Plants

13 pages, 4730 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme Positively Regulates Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid Biosynthesis to Confer Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana

by Xianglong Zhang, Zihao Chen, Shijie Jiang, Lin Xie, Jingjing Fan, Nengbing Hu and Xiangxiang Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3234; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203234 - 21 Oct 2025

Viewed by 385

Abstract

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC) plays a significant role in plant hormone signal transduction. In this study, we observed that TuMV infection markedly upregulates UBC mRNA expression, suggesting a close association between UBC and viral infection. Using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) [...] Read more.

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC) plays a significant role in plant hormone signal transduction. In this study, we observed that TuMV infection markedly upregulates UBC mRNA expression, suggesting a close association between UBC and viral infection. Using Tobacco rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) to downregulate UBC expression in Nicotiana benthamiana, we found that UBC-silenced plants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to TuMV compared with control plants. Conversely, transient overexpression of UBC protein suppressed viral propagation. Further analysis by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed a substantial downregulation in the expression of SA and JA biosynthetic genes in UBC-silenced plants. Accordingly, liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed a marked decrease in the accumulation of the corresponding hormones. Exogenous application of SA or JA partially restored antiviral resistance in UBC-silenced plants, indicating that hormonal deficiency contributes to enhanced viral susceptibility. Collectively, our results demonstrate that UBC positively regulates SA and JA biosynthesis. UBC silencing impairs both SA- and JA-mediated defense pathways, thereby facilitating viral infection in N. benthamiana. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metabolic Pathways and Hormonal Regulation in Plant Defense and Growth)

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14 pages, 2098 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Shanlan Upland Rice Germplasm Based on SSR Markers

by Linan Zhai, Mingchao Zhao, Xiaowei Yan, Yapeng Li, Xiaorong Xiao, Qingyu Wang, Huijian Wang, Bangji Zhou, Yong Yun, Funeng Xing and Qingjie Tang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3233; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203233 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Shanlan upland rice is a unique rice resource of the Li and Miao ethnic group in China and serves as a valuable gene pool adapted to tropical mountainous environments. To explore the genetic relationships of Shanlan upland rice from different geographical origins, 21 [...] Read more.

Shanlan upland rice is a unique rice resource of the Li and Miao ethnic group in China and serves as a valuable gene pool adapted to tropical mountainous environments. To explore the genetic relationships of Shanlan upland rice from different geographical origins, 21 SSR markers were used to conduct genetic diversity and population structure analyses on 288 Shanlan upland rice accessions from 10 provinces (regions) in southern China. Results: The study revealed that the mean values of effective allele number (Ne), Shannon’s information index (I), polymorphic information content (PIC), observed heterozygosity (Ho), and expected heterozygosity (He) for Shanlan upland rice were 1.616, 0.491, 0.74, 0.129, and 0.306, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis and molecular variance analysis (AMOVA) showed that the main source of variation between materials was the individual Shanlan upland rice plants. Genetic distance and differentiation results revealed the phylogenetic relationships among Shanlan upland rice populations. Both clustering and population structure analyses divided the materials into five subgroups, suggesting that the Shanlan upland rice from Qiongzhong, Hainan, might be the center of genetic diversity for the Hainan Shanlan upland rice, while rice from Dongfang, Hainan, and the inland populations exhibit genetic isolation. This study provides foundational data for the prioritized conservation and innovative utilization of Shanlan upland rice germplasm resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Genetics, Genomics and Biotechnology)

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13 pages, 3000 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Cushion Plant Androsace tapete on Nitrogen Uptake Strategies of Associated Alpine Plants

by Shuo Xing, Yong-Tao He, Pei-Li Shi and Xing-Liang Xu

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3232; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203232 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

In alpine ecosystems, plant growth is often constrained by multiple environmental factors, especially the infertile soils with lower temperature that decelerate the rate of nutrient turnover, thus leading to a diminished availability of nutrients in the soil, notably nitrogen (N), and its different [...] Read more.

In alpine ecosystems, plant growth is often constrained by multiple environmental factors, especially the infertile soils with lower temperature that decelerate the rate of nutrient turnover, thus leading to a diminished availability of nutrients in the soil, notably nitrogen (N), and its different forms, which is a pivotal factor for limiting plant growth and species coexistence in these alpine areas. Androsace tapete (A. tapete) is an endemic species and the most widely distributed cushion plant on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP). Its positive interactions can facilitate other associated plants to deal with severe environmental conditions in the alpine grassland ecosystem. The change in soil nutrient availability is one of the main positive interactions, but little is known about how A. tapete changes soil nutrient availability and affects the N uptake pattern of associated plants. This study investigated the N utilization patterns of three associated plant species —Carex atrofusca (C. atrofusca), Cyananthus incanus (C. incanus), and Potentilla saundersiana (P. saundersiana)— growing inside the cushion area A. tapete (CA) and the ambient grassland without cushion plants (CK), using a ¹⁵N labeling method to clarify the effect of A. tapete on the N uptake strategies with NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and organic N of its associated species. The results showed the following: (1) compared to CK, the soil total C, total N, and available NH₄⁺ contents under the A. tapete showed a significant 47.82%, 40.96%, and 47.33% increase, respectively; (2) A. tapete showed a stronger preference for NH₄⁺ (>80%), whereas the associated species in CK exhibited a more balanced uptake, deriving 39.29–55.59% of N from NO₃⁻, 25.72–44.00% from NH₄⁺, and 16.15–18.69% from glycine. (3) The three associated plants possessing A. tapete significantly reduced their uptake of glycine by 9.76%, 12.55%, and 7.15%, respectively, while the absorption of NH₄⁺ by C. atrofusca and C. incanus increased by 18.46% and 36.11%; meanwhile, NO₃⁻ uptake decreased by 8.70% in C. atrofusca and 23.55% in C. incanus. These findings indicated that the A. tapete can change the N uptake pattern of the associated plants growing inside the cushion body, such as enhancing the absorption of inorganic N and decreasing the organic N. This adaptive strategy of the associated plants with cushion plant enables them to counteract the N-limited conditions prevalent in alpine environments, and, as a consequence, facilitates their growth and promotes local plant community diversity in the alpine environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological and Ecological Responses of Arctic and Alpine Plants to Climate Change)

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22 pages, 2536 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Phyllostachys heterocyclas Expansion on the Phylogenetic Diversity and Community Assembly of Subtropical Forest

by Jiannan Wang, Ru Li, Zichen Huang, Sili Peng, Zhiwei Ge, Xiaoyue Lin and Lingfeng Mao

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3231; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203231 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyclas) has rapidly expanded in subtropical broadleaf forests of eastern China, raising concerns about biodiversity loss and community restructuring. We investigated how the expansion of this native bamboo influences species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across forest strata (trees, [...] Read more.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocyclas) has rapidly expanded in subtropical broadleaf forests of eastern China, raising concerns about biodiversity loss and community restructuring. We investigated how the expansion of this native bamboo influences species diversity and phylogenetic diversity across forest strata (trees, shrubs, herbs) by surveying 16 plots along a gradient from bamboo-free to bamboo-dominated stands. We measured soil properties, calculated multiple α-diversity indices, and constructed a community phylogeny to assess phylogenetic metrics. We also constructed a phylogenetically informed Resistance Index (RI) to evaluate species-specific responses to bamboo expansion. The results showed that overstory tree species richness and Faith’s phylogenetic diversity declined sharply with increasing bamboo cover, accompanied by significant losses of evolutionary lineages. In contrast, understory shrub and herb layers exhibited stable or higher species richness under bamboo expansion, although functional redundancy among new colonists suggests limited gains in ecosystem function. Soil conditions shifted substantially along the expansion gradient: pH increased by approximately 0.5 units, while total organic carbon and total nitrogen each decreased by about 30% (p < 0.01). Redundancy analysis and variance partitioning indicated that bamboo’s impacts on community diversity are mediated primarily through these soil changes. Species-level trends revealed that formerly dominant canopy trees (e.g., Schima superba, Pinus massoniana) were highly susceptible to bamboo, whereas certain shade-tolerant taxa (e.g., Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Rubus buergeri) showed resilience. In conclusion, the aggressive expansion of Moso bamboo drastically alters multi-layer forest diversity and community assembly processes. Our findings point to a need for targeted management (e.g., reducing bamboo density, soil restoration, and enrichment planting of native species) to mitigate biodiversity loss, underscoring the importance of considering phylogenetic diversity in expansion ecology and forest conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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21 pages, 4377 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects on Soil Fertility and Crop Productivity Under Residual Agricultural Gypsum and Azospirillum brasilense in Cover Crops in a Consolidated No-Tillage System

by Isadora Nicolielo de Souza, Maria Eduarda Pafetti Cristovam, Eduardo Leandro Moraes, Viviane Cristina Modesto, Naiane Antunes Alves Ribeiro, Vitória Almeida Moreira Girardi, Nelson Câmara de Souza Júnior, Aline Marchetti Silva Matos, Jussara Souza Salles, Camili Sardinha Gasparini, Wander Luís Barbosa Borges and Marcelo Andreotti

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3230; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203230 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Most tropical soils, as in the case of Brazil, are highly weathered, with low fertility, high acidity, and toxic aluminum, which limits crop management. Promoting root development is essential to overcome these constraints, and agricultural gypsum has shown positive effects in no-tillage systems. [...] Read more.

Most tropical soils, as in the case of Brazil, are highly weathered, with low fertility, high acidity, and toxic aluminum, which limits crop management. Promoting root development is essential to overcome these constraints, and agricultural gypsum has shown positive effects in no-tillage systems. This study evaluated the residual effects of five gypsum rates in an integrated crop–livestock system, with or without inoculation of rotation grasses with Azospirillum brasilense, on crop productivity and soil fertility over 40 months. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme. Inoculated grasses increased yields of soybean, sorghum intercropped with Paiaguás grass, and black oat, whereas non-inoculated areas had the highest corn yield, likely due to hybrid metabolism. Gypsum had limited effects on crop yields, with lower doses performing slightly better. Inoculation improved soil fertility, increasing base sum, cation exchange capacity, and base saturation up to 0.60 m depth at 18 and 40 months. After 40 months, gypsum enhanced soil conditioning and increased calcium, sun of bases, and base saturation. Overall, inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense in rotation grasses under long-term no-tillage systems enhanced crop productivity and contributed to improved soil fertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Fertilizers and Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria in Improving Crop Productivity)

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19 pages, 3283 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Phytohormone Signaling Pathway and Immunity Responses to BYDV Infection in Resistant and Susceptible Oat Cultivars

by Jikuan Chai, Kuiju Niu, Panpan Huang, Wenlong Gong, Yuehua Zhang, Zeliang Ju and Guiqin Zhao

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3229; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203229 - 21 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a vital cereal and feed crop grown worldwide, but its production is increasingly threatened by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and aphid infestations in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in northern China. This study explores the transcriptomic [...] Read more.

Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a vital cereal and feed crop grown worldwide, but its production is increasingly threatened by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and aphid infestations in arid and semi-arid regions, particularly in northern China. This study explores the transcriptomic and physiological responses of two oat cultivars MN10253 (resistant) and Qingyin 1 (susceptible) to BYDV at 0, 2, 8, 24, and 48 h post-infection. A combination of phytohormone profiling, differential gene expression analysis, and pathway enrichment was employed to identify mechanisms underpinning disease resistance. Comparative time-course transcriptome analysis revealed 9285 and 8904 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in MN10253 and Qingyin 1, respectively. Key pathways such as MAPK signaling, plant–pathogen interaction, and hormone signal transduction were significantly enriched. The resistant cultivar exhibited robust activation of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity pathways, marked by upregulation of genes like RPS2, HSP90, and WRKY33, alongside higher expression of salicylic acid (SA)-responsive genes, such as NPR1 and PAL. Conversely, the susceptible cultivar displayed weaker or delayed activation of these defense pathways. Hormonal analysis further demonstrated higher SA accumulation in MN10253 during early infection, correlating with enhanced defense responses. In contrast, Qingyin 1 showed elevated levels of auxin and abscisic acid, which are linked to suppressed immunity. This study underscores the central role of immunity responses and phytohormone pathways in mediating oat resistance to BYDV, highlighting the tradeoff between growth and defense modulated by hormonal crosstalk. These findings advance our understanding of host–pathogen dynamics in oats and provide valuable insights for breeding disease-resistant cultivars. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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20 pages, 4112 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrophysiological Regulation of Nutrient Transport in Mangrove Species Under Salinity Stress: A Comparative Physiological Analysis of Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco and Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y. Liu & J.W.H. Yong

by Kashif Ali Solangi, Yun Wang, Yanyou Wu, Mazhar Hussain Tunio, Farheen Solangi, Irfan Abbas, Jinling Zhang and Xiqiang Song

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3228; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203228 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Salinity is a major environmental constraint that influences nutrient acquisition and internal transport in coastal plant species. However, the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying nutrient flow regulation in mangroves remain poorly understood. This study investigates the active transport flow of nutrients (NAF) and nutrient plunder [...] Read more.

Salinity is a major environmental constraint that influences nutrient acquisition and internal transport in coastal plant species. However, the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying nutrient flow regulation in mangroves remain poorly understood. This study investigates the active transport flow of nutrients (NAF) and nutrient plunder capacity (NPC) in two ecologically significant mangrove species, Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Blanco (A. corniculatum) and Kandelia obovata Sheue, H.Y. Liu & J.W.H. Yong (K. obovata), using intrinsic electrophysiological leaf traits including inherent impedance (IZ), inherent capacitive reactance (IXC), inherent inductive reactance (IXL), and inherent capacitance (IC). A randomized block design was employed using three different saline treatments with control, such as control (0 mM), low (T1,100 mM), medium (T2, 250 mM), and high (T3, 450 mM). The results of the fitting equations show a positive correlation between resistance (Re), capacitive reactance (XC), and inductive reactance (XL) with clamping force (CF); all values of R² are ≥0.98, and p-values are <0.0001. Nutrient transport capacity (NTC) was non-significant in control and low-salt treatment for both mangrove species, indicating resistance to low levels of salt stress. NAF results of A. corniculatum showed a slight reduction of 7.9% under low salinity, while K. obovata displayed strong positive responses NAF increasing by 63.7% compared to the control. Additionally, the NPC of A. corniculatum species was not significantly affected at low and medium salt levels but declined at high salt levels. In contrast, K. obovata exhibited a higher growth rate and better photosynthetic performance than A. corniculatum. Our findings provide novel mechanistic insights into how electrophysiological regulation governs nutrient transport under salinity stress and highlight interspecies differences in adaptive strategies, with implications for understanding mangrove resilience in saline environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Systems-Level Understanding of Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stress: Physiological and Biochemical Perspectives)

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15 pages, 3166 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pleurotus eryngii Stipe Base-Derived Carbon Dots Enhanced the Growth and Salt Tolerance of Tomato

by Xu Zhang, Yi Gao, Wenhui Wang, Hao Wang, Yu Xin, Rongrui Kang, Wenfeng Nie, Han Du and Qinghua Shi

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3227; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203227 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Soil salinity severely limits tomato growth by impairing photosynthesis and redox balance. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials to promote growth and enhance stress tolerance. In this study, we synthesized and characterized CDs derived from Pleurotus eryngii stipe bases (PbCDs), with [...] Read more.

Soil salinity severely limits tomato growth by impairing photosynthesis and redox balance. Carbon dots (CDs) have emerged as promising nanomaterials to promote growth and enhance stress tolerance. In this study, we synthesized and characterized CDs derived from Pleurotus eryngii stipe bases (PbCDs), with rich hydrophilic groups including carboxyl groups and secondary amines. The particles were uniform, with an average diameter of 4.17 nm, and exhibited blue fluorescence. Importantly, PbCDs significantly promoted tomato growth under control and salt conditions. Under salt conditions, PbCD-treated plants showed enhanced shoot and root growth, larger leaf area, and growth comparable to control plants without stress. Interestingly, PbCD treatment of the plants enhanced cell expansion under control conditions and promoted cell division under salt conditions. In addition, PbCD-treated plants had higher chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, and maximum quantum efficiency of PSII, which alleviated the inhibition caused by salinity. Furthermore, PbCDs also reduced oxidative damage by lowering O₂^•−, and H₂O₂ levels, while activating antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) under salt stress. Overall, PbCDs promoted tomato growth and conferred salt tolerance through coordinated regulation of the cell cycle, photosynthesis, and antioxidant defenses, supporting their potential as sustainable nanomaterials for crop improvement in saline soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Development, and Stress Response of Horticulture Plants)

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25 pages, 2336 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Phenotypic Diversity and Comprehensive Evaluation of 51 Helleborus L. Hybrid Individuals

by Liuqing Qu, Bingyu Yuan, Xiaohui Wen, Jia Guo, Jianrang Luo and Xiaohua Shi

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3226; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203226 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

Helleborus orientalis L. is a valuable winter-flowering and understory landscape plant, but its application and breeding are hindered by poor heat tolerance and the lack of a robust germplasm evaluation system. In this study, 51 Helleborus L. hybrid individuals obtained through manual open [...] Read more.

Helleborus orientalis L. is a valuable winter-flowering and understory landscape plant, but its application and breeding are hindered by poor heat tolerance and the lack of a robust germplasm evaluation system. In this study, 51 Helleborus L. hybrid individuals obtained through manual open pollination were evaluated using coefficient of variation (CV), Shannon–Weaver diversity index (H′), correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis to assess genetic diversity and ornamental value based on 17 phenotypic traits. The results showed rich phenotypic diversity among the hybrids. Quantitative traits showed CV ranging from 9.48% to 37.99% and H′ between 0.77 and 1.51, with flower count and leaf length being the most variable. Qualitative traits had H′ values from 0.52 to 1.55, with sepal color showing the highest diversity. Significant correlations were detected among heat tolerance, pest resistance, leaf and petiole length, as well as plant and flower form. PCA extracted six principal components accounting for 74.50% of cumulative variance. Cluster analysis classified the 51 germplasms into five groups. Using the AHP model, a comprehensive evaluation system was established, and 13 elite individuals were selected for variety rights application and characterization. This study provides a reference for establishing DUS test guidelines and advancing breeding and utilization of Helleborus L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Next-Generation Plant Phenomics: Bridging Genomics, AI, and Genetic Resources)

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20 pages, 1567 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanism of Exogenous Dopamine Regulating Shine Muscat Grape in Response to Low-Temperature Stress

by Jiaxin Li, Qiujie Wu, Jiahui Cheng, Jingxuan Zhu, Peisen Su, Jiayuan Wu, Xiucai Fan and Guirong Li

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3225; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203225 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

To reveal the mechanism by which exogenous dopamine (Da) regulates Shine Muscat grape (Vitis labrusca L. × Vitis vinifera L.) in response to low-temperature stress, annual Shine Muscat grape plants were used as material. Different concentrations of Da (0.2–1.0 mmol L⁻¹ [...] Read more.

To reveal the mechanism by which exogenous dopamine (Da) regulates Shine Muscat grape (Vitis labrusca L. × Vitis vinifera L.) in response to low-temperature stress, annual Shine Muscat grape plants were used as material. Different concentrations of Da (0.2–1.0 mmol L⁻¹) were set to investigate its synergistic regulatory effects on grape photosynthetic protection, osmotic adjustment, ion homeostasis, antioxidant defense, and cold-responsive gene expression and to identify the optimal concentration and core pathways through correlation analysis. The results showed that low-temperature stress significantly inhibited plant growth, reduced photosynthetic efficiency, disrupted ion balance, induced oxidative damage, and downregulated the expression of cold-responsive genes. Da exhibited a “low-concentration promotion and high-concentration inhibition” effect, with the 0.4 mmol L⁻¹ treatment showing the best performance: growth indicators such as plant height and stem diameter increased by 22.4–52.2% compared with the low-temperature stress group; photosynthetic parameters and photosystem II (PSII) function were significantly improved; proline content increased by 40.3%; the Na⁺/K⁺ ratio decreased by 44.8%; activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) increased by 31.7–49.5%; and the expression of genes in the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) family was upregulated. Correlation analysis confirmed that the activity of SOD and catalase (CAT) showed a highly significant positive correlation with growth indicators (r > 0.8, p < 0.01) and a highly significant negative correlation with malondialdehyde (MDA) content (r < −0.8, p < 0.01), indicating that antioxidant defense is the core pathway. In conclusion, exogenous Da enhances the cold tolerance of Shine Muscat grape through multi-pathway synergy, with 0.4 mmol L⁻¹ the optimal concentration, which can provide a theoretical basis for cold-resistant cultivation of grapes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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17 pages, 3562 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Synergistic Regulation of Functional Fertilisers and Vermicompost on Soil Fertility and the Growth and Quality of Two Tomato Varieties

by Tianmi Zhang, Kangjie Zhang, Wenhao Zhang, Xuefeng Zhang, Mengyao Cheng, Ruilong Bao and Mingke Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3224; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203224 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The quality of tomato fruit represents a key determinant of consumer preference, while functional fertilisers significantly contribute to quality enhancement. Limited research has investigated the synergistic mechanisms between functional fertilisers and vermicompost in tomato cultivation systems. The present study was designed to investigate [...] Read more.

The quality of tomato fruit represents a key determinant of consumer preference, while functional fertilisers significantly contribute to quality enhancement. Limited research has investigated the synergistic mechanisms between functional fertilisers and vermicompost in tomato cultivation systems. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of synergistic regulation between functional fertilisers and vermicompost on soil fertility, as well as the growth and quality of two tomato cultivars, with the ultimate goal of identifying the functional fertiliser treatment exhibiting optimal comprehensive performance. A completely randomised block design was adopted, involving two tomato cultivars (DRK0568 and Sangfen 180), five functional fertiliser treatments (T1–T5), and a water-only control (CK). Measurements included tomato growth parameters, photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality indices, yield components, biomass accumulation, soil nutrient levels, and enzyme activities. The results demonstrated significant varietal-specific responses to different functional fertiliser treatments. In terms of growth and yield, the T1 treatment exhibited a significant advantage, as it significantly increased the plant height, stem thickness, biomass, and yield of both varieties (DRK0568 and Sangfen 180) by 6.86% and 10.41%, respectively, while also significantly reducing the malformed fruit rate. For photosynthetic analyses, the T1 treatment significantly increased the chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll content in Sangfen 180, as well as the transpiration rate of both tomato varieties. The T4 treatment resulted in the highest chlorophyll b content and optimal water use efficiency in Sangfen 180. Regarding nutritional quality, the T1 treatment significantly increased the vitamin C and soluble sugar content in DRK0568; both varieties exhibited higher sugar–acid ratios under the T3 and T4 treatments. A comprehensive evaluation using the entropy-weighted TOPSIS method for multiple quality indicators (excluding yield parameters) showed that the T4 treatment achieved the highest score. Soil nutrient analyses revealed that the T1 treatment significantly increased the soil organic matter and available potassium content in DRK0568, while the T4 treatment significantly increased the urease activity in Sangfen 180. In conclusion, the T1 treatment (mineral-sourced potassium fulvate fertiliser) exhibited excellent performance in both increasing yield and improving quality, while the T4 treatment (Type II algal polysaccharide fertiliser additive) demonstrated unique advantages in enhancing fruit quality indicators. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Growth, Development, and Stress Response of Horticulture Plants)

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23 pages, 3326 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Integrated Approach for the Comprehensive Characterization of Metabolites in Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) by Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry

by Zhiwei Hu, Meijia Yan, Chenxue Song, Muneo Sato, Shiwen Su, Sue Lin, Junliang Li, Huixi Zou, Zheng Tang, Masami Yokota Hirai and Xiufeng Yan

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3223; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203223 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Background: Broccoli contains diverse phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, with potential nutritional and bioactive properties. Accurate metabolite profiling requires optimized sample preparation and comprehensive databases. Methods: A rapid enzymatic deactivation method with 70% methanol, implemented prior to cryogrinding, was evaluated for [...] Read more.

Background: Broccoli contains diverse phytochemicals, including glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, with potential nutritional and bioactive properties. Accurate metabolite profiling requires optimized sample preparation and comprehensive databases. Methods: A rapid enzymatic deactivation method with 70% methanol, implemented prior to cryogrinding, was evaluated for processing freeze-dried and fresh broccoli florets, which were compared as plant materials. A widely targeted, organ-resolved metabolite database was constructed by integrating over 612 reported phytochemicals with glucosinolate degradation products. LC-HRMS combined with MS-DIAL and GNPS was employed for metabolite detection and annotation. Results: Freeze-dried samples yielded nearly twice the number of glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, and nitriles compared with standard-processed fresh tissue. Methanol pre-treatment preserved metabolite integrity in fresh samples, achieving comparable sensitivity to freeze-dried material. Using the integrated database, 998 metabolites were identified or tentatively characterized, including amino acids, carboxylic acids, phenolics, alkaloids, terpenoids, and glucosinolate derivatives. Cross-platform reproducibility was improved and false positives reduced. Conclusions: Optimized sample preparation combined with a curated metabolite database enables high-confidence, comprehensive profiling of broccoli florets phytochemicals. The resulting dataset provides a valuable reference for studies on genotype–environment interactions, nutritional quality, and functional bioactivity of cruciferous vegetables. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Research in the Chemical and Biological Characterization of Plants)

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24 pages, 4016 KB

Open AccessArticle

Transcriptomic Profiling Unravels the Molecular Mechanisms of GmCML-Mediated Resistance to Fusarium oxysporum in Soybean

by Runnan Zhou, Jia You, Jinrong Li, Xue Qu, Yuxin Shang, Honglei Ren and Jiajun Wang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3222; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203222 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 326

Abstract

Fusarium oxysporum-induced root rot severely threatens global soybean production, yet limited understanding of resistance mechanisms constrains breeding progress. This study conducted comparative transcriptomic analysis between highly resistant (Xiaoheiqi) and susceptible (L83-4752) soybean accessions following pathogen inoculation across four time points (8–17 days [...] Read more.

Fusarium oxysporum-induced root rot severely threatens global soybean production, yet limited understanding of resistance mechanisms constrains breeding progress. This study conducted comparative transcriptomic analysis between highly resistant (Xiaoheiqi) and susceptible (L83-4752) soybean accessions following pathogen inoculation across four time points (8–17 days post-infection). RNA-seq analysis identified 1496 differentially expressed genes following pathogen challenge. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment in MAPK signaling pathway (12 genes) and plant–pathogen interaction pathway (13 genes). Eight genes co-occurred in both pathways, with GmCML (Glyma.10G178400) exhibiting the most dramatic differential expression among these candidates. This gene encodes a 151-amino acid calmodulin-like protein showing 185-fold higher expression in resistant plants at 17 days post-inoculation, confirmed by qRT-PCR validation. Functional validation through transgenic hairy root overexpression demonstrated that GmCML significantly enhanced disease resistance by coordinately activating antioxidant defense systems. Overexpression of GmCML in transgenic soybean enhanced resistance to F. oxysporum by modulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, SOD; peroxidase, POD; catalase, CAT) and the accumulation of osmoregulatory substances (proline and soluble sugars). Population genetic analysis of 295 diverse soybean accessions revealed three GmCML haplotypes based on promoter region polymorphisms. Two favorable variants (Hap2 and Hap3) conferred significantly lower disease indices and exhibited evidence of positive selection during domestication, indicating evolutionary importance in disease resistance. This research provides the first comprehensive characterization of GmCML’s role in soybean–Fusarium interactions, establishing this calmodulin-like protein as a regulatory hub linking calcium signaling to coordinated defense responses. The identified natural variants and functional mechanisms offer validated targets for both marker-assisted breeding and genetic engineering approaches to enhance soybean disease resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Defense Mechanisms Against Pathogens: Signaling Pathways, Genetic Foundations, and Biotechnological Innovations)

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15 pages, 3100 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Responses and Controlling Factors of the Litter Decay Rate to Nitrogen Addition Across Global Forests: A Meta-Analysis

by Lijun Fan, Weiwei Wang, Xuejun Liu and Yuan Su

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3221; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203221 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Plant litter decay is an essential process for recycling C and nutrients in natural ecosystems. However, the impacts of N addition on litter decay are not well understood in global forest ecosystems. Therefore, a meta-analysis was used to examine how N addition affects [...] Read more.

Plant litter decay is an essential process for recycling C and nutrients in natural ecosystems. However, the impacts of N addition on litter decay are not well understood in global forest ecosystems. Therefore, a meta-analysis was used to examine how N addition affects the litter decay rate through three kinds of litter decay traits (i.e., common litter trait (litter collected from control plot is decomposed in N addition plots); common site trait (litter collected from N addition plots is decomposed in control plot); and in situ trait (litter collected from control and N addition plots is decomposed in situ)), based on 1145 field observations from 166 published studies on global forests. Nitrogen addition significantly reduced the litter decay rate by 3.92% across the three kinds of decay traits. However, there were different responses of the litter decay rate to N addition among the decay traits. The N addition notably inhibited litter decay by 5.99% for the common litter trait but consistently promoted it by 8.37% and 7.48% for common soil and situ traits, respectively. The magnitude and direction of such effects varied with the N addition amount, form and duration. The effect size of the litter decay rate due to N addition was negatively related to the initial N concentration and C:N ratio for the common litter trait. The N concentration in litter was raised by N addition, resulting in an increase in the litter decay rate for the common situ trait. For the situ trait, N addition increased N concentration and reduced C:N and lignin/N in litter, resulting in an increase in the decay rate, and the responses of the litter decay rate to N addition were also influenced by the humidity index. Overall, our results showed that the responses of the litter decay rate to N addition were different among the three kinds of decay traits and were controlled by environmental and experimental factors. These findings help us to better understand the effects of N addition on biogeochemical cycling in global forest ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanisms Regulating C, N, and P Storage, Cycle, and Stoichiometry in Plant Ecosystems Under Climate Change)

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12 pages, 1266 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Straightforward Procedure for the High-Yield Extraction of Tricin and Flavonoids from Ecuadorian Huperzia brevifolia (Lycopodiaceae)

by Chabaco Armijos, Leydy Nathaly Castillo, Jorge Ramírez and Giovanni Vidari

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3220; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203220 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 328

Abstract

Rich natural sources of the flavone tricin (5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone; systematic IUPAC name: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) are actively sought since this compound is endowed with a broad spectrum of biological activities and its dietary supplementation has been considered as a colon cancer chemoprotectant and for [...] Read more.

Rich natural sources of the flavone tricin (5,7,4′-trihydroxy-3′,5′-dimethoxyflavone; systematic IUPAC name: 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one) are actively sought since this compound is endowed with a broad spectrum of biological activities and its dietary supplementation has been considered as a colon cancer chemoprotectant and for the treatment of human intestinal polyps. This paper describes a straightforward procedure for the high-yield isolation of flavonoids and tricin from aerial parts of Huperzia brevifolia (Hook. & Grev.) Holub, which grows on the paramos of Southern Ecuador. Compared to existing procedures, this method requires limited organic solvent and no chromatographic separation. In brief, the selective separation of the metabolites expressed in H. brevifolia was achieved by exploiting their different chemical properties under basic or acidic conditions. The identity of isolated tricin was firmly established by 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The contents of the total flavonoid fraction (TFF) and tricin in dried aerial parts of H. brevifolia were determined to be 4.48% w/w (44.8 mg/g) and 3.89% w/w (38.9 mg/g), respectively, using HPLC-DAD analysis. On the other hand, unoptimized crystallization of TFF delivered pure tricin in a 0.66% (w/w) yield relative to TFF, which corresponded to 2.96% w/w (29.6 mg/g) of dried aerial parts. This concentration of tricin is thus one of the highest in any plant species and makes H. brevifolia a valuable source of the flavone for preclinical trials and dietary supplementation for colon health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Extraction, Isolation, and Characterization of Plant Natural Products Using Conventional and Non-conventional Techniques)

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15 pages, 2836 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Detection of Algal Leaf Spot, Tea Brown Blight, and Tea Grey Blight Diseases Using YOLOv5 Bi-HIC Model with Instance and Context Information

by Quoc-Hung Phan, Bryan Setyawan, The-Phong Duong and Fa-Ta Tsai

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203219 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. However, tea plants are often susceptible to various diseases, especially leaf diseases. Currently, most tea farms identify leaf diseases through manual inspection. Due to its time-consuming and resource-intensive nature, manual inspection is [...] Read more.

Tea is one of the most consumed beverages in the world. However, tea plants are often susceptible to various diseases, especially leaf diseases. Currently, most tea farms identify leaf diseases through manual inspection. Due to its time-consuming and resource-intensive nature, manual inspection is impractical for large-scale applications. This study proposes a novel convolutional neural network model designated as YOLOv5 Bi-HIC for detecting tea leaf diseases, including algal leaf spot, tea brown blight, and tea grey blight. The model enhances the conventional YOLOv5 object detection model by incorporating instance and context information to improve the detection performance. A total of 1091 raw images of tea leaves affected by algal leaf spots, tea brown blight, and tea grey blight were captured at Wenhua Tea Farm, Miaoli City, Taiwan. The results indicate that the proposed model achieves precision, recall, F1 Score, and mAP values of 0.977, 0.943, 0.968, and 0.96, respectively, during training. Furthermore, it exhibits a detection confidence score of 0.94, 0.98, and 0.92 for algal leaf spot, tea brown blight, and tea grey blight, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that YOLOv5 Bi-HIC provides an accurate approach for real-time detection of leaf diseases and can serve as a valuable tool for timely intervention and management in tea plantations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Modeling)

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25 pages, 4049 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modifications in Carbon and Nitrogen Metabolites of Vigna unguiculata L. Seed Organs Induced by Different Priming Treatments

by Lilya Boucelha, Réda Djebbar, Sabrina Gueridi and Othmane Merah

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3218; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203218 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Seed priming has become a promising technique in agriculture and crop-stress management. Several authors have shown that the positive effects of seed priming are associated with various metabolic, physiological, and biochemical modifications (enzyme activation, membrane repair, initiation of DNA/RNA, and protein synthesis) that [...] Read more.

Seed priming has become a promising technique in agriculture and crop-stress management. Several authors have shown that the positive effects of seed priming are associated with various metabolic, physiological, and biochemical modifications (enzyme activation, membrane repair, initiation of DNA/RNA, and protein synthesis) that enhance the speed, uniformity, and vigor of germination. However, the mechanisms underlying seed priming are not yet well understood. The aim of our work was to study the quantitative and qualitative metabolic changes in the embryonic axes (radicle and plumule) and cotyledons of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Seeds were subjected to osmopriming with polyethylene glycol (PEG), simple hydropriming, and double hydropriming (a novel treatment). Results indicated that all types of priming, particularly double hydropriming, strongly stimulated the hydrolysis of protein and carbohydrate reserves. This resulted in a decrease in soluble proteins and starch contents and an increase in amino acids and soluble sugars contents. Moreover, the priming promoted the biosynthesis of osmolytes such as proline and induced qualitative changes in the composition of amino acids and soluble sugars. These biochemical changes depend on the organ and treatment method applied to the seeds. It is worth noting that double hydropriming induces metabolic modifications to a greater extent than single hydropriming. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Plant Resilience to Climate Change: Insights from Priming and Intercropping Approaches)

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18 pages, 1265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improving the Quality of Ylang-Ylang Essential Oils [Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook.f. &Thomson] Through Microwave-Assisted Extraction Compared to Conventional Extraction Methods

by Abacar Chakira, Christian Soria, Laura Lallemand, Gary Mares, Marc Chillet and Cyrielle Garcia

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3217; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203217 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 436

Abstract

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) is a clean and advanced method of extracting essential oils. In this study, it was compared to conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and steam-water distillation (SD), which are commonly used to extract essential oils from fresh ylang-ylang flowers. The yield and [...] Read more.

Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) is a clean and advanced method of extracting essential oils. In this study, it was compared to conventional hydrodistillation (HD) and steam-water distillation (SD), which are commonly used to extract essential oils from fresh ylang-ylang flowers. The yield and density of essential oils extracted via SFME within 40 min after the appearance of the first oil drop were higher than those obtained via conventional HD and SD within 3 h after the appearance of the first drop. Analysis of chemical compounds in the essential oils showed a high degree of variability in volatile compounds between the three extraction methods. Light oxygenated compounds are odor-active constituents. They comprised 81.23% of the SFME extract, whereas their levels were lower in the HD (69.94%) and SD extracts (57.98%). Total aromatic compounds were also higher in the essential oils obtained via SFME than in those obtained via HD and SD. These results support the use of SFME for ylang-ylang essential oil extraction, as it offers promising energy-/time-saving characteristics, along with higher quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Essential Oils of Plants (Chemical Composition, Variation and Properties))

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14 pages, 1585 KB

Open AccessArticle

Antioxidant-Rich Clitoria ternatea Flower Extract Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

by Karthini Devi Rajan, Nahdia Afiifah Abdul Jalil, Taty Anna Kamarudin and Fairus Ahmad

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3216; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203216 - 20 Oct 2025

Viewed by 366

Abstract

A corneal abrasion results from the disruption or loss of cells in the corneal epithelium. If inadequately treated, it can compromise visual clarity. The wound healing process of a corneal abrasion involves epithelial migration, proliferation and adhesion. Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) is [...] Read more.

A corneal abrasion results from the disruption or loss of cells in the corneal epithelium. If inadequately treated, it can compromise visual clarity. The wound healing process of a corneal abrasion involves epithelial migration, proliferation and adhesion. Clitoria ternatea flower extract (CTE) is rich in flavonoids, anthocyanins and other bioactive compounds. It has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties. This study explores the potential of CTE to be used as a natural supplement to improve corneal wound healing. Phytochemical profiling via LC–MS identified a total of 51 distinct bioactive constituents. The anthocyanin content, quantified in terms of cyanidin-3-glucoside equivalent, was quantified at 33.06 mg per gram of extract. The extract exhibited 33.8% DPPH radical scavenging activity and a total polyphenol content equivalent to 24.14 mg/g gallic acid. Human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial (hTCEpi) cells maintained in keratinocyte basal medium were utilized to determine cytotoxicity and wound-healing effects. The optimal extract concentration of 0.08 mg/mL, quantified via MTT assay, resulting in enhanced cell viability. Scratch assays demonstrated a higher percentage of wound closure in the CTE-treated group at 6 and 12 h relative to the untreated group, with statistical significance (p < 0.05). The gene expressions of CK3 and Cx43, quantified via qRT-PCR, showed no significant differences between groups. However, within the CTE-treated group, CK3 expression increased at 12 h relative to 0 h and 6 h, and Cx43 expression rose significantly at 12 h compared with 0 h (p < 0.05). Immunofluorescence confirmed positive protein expression of both markers. These findings suggest that CTE possesses potent antioxidant properties and promotes corneal epithelial wound healing through upregulation of CK3 and Cx43 in vitro. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Properties of Medicinal Plants)

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14 pages, 2515 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Phytochemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Micropropagated Drymis winteri Plants

by Julia Rubio, Christian Robles-Kelly, Evelyn Silva-Moreno, Héctor Carrasco and Andrés F. Olea

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3215; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203215 - 20 Oct 2025

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Abstract

The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals has fueled a growing interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds. Drimys winteri (canelo), a native Chilean tree of significant ethnobotanical importance, is a promising source of antifungal sesquiterpenes, such as polygodial and drimenol. This study describes [...] Read more.

The search for sustainable alternatives to synthetic agrochemicals has fueled a growing interest in plant-derived bioactive compounds. Drimys winteri (canelo), a native Chilean tree of significant ethnobotanical importance, is a promising source of antifungal sesquiterpenes, such as polygodial and drimenol. This study describes the development of an in vitro clonal micropropagation platform for D. winteri that enables the production of plant material under controlled laboratory conditions, which is subsequently submitted to extraction to obtain these bioactive compounds. Four tailored culture media have been formulated for successful propagation, rooting of plantlets, and callus induction. Histological analysis confirmed the presence of meristemoids in the dedifferentiated calli. Furthermore, HPLC and GC-MS analyses indicate that phytochemical composition of extracts of in vitro-propagated D. winteri and those from mature, wild-grown trees is quite similar. This result is in line with the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea exhibited by these extracts; namely, both are comparable. This biotechnological approach offers a scalable method for producing plant-based antifungal agents, contributing to sustainable agriculture and the valorization of native genetic resources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biological Activities of Plant Extracts, Secondary Metabolites, and Semi-Synthetic Derivatives)

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20 pages, 1345 KB

Open AccessReview

Ecotoxicological Impacts of Heavy Metals on Medicinal Plant Quality and Rhizosphere Microbial Communities

by Hexigeduleng Bao, Yu Wang, Hainan Bao, Feijuan Wang, Qiong Jiang, Xiaoqi He, Hua Li, Yanfei Ding and Cheng Zhu

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3214; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203214 - 19 Oct 2025

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Abstract

With the rapid expansion of industrial activities, the accumulation of heavy metals in the environment has become a serious threat to ecological security and public health. Rhizosphere microorganisms play a crucial role in supporting the growth and quality of medicinal plants by facilitating [...] Read more.

With the rapid expansion of industrial activities, the accumulation of heavy metals in the environment has become a serious threat to ecological security and public health. Rhizosphere microorganisms play a crucial role in supporting the growth and quality of medicinal plants by facilitating nutrient uptake and regulating hormonal balance. However, medicinal plants can absorb heavy metals from contaminated soils during growth, resulting in toxic metal accumulation in plant tissues and reduced efficacy of active compounds. At the same time, excessive heavy metal levels suppress rhizosphere microbial growth and activity, disrupt community structure and function, and weaken their beneficial interactions with plants. These processes collectively lead to soil fertility decline, hindered plant development, and compromised safety and quality of medicinal materials. This review systematically summarizes the mechanisms by which heavy metals affect medicinal plants and their rhizosphere microbiota, and highlights that future research should focus on elucidating these interactions, developing advanced remediation technologies, and establishing comprehensive monitoring systems for the quality and safety of medicinal plants, thereby providing a scientific basis for their safe utilization and quality improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Heavy Metal Pollution and Agricultural Product Quality)

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22 pages, 11139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Identification, Drought-Responsive Expression, and EAR-Mediated Regulatory Network Construction of TOPLESS Genes in Populus ussuriensis Kom.

by Wanxin Li, Qianqian Liu, Jingru Ren, Zihan Fan, Tabeer Gulfam, Zhongzheng Ma and Jingli Yang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3213; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203213 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 333

Abstract

Drought stress significantly impairs plant growth and productivity, which triggers complex adaptive responses mediated by diverse gene families. Among these, the TOPLESS (TPL)/TPL-related (TPR) family of transcriptional corepressors plays a crucial role by recruiting epigenetic modifiers through interactions with EAR motif-containing proteins. However, [...] Read more.

Drought stress significantly impairs plant growth and productivity, which triggers complex adaptive responses mediated by diverse gene families. Among these, the TOPLESS (TPL)/TPL-related (TPR) family of transcriptional corepressors plays a crucial role by recruiting epigenetic modifiers through interactions with EAR motif-containing proteins. However, genome-wide studies of this corepressor family and its associated regulatory networks with EAR motif-containing repressors remain limited. This study aimed to characterize the TPL/TPR transcriptional corepressor family in Populus ussuriensis Kom., elucidate their regulatory networks with EAR motif-containing repressors, and validate their functional roles in drought stress adaptation. To this end, we identified 21 TPL/TPR genes in P. ussuriensis (PuTPLs), classified them into five subfamilies, and found they are evolutionarily conserved with Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus trichocarpa, harboring characteristic CTLH and WD40 domains. Given that TPL/TPR proteins are recruited by transcription factors containing repression motifs, we constructed a putative TPL/TPR-EAR motif interaction network representing a core paradigm of negative regulation. Expression profiling under drought stress showed significant upregulation of most PuTPLs in a tissue-specific and temporal manner. Functional validation using transgenic P. ussuriensis lines overexpressing five PuTPLs demonstrated enhanced drought tolerance, evidenced by reduced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and increased proline accumulation. Our study provides the first comprehensive genome-wide analysis of the TPL/TPR family in P. ussuriensis, establishes a core EAR-mediated negative regulatory network, and validates the critical role of these genes in drought stress adaptation, providing valuable resources for future mechanistic research and breeding of stress-resistant trees. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Regulatory Mechanisms of Abiotic Stress Response and Secondary Metabolism in Forest Trees)

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27 pages, 1940 KB

Open AccessArticle

Application of Municipal Biowaste-Derived Products in Tomato Cultivation for Enhanced Fruit Quality Attributes and Nutritional Profile

by Giannis Neofytou, Antonios Chrysargyris, Marianna Christodoulou, Enzo Montoneri, Michalis Koutinas and Nikolaos Tzortzakis

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3212; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203212 - 19 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Enhancing plant nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality without compromising sustainability remains a critical challenge in agriculture. Utilization of materials such as biowaste derivatives as alternatives to conventional agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizers, biostimulants) can be leveraged to optimize crop productivity and resilience while adhering [...] Read more.

Enhancing plant nutrient use efficiency, yield, and quality without compromising sustainability remains a critical challenge in agriculture. Utilization of materials such as biowaste derivatives as alternatives to conventional agrochemicals (e.g., fertilizers, biostimulants) can be leveraged to optimize crop productivity and resilience while adhering to sustainable practices. A soluble bioproduct (BP), isolated from the hydrolysis of anaerobic digestates derived from organic residues of urban waste, was examined for its capacity to enhance tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) production and quality. Five basal fertilization treatments were applied: conventional (CF), conventional/organic (CF + OF), bioproduct at 150 kg ha⁻¹ (BP), and conventional/BP at 150 and 300 kg ha⁻¹ (CF + BP, CF + 2BP), without or with supplementary fertigation (SF). The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design. Intermediate plant growth under BP was comparable to CF, while their combination enhanced growth parameters. However, addition of BP to CF did not affect final plant growth, biomass, and yield compared to CF alone, though non-significant reductions of height (5.37%), leaf number (15.89%) and fresh weight (36.09%) were observed with BP alone. The same treatment reduced intermediate leaf macronutrients (N, K, Na), whereas this was ameliorated with CF + BP. The use of BP without fertigation enhanced final P content in leaves and roots. However, fruit P declined, reflecting delayed P availability and translocation. The use of BP induced plant stress responses, accompanied by stimulation of phenolic and antioxidant accumulation in leaves, with fruit exhibiting comparable increases only without fertigation. Fruit lycopene and total soluble solids were enhanced by CF + BP, with fertigation mediating differences. Combined CF and BP application promoted tomato fruit quality, without diminishing growth, while the performance of BP alone was improved with supplementary fertigation to maintain tomato growth, yield, and quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Growth and Development of Vegetable Crops—2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 3760 KB

Open AccessArticle

The PSRP2/4 Proteins Promote Viral Infection by Interacting with the VPg Protein of TuMV

by Shanwu Lyu, Wenjun Lu, Changwei Zhang, Wenlong Wang, Mengguo Yuan, Liu E, Tingting Liu and Shulin Deng

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3211; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203211 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 307

Abstract

Chloroplasts, which are essential for plant defense and phytohormone signaling, contain ribosomal proteins that play key roles in viral infection processes. Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs), unique to chloroplasts, remain unexplored in their mechanistic roles during plant-virus interactions. In this study, we identified two [...] Read more.

Chloroplasts, which are essential for plant defense and phytohormone signaling, contain ribosomal proteins that play key roles in viral infection processes. Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs), unique to chloroplasts, remain unexplored in their mechanistic roles during plant-virus interactions. In this study, we identified two PSRPs from non-heading Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. chinensis) as interacting with turnip mosaic virus (TuMV, Potyvirus rapae). Subcellular localization revealed that BcPSRP2/4 is targeted to chloroplasts, while BiFC, Y2H, and LCAs confirmed their interaction with TuMV VPg (virus protein, genome-linked). Intriguingly, VPg altered the subcellular localization of BcPSRP2/4, suggesting an important role for BcPSRP2/4 in TuMV infection. Strikingly, overexpression of BcPSRP2/4 enhanced TuMV cell-to-cell movement, while psrp2 knockdown mutants in Arabidopsis exhibited a significant reduction in viral accumulation, highlighting their proviral roles. Furthermore, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-mediated suppression of BcPSRP2/4 in non-heading Chinese cabbage resulted in milder symptoms upon TuMV infection without compromising plant growth: a distinct advantage over conventional resistance genes that incur fitness costs. These findings highlight PSRP2/4 as pivotal molecular hinges in chloroplast-virus interplay, offering novel targets for engineering sustainable antiviral strategies in cruciferous crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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16 pages, 4190 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Top-Pruning Intensity Gradient on Root System Architecture and Allometric Patterns in Pinus yunnanensis Franch. Seedlings

by Guangpeng Tang, Jianzhen Liao, Yulan Xu and Nianhui Cai

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3210; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203210 - 19 Oct 2025

Viewed by 246

Abstract

Pinus yunnanensis, is an ecologically and economically important tree species in southwestern China. However, its natural renewal is relatively lagging behind, and it is difficult to achieve sustainable development. Apical removal (top-pruning) can eliminate apical dominance, stimulate sprouting, and provide high-quality scions [...] Read more.

Pinus yunnanensis, is an ecologically and economically important tree species in southwestern China. However, its natural renewal is relatively lagging behind, and it is difficult to achieve sustainable development. Apical removal (top-pruning) can eliminate apical dominance, stimulate sprouting, and provide high-quality scions for clonal propagation. Root systems are a critical foundation for sprouting capacity. In this study, one-year-old P. yunnanensis seedlings were subjected to four treatments: removal of 3/4 (H1), 2/4 (H2), or 1/4 (H3) of the seedling height, and a non-topped control group (CK). The objective was to investigate the seedlings’ responses in terms of root morphology, biomass allocation, and allometric growth. The results showed that by May, biomass allocation in the topped treatments increased by 13.37%, 11.01%, and 7.86%, respectively, compared with the control, and also exhibited higher coefficients of variation. Under the H2 treatment, both fine and coarse roots accounted for a higher proportion of total root biomass and displayed stronger water-retention stability. With increased top-pruning intensity and time, root volume, specific root length, root tissue density, and root tip number were the first to respond, indicating the onset of allometric growth. Notably, in May, the growth rate of specific root surface area followed the order: H3 > H1 > CK > H2. These findings suggest that the root system adapts to environmental changes by modulating growth patterns among various indicators to optimize resource allocation and enhance adaptability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Physiology and Metabolism)

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15 pages, 3033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Bryophyte Community Composition and Diversity as Bioindicators of Elevational Zonation in Tropical Rainforests in Hainan Island, China

by Xin Su, Tianyun Qi, Yuanling Li, Wenjuan Wang, Donghai Li, Xiaobo Yang and Jiewei Hao

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3209; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203209 - 19 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Although mountain vertical vegetation belts are key in revealing the response to climate change and the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity, traditional field surveys and remote sensing methods face significant limitations in the structurally complex tropical humid mountainous regions of Hainan Island. As bryophytes [...] Read more.

Although mountain vertical vegetation belts are key in revealing the response to climate change and the maintenance mechanism of biodiversity, traditional field surveys and remote sensing methods face significant limitations in the structurally complex tropical humid mountainous regions of Hainan Island. As bryophytes are good microclimate indicators and characteristic components of the structure of the tropical rainforest, they may be useful tools for the construction of a general scheme of the altitudinal zonation of tropical rainforests. We surveyed bryophyte communities across eight elevations and three vegetation types at LiMu Mountain, southern China. Bryophyte species alpha diversity increased significantly as elevation increased, while beta diversity showed the contrasting pattern. Bryophyte community composition differed significantly along elevation gradients and the distribution of vegetation types was clearly distinguished by three significantly different bryophyte assemblages with specific elevational range. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that microclimate outweighed topography in structuring communities, aligning with global patterns of bryophyte thermal sensitivity. Bryophytes are effective bioindicators for tropical rainforest elevational zonation, reflecting fine-scale environmental gradients. Their sensitivity to microclimate supports their utility in monitoring vegetation shifts under climate change, particularly in topographically complex regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Ecology)

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17 pages, 4073 KB

Open AccessArticle

Studies on the Differentiation of Transient Chlorophyll a Fluorescence Signals in Papaya Plants Showing Symptoms and Without Symptoms in the Presence of PRSV-P and PMeV Viruses

by Weverton Pereira de Medeiros, Oeber de Freitas Quadros, Sabrina Garcia Broetto, José Aires Ventura and Diolina Moura Silva

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3208; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203208 - 19 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Viral infections represent a critical threat to cultivated plant species. In papaya cultivation, two viral diseases—papaya mosaic (caused by papaya ringspot virus type P—PRSV-P) and papaya sticky disease (caused by a virus complex of papaya meleira virus—PMeV, and papaya meleira virus—PMeV2)—are prevalent and [...] Read more.

Viral infections represent a critical threat to cultivated plant species. In papaya cultivation, two viral diseases—papaya mosaic (caused by papaya ringspot virus type P—PRSV-P) and papaya sticky disease (caused by a virus complex of papaya meleira virus—PMeV, and papaya meleira virus—PMeV2)—are prevalent and capable of devastating entire plantations, incurring substantial economic losses. Current diagnostic practices rely on visual identification of symptoms and elimination of infected plants (roguing). Monitoring photosynthetic efficiency in orchards prone to PRSV-P and PMeV2 coinfection may allow early intervention, mitigating productivity losses and reducing fruit quality. This study aimed to evaluate chlorophyll a fluorescence as a biomarker for photosynthetic impairment and symptom severity in papaya infected with PRSV-P and/or PMeV2 and to explore the feasibility of early detection of the infection by these dual pathogens, as an exploratory study under field conditions. Chlorophyll a fluorescence revealed details about the physiology of plants coinfected with the complex of PMeV2 and PRSV-P: the electron motive force within PSII decreases in infected plants and in those without visual symptoms of infection, being proportional to the age and developmental stage of the plants. A slowdown in the multiple electron transfer turnover of PSII and a decrease in the efficiency of the redox reactions of photosystem I were observed in plants with or without visual detection of infection. The evidence generated suggests that the chlorophyll a fluorescence technique can be used to monitor the pathophysiological state of plants under biotic stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Protection and Biotic Interactions)

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21 pages, 1679 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Reduced Nitrogen Fertilizer Application and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Inoculation on Nitrogen Utilization in Intercropped Areca catechu L. and Vanilla planifolia Andrews

by Huifa Zhuang, Xinyu Tang, Ziwei Ning, Chengjun Zhou, Qingyun Zhao, Hui Wang, Yizhang Xing and Ang Zhang

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3207; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203207 - 18 Oct 2025

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Abstract

Areca (Areca catechu L.) is an important economic crop in tropical regions, but excessive nitrogen application leads to low nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (approximately 30%). Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) can be intercropped with areca to enhance land use efficiency. However, the [...] Read more.

Areca (Areca catechu L.) is an important economic crop in tropical regions, but excessive nitrogen application leads to low nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency (approximately 30%). Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) can be intercropped with areca to enhance land use efficiency. However, the impact of combined nitrogen reduction and Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on the intercropping system of areca and vanilla remains unclear. This study examined the impact of nitrogen reduction (at levels of conventional fertilization, a 30% reduction and a 60% reduction) and the inoculation of AMF on the photosynthetic characteristics, physiological metabolism, and nitrogen utilization within an areca and vanilla intercropping system, employing a two-factor experimental design. The nitrogen reduction significantly inhibited SPAD value (chlorophyll content) (decreased by 46.21%), net photosynthesis (P_n) (decreased by 71.13%), and transpiration rate (T_r) (decreased by 44.34%) of vanilla without inoculation of AMF, but had little effect on the photosynthesis of areca. Inoculation with AMF, notably Funneliformis mosseae, alleviated the adverse effects of reduced nitrogen on vanilla. The net photosynthesis and intercellular CO₂ concentration (C_i) significantly increased by 76.23% and 69.48%, respectively. Additionally, the nitrogen uptake efficiency of the areca was improved, with root vitality increasing by 39.96%. Additionally, AMF enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase (ACP) (increased by 38.86% in vanilla) and nitrate reductase (NR) (increased by 53.77% in areca), promoting soil mineral nutrient activation and nitrogen metabolism. The nitrogen reduction combined with AMF inoculation can improve the nitrogen use efficiency of the areca and vanilla intercropping system, revealing its synergistic mechanism in the tropical intercropping system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant Nutrition)

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24 pages, 7149 KB

Open AccessArticle

Four New Pinnularia Ehrenberg Species (Bacillariophyta) from Urban Freshwater Streams in South Korea

by Yuyao Li, Weihan Wang, Byeong-Hun Han, Su-Ok Hwang and Baik-Ho Kim

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3206; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203206 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 325

Abstract

This study reports the discovery of four novel Pinnularia species—P. latocentra sp. nov., P. rhombocentra sp. nov., P. seouloflexuosa sp. nov., and P. paristriata sp. nov.—from urban freshwater streams in South Korea. Species delimitation was achieved using a polyphasic approach that integrated [...] Read more.

This study reports the discovery of four novel Pinnularia species—P. latocentra sp. nov., P. rhombocentra sp. nov., P. seouloflexuosa sp. nov., and P. paristriata sp. nov.—from urban freshwater streams in South Korea. Species delimitation was achieved using a polyphasic approach that integrated light and scanning electron microscopy, ecological profiling, and molecular evidence from SSU rRNA and rbcL sequences. Each taxon was confirmed as morphologically and genetically distinct from its closest congeners. Our findings broaden the recognized diversity of Pinnularia in East Asia and demonstrate that urban streams, often regarded as degraded habitats, can harbor hidden diatom diversity and ecological complexity. By clarifying diagnostic traits, validating type material in a recognized repository, and aligning molecular and morphological evidence, this study contributes to a more robust taxonomy of Pinnularia. These results also highlight the importance of polyphasic taxonomy and the strategic inclusion of urban habitats in diatomological surveys and biodiversity assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Evolution)

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22 pages, 5191 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Vulnerability and Potential Cultivation Areas of Four Day-Neutral Strawberries in Chile: Implications for Climate Adaptation

by Angela Sierra-Almeida, Loreto V. Morales, Diego Guerrero, Rodrigo J. N. Hasbún, Luis Retamal, Adrián Garrido-Bigotes, Ítalo Tamburrino and Andrea Maruri

Plants 2025, 14(20), 3205; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14203205 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

Understanding strawberry thermal resilience is crucial for optimizing cultivation in the face of climate change. However, its thermal niche remains underexplored. We assessed the thermal vulnerability of leaves and flowers in four day-neutral strawberry varieties cultivated in Chile and evaluated potential shifts in [...] Read more.

Understanding strawberry thermal resilience is crucial for optimizing cultivation in the face of climate change. However, its thermal niche remains underexplored. We assessed the thermal vulnerability of leaves and flowers in four day-neutral strawberry varieties cultivated in Chile and evaluated potential shifts in their suitable cultivation areas under warming scenarios. Tolerance to freezing, heat (LT₅₀), and Thermal Tolerance Breadth (TTB) were determined, and habitat suitability was modeled using MaxEnt under two climate change projections and time periods. Heat LT₅₀ of leaves and flowers was similar across strawberry varieties, averaging 56 °C. Conversely, the average freezing LT₅₀ of flowers was 12 K less negative than that of leaves across varieties. The TTB of leaves was generally broader than that of flowers, except for San Andreas, with Monterrey displaying the broadest TTB difference (14.6 K). Climatic models indicated slight southward shifts in suitable cultivation areas under warming in Chile and globally. Nevertheless, the potential for strawberry cultivation in the more southern regions will depend on the development and implementation of cultivation strategies that effectively minimize the risk of freezing damage to the flowers. This highlights the need to plan cultivation areas according to each variety’s thermal tolerance to enhance resilience and sustainability in a changing climate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fruit Crop Physiological and Metabolic Responses to Challenging Environments)

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Plants, Volume 14, Issue 20 (October-2 2025) – 119 articles

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