myotis pilosus). Using ELISA with the Platelia™ Rabies II kit,(Bio-Rad Laboratories, Marnes-la-Coquette, France) 29.0% (18/62) of the bats tested positive, indicating prior exposure. The detection rate was slightly higher in females (35.7%) than in males (30.4%). Lyssavirus-specific antibodies were detected in four species, with the highest levels found in M. pilosus, followed by H. alongensis, H. armiger, and H. poutensis; no positives were found in T. melanopogon samples. One bat exhibited high seroconversion value (>4 EU/mL). The findings provide serological evidence of widespread lyssaviruses exposure in asymptomatic bats on Cat Ba Island, confirming their role as reservoirs that elicit an immune response without exhibiting rabies symptoms. This highlights the role of caves in facilitating close contact among bats, which may increase viral transmission, highlighting the need for continued surveillance in these unique roosting environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Microbiology, Parasitology and Immunology)

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