Plants

29 pages, 3473 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Identification and Quantification of Individual Polyphenols in Fallopia japonica Plants and Honey and Their Influence on Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities

by Alexandra-Antonia Cucu, Adriana Cristina Urcan, Otilia Bobiș, Victorița Bonta, Mihaiela Cornea-Cipcigan, Adela Ramona Moise, Ștefan Dezsi, Claudia Pașca, Gabriela-Maria Baci and Daniel Severus Dezmirean

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1883; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131883 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1900

Abstract

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties [...] Read more.

Fallopia japonica (FJ), an invasive plant species known for its rich bioactive compounds, has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine. Despite its significant beekeeping potential, this aspect of FJ remains underexplored. This research aims to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of FJ plants and honey. Notably, this study is the first to identify individual phenolic compounds in both FJ plant tissues and FJ honey, highlighting resveratrol as a marker of FJ honey. The study tested inhibitory activity against seven bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella enteritidis, and the yeast Candida albicans. Disk diffusion and microdilution methods were used to assess antimicrobial activity, while the crystal violet staining test evaluated antibiofilm activity. Results showed that FJ plant tissues and honey exhibited strong inhibition, particularly against Gram-negative bacterial strains. The most significant inhibition of biofilm formation, by both FJ plant tissues and honey, was observed against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. A significant positive correlation was found between antimicrobial activity and individual polyphenols, especially resveratrol. The antibacterial and antibiofilm potential of FJ plant tissues and honey suggests promising applications in sustainable beekeeping. Further research is necessary to evaluate the bioactive compounds found in FJ honey and their health effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Functional Food Products Derived from Plant)

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13 pages, 2372 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of Transcription Factors of Santalene Synthase Gene Promoters and SaSSY Cis-Elements through Yeast One-Hybrid Screening in Santalum album L.

by Yunqing Zhou, Xiang Li, Dongli Wang, Zequn Yu, Yunshan Liu, Lipan Hu and Zhan Bian

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1882; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131882 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1482

Abstract

The main components of sandalwood heartwood essential oil are terpenoids, approximately 80% of which are α-santalol and β-santalol. In the synthesis of the main secondary metabolites of sandalwood heartwood, the key gene, santalene synthase (SaSSY), can produce α-santalene and β-santalene by [...] Read more.

The main components of sandalwood heartwood essential oil are terpenoids, approximately 80% of which are α-santalol and β-santalol. In the synthesis of the main secondary metabolites of sandalwood heartwood, the key gene, santalene synthase (SaSSY), can produce α-santalene and β-santalene by catalyzed (E, E)-FPP. Furthermore, santalene is catalyzed by the cytochrome monooxygenase SaCYP736A167 to form sandalwood essential oil, which then produces a fragrance. However, the upstream regulatory mechanism of the key gene santalene synthase remains unclear. In this study, SaSSY (Sal3G10690) promoter transcription factors and SaSSY cis-elements were screened. The results showed that the titer of the sandalwood cDNA library was 1.75 × 10⁷ CFU/mL, 80% of the inserted fragments identified by PCR were over 750 bp in length, and the positivity rate of the library was greater than 90%. The promoter region of the SaSSY gene was shown to have the structural basis for potential regulatory factor binding. After sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, we successfully obtained 51 positive clones and identified four potential SaSSY transcriptional regulators. Sal6G03620 was annotated as the transcription factor MYB36-like, and Sal8G07920 was annotated as the small heat shock protein HSP20 in sandalwood. Sal1G00910 was annotated as a hypothetical protein of sandalwood. Sal4G10880 was annotated as a homeobox-leucine zipper protein (ATHB-15) in sandalwood. In this study, a cDNA library of sandalwood was successfully constructed using a yeast one-hybrid technique, and the transcription factors that might interact with SaSSY gene promoters were screened. This study provides a foundation for exploring the molecular regulatory mechanism involved in the formation of sandalwood heartwood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of Rare Tree Species Response to Abiotic Stress)

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2 pages, 656 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Hale et al. Differential Expression Profiling Reveals Stress-Induced Cell Fate Divergence in Soybean Microspores. Plants 2020, 9, 1510

by Brett Hale, Callie Phipps, Naina Rao, Asela Wijeratne and Gregory C. Phillips

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1881; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131881 - 8 Jul 2024

Viewed by 672

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Plant Regeneration)

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22 pages, 6780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clubroot-Induced Changes in the Root and Rhizosphere Microbiome of Susceptible and Resistant Canola

by Jorge Cordero-Elvia, Leonardo Galindo-González, Rudolph Fredua-Agyeman, Sheau-Fang Hwang and Stephen E. Strelkov

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1880; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131880 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1815

Abstract

Clubroot is a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. In western Canada, clubroot is usually managed by planting-resistant cultivars, but the emergence of resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae represents a [...] Read more.

Clubroot is a soilborne disease of canola (Brassica napus) and other crucifers caused by the obligate parasite Plasmodiophora brassicae. In western Canada, clubroot is usually managed by planting-resistant cultivars, but the emergence of resistance-breaking pathotypes of P. brassicae represents a major threat to sustainable canola production. The rhizosphere and root contain beneficial microorganisms that can improve plant health. In this study, we evaluated the effect of two P. brassicae isolates (termed A and B) with different levels of virulence on the root and rhizosphere microbiomes of clubroot-resistant and clubroot-susceptible canola. Additionally, potential biocontrol microorganisms were identified based on taxa antagonistic to clubroot. Although both P. brassicae isolates were classified as pathotype 3A, isolate A caused a higher disease severity index in the resistant canola genotype compared with isolate B. Metabarcoding analysis indicated a shift in the bacterial and fungal communities in response to inoculation with either field isolate. Root endophytic bacterial and fungal communities responded to changes in inoculation, isolate type, sampling time, and canola genotype. In contrast, fungal communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited significant differences between sampling times, while bacterial communities associated with the rhizosphere exhibited low variability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytomicrobiome Research for Disease and Pathogen Management)

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13 pages, 2824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomics Identifies Differentially Expressed Genes Inducing Tuber Formation in Early- and Late-Maturing Potatoes

by Yongzhen Ma, Mengtao Li, Shujuan Wang, Ke Deng, Long Zhao, Jia Luo, Wenquan Wang, Fang Wang and Jian Wang

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1879; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131879 - 8 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1624

Abstract

The timing of potato tuberization is affected by potato ripeness, environmental factors, and polygene regulation. The accurate control of the transition to tuberization has both scientific and practical production value, but the key factors regulating this transition remain unclear. This study grafted an [...] Read more.

