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Nanomaterials
Volume 15
Issue 5
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 5 (March-1 2025) – 91 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Thermoelectric materials can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, lower energy consumption, and improve energy management by converting heat into electricity. However, integrating new thermoelectric materials into bulk devices remains challenging. To address this, efficient tetrahedrite nanocomposites were prepared via solid-state reaction, followed by MoS2 nanoparticle addition and hot-pressing. Characterization by XRD, SEM-EDS, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the nanoparticle distribution. The inclusion of nanoparticles reduced lattice thermal conductivity while retaining mobility, increasing the maximum thermoelectric figure of merit by 36%, demonstrating the potential of nanocomposites for use in next-generation, cost-effective thermoelectric devices. View this paper
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18 pages, 4393 KiB  
Article
A Z-Scheme Heterojunction g-C3N4/WO3 for Efficient Photodegradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Rhodamine B
by Yongxin Lu, Shangjie Gao, Teng Ma, Jie Zhang, Haixia Liu and Wei Zhou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 410; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050410 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 753
Abstract
The construction of heterojunctions can effectively inhibit the rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalysts and offers great potential for pollutant degradation. In this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst was synthesized using a combination of [...] Read more.
The construction of heterojunctions can effectively inhibit the rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes in photocatalysts and offers great potential for pollutant degradation. In this study, a Z-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/WO3 photocatalyst was synthesized using a combination of hydrothermal and calcination methods. The photocatalytic degradation performance was tested under visible light; the degradation efficiency of Rh B reached 97.9% within 15 min and that of TC-HCl reached 93.3% within 180 min. The excellent photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/WO3 composites can be attributed to the improved absorption of visible light, the increase in surface area, and the effective separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. In addition, after four cycles of experiments, the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/WO3 did not decrease obviously, remaining at 97.8%, which proved that the g-C3N4/WO3 heterojunction had high stability and reusability. The active radical capture experiment confirmed that h+ and ·O2− played a leading role in the photocatalytic degradation. The Z-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/WO3 designed and synthesized in this study is expected to become an efficient photocatalyst suitable for environmental pollution control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Nanomaterials for Photocatalysis)
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37 pages, 9890 KiB  
Review
Ferroelectric and Non-Linear Optical Nanofibers by Electrospinning: From Inorganics to Molecular Crystals
by Rosa M. F. Baptista, Etelvina de Matos Gomes, Michael Belsley and Bernardo Almeida
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 409; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050409 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 945
Abstract
In recent decades, substantial progress has been made in embedding molecules, nanocrystals, and nanograins into nanofibers, resulting in a new class of hybrid functional materials with exceptional physical properties. Among these materials, functional nanofibers exhibiting ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, multiferroic, and nonlinear optical characteristics [...] Read more.
In recent decades, substantial progress has been made in embedding molecules, nanocrystals, and nanograins into nanofibers, resulting in a new class of hybrid functional materials with exceptional physical properties. Among these materials, functional nanofibers exhibiting ferroelectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, multiferroic, and nonlinear optical characteristics have attracted considerable attention and undergone substantial improvements. This review critically examines these developments, focusing on strategies for incorporating diverse compounds into nanofibers and their impact on enhancing their physical properties, particularly ferroelectric behavior and nonlinear optical conversion. These developments have transformative potential across electronics, photonics, biomaterials, and energy harvesting. By synthesizing recent advancements in the design and application of nanofiber-embedded materials, this review seeks to highlight their potential impact on scientific research, technological innovation, and the development of next-generation devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Micro and Nanofiber: Fabrication, Properties and Applications)
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11 pages, 2799 KiB  
Article
Research on Wet Etching Techniques for GaInAs/AlInAs/InP Superlattices in Quantum Cascade Laser Fabrication
by Shiya Zhang, Lianqing Zhu, Han Jia, Bingfeng Liu, Jintao Cui, Tuo Chen and Mingyu Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 408; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050408 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 714
Abstract
Wet etching is the mainstream fabrication method for single-bar quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Different etching solutions result in varying etching effects on III-V semiconductor materials. In this study, an efficient and nearly ideal etching solution ratio was proposed for simultaneously etching both InP [...] Read more.
Wet etching is the mainstream fabrication method for single-bar quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Different etching solutions result in varying etching effects on III-V semiconductor materials. In this study, an efficient and nearly ideal etching solution ratio was proposed for simultaneously etching both InP and GaInAs/AlInAs, and the surface chemical reactions induced by each component of the etching solution during the process were investigated. Using univariate and single-component experiments, coupled with various characterization techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), stylus profilometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), we found that the ratio of HBr to hydrogen peroxide significantly determines the etching rate, while the ratio of HCl to hydrogen peroxide affects the interface roughness. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effects of different etching solution components, thereby enhancing the understanding of the wet etching process for InP/GaInAs/AlInAs materials. These findings offer valuable insights into efficient QCL fabrication processes and contribute to the advancement of the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Photonics: Subwavelength Optical Elements, Metasurfaces, Plasmonics and Quantum Photonics: 2nd Edition)
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10 pages, 4851 KiB  
Article
Room-Temperature Synthesis of Carbon Nanochains via the Wurtz Reaction
by Juxiang Pu, Yongqing Gong, Menghao Yang and Mali Zhao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 407; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050407 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 655
Abstract
In the field of surface synthesis, various reactions driven by the catalytic effect of metal substrates, particularly the Ullmann reaction, have been thoroughly investigated. The Wurtz reaction facilitates the coupling of alkyl halides through the removal of halogen atoms with a low energy [...] Read more.