The timing of potato tuberization is affected by potato ripeness, environmental factors, and polygene regulation. The accurate control of the transition to tuberization has both scientific and practical production value, but the key factors regulating this transition remain unclear. This study grafted an early-maturing potato variety (Favorita) scion to the late-maturing Qingshu 9 variety and demonstrated that a heterologous early-maturing scion can induce early potato formation on a late-maturing rootstock. The transcriptome of functional leaves and stolons of grafted plants was comprehensively analyzed and 593 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, including 38 transcription factors. Based on gene molecular function analysis and previous reports, we propose that PIF5, bHLH93, CBF3, ERF109, TCP19, and YABBY1 are the key DEGs that induce tuber formation in early- and late-maturing potatoes. The YABBY1 gene was subjected to functional verification. The leaf area of StYABBY1-overexpressing plants was smaller than the wild type and no potato tubercles were formed, while an RNA interference plant line showed no change in leaf area and formed tubers, indicating that StYABBY1 has a role in leaf size regulation and tuber formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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18 pages, 11248 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of RdHSP Genes Related to High Temperature in Rhododendron delavayi

by Cheng Wang, Xiaojing Wang, Ping Zhou and Changchun Li

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1878; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131878 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1758

Abstract

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that play essential roles in plant development and in response to various environmental stresses. Understanding R. delavayi HSP genes is of great importance since R. delavayi is severely affected by heat stress. In the present study, a [...] Read more.

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones that play essential roles in plant development and in response to various environmental stresses. Understanding R. delavayi HSP genes is of great importance since R. delavayi is severely affected by heat stress. In the present study, a total of 76 RdHSP genes were identified in the R. delavayi genome, which were divided into five subfamilies based on molecular weight and domain composition. Analyses of the chromosome distribution, gene structure, and conserved motif of the RdHSP family genes were conducted using bioinformatics analysis methods. Gene duplication analysis showed that 15 and 8 RdHSP genes were obtained and retained from the WGD/segmental duplication and tandem duplication, respectively. Cis-element analysis revealed the importance of RdHSP genes in plant adaptations to the environment. Moreover, the expression patterns of RdHSP family genes were investigated in R. delavayi treated with high temperature based on our RNA-seq data, which were further verified by qRT-PCR. Further analysis revealed that nine candidate genes, including six RdHSP20 subfamily genes (RdHSP20.4, RdHSP20.8, RdHSP20.6, RdHSP20.3, RdHSP20.10, and RdHSP20.15) and three RdHSP70 subfamily genes (RdHSP70.15, RdHSP70.21, and RdHSP70.16), might be involved in enhancing the heat stress tolerance. The subcellular localization of two candidate RdHSP genes (RdHSP20.8 and RdHSP20.6) showed that two candidate RdHSPs were expressed and function in the chloroplast and nucleus, respectively. These results provide a basis for the functional characterization of HSP genes and investigations on the molecular mechanisms of heat stress response in R. delavayi. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms of Plant Regulation against Environmental Stress)

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13 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Variations in Aboveground Biomass, Nutrient Content, and Ecological Stoichiometry in Young and Middle-Aged Stands of Chinese Fir Forests

by Zhiqiang Li, Can Mao, Qinxiang Wu, Yuanying Peng, Jun Wang, Bin Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Xiaocui Liang, Wende Yan and Xiaoyong Chen

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1877; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131877 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1234

Abstract

Understanding the ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems, particularly the influence of forest age structure on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content, is crucial for effective forest management and conservation. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient storage and ecological stoichiometry [...] Read more.

Understanding the ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems, particularly the influence of forest age structure on soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content, is crucial for effective forest management and conservation. This study aimed to investigate the nutrient storage and ecological stoichiometry across different-aged stands of Chinese fir forests. Soil samples were collected from various depths (0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–45 cm) across four age groups of Chinese fir forests (8-year-old, 12-year-old, 20-year-old, and 25-year-old) in the Forest Farm, Pingjiang County, China. Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were measured, and their stoichiometries were calculated. The results showed that both individual tree biomass and stand biomass, along with SOC, TN, and TP content, increased with stand age, highlighting the significant importance of stand age on biomass production and nutrient accumulation in forests. Specifically, soil C and P contents significantly increased as the forest aged, while variation in N content was relatively minor. Soil C/N and C/P ratios exhibited variation corresponding to forest age, suggesting alterations in the ecological stoichiometry characteristics of the forests over time. These findings are crucial for understanding the dynamics of ecosystem functioning and nutrient cycling within Chinese fir forests and provide a solid scientific basis for the effective management and conservation of these vital forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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16 pages, 3210 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Identification of SNP Markers and Candidate Genes Associated with Major Agronomic Traits in Coffea arabica

by Ruane Alice da Silva, Eveline Teixeira Caixeta, Letícia de Faria Silva, Tiago Vieira Sousa, Pedro Ricardo Rossi Marques Barreiros, Antonio Carlos Baião de Oliveira, Antonio Alves Pereira, Cynthia Aparecida Valiati Barreto and Moysés Nascimento

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1876; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131876 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1761

Abstract

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) allow for inferences about the relationships between genomic variants and phenotypic traits in natural or breeding populations. However, few have used this methodology in Coffea arabica. We aimed to identify chromosomal regions with significant associations between SNP markers [...] Read more.

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) allow for inferences about the relationships between genomic variants and phenotypic traits in natural or breeding populations. However, few have used this methodology in Coffea arabica. We aimed to identify chromosomal regions with significant associations between SNP markers and agronomic traits in C. arabica. We used a coffee panel consisting of 195 plants derived from 13 families in F2 generations and backcrosses of crosses between leaf rust-susceptible and -resistant genotypes. The plants were phenotyped for 18 agronomic markers and genotyped for 21,211 SNP markers. A GWAS enabled the identification of 110 SNPs with significant associations (p < 0.05) for several agronomic traits in C. arabica: plant height, plagiotropic branch length, number of vegetative nodes, canopy diameter, fruit size, cercosporiosis incidence, and rust incidence. The effects of each SNP marker associated with the traits were analyzed, such that they can be used for molecular marker-assisted selection. For the first time, a GWAS was used for these important agronomic traits in C. arabica, enabling applications in accelerated coffee breeding through marker-assisted selection and ensuring greater efficiency and time reduction. Furthermore, our findings provide preliminary knowledge to further confirm the genomic loci and potential candidate genes contributing to various structural and disease-related traits of C. arabica. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemistry, Biology and Health Aspects of Plants of the Coffea Genus)

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13 pages, 5312 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Transferring an Adult-Plant Stripe-Rust Resistance Gene Yr7VS from Chromosome 7V of Dasypyrum villosum (L.) to Bread Wheat

by Fu Hou, Yinyu Jin, Jin Hu, Lingna Kong, Xiaoxue Liu, Liping Xing, Aizhong Cao and Ruiqi Zhang

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1875; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131875 - 7 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1433

Abstract

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f.sp. tritici, Pst) is a destructive disease that seriously threatens wheat production globally. Exploring novel resistance genes for use in wheat breeding is an urgent need, as continuous Pst evolution frequently leads to a breakdown [...] Read more.

Stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West. f.sp. tritici, Pst) is a destructive disease that seriously threatens wheat production globally. Exploring novel resistance genes for use in wheat breeding is an urgent need, as continuous Pst evolution frequently leads to a breakdown of host resistance. Here, we identified a set of wheat–Dasypyrum villosum 01I139 (V#6) disomic introgression lines for the purpose of determining their responses to a mixture of Pst isolates CYR32, CYR33 and CYR34 at both seedling and adult-plant stages. The results showed that all introgression lines exhibited high susceptibility at the seedling stage, with infection-type (IT) scores in the range of 6–8, whereas, for chromosomes 5V#6 and 7V#6, disomic addition lines NAU5V#6-1 and NAU7V#6-1 displayed high resistance at the adult-plant stage, indicating that adult-plant resistance (APR) genes were located on them. Further, in order to transfer the stripe-rust resistance on chromosome 7V#6, four new wheat–D. villosum introgression lines were identified, by the use of molecular cytogenetic approaches, from the self-pollinated seeds of 7D and 7V#6, in double monosomic line NAU7V#6-2. Among them, NAU7V#6-3 and NAU7V#6-4 were t7V#6L and t7V#6S monosomic addition lines, and NAU7V#6-5 and NAU7V#6-6 were homozygous T7DS·7V#6L and T7DL·7V#6S whole-arm translocation lines. Stripe-rust tests and genetic analyses of chromosome 7V#6 introgression lines revealed a dominant APR gene designated as Yr7VS on the chromosome arm 7V#6S. Comparison with the homozygous T7DL·7V#6S translocation line and the recurrent parent NAU0686 showed no significant differences in yield-related traits. Thus, T7DL·7V#6S whole-arm translocation with the APR gene Yr7VS provided a valuable germplasm for breeding for resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mining and Mapping of Disease-Resistant Genes in Wheat)

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24 pages, 2094 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of Proline Accumulation and Protein Secretion in Sorghum under Combined Osmotic and Heat Stress

by Samkelisiwe P. Ngwenya, Sellwane J. Moloi, Nemera G. Shargie, Adrian P. Brown, Stephen Chivasa and Rudo Ngara

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1874; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131874 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2969

Abstract

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the [...] Read more.

Plants reprogramme their proteome to alter cellular metabolism for effective stress adaptation. Intracellular proteomic responses have been extensively studied, and the extracellular matrix stands as a key hub where peptide signals are generated/processed to trigger critical adaptive signal transduction cascades inaugurated at the cell surface. Therefore, it is important to study the plant extracellular proteome to understand its role in plant development and stress response. This study examined changes in the soluble extracellular sub-proteome of sorghum cell cultures exposed to a combination of sorbitol-induced osmotic stress and heat at 40 °C. The combined stress significantly reduced metabolic activity and altered protein secretion. While cells treated with osmotic stress alone had elevated proline content, the osmoprotectant in the combined treatment remained unchanged, confirming that sorghum cells exposed to combined stress utilise adaptive processes distinct from those invoked by the single stresses applied separately. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-metabolising proteins and proteases dominated differentially expressed proteins identified in cells subjected to combined stress. ROS-generating peroxidases were suppressed, while ROS-degrading proteins were upregulated for protection from oxidative damage. Overall, our study provides protein candidates that could be used to develop crops better suited for an increasingly hot and dry climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mastering Resilience: A Comprehensive Exploration of Plant Stress Responses through Omics Profiling)

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23 pages, 6298 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Phosphite in Arabidopsis thaliana Mediated by Activation of ABA, SA, and JA Biosynthesis and Signaling Pathways

by Francisco Gabriel Pérez-Zavala, Jonathan Odilón Ojeda-Rivera, Luis Herrera-Estrella and Damar López-Arredondo

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1873; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131873 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2141

Abstract

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is [...] Read more.

Phosphite (Phi) has gained attention in agriculture due to its biostimulant effect on crops. This molecule has been found to benefit plant performance by providing protection against pathogens, improving yield and fruit quality as well as nutrient and water use efficiency. It is still unclear how Phi enhances plant growth and protects against multiple stresses. It has been hypothesized that Phi acts by directly affecting the pathogens and interacting with the plant cellular components and molecular machinery to elicit defense responses. This study elucidates the mechanisms underlying Phi’s beneficial effects on plants, revealing their complex interplay with fundamental signaling pathways. An RNA-seq study of Arabidopsis seedlings under optimal and limiting phosphate conditions helped us unveil Phi’s role in promoting plant growth by activating the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis and signaling pathways associated with abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA). The expression of ABA-related genes, known for their involvement in stress response and development regulation, is triggered by Phi treatment, contributing to enhanced resilience and growth. Simultaneously, the activation of the SA pathway, associated with defense responses, suggests Phi’s potential in bolstering plant immunity. Moreover, Phi influences JA biosynthesis and signaling, which are crucial for defense against herbivores and pathogens, thereby strengthening plants’ defenses. Our findings reveal a multifaceted mechanism through which Phi benefits Arabidopsis development. Understanding its intricate interplay with key signaling pathways opens avenues for leveraging Phi as a strategic tool to enhance plant resilience, immunity, and growth in agricultural and ecological contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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21 pages, 4222 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Cultures and the Bioactivity of Their Root Microflora Are Affected by Amended Soil

by Konstantina Mitsigiorgi, Georgia C. Ntroumpogianni, Efstathios A. Katsifas, Dimitris G. Hatzinikolaou, Konstantinos Chassapis, Elisavet Skampa, Aikaterina L. Stefi and Nikolaos S. Christodoulakis

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1872; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131872 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1692

Abstract

This study aimed to highlight the positive effects of various recycled organic substrates on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) and to promote sustainable waste management practices, contributing to the concept of a circular economy. Over a two-month period, the growth potential and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to highlight the positive effects of various recycled organic substrates on lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) and to promote sustainable waste management practices, contributing to the concept of a circular economy. Over a two-month period, the growth potential and rhizosphere microflora of lettuce plants grown in soil amended with different recycled substrates were investigated. All data were compared, and the effects of the culture substrates were evaluated. All groups containing soil improvers offered a significant increase in the number of leaves per plant and, in two cases, an increase in dry biomass as well as an increase in the concentration of all leaf pigments. Both MDA and H₂O₂ concentrations were the lowest in two groups containing soil improvers (VG 5% and PLUS 10%). At the end of the culture period, isolation and culture of bacteria from the plant rhizosphere were performed. Different bacterial strains were isolated and tested for the production of antimicrobial agents against six microbial indicators (B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, S. cerevisiae, C. albicans, and P. aeruginosa). The greater percentage of the isolated strains showed an ability to inhibit the growth of the B. subtilis index. Most of the strains with antimicrobial activity were isolated from the soil samples of the plain soil group and the soil amended with the commercial fertilizer. Three of the isolated strains originating from the Ginagro 5% group are multiproducers as they inhibit the growth of three microbial indicators or more. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Soil Fertility Management for Sustainable Crop Production)

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20 pages, 37072 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Anatomical Analysis of Bark Structure in 10 Quercus Species

by Changzhao Li, Xiaorui Yang, Songyang Chen, Yuxi Huang, Yushan Yang and Jian Qiu

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1871; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131871 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1454

Abstract

Detailed anatomical features of bark are used and interpreted in plant taxonomy, phylogenetics, and other areas of plant science. However, the delicate nature of bark cells, combined with the difficulty of obtaining high-quality sections and reliable data, limits the potential for utilizing and [...] Read more.

Detailed anatomical features of bark are used and interpreted in plant taxonomy, phylogenetics, and other areas of plant science. However, the delicate nature of bark cells, combined with the difficulty of obtaining high-quality sections and reliable data, limits the potential for utilizing and processing bark. In this study, the anatomical structure of the bark of 10 Quercus species growing in Yunnan Province, China, was characterized in detail. The results indicate that the anatomical features of the barks of 10 Quercus spp. show a certain degree of consistency. Specifically, sieve tubes are distributed in solitary elements or in small groups, mostly as compound sieve plates containing 2–8 sieve areas, suggesting that Quercus spp. may occupy a conservative evolutionary position. Additionally, for the first time, this study reports the presence of simple sieve plates in the sieve tube elements of Quercus phloem. Each sieve tube element has a companion cell on one side. The companion cell strands contain 2–7 cells. Axial parenchyma is diffuse, with parenchyma strands typically consisting of 4–7 cells; druses are present within chambered crystalliferous cells. Phloem rays are of two distinct sizes and often exhibit dilatation and sclerification, and the ray composition consists of procumbent cells. Sclerenchyma is composed of fibers and sclereids, both of which contain prismatic crystals. Most of the fibers are gelatinous fibers, which are distributed in discontinuous tangential bands of about five cells in width. Sclereids appear in clusters. The presence of sclerenchyma provides mechanical support to the bark, reducing the collapse of the phloem. Periderm usually consists of around 10–30 layers of phellem, and Quercus acutissima and Q. variabilis can reach dozens or hundreds layers. The phelloderm typically consists of from two to five layers, with Q. variabilis having up to ten or more layers. The filling tissue of lenticels in all Quercus species is nonstratified (homogeneous) and largely nonsuberized. Overall, this study enriches our comprehension of Quercus bark anatomy, elucidating evolutionary patterns, functional adaptations, and ecological ramifications within this significant botanical genus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microscopy Techniques in Plant Studies)

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11 pages, 997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of White Cabbage Intercropping with Aromatic Plant on Yield, Mineral and Biochemical Composition

by Armina Morkeliūnė, Neringa Rasiukevičiūtė, Lina Dėnė, Edita Dambrauskienė, Laisvūnė Duchovskienė and Alma Valiuškaitė

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1870; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131870 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1503

Abstract

The growing demand for higher-quality food production in smaller soil areas points to optimized land use. Intercropping has the potential to increase yield, reduce pests and diseases, and boost biodiversity. This study, conducted at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture [...] Read more.

The growing demand for higher-quality food production in smaller soil areas points to optimized land use. Intercropping has the potential to increase yield, reduce pests and diseases, and boost biodiversity. This study, conducted at the Institute of Horticulture, Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, from 2017 to 2019, aimed to determine the effect of white cabbage intercropping with aromatic plants, calendula, French marigold, thyme, and sage on yield, mineral and biochemical composition. Aromatic plants are known to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, so this study aimed to determine whether aromatic plants affect the yield, mineral, and biochemical composition of white cabbage. The two-year observations demonstrated that aromatic plants did not affect or slightly affect the mineral composition of cabbage’s primary macronutrients (N, P, K, Mg, and Ca). Cabbage’s dry matter, sugars, and ascorbic acid content vary when grown intercropped with aromatic plants compared to monoculture. Although the results were comparable, sugar concentration was lower in all cabbage combinations than in monoculture. Lower nitrate levels were detected in cabbage monoculture, probably due to agro-meteorological circumstances. The highest cabbage yield was achieved by intercropping with thyme (7.25 t/ha) compared to monoculture (6.81 t/ha) in 2018. It was found that intercropping with aromatic plants had little effect on the biochemical composition of white cabbage. The study results suggest that French marigold and thyme can be grown together with white cabbage to improve the phytosanitary of vegetables without compromising the biochemical quality of the cabbages. However, the influence on biochemical composition, especially on the nitrate and glucosinolate levels, should be examined further, providing valuable insights for future research in this field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Selected Papers from Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry)

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14 pages, 2545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Screening of NIAS World Rice Core Collection for Seeds with Long Longevity as Useful Potential Breeding Materials Focusing on the Stability of Embryonic RNAs

by Kalimullah Saighani, Megumi Kashiwagi, Safiullah Habibi, Craig G. Simpson, Tetsuya Yamada and Motoki Kanekatsu

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1869; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131869 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1021

Abstract

Seed longevity is a crucial trait for the seed industry and genetic resource preservation. To develop excellent cultivars with extended seed lifespans, it is important to understand the mechanism of keeping seed germinability long term and to find useful genetic resources as prospective [...] Read more.

Seed longevity is a crucial trait for the seed industry and genetic resource preservation. To develop excellent cultivars with extended seed lifespans, it is important to understand the mechanism of keeping seed germinability long term and to find useful genetic resources as prospective breeding materials. This study was conducted to identify the best cultivars with a high and stable seed longevity trait in the germplasm of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and to analyze the correlation between seed longevity and embryonic RNA integrity. Seeds from 69 cultivars of the world rice core collection selected by the NIAS in Japan were harvested in different years and subjected to long-term storage or controlled deterioration treatment (CDT). The long-term storage (4 °C, RH under 35%, 10 years) was performed on seeds harvested in 2010 and 2013. The seeds harvested in 2016 and 2019 were used for CDT (36 °C, RH of 80%, 40 days). Seed longevity and embryonic RNA integrity were estimated by a decrease in the germination percentage and RNA integrity number (RIN) after long-term storage or CDT. The RIN value was obtained by the electrophoresis of the total RNA extracted from the seed embryos. Seeds of “Vandaran (indica)”, “Tupa 729 (japonica)”, and “Badari Dhan (indica)” consistently showed higher seed longevity and embryonic RNA integrity both under long-term storage and CDT conditions regardless of the harvest year. A strong correlation (R² = 0.93) was observed between the germination percentages and RIN values of the seeds after the long-term storage or CDT among nine cultivars selected based on differences in their seed longevity. The study findings revealed the relationship between rice seed longevity and embryo RNA stability and suggested potential breeding materials including both japonica and indica cultivars for improving rice seed longevity. Full article

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11 pages, 1963 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Remote Sensing to Detect Prosopis juliflora Invasion: Environmental Drivers and Community Insights in Rangelands of Kenya

by Ambica Paliwal, Magdalena Mhelezi, Diba Galgallo, Rupsha Banerjee, Wario Malicha and Anthony Whitbread

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1868; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131868 - 6 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

The remarkable adaptability and rapid proliferation of Prosopis juliflora have led to its invasive status in the rangelands of Kenya, detrimentally impacting native vegetation and biodiversity. Exacerbated by human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and land degradation, these conditions make the spread and [...] Read more.

The remarkable adaptability and rapid proliferation of Prosopis juliflora have led to its invasive status in the rangelands of Kenya, detrimentally impacting native vegetation and biodiversity. Exacerbated by human activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and land degradation, these conditions make the spread and management of this species a critical ecological concern. This study assesses the effectiveness of artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing in monitoring the invasion of Prosopis juliflora in Baringo County, Kenya. We investigated the environmental drivers, including weather conditions, land cover, and biophysical attributes, that influence its distinction from native vegetation. By analyzing data on the presence and absence of Prosopis juliflora, coupled with datasets on weather, land cover, and elevation, we identified key factors facilitating its detection. Our findings highlight the Decision Tree/Random Forest classifier as the most effective, achieving a 95% accuracy rate in instance classification. Key variables such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for February, precipitation, land cover type, and elevation were significant in the accurate identification of Prosopis juliflora. Community insights reveal varied perspectives on the impact of Prosopis juliflora, with differing views based on professional experiences with the species. Integrating these technological advancements with local knowledge, this research contributes to developing sustainable management practices tailored to the unique ecological and social challenges posed by this invasive species. Our results highlight the contribution of advanced technologies for environmental management and conservation within rangeland ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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18 pages, 14462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overexpression of RpKTI2 from Robinia pseudoacacia Affects the Photosynthetic Physiology and Endogenous Hormones of Tobacco

by Jian Zhou, Pengxiang Die, Songyan Zhang, Xiaoya Han, Chenguang Wang and Peipei Wang

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1867; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131867 - 6 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1197

Abstract

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes play important roles in stress resistance. In this study, we investigated RpKTI2 cloned from Robinia pseudoacacia and its effect on tobacco. RpKTI2 was introduced into the tobacco cultivar NC89 using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Six RpKTI2-overexpressing lines were obtained. [...] Read more.

Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes play important roles in stress resistance. In this study, we investigated RpKTI2 cloned from Robinia pseudoacacia and its effect on tobacco. RpKTI2 was introduced into the tobacco cultivar NC89 using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Six RpKTI2-overexpressing lines were obtained. Transgenic and wild-type tobacco plants were then compared for photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormone levels. Transgenic tobacco showed minor changes in chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and photosynthetic functions. However, the maximum photochemical efficiency (F_v/F_m) increased significantly while intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) decreased significantly. Stomatal size and hormone content (indole-3-acetic acid, zeatin riboside, gibberellin, and indole-3-propionic acid) were reduced, while brassinosteroid content increased. Random forest regression revealed that RpKTI2 overexpression had the biggest impact on carotenoid content, initial fluorescence, C_i, stomatal area, and indole-3-acetic acid. Overall, RpKTI2 overexpression minimally affected chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic system characteristics but influenced stomatal development and likely enhanced the antioxidant capacity of tobacco. These findings provide a basis for future in-depth research on RpKTI2. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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24 pages, 4451 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biostimulant and Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Application on Four Major Biomass Crops as the Base of Phytomanagement Strategies in Metal-Contaminated Soils

by Pietro Peroni, Qiao Liu, Walter Zegada Lizarazu, Shuai Xue, Zili Yi, Moritz Von Cossel, Rossella Mastroberardino, Eleni G. Papazoglou, Andrea Monti and Yasir Iqbal

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1866; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131866 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1439

Abstract

Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and [...] Read more.

Using contaminated land to grow lignocellulosic crops can deliver biomass and, in the long term, improve soil quality. Biostimulants and microorganisms are nowadays an innovative approach to define appropriate phytomanagement strategies to promote plant growth and metal uptake. This study evaluated biostimulants and mycorrhizae application on biomass production and phytoextraction potential of four lignocellulosic crops grown under two metal-contaminated soils. Two greenhouse pot trials were setup to evaluate two annual species (sorghum, hemp) in Italy and two perennial ones (miscanthus, switchgrass) in China, under mycorrhizae (M), root (B2) and foliar (B1) biostimulants treatments, based on humic substances and protein hydrolysates, respectively, applied both alone and in combination (MB1, MB2). MB2 increased the shoot dry weight (DW) yield in hemp (1.9 times more), sorghum (3.6 times more) and miscanthus (tripled) with additional positive effects on sorghum and miscanthus Zn and Cd accumulation, respectively, but no effects on hemp metal accumulation. No treatment promoted switchgrass shoot DW, but M enhanced Cd and Cr shoot concentrations (+84%, 1.6 times more, respectively) and the phytoextraction efficiency. Root biostimulants and mycorrhizae were demonstrated to be more efficient inputs than foliar biostimulants to enhance plant development and productivity in order to design effective phytomanagement strategies in metal-contaminated soil. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar, Bioremediation and Bioenergy)

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16 pages, 6485 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Floral Response to Heat: A Study of Color and Biochemical Adaptations in Purple Chrysanthemums

by Fenglan Wang, Zhimei Li, Qing Wu, Yanhong Guo, Jun Wang, Honghui Luo and Yiwei Zhou

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1865; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131865 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1625

Abstract

Chrysanthemums are among the world’s most popular cut flowers, with their color being a key ornamental feature. The formation of these colors can be influenced by high temperatures. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the fading of chrysanthemum flower color under high-temperature stress [...] Read more.

Chrysanthemums are among the world’s most popular cut flowers, with their color being a key ornamental feature. The formation of these colors can be influenced by high temperatures. However, the regulatory mechanisms that control the fading of chrysanthemum flower color under high-temperature stress remain unclear. This study investigates the impact of high temperatures on the color and biochemical responses of purple chrysanthemums. Four purple chrysanthemum varieties were exposed to both normal and elevated temperature conditions. High-temperature stress elicited distinct responses among the purple chrysanthemum varieties. ‘Zi Feng Che’ and ‘Chrystal Regal’ maintained color stability, whereas ‘Zi Hong Tuo Gui’ and ‘Zi lian’ exhibited significant color fading, particularly during early bloom stages. This fading was associated with decreased enzymatic activities, specifically of chalcone isomerase (CHI), dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR), and anthocyanidin synthase (ANS), indicating a critical period of color development under heat stress. Additionally, the color fading of ‘Zi Lian’ was closely related to the increased activity of the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Conversely, a reduction in β-glucosidase (βG) activity may contribute significantly to the color steadfastness of ‘Zi Feng Che’. The genes Cse_sc027584.1_g010.1 (PPO) and Cse_sc031727.1_g010.1 (POD) might contribute to the degradation of anthocyanins in the petals of ‘Zi Hong Tuo Gui’ and ‘Zi Lian’ under high-temperature conditions, while simultaneously maintaining the stability of anthocyanins in ‘Zi Feng Che’ and ‘Chrystal Regal’ at the early bloom floral stage. The findings of this research provide new insights into the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which chrysanthemum flower color responds to high-temperature stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolism and Stress in Plants)

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12 pages, 4318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal Variation and Mean Degree of Polymerization of Proanthocyanidin in Leaves and Branches of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton)

by Yasuko Koga, Yuno Setoguchi, Kazuhiro Sugamoto, Yo Goto, Tomonari Hirano and Hisato Kunitake

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131864 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1271

Abstract

The leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry are rich in proanthocyanidins, which are thought to have different physiological activities depending on their structure and degree of polymerization. In this study, we analyzed the constituents of the leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry to [...] Read more.

The leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry are rich in proanthocyanidins, which are thought to have different physiological activities depending on their structure and degree of polymerization. In this study, we analyzed the constituents of the leaves and branches of rabbiteye blueberry to determine the seasonal variations in polyphenol and proanthocyanidin (PAC) contents as well as their mean degrees of polymerization (mDP). Total PAC content was determined using two methods: The p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (DMACA) method, which measures monomeric PAC, showed an increase from spring to summer in both leaves and branches. On the other hand, using the butanol/HCl method, which measures only polymerized PAC, the PAC content of leaves increased from spring to summer but those of branches remained low throughout the year, showing no significant increase or decrease. Furthermore, analysis of the mDP of PAC showed increases from spring to summer in the leaves of ‘Kunisato 35 gou’. Although the highest value (8.0) was observed in October, values around 4 remained throughout the year in the branches. Since differences in polymerization degree affect absorption in the body and physiological properties such as antioxidant capacity, selecting the appropriate harvest time and plant organs for each purpose is expected to ensure the quality of processed blueberry foods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Valuable Sources of Bioactive Natural Products from Plants, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 299 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insecticidal Activity of Some Major Essential Oil Components against Metopolophium dirhodum and Its Predators

by Roman Pavela and Matěj Novák

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1863; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131863 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1823

Abstract

Essential oils (EOs) are plant metabolites with important insecticidal effects. Nevertheless, information on the efficacy of the major substances on aphids and their natural enemies is still missing. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to identify the efficacy of selected EO majority [...] Read more.

Essential oils (EOs) are plant metabolites with important insecticidal effects. Nevertheless, information on the efficacy of the major substances on aphids and their natural enemies is still missing. The objective of this paper is, therefore, to identify the efficacy of selected EO majority substances—β-citronellol, carvacrol, isoeugenol, and linalool, including their binary mixtures—on the mortality and fertility of the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum, an important cereal pest. The best efficacy was proven for the binary mixture of β-citronellol and linalool (1:1 ratio), for which the estimated LC₅₀₍₉₀₎ is 0.56(1.58) mL L⁻¹. This binary mixture applied in sublethal concentrations significantly reduced aphid fertility. It was found that the phenomenon can be attributed to β-citronellol, as the females treated with LC₃₀ laid 45.9% fewer nymphs, on average, compared to the control. Although β-citronellol and linalool, including their 1:1 mixture, showed very good efficacy on aphid mortality, they were, on the other hand, very friendly to the larvae of Aphidoletes aphidimyza and Chrysoperla carnea, which are important aphid predators. Based on our results, the newly discovered synergically acting binary mixture β-citronellol/linalool can be recommended as an efficient substance suitable for the further development of botanical insecticides used against aphids. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Insect Control: The Potential Impact of Plant Essential Oils)

23 pages, 39000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis Revealed Abscisic Acid-Induced Regulation of Monoterpene Biosynthesis in Grape Berries

by Xiangyi Li, Yixuan Yan, Lei Wang, Guanhan Li, Yusen Wu, Ying Zhang, Lurong Xu and Shiping Wang

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1862; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131862 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1688

Abstract

Monoterpenes are a class of volatile organic compounds that play crucial roles in imparting floral and fruity aromas to Muscat-type grapes. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes, particularly following abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, remains elusive. This study [...] Read more.

Monoterpenes are a class of volatile organic compounds that play crucial roles in imparting floral and fruity aromas to Muscat-type grapes. However, our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underpinning monoterpene biosynthesis in grapes, particularly following abscisic acid (ABA) treatment, remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the impact of exogenous ABA on monoterpene biosynthesis in Ruiduhongyu grape berries by employing Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC–MS) analysis and transcriptome sequencing. The results suggested significant differences in total soluble solids (TSS), pH, and total acid content. ABA treatment resulted in a remarkable increase in endogenous ABA levels, with concentrations declining from veraison to ripening stages. ABA treatment notably enhanced monoterpene concentrations, particularly at the E_L37 and E_L38 stages, elevating the overall floral aroma of grape berries. According to the variable gene expression patterns across four developmental stages in response to ABA treatment, the E_L37 stage had the largest number of differential expressed genes (DEGs), which was correlated with a considerable change in free monoterpenes. Furthermore, functional annotation indicated that the DEGs were significantly enriched in primary and secondary metabolic pathways, underlining the relationship between ABA, sugar accumulation, and monoterpene biosynthesis. ABA treatment upregulated key genes involved in the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, enhancing carbon allocation and subsequently impacting terpene synthesis. This study also identified transcription factors, including MYB and AP2/ERF families, potentially modulating monoterpene and aroma-related genes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) linked ABA-induced gene expression to monoterpene accumulation, highlighting specific modules enriched with genes associated with monoterpene biosynthesis; one of these modules (darkgreen) contained genes highly correlated with most monoterpenes, emphasizing the role of ABA in enhancing grape quality during berry maturation. Together, these findings provide valuable insights into the multifaceted effects of exogenous ABA on monoterpene compounds and grape berry flavor development, offering potential applications in viticulture and enology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Flavor Quality of Cultivated and Wild Berries and Their Biological Basis)

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18 pages, 1537 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Proteomics and Metabolomics Approaches to Elucidate the Mechanism of Responses to Combined Stress in the Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

by Brandon Estefano Morales-Merida, Jesús Christian Grimaldi-Olivas, Abraham Cruz-Mendívil, Claudia Villicaña, José Benigno Valdez-Torres, J. Basilio Heredia, Rubén Gerardo León-Chan, Luis Alberto Lightbourn-Rojas, Juan L. Monribot-Villanueva, José A. Guerrero-Analco, Eliel Ruiz-May and Josefina León-Félix

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1861; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131861 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 2160

Abstract

Bell pepper plants are sensitive to environmental changes and are significantly affected by abiotic factors such as UV-B radiation and cold, which reduce their yield and production. Various approaches, including omics data integration, have been employed to understand the mechanisms by which this [...] Read more.

Bell pepper plants are sensitive to environmental changes and are significantly affected by abiotic factors such as UV-B radiation and cold, which reduce their yield and production. Various approaches, including omics data integration, have been employed to understand the mechanisms by which this crop copes with abiotic stress. This study aimed to find metabolic changes in bell pepper stems caused by UV-B radiation and cold by integrating omic data. Proteome and metabolome profiles were generated using liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, and data integration was performed in the plant metabolic pathway database. The combined stress of UV-B and cold induced the accumulation of proteins related to photosynthesis, mitochondrial electron transport, and a response to a stimulus. Further, the production of flavonoids and their glycosides, as well as affecting carbon metabolism, tetrapyrrole, and scopolamine pathways, were identified. We have made the first metabolic regulatory network map showing how bell pepper stems respond to cold and UV-B stress. We did this by looking at changes in proteins and metabolites that help with respiration, photosynthesis, and the buildup of photoprotective and antioxidant compounds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics Approaches to Predict Physiological Traits of Plants under Abiotic Stress)

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18 pages, 12073 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analyzing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Grassland Resilience and Influencing Factors in the West Songnen Plain, China, for Eco-Restoration

by Gefei Wang, Zhenyu Shi, Huiqing Wen, Yansu Bo, Haoming Li and Xiaoyan Li

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1860; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131860 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 882

Abstract

Grassland plays an indispensable role in the stability and development of terrestrial ecosystems. Quantitatively assessing grassland resilience is of great significance for conducting research on grassland ecosystems. However, the quantitative measurement of resilience is difficult, and research on the spatio-temporal variation of grassland [...] Read more.

Grassland plays an indispensable role in the stability and development of terrestrial ecosystems. Quantitatively assessing grassland resilience is of great significance for conducting research on grassland ecosystems. However, the quantitative measurement of resilience is difficult, and research on the spatio-temporal variation of grassland resilience remains incomplete. Utilizing the Global Land Surface Satellite (GLASS) leaf area index (LAI) product derived from MODIS remote sensing data, along with land cover and meteorological data, this paper constructed the grassland resilience index (GRI) in the west Songnen Plain, China, a typical region with salt and alkali soils. This paper analyzed the spatio-temporal changes of the GRI and explored the contribution of climate factors, human activities, and geographical factors to the GRI. The results revealed that from 2000 to 2021, the GRI in the study area ranged from 0.1 to 0.22, with a multi-year average of 0.14. The average GRI exhibited a pattern of high-value aggregations in the north and low-value distributions in the south. Trend analysis indicated that areas with an improved GRI accounted for 59.09% of the total grassland area, but there were still some areas with serious degradation. From 2000 to 2015, the latitude and mean annual temperature (MAT) were principal factors to control the distribution of the GRI. In 2020, the mean annual precipitation (MAP) and MAT played important roles in the distribution of the GRI. From 2000 to 2021, the influence of human activities was consistently less significant compared to geographical location and climate variables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Managing and Regulating Plant (Vegetation)–Environment (Soil-Affected Land, Coastal Zone and Arid Areas) Interactions for a Better Eco-Environment and Sustainable Productivity)

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14 pages, 3158 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennel as an Alien Weed in Central Spain: A Case Study

by María Dolores Curt, Gema Sánchez, Pedro Luis Aguado and Inés Santín-Montanyá

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1859; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131859 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1016

Abstract

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell is a species with invasive behavior outside of its native range of distribution (America), linked mainly to aquatic habitats. This annual species has been acknowledged as a weed in rice paddies in Europe and Asia. Due to the impacts [...] Read more.

Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell is a species with invasive behavior outside of its native range of distribution (America), linked mainly to aquatic habitats. This annual species has been acknowledged as a weed in rice paddies in Europe and Asia. Due to the impacts of this invasive plant, some authors have even listed this species as a global invader. The present work focused on spontaneous plant species occurring in seedlings of Typha domingensis Pers. grown in central Spain for the establishment of constructed wetlands. Weed inventory revealed the presence of L. dubia as a dominant spontaneous species in this crop environment. A suite of mesocosm experiments were designed to study the population density of L. dubia versus that of the other dominant plant species, and to determine traits associated with its weedy potential. The results showed that L. dubia presents competitive attributes such as morphological variability, early flowering, long seeding time, short growth cycle, small and light seeds and a high seed production and germination rate (25 °C), meaning a high reproductive capacity in a cycle of about three months for plant growth in non-limiting conditions. The data obtained from this work provide a basis for understanding the weedy potential of L. dubia, and for management decisions of a potentially invasive species, which has been little investigated in Europe Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Invasion)

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12 pages, 4270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density Differentially Improves Edible Biomass Space Use Efficacy in Edamame and Dwarf Tomato

by Qingxin Liu, Xinglin Ke and Eiji Goto

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1858; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131858 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1009

Abstract

Improving edible biomass space use efficacy (EBSUE) is important for sustainably producing edamame and dwarf tomatoes in plant factories with artificial light. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) may increase EBSUE and space use efficacy (SUE). However, no study has quantitatively explained how PPFD [...] Read more.

Improving edible biomass space use efficacy (EBSUE) is important for sustainably producing edamame and dwarf tomatoes in plant factories with artificial light. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) may increase EBSUE and space use efficacy (SUE). However, no study has quantitatively explained how PPFD affects EBSUE in edamame and dwarf tomatoes. This study aimed to quantitatively validate the effects of PPFD on EBSUE in dwarf tomatoes and edamame and verify whether this effect differs between these crops. The edamame and dwarf tomato cultivars ‘Enrei’ and ‘Micro-Tom’, respectively, were cultivated under treatments with PPFDs of 300, 500, and 700 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹. The results showed that the EBSUE and SUE increased with increasing PPFD in both crops. The EBSUE increased depending on the increase in SUE, the dry mass ratio of the edible part to the total plant in the edamame, and the SUE only in the dwarf tomatoes. In conclusion, a high PPFD can improve the EBSUE and SUE of edamame and dwarf tomatoes in different ways at the reproductive growth stage. The findings from this study offer valuable information on optimizing space and resource usage in plant factories with artificial light and vertical farms. Additionally, they shed light on the quantitative impact of PPFD on both EBSUE and SUE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimizing Plants and Cultivation System for Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA))

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13 pages, 3184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Identification of Kabatiella zeae as a Causal Agent of Northern Anthracnose of Sorghum in China and Estimation of Host Resistance

by Wenbo Yu, Yu Wang, Lan Hu, Jing Xu, Jichen Yan, Peng Cao, Chunjuan Liu, Xiaolong Shi, Chang Liu, Yu Jiang and Yufei Zhou

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1857; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131857 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1274

Abstract

Sorghum northern anthracnose is a leaf disease affecting sorghum, which results in plant death and substantial yield loss. This study aimed to effectively understand the disease, clarify its biological characteristics, and evaluate the resistance of germplasm resources. A field sample was collected to [...] Read more.

Sorghum northern anthracnose is a leaf disease affecting sorghum, which results in plant death and substantial yield loss. This study aimed to effectively understand the disease, clarify its biological characteristics, and evaluate the resistance of germplasm resources. A field sample was collected to isolate and purify the pathogen. The pathogen, identified as Kabatiella zeae Narita et Hiratsuka using both morphological and molecular techniques, was further confirmed as the causative agent of northern anthracnose of sorghum following Robert Koch’s principles. The results revealed the optimal culture temperature to be 25 °C, preferred dark culture conditions, and the best growth on potato glucose agar medium with sucrose and L-leucine as the optimal carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. A total of 138 sorghum germplasm resources were inoculated and evaluated using the isolated pathogen, with 20 lines (14.49%) exhibiting high resistance, 18 lines (13.04%) showing disease resistance, 27 lines (19.57%) demonstrating medium resistance, 37 lines (26.81%) being susceptible, and 36 lines (26.09%) classified as highly susceptible. The indoor fungicide screening was conducted through pathogen medium application, and enilconazole, pyraclostrobin, methylthiophanate, and flusilazole were screened for the best fungicide inhibition with a 100% inhibition rate compared with the control. This study provides reference for field pharmaceutical control in sorghum production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Plant Responses to Environmental Stress)

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23 pages, 7132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Golden 2-like Transcription Factors Regulate Photosynthesis under UV-B Stress by Regulating the Calvin Cycle

by Xiangru Zhou, Wang Yu, Fushuai Gong, Hongwei Xu, Jie Lyu and Xiaofu Zhou

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1856; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131856 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1545

Abstract

UV-B stress can affect plant growth at different levels, and although there is a multitude of evidence confirming the effects of UV-B radiation on plant photosynthesis, there are fewer studies using physiological assays in combination with multi-omics to investigate photosynthesis in alpine plants [...] Read more.

UV-B stress can affect plant growth at different levels, and although there is a multitude of evidence confirming the effects of UV-B radiation on plant photosynthesis, there are fewer studies using physiological assays in combination with multi-omics to investigate photosynthesis in alpine plants under stressful environments. Golden 2-like (G2-like/GLK) transcription factors (TFs) are highly conserved during evolution and may be associated with abiotic stress. In this paper, we used Handy-PEA and Imaging-PAM Maxi to detect chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum) after UV-B stress, and we also investigated the effect of abscisic acid (ABA) on photosynthesis in plants under stress environments. We used a combination of proteomics, widely targeted metabolomics, and transcriptomics to study the changes of photosynthesis-related substances after UV-B stress. The results showed that UV-B stress was able to impair the donor side of photosystem II (PSII), inhibit electron transfer and weaken photosynthesis, and abscisic acid was able to alleviate the damage caused by UV-B stress to the photosynthetic apparatus. Significant changes in G2-like transcription factors occurred in R. chrysanthum after UV-B stress, and differentially expressed genes localized in the Calvin cycle were strongly correlated with members of the G2-like TF family. Multi-omics assays and physiological measurements together revealed that G2-like TFs can influence photosynthesis in R. chrysanthum under UV-B stress by regulating the Calvin cycle. This paper provides insights into the study of photosynthesis in plants under stress, and is conducive to the adoption of measures to improve photosynthesis in plants under stress to increase yield. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Genetic Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops II)

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10 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Aster × chusanensis Growth and Phenolic Acid Composition under Different Cultivation Temperatures

by Han-Sol Sim, Hyuk Joon Kwon, Seong-Nam Jang, Ga Oun Lee, In-Je Kang, Gyu-Sik Yang, Gi-Heum Nam, Ji Eun Park, Ha Yeon Byun, Young-Hyun You and Ki-Ho Son

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1855; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131855 - 5 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1113

Abstract

Plants of the Asteraceae family have been cultivated worldwide for economic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, including genera such as Aster, Helianthus, and Cosmos. Numerous studies examined their secondary metabolites; however, those of Aster × chusanensis, which is a natural [...] Read more.

Plants of the Asteraceae family have been cultivated worldwide for economic, medicinal, and ornamental purposes, including genera such as Aster, Helianthus, and Cosmos. Numerous studies examined their secondary metabolites; however, those of Aster × chusanensis, which is a natural hybrid species in South Korea, are unclear, and optimized propagation methods should be identified. We analyzed phenolic acid concentrations in each part of Aster × chusanensis through HPLC. Further, we investigated the growth characteristics and secondary metabolite concentrations under various growth temperatures using division propagation, followed by growing at 20, 25, and 30 °C in a growth chamber. Chlorogenic acid was the primary compound, which was particularly high in the leaves. The growth characteristics did not differ significantly between temperatures, and 30 °C was most efficient for phenolic acid biosynthesis. Our results provide valuable information on optimized propagation and secondary metabolite concentrations under different temperatures of Aster × chusanensis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Chemical Characteristics and Bioactivity of Plant Natural Products)

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13 pages, 633 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Quantitative and Qualitative Production of Species Cucumis metuliferus and the Potential for Adaptation in the Context of Current Climate Change

by Rodica Soare, Maria Dinu, Cristina Babeanu, Mariana Niculescu, Marin Soare and Mihai Botu

Plants 2024, 13(13), 1854; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13131854 - 5 Jul 2024

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Abstract

Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is an annual vegetable species known as horned melon or kiwano. Fruits are recommended for the daily diet because they provide vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals to alleviate malnutrition and improve [...] Read more.

Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer ex Naudin belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. It is an annual vegetable species known as horned melon or kiwano. Fruits are recommended for the daily diet because they provide vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals to alleviate malnutrition and improve human health. In this study, kiwano was cultivated in the climatic conditions of Southwestern Romania, which is characterized by warm summers, lower precipitation, and high temperatures, ensuring optimal conditions for growth and development. The fruits were harvested at three stages of consumption: immature stage (green), intermediate stage (white–yellow) or the mature stage (yellow–orange). They were also subjected to analysis on the productive yield and physical–chemical properties. The results showed that the number of fruits ranged from 13.9 to 15.3 fruits/plant, and their average weight had values from 204 g to 234 g, depending on the harvest stage. The results obtained for bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity indicated significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), depending on the harvesting stage. The highest values for the antioxidant capacity (140.90 μM TE/100g DPPH) and total polyphenols (48.78 TPC mg/100 g) were recorded in the immature fruit phase, as well as for the carbohydrate content (3.56%), total protein (1.98%), ascorbic acid (4.3 mg/100 g f.w.), and carotene (0.98 mg/100 g) in the mature fruit phase. These results may stimulate interest in the introduction of this species as a niche crop and for consumption as a source of natural antioxidants for the prevention of diseases due to oxidative stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Potential of Neglected and Underutilized Plant Species as Future Crops under Climate Change)

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Plants, Volume 13, Issue 13 (July-1 2024) – 166 articles

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