In the field of surface synthesis, various reactions driven by the catalytic effect of metal substrates, particularly the Ullmann reaction, have been thoroughly investigated. The Wurtz reaction facilitates the coupling of alkyl halides through the removal of halogen atoms with a low energy barrier on the surface; however, the preparation of novel carbon nanostructures via the Wurtz reaction has been scarcely reported. Here, we report the successful synthesis of ethyl-bridged binaphthyl molecular chains on Ag(111) at room temperature via the Wurtz reaction. However, this structure was not obtained through low-temperature deposition followed by annealing even above room temperature. High-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the rate-limiting step of C–C homocoupling exhibits a low-energy barrier, facilitating the room-temperature synthesis of carbon nanochain structures. Moreover, the stereochemical configuration of adsorbed molecules hinders the activation of the C–X (X = Br) bond away from the metal surface and, therefore, critically influences the reaction pathways and final products. This work advances the understanding of surface-mediated reactions involving precursor molecules with stereochemical structures. Moreover, it provides an optimized approach for synthesizing novel carbon nanostructures under mild conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Nanostructures on Surfaces and at Interfaces)
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13 pages, 5253 KiB  
Article
Microwave Absorption Properties of Graphite Nanosheet/Carbon Nanofiber Hybrids Prepared by Intercalation Chemical Vapor Deposition
by Yifan Guo, Junhua Su, Qingfeng Guo, Ling Long, Jinlong Xie and Ying Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 406; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050406 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
Carbon-based microwave absorption materials have garnered widespread attention as lightweight and efficient wave absorbers, emerging as a prominent focus in the field of functional materials research. In this work, FeNi3 nanoparticles, synthesized in situ within graphite interlayers, were employed as catalysts to [...] Read more.
Carbon-based microwave absorption materials have garnered widespread attention as lightweight and efficient wave absorbers, emerging as a prominent focus in the field of functional materials research. In this work, FeNi3 nanoparticles, synthesized in situ within graphite interlayers, were employed as catalysts to grow carbon nanofibers in situ via intercalation chemical vapor deposition (CVD). We discovered that amorphous carbon nanofibers (CNFs) can exfoliate and separate highly conductive graphite nanosheets (GNS) from the interlayers. Meanwhile, the carbon nanofibers eventually intertwine and encapsulate the graphite nanosheets, forming porous hybrids. This process induces significant changes in the electrical conductivity and electromagnetic parameters of the resulting GNS/CNF hybrids, enhancing the impedance matching between the hybrids and free space. Although this process slightly reduces the microwave loss capability of the hybrids, the balance between these effects significantly enhances their microwave absorption performance, particularly in the Ku band. Specifically, the optimized GNS/CNF hybrids, when mixed with paraffin at a 30 wt% ratio, exhibit a maximum microwave reflection loss of −44.1 dB at 14.6 GHz with a thickness of 1.5 mm. Their effective absorption bandwidth, defined as the frequency range with a reflection loss below −10 dB, spans the 12.5–17.4 GHz range, covering more than 80% of the Ku band. These results indicate that the GNS/CNF hybrids prepared via intercalation CVD are promising candidates for microwave absorption materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Porous Nanomaterials: Preparation, Performance, and Practical Application)
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13 pages, 1893 KiB  
Article
Catalytic Activity of Water-Soluble Palladium Nanoparticles with Anionic and Cationic Capping Ligands for Reduction, Oxidation, and C-C Coupling Reactions in Water
by Jan W. Farag, Ragaa Khalil, Edwin Avila and Young-Seok Shon
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 405; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050405 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 510
Abstract
The availability of water-soluble nanoparticles allows catalytic reactions to occur in highly desirable green environments. The catalytic activity and selectivity of water-soluble palladium nanoparticles capped with 6-(carboxylate)hexanethiolate (C6-PdNP) and 5-(trimethylammonio)pentanethiolate (C5-PdNP) were investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, the oxidation of α,β-conjugated aldehydes, [...] Read more.
The availability of water-soluble nanoparticles allows catalytic reactions to occur in highly desirable green environments. The catalytic activity and selectivity of water-soluble palladium nanoparticles capped with 6-(carboxylate)hexanethiolate (C6-PdNP) and 5-(trimethylammonio)pentanethiolate (C5-PdNP) were investigated for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol, the oxidation of α,β-conjugated aldehydes, and the C-C coupling of phenylboronic acid. The study showed that between the two PdNPs, C6-PdNP exhibits better catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of sodium borohydride and the selective oxidation of conjugated aldehydes to conjugated carboxylic acids. For the latter reaction, molecular hydrogen (H2) and H2O act as oxidants for the surface palladium atoms on PdNPs and conjugated aldehyde substrates, respectively. The results indicated that the competing addition activities of Pd-H and H2O toward the π-bond of different unsaturated substrates promote either reduction or oxidation reactions under mild conditions in organic solvent-free environments. In comparison, C5-PdNP exhibited higher catalytic activity for the C-C coupling of phenylboronic acid. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was mainly used as an analytical technique to examine the products of catalytic reactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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12 pages, 8103 KiB  
Article
A Thermally Controlled Ultra-Wideband Wide Incident Angle Metamaterial Absorber with Switchable Transmission at the THz Band
by Liansheng Wang, Fengkai Xin, Quanhong Fu and Dongyan Xia
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 404; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050404 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 530
Abstract
We demonstrate a thermally controlled ultra-wideband wide incident angle metamaterial absorber with switchable transmission at the THz band in this paper. The underlying hybrid structure of FSS-VO2 thin films make them switchable between absorption mode and transmission mode by controlling the temperature. [...] Read more.
We demonstrate a thermally controlled ultra-wideband wide incident angle metamaterial absorber with switchable transmission at the THz band in this paper. The underlying hybrid structure of FSS-VO2 thin films make them switchable between absorption mode and transmission mode by controlling the temperature. It can achieve ultra-wideband absorption with above 90% absorption from 1 THz to 10 THz and exhibits excellent absorption performance under a wide range of incident and polarization angles at a high temperature (80 °C). At room temperature (27 °C), it acts in transmission mode with a transmission coefficient of up to 60% at 3.1278 THz. The transmission region is inside the absorption band, which is very important for practical applications. The metamaterial absorber has the advantage of easy fabrication, an ultra-wideband, a wide incident angle, switchable multi-functions, and passivity with wide application prospects on terahertz communication and radar devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Advanced Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation and Applications)
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15 pages, 6315 KiB  
Article
Effect of Various Nanofillers on Piezoelectric Nanogenerator Performance of P(VDF-TrFE) Nanocomposite Thin Film
by Sangkwon Park and Hafiz Muhammad Abid Yaseen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 403; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050403 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 671
Abstract
Flexible polymer-based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have gained significant interest due to their ability to deliver clean and sustainable energy for self-powered electronics and wearable devices. Recently, the incorporation of fillers into the ferroelectric polymer matrix has been used to improve the relatively low [...] Read more.
Flexible polymer-based piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs) have gained significant interest due to their ability to deliver clean and sustainable energy for self-powered electronics and wearable devices. Recently, the incorporation of fillers into the ferroelectric polymer matrix has been used to improve the relatively low piezoelectric properties of polymer-based PENGs. In this study, we investigated the effect of various nanofillers such as titania (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) on the PENG performance of the nanocomposite thin films containing the nanofillers in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoro ethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) matrix. The nanocomposite films were prepared by depositing molecularly thin films of P(VDF-TrFE) and nanofiller nanoparticles (NPs) spread at the air/water interface onto the indium tin oxide-coated polyethylene terephthalate (ITO-PET) substrate, and they were characterized by measuring their microstructures, crystallinity, β-phase contents, and piezoelectric coefficients (d33) using SEM, FT-IR, XRD, and quasi-static meter, respectively. Multiple PENGs incorporating various nanofillers within the polymer matrix were developed by assembling thin film-coated substrates into a sandwich-like structure. Their piezoelectric properties, such as open-circuit output voltage (VOC) and short-circuit current (ISC), were analyzed. As a result, the PENG containing 4 wt% PZT, which was named P-PZT-4, showed the best performance of VOC of 68.5 V with the d33 value of 78.2 pC/N and β-phase content of 97%. The order of the maximum VOC values for the PENGs of nanocomposite thin films containing various nanofillers was PZT (68.5 V) > rGO (64.0 V) > ZnO (50.9 V) > TiO2 (48.1 V). When the best optimum PENG was integrated into a simple circuit comprising rectifiers and a capacitor, it demonstrated an excellent two-dimensional power density of 20.6 μW/cm2 and an energy storage capacity of 531.4 μJ within 3 min. This piezoelectric performance of PENG with the optimized nanofiller type and content was found to be superior when it was compared with those in the literature. This PENG comprising nanocomposite thin film with optimized nanofiller type and content shows a potential application for a power source for low-powered electronics such as wearable devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Analytical Methods for Biomedical, Environmental, and Energy Applications)
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14 pages, 4821 KiB  
Article
Controllable Hydrothermal Synthesis of 1D β-Ga2O3 for Solar-Blind Ultraviolet Photodetection
by Lingfeng Mao, Xiaoxuan Wang, Chaoyang Huang, Yi Ma, Feifei Qin, Wendong Lu, Gangyi Zhu, Zengliang Shi, Qiannan Cui and Chunxiang Xu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 402; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050402 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 633
Abstract
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3), an ultrawide bandgap semiconductor, is an ideal material for solar-blind photodetectors, but challenges such as low responsivity and response speed persist. In this paper, one-dimensional (1D) Ga2O3 nanorods were designed to achieve high [...] Read more.
Gallium oxide (Ga2O3), an ultrawide bandgap semiconductor, is an ideal material for solar-blind photodetectors, but challenges such as low responsivity and response speed persist. In this paper, one-dimensional (1D) Ga2O3 nanorods were designed to achieve high photodetection performance due to their effective light absorption and light field confinement. Through modulating source concentration, pH value, temperature, and reaction time, 1D β-Ga2O3 nanorods were controllably fabricated using a cost-effective hydrothermal method, followed by post-annealing. The nanorods had a diameter of ~500 nm, length from 0.5 to 3 μm, and structure from nanorods to spindles, indicating that different β-Ga2O3 nanorods can be utilized controllably through tuning reaction parameters. The 1D β-Ga2O3 nanorods with a high length-to-diameter ratio were chosen to construct metal-semiconductor-metal type photodetectors. These devices exhibited a high responsivity of 8.0 × 10−4 A/W and detectivity of 4.58 × 109 Jones under 254 nm light irradiation. The findings highlighted the potential of 1D Ga2O3 nanostructures for high-performance solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors, paving the way for future integrable deep ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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19 pages, 8848 KiB  
Article
Tribological Behavior and Mechanism of Silane-Bridged h-BN/MoS2 Hybrid Filling Epoxy Solid Lubricant Coatings
by Xiaoxiao Peng, Haiyan Jing, Lan Yu, Zongdeng Wu, Can Su, Ziyu Ji, Junjie Shu, Hua Tang, Mingzhu Xia, Xifeng Xia, Wu Lei and Qingli Hao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 401; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050401 - 6 Mar 2025
Viewed by 615
Abstract
To significantly improve the tribological performance of epoxy resin (EP), a novel h-BN/MoS2 composite was successfully synthesized using spherical MoS2 particles with lamellar self-assembly generated through the calcination method, followed by utilizing the “bridging effect” of a silane coupling agent to [...] Read more.
To significantly improve the tribological performance of epoxy resin (EP), a novel h-BN/MoS2 composite was successfully synthesized using spherical MoS2 particles with lamellar self-assembly generated through the calcination method, followed by utilizing the “bridging effect” of a silane coupling agent to achieve a uniform and vertically oriented decoration of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets on the MoS2 surface. The chemical composition and microstructure of the h-BN/MoS2 composite were systematically investigated. Furthermore, the enhancement effect of composites with various contents on the frictional properties of epoxy coatings was studied, and the mechanism was elucidated. The results demonstrate that the uniform decoration of h-BN enhances the chemical stability of MoS2 in friction tests, and the MoS2 prevents oxidation and maintains its self-lubricating properties. Consequently, due to the protective effect of h-BN and the synergistic interaction between h-BN and MoS2, the 5 wt % h-BN/MoS2 composite exhibited the best friction and wear resistance when incorporated into EP. Compared to pure EP coatings, its average friction coefficient and specific wear rate (0.026 and 1.5 × 10−6 mm3 N−1 m−1, respectively) were significantly reduced. Specifically, the average friction coefficient decreased by 88% and the specific wear rate decreased by 99%, highlighting the superior performance of the h-BN/MoS2-enhanced epoxy composite coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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15 pages, 3309 KiB  
Article
Emission Enhancement of ZnO Thin Films in Ultraviolet Wavelength Region Using Au Nano-Hemisphere on Al Mirror Structures
by Shogo Tokimori, Kai Funato, Kenji Wada, Tetsuya Matsuyama and Koichi Okamoto
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 400; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050400 - 6 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 621
Abstract
Using a heterogeneous metal Nano Hemisphere on Mirror (NHoM) structure, composed of an Al2O3 thin film and Au nano-hemispheres formed on a thick Al film, we successfully generated two distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks: one in the ultraviolet (UV) [...] Read more.
Using a heterogeneous metal Nano Hemisphere on Mirror (NHoM) structure, composed of an Al2O3 thin film and Au nano-hemispheres formed on a thick Al film, we successfully generated two distinct surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peaks: one in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength range below 400 nm and another in the visible range between 600 and 700 nm. This NHoM structure can be fabricated through a straightforward process involving deposition, sputtering, and annealing, enabling rapid, large-area formation. By adjusting the thickness of the Al2O3 spacer layer in the NHoM structure, we precisely controlled the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) wavelength, spanning a wide range from the UV to the visible spectrum. Through this tuning, we enhanced the band-edge UV emission of the ZnO thin film by a factor of 35. Temperature-dependent measurements of emission intensity revealed that the NHoM structure increased the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the ZnO thin film from 8% to 19%. The heterometallic NHoM structure proposed in this study enables wide-ranging control of SPR wavelengths and demonstrates significant potential for applications in enhancing luminescence in the deep ultraviolet (DUV) region, where luminescence efficiency is typically low. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Study on Photoelectric Properties and Applications of Nanostructured Materials)
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11 pages, 1448 KiB  
Article
Design of a Low-Infrared-Emission and Wideband-Microwave-Absorption Lightweight Metasurface
by Liping Liu, Zongsheng Chen, Zhigang Li, Yajing Chang, Pengfei Li, Xun Liu, Xuesong Deng and Yunsong Feng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050399 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 781
Abstract
The compatibility of low infrared emission and wideband microwave absorption has drawn extensive attention, both theoretically and practically. In this paper, an infrared–radar-compatible stealth metasurface is designed using transparent conductive materials, namely indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly methacrylimide (PMI). The designed structure [...] Read more.
The compatibility of low infrared emission and wideband microwave absorption has drawn extensive attention, both theoretically and practically. In this paper, an infrared–radar-compatible stealth metasurface is designed using transparent conductive materials, namely indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly methacrylimide (PMI). The designed structure is a combination of a radar-absorbing layer (RAL) and a low-infrared-emission layer (IRSL), with an overall thickness of about 1.7 mm. It consists of three layers, a top-layer patch-type ITO frequency-selective surface, an intermediate layer of a four-fold rotationally symmetric ITO patterned structure, and a bottom reflective surface. The layers are separated by PMI. Simulation results show that the structure achieves over 90% broadband absorption in the microwave band from 7 to 58 GHz and low emissivity of 0.36 in the infrared band. In addition, due to the four-fold rotationally symmetric design, the structure also exhibits polarization insensitivity and excellent angular stability. Therefore, the designed structure possesses ultra-broadband radar absorption performance, low infrared emissivity, and polarization-insensitive properties at a thin thickness, and has a promising application in the field of multi-band-compatible stealth technology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metamaterials and Metasurfaces for Advanced Electromagnetic Wave Manipulation and Applications)
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10 pages, 1509 KiB  
Article
The Frequency Response Characteristics of Ge-on-Si Photodetectors Under High Incident Power
by Jin Jiang, Hongmin Chen, Fenghe Yang, Chunlai Li, Jin He, Xiumei Wang and Jishi Cui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 398; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050398 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 600
Abstract
This study explores the mechanisms responsible for the bandwidth reduction observed in germanium photodetectors under high signal light power. We investigate the impact of the carrier-shielding effect on the bandwidth through simulations, and we mitigate this effect by increasing the applied bias voltage. [...] Read more.
This study explores the mechanisms responsible for the bandwidth reduction observed in germanium photodetectors under high signal light power. We investigate the impact of the carrier-shielding effect on the bandwidth through simulations, and we mitigate this effect by increasing the applied bias voltage. The increase in the concentration of photogenerated carriers leads to a reduction in the carrier saturation drift velocity, which reduces the bandwidth of the germanium photodetector; this phenomenon is studied for the first time. The bandwidth is determined primarily by the carrier saturation drift velocity when the incident light power is below 2.5 mW. The decrease in bandwidth that is calculated based on the decrease in carrier saturation drift velocity is consistent with the experimental results. However, when the signal light power exceeds 3 mW, both the carrier-shielding effect and the reduction in the carrier saturation drift velocity contribute to the bandwidth reduction. This study provides good theoretical guidance for the design of high-power germanium photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Optics and Nano-Optoelectronics: Challenges and Future Trends—2nd Edition: Semiconductor Nanophotonics)
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15 pages, 9197 KiB  
Article
Fluorescent Silver Nanoclusters Associated with Double-Stranded Poly(dGdC) DNA
by Zakhar Reveguk, Roberto Improta, Lara Martínez-Fernández, Ruslan Ramazanov, Shachar Richter and Alexander Kotlyar
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 397; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050397 - 5 Mar 2025
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate through AFM imaging and CD spectroscopy that the binding of silver ions (Ag+) to poly(dGdC), a double-stranded (ds) DNA composed of two identical repeating strands, at a stoichiometry of one Ag+ per GC base pair induces a [...] Read more.
Here, we demonstrate through AFM imaging and CD spectroscopy that the binding of silver ions (Ag+) to poly(dGdC), a double-stranded (ds) DNA composed of two identical repeating strands, at a stoichiometry of one Ag+ per GC base pair induces a one-base shift of one strand relative to the other. This results in a ds nucleic acid-Ag+ conjugate consisting of alternating CC and GG base pairs coordinated by silver ions. The proposed organization of the conjugate is supported by the results of our Quantum Mechanical (QM) and Molecular Mechanics (MMs) calculations. The reduction of Ag+ ions followed by the partial oxidation of silver atoms yields a highly fluorescent conjugate emitting at 720 nm. This fluorescent behavior in conjugates of long, repetitive ds DNA (thousands of base pairs) with silver has never been demonstrated before. We propose that the poly(dGdC)–Ag conjugate functions as a dynamic system, comprising various small clusters embedded within the DNA and interacting with one another through energy transfer. This hypothesis is supported by the results of our QM and MMs calculations. Additionally, these DNA–silver conjugates, comprising silver nanoclusters, may possess conductive properties, making them potential candidates for use as nanowires in nanodevices and nanosensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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13 pages, 1933 KiB  
Article
A General Solution to the Continuum Rate Equation for Island-Size Distributions: Epitaxial Growth Kinetics and Scaling Analysis
by Vladimir G. Dubrovskii
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050396 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
The nucleation and growth of surface islands in the pre-coalescence stage has previously been studied by different methods, including the rate equation approach and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. However, full understanding of island growth kinetics and the scaling properties of their size distributions [...] Read more.
The nucleation and growth of surface islands in the pre-coalescence stage has previously been studied by different methods, including the rate equation approach and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations. However, full understanding of island growth kinetics and the scaling properties of their size distributions is still lacking. Here, we investigate rate equations for the irreversible homogeneous growth of islands in the continuum limit, and derive a general island-size distribution whose shape is fully determined by the dynamics of the monomer concentration at a given size dependence of the capture coefficients. We show that the island-size distribution acquires the Family–Viscek scaling shape in the large time limit if the capture coefficients are linear in size for large enough islands. We obtain analytic solutions for the time-dependent monomer concentration, island density, average size and island-size distribution, which are valid for all times, and the analytic scaling function in the large time limit. These results can be used for modeling growth kinetics in a wide range of systems and shed more light on the general properties of the size distributions of different nano-objects. Full article
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17 pages, 10493 KiB  
Article
Modified Fe3O4 Nanoparticles for Foam Stabilization: Mechanisms and Applications for Enhanced Oil Recovery
by Dandan Yin, Judong Qiu, Dongfeng Zhao, Yongzheng Wang, Tao Huang, Yunqian Long and Xiaohe Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050395 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 684
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential in stabilizing foam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, conventional NPs are difficult to recover and may contaminate produced oil, increasing operational costs. In contrast, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPs can be efficiently recovered using external [...] Read more.
Nanoparticles (NPs) have shown great potential in stabilizing foam for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, conventional NPs are difficult to recover and may contaminate produced oil, increasing operational costs. In contrast, superparamagnetic Fe3O4 NPs can be efficiently recovered using external magnetic fields, offering a sustainable solution for foam stabilization. In this study, Fe3O4 NPs were coated with SiO2 using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and further modified with dodecyltrimethoxysilane to enhance their hydrophobicity. The modification effects were characterized, and the optimal foam-stabilizing Fe3O4@SiO2 NPs were found to have a contact angle of 77.01°. The foam system formed with α-olefin sulfonate (0.2 wt%) as the foaming agent and the optimal modified NPs exhibited a drainage half-life of 452 s. After foam-stabilization experiments, the NPs were recovered and reused, with the results indicating that three recovery cycles were optimal. Finally, visual microscopic displacement experiments demonstrated that the foam stabilized by modified NPs effectively mobilized clustered, membranous, and dead-end residual oil, increasing the recovery rate by 17.01% compared with unmodified NPs. This study identifies key areas for future investigation into the application of magnetic nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications)
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20 pages, 2766 KiB  
Review
Biological Effects of Micro-/Nano-Plastics in Macrophages
by Massimiliano G. Bianchi, Lavinia Casati, Giulia Sauro, Giuseppe Taurino, Erika Griffini, Christian Milani, Marco Ventura, Ovidio Bussolati and Martina Chiu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050394 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1083
Abstract
The environmental impact of plastics is worsened by their inadequate end-of-life disposal, leading to the ubiquitous presence of micro- (MPs) and nanosized (NPs) plastic particles. MPs and NPs are thus widely present in water and air and inevitably enter the food chain, with [...] Read more.
The environmental impact of plastics is worsened by their inadequate end-of-life disposal, leading to the ubiquitous presence of micro- (MPs) and nanosized (NPs) plastic particles. MPs and NPs are thus widely present in water and air and inevitably enter the food chain, with inhalation and ingestion as the main exposure routes for humans. Many recent studies have demonstrated that MPs and NPs gain access to several body compartments, where they are taken up by cells, increase the production of reactive oxygen species, and lead to inflammatory changes. In most tissues, resident macrophages engage in the first approach to foreign materials, and this interaction largely affects the subsequent fate of the material and the possible pathological outcomes. On the other hand, macrophages are the main organizers and controllers of both inflammatory responses and tissue repair. Here, we aim to summarize the available information on the interaction of macrophages with MPs and NPs. Particular attention will be devoted to the consequences of this interaction on macrophage viability and functions, as well as to possible implications in pathology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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11 pages, 2996 KiB  
Article
Inverse Design of Multi-Port Power Splitter with Arbitrary Ratio Based on Shape Optimization
by Yang Liu, Zhe Kang, Haoda Xu, Guangbiao Zhong, Ruitao Zhang, Chaoying Fu and Ye Tian
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050393 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 596
Abstract
Arbitrary ratio power splitters (APSs) play a crucial role in enhancing the flexibility of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. However, most existing APSs are designed with two output channels, limiting their functionality. In this study, we present a shape [...] Read more.
Arbitrary ratio power splitters (APSs) play a crucial role in enhancing the flexibility of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) on the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform. However, most existing APSs are designed with two output channels, limiting their functionality. In this study, we present a shape optimization method to develop a multiport arbitrary ratio power splitter (MAPS) that enables arbitrary power distribution across three output channels within a compact footprint of 6 µm × 2.7 µm. To validate this approach, two MAPS designs were demonstrated with power ratios of 1:2:1 and 1:2:4. Across a bandwidth range from 1500 nm to 1600 nm, these designs matched the desired power distribution with excess losses (ELs) below 0.5 dB. Experimental results further confirmed the effectiveness of the splitters, with ELs below 1.3 dB over a bandwidth of 1500–1565 nm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nano-Optics and Nanophotonics)
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11 pages, 2988 KiB  
Article
Temperature-Dependent Morphology Modulation of MoO2 from 1D Nanoribbons to 2D Nanoflakes for Enhanced Two-Dimensional Electrode Applications
by Di Wu, Tianrong Yi, Yutao Hu, Jianxiong Xie, Yu Deng, Junqi He, Yuting Sun, Jidong Liu, Qiaoyan Hao and Wenjing Zhang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 392; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050392 - 4 Mar 2025
Viewed by 585
Abstract
The morphology modulation of target crystals is important for understanding their growth mechanisms and potential applications. Herein, we report a convenient method for modulating the morphology of MoO2 by controlling different growth temperatures. With an increase in growth temperature, the morphology of [...] Read more.
The morphology modulation of target crystals is important for understanding their growth mechanisms and potential applications. Herein, we report a convenient method for modulating the morphology of MoO2 by controlling different growth temperatures. With an increase in growth temperature, the morphology of MoO2 changes from a nanoribbon to a nanoflake. Various characterization methods, including optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, (vertical and tilted) scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction, were performed to unveil the morphology modulation and lattice structure of MoO2. Both MoO2 nanoribbons and nanoflakes display a standing-up growth mode on c-sapphire substrates, and their basal planes are MoO2(100). Further investigations into devices based on MoS2 with Au/Ti/MoO2 electrodes show the potential applications of MoO2 in two-dimensional electrodes. These findings are helpful for the synthesis of MoO2 with different morphologies and applications in the field of optoelectronic nanodevices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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14 pages, 2563 KiB  
Article
Stretchable, Patterned Carbon Nanotube Array Enhanced by Ti3C2Tx/Graphene for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
by Baohua Li, Xuebin Liu, Jiyong Feng, Yunfan Wang, Junhua Huang, Zhengwei Fu, Zhiping Zeng, Jianghui Zheng and Xuchun Gui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 391; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050391 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 678
Abstract
Stretchability and flexibility are essential characteristics for high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials in wearable and smart devices. However, achieving these mechanical properties while also maintaining high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) for shielding materials remains a significant challenge. Here, a stretchable patterned carbon [...] Read more.
Stretchability and flexibility are essential characteristics for high-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials in wearable and smart devices. However, achieving these mechanical properties while also maintaining high EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) for shielding materials remains a significant challenge. Here, a stretchable patterned carbon nanotube (CNT) array composite film, reinforced with two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials (Ti3C2Tx and graphene), is fabricated using a straightforward scraping method. The resulting CNT array/Ti3C2Tx/graphene composite films possess a periodic grid structure. Specifically, the composite film with a regular hexagonal pattern demonstrates an EMI SE of 36.5 dB in the X-band at a thickness of 350 μm. Additionally, the composite film exhibits excellent stretchability, flexibility, and stability. After undergoing 10,000 stretching cycles, the EMI SE remains stable. Simulation results further indicate that surface reflection is the primary EMI shielding mechanism. This simple scraping method offers a promising approach for developing stretchable and high-performance EMI shielding films, making them well suited for application in flexible devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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24 pages, 862 KiB  
Review
Nanofertilizers for Sustainable African Agriculture: A Global Review of Agronomic Efficiency and Environmental Sustainability
by Queen Khundi, Yaqi Jiang, Yi Sun and Yukui Rui
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050390 - 3 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 979
Abstract
As Africa’s population continues to grow, the need for sustainable agricultural practices has intensified, sparking greater interest in nanofertilizers This review critically evaluates the agronomic efficiency and environmental sustainability of nanofertilizers in the African context. It combines existing research on nanofertilizers’ effectiveness, nutrient-use [...] Read more.
As Africa’s population continues to grow, the need for sustainable agricultural practices has intensified, sparking greater interest in nanofertilizers This review critically evaluates the agronomic efficiency and environmental sustainability of nanofertilizers in the African context. It combines existing research on nanofertilizers’ effectiveness, nutrient-use efficiency, and environmental impact. Nanofertilizers have shown a nutrient-use efficiency boost of up to 30% compared to conventional fertilizers. This review also highlights benefits such as enhanced crop yields (up to 25% increase in maize production), reduced chemical fertilizer requirements (up to 40% reduction in nitrogen application), and improved soil health. The analysis informs policy, research, and practice aimed at optimizing nanofertilizer deployment for sustainable African agriculture. The projected global population of 2.4 billion by 2050 highlights that the need for sustainable agricultural solutions has never been more important. Our review conveys an assessment of nanofertilizers’ potential contribution to Africa’s agricultural sustainability and food security. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
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21 pages, 4584 KiB  
Article
Charging and Aggregation of Nano-Clay Na-Montmorillonite in the Presence of Ciprofloxacin
by Chuanzi Zeng and Motoyoshi Kobayashi
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 389; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050389 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 707
Abstract
The transport and fate of antibiotics are significantly influenced by co-existing colloidal and nanosized substances, such as clay particles. Montmorillonite, a common clay mineral with a thin nano-sheet-like structure, enhances antibiotic (e.g., ciprofloxacin) mobility due to its strong adsorption properties. Nevertheless, little is [...] Read more.
The transport and fate of antibiotics are significantly influenced by co-existing colloidal and nanosized substances, such as clay particles. Montmorillonite, a common clay mineral with a thin nano-sheet-like structure, enhances antibiotic (e.g., ciprofloxacin) mobility due to its strong adsorption properties. Nevertheless, little is known about how ciprofloxacin systematically influences the charging and aggregation properties of montmorillonite. This study examines the effect of ciprofloxacin on the electrophoretic mobility and hydrodynamic diameter of Na-montmorillonite under varying pH levels and NaCl concentrations. Results show ciprofloxacin promotes aggregation and alters the surface net charge of Na-montmorillonite at acidic to neutral pH, where ciprofloxacin is positively charged. At higher pH levels, where ciprofloxacin is negatively charged, no significant effects are observed. The observed aggregation behaviors align with predictions based on the Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory. Specifically, the slow aggregation regime, the fast aggregation regime, and the critical coagulation concentration are identified. The relationship between critical coagulation ionic strength and electrokinetic surface charge density is well explained by the DLVO theory with the Debye–Hückel approximations. Additionally, non-DLVO interactions are inferred. At low NaCl and ciprofloxacin concentrations, minimal changes in aggregation and surface charge suggest dispersed montmorillonite may facilitate ciprofloxacin transport, raising environmental concerns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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22 pages, 4610 KiB  
Article
Curcumin-Functionalized Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes with Antimicrobial Activity for Wound Healing
by Neraida Petrai, Konstantinos Loukelis and Maria Chatzinikolaidou
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050388 - 3 Mar 2025
Viewed by 913
Abstract
Chronic or improperly healed wounds, either as a result of extended trauma or prolonged inflammatory response, affect a significant percentage of the world population. Hence, there is a growing interest in the development of biomimetic scaffolds that expedite wound closure at the early [...] Read more.
Chronic or improperly healed wounds, either as a result of extended trauma or prolonged inflammatory response, affect a significant percentage of the world population. Hence, there is a growing interest in the development of biomimetic scaffolds that expedite wound closure at the early stages. Curcumin (Cur) is a plant-derived polyphenol with antimicrobial activity, and it accelerates the wound contraction rate. Recently, electrospraying has emerged for the precise deposition of bioactive molecules into scaffolds to improve therapeutic outcomes. In this study, we produced membranes for wound healing and endowed them with antibacterial properties to promote the healing of impaired wounds. Unlike previous studies that incorporated curcumin directly into electrospun fibers, we employed electrospraying to coat curcumin onto PVA/KC membranes. This approach improves the curcumin bioavailability and release kinetics, ensuring sustained therapeutic action. Toward this end, we fabricated four types of membranes, poly(vinyl alcohol) PVA and PVA/kappa carrageenan (KC), using electrospinning, and PVA/KC/Cur5 and PVA/KC/Cur20, in which the PVA/KC membranes were coated with two different concentrations of Cur by electrospraying. All membranes showed low cytotoxicity, good cell adhesion, the capability of enabling cells to produce collagen, and an adequate degradation rate for wound-healing applications. Antibacterial evaluation showed that both Cur-loaded membranes increased the antibacterial efficacy against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus compared with PVA and PVA/KC membranes. These findings highlight the potential of electrosprayed curcumin as an effective strategy for bioactive wound dressings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cytotoxicity Evaluation and Antibacterial Activity of Nanoscale Materials)
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16 pages, 5242 KiB  
Article
Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Carbon Aerogels Derived from Food Wastes for Supercapacitors
by Zijun Dong, Tong Li, Xinghe Xu, Yi Chen, Jiemei Fu and Shichang Sun
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050387 - 2 Mar 2025
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Preparing carbon aerogel in an eco-friendly and inexpensive manner remains a significant challenge. The carbon aerogels derived from food waste (FWCAs) with a three-dimensional connected network structure are successfully synthesized using microwave radiation. The as-prepared FWCA-4 (The KOH/C ratio is 4) has a [...] Read more.
Preparing carbon aerogel in an eco-friendly and inexpensive manner remains a significant challenge. The carbon aerogels derived from food waste (FWCAs) with a three-dimensional connected network structure are successfully synthesized using microwave radiation. The as-prepared FWCA-4 (The KOH/C ratio is 4) has a large specific surface area (1470 m2/g), pore volume (0.634 m3/g), and a high degree of graphitization. Band-like lattice stripes with a spacing of 0.34 nm, corresponding to the graphite plane, are observed. A high specific capacitance of 314 F/g at 1.0 A/g and an excellent capacitance retention (>90% after 10,000 cycles) make the FWCA-4 suitable for high-performance supercapacitor electrode materials. Furthermore, the specific surface area and pore volume of FWCA-4 are larger and the degree of graphitization is higher than in ordinary porous carbon derived from food waste (FWPC). The assembled symmetrical solid capacitor from FWCA-4 exhibits a maximum energy density of approximately 179.9 W/kg in neutral ion electrolytes. Thus, food waste is successfully used to prepare carbon aerogels through a gelation process using microwave radiation. The recycling of waste biomass is achieved, and the results provide insights for the preparation of carbon aerogels using biomass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials for Sustainable Green Energy)
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30 pages, 7818 KiB  
Review
Strategies for Improving Contact-Electro-Catalytic Efficiency: A Review
by Meng-Nan Liu, Jin-Hua Liu, Lu-Yao Wang, Fang Yin, Gang Zheng, Ru Li, Jun Zhang and Yun-Ze Long
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050386 - 2 Mar 2025
Viewed by 1247
Abstract
Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) has emerged as a promising catalytic methodology, integrating principles from solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) into catalysis. Unlike conventional approaches, CEC harnesses various forms of mechanical energy, including wind and water, along with other renewable sources, enabling reactions under natural conditions without [...] Read more.
Contact-electro-catalysis (CEC) has emerged as a promising catalytic methodology, integrating principles from solid-liquid triboelectric nanogenerators (SL-TENGs) into catalysis. Unlike conventional approaches, CEC harnesses various forms of mechanical energy, including wind and water, along with other renewable sources, enabling reactions under natural conditions without reliance on specific energy inputs like light or electricity. This review presents the basic principles of CEC and discusses its applications, including the degradation of organic molecules, synthesis of chemical substances, and reduction of metals. Furthermore, it explores methods to improve the catalytic efficiency of CEC by optimizing catalytic conditions, the structure of catalyst materials, and the start-up mode. The concluding section offers insights into future prospects and potential applications of CEC, highlighting its role in advancing sustainable catalytic technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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15 pages, 3765 KiB  
Article
A Novel Gully-like Surface of Stainless-Steel Fiber Coated with COF-TPB-DMTP Nanoparticles for Solid-Phase Microextraction of Phthalic Acid Esters in Bottled Tea Beverages
by Yuanyuan Yuan, Baohui Li, Keqing Zhang and Hongtao Zhu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050385 - 2 Mar 2025
Viewed by 668
Abstract
A covalent organic framework TPB-DMTP was physically coated onto the gully-like surface of stainless-steel fiber. The fabricated TPB-DMTP-coated stainless-steel fiber was used to extract five phthalic acid esters (PAEs) prior to the GC-FID separation and determination in bottled tea beverages. The developed SPME-GC-FID [...] Read more.
A covalent organic framework TPB-DMTP was physically coated onto the gully-like surface of stainless-steel fiber. The fabricated TPB-DMTP-coated stainless-steel fiber was used to extract five phthalic acid esters (PAEs) prior to the GC-FID separation and determination in bottled tea beverages. The developed SPME-GC-FID method gave limits of detection (S/N = 3) from 0.04 µg·L−1 (DBP) to 0.44 µg·L−1 (BBP), with the enrichment factors from 268 (DEHP) to 2657 (DPP). The relative standard deviations (RSDs) of the built method for inter-day and fiber-to-fiber were 4.1–11.8% and 2.3–9.9%, respectively. The prepared TPB-DMTP-coated stainless-steel fibers could stand at least 180 cycles without a significant loss of extraction efficiency. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace PAEs in different bottled tea beverages, with recoveries from 85.5% to 115%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanotechnology in Detection and Removal of Pollutants in Water System)
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13 pages, 3110 KiB  
Article
Electrochemical Synthesis of Polyaniline and Sheet-like Structure of Molybdenum Selenide (PANI@2D-MoSe2) Binary Composite for Solar Cell Applications
by Alagumalai Manimekalai, Vediyappan Thirumal, Jinho Kim, Bathula Babu and Kuppu Sakthi Velu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050384 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 859
Abstract
In this work, a promising material of polyaniline (PANI) and two-dimensional molybdenum diselenides consisting of a PANI@2D-MoSe2 binary composite was prepared by an electrochemical polymerization ethod. The as-prepared PANI@2D-MoSe2, the polymer covered in the sheet-like structure of 2D-MoSe2 surface [...] Read more.
In this work, a promising material of polyaniline (PANI) and two-dimensional molybdenum diselenides consisting of a PANI@2D-MoSe2 binary composite was prepared by an electrochemical polymerization ethod. The as-prepared PANI@2D-MoSe2, the polymer covered in the sheet-like structure of 2D-MoSe2 surface morphologies, was observed through FE-SEM and HR-TEM studies. The SAED pattern of PANI@2D-MoSe2 was observed to be in an octahedral phase. The octahedral crystalline phase was also confirmed based on the XRD pattern. In addition, EIS studies of the PANI@2D-MoSe2 binary composite counter electrode (CE) revealed the highest electrical conductivity of 3.47 × 10−4 S/cm at room temperature. The DSSCs assembled the PANI@2D-MoSe2 CE, which amounted to a 7.38% efficiency. Pristine PANI, 2D-MoSe2, and Pt CEs exhibited efficiencies of 5.07%, 5.82%, and 6.61%. The PANI integrated with 2D (MoSe) combines influences of conductivity and stability for future energy conversion technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Advanced Nanomaterials and Electrolytes for Batteries and Supercapacitors)
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13 pages, 2577 KiB  
Article
Photocatalytic Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by GO/ZnO/Ag Composite Materials
by Haonan Chi, Pan Cao, Qi Shi, Chaoyu Song, Yuguang Lv and Tai Peng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050383 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 876
Abstract
This study synthesized graphene oxide (GO)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/silver (Ag) composite materials and investigated their photocatalytic degradation performance for ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation. GO/ZnO/Ag composites with different ratios were prepared via an impregnation and chemical reduction method and characterized using X-ray diffraction [...] Read more.
This study synthesized graphene oxide (GO)/zinc oxide (ZnO)/silver (Ag) composite materials and investigated their photocatalytic degradation performance for ciprofloxacin (CIP) under visible light irradiation. GO/ZnO/Ag composites with different ratios were prepared via an impregnation and chemical reduction method and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results demonstrated that under optimal conditions (20 mg/L CIP concentration, 15 mg catalyst dosage, GO/ZnO-3%/Ag-doping ratio, and pH 5), the GO/ZnO/Ag composite exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity, achieving a maximum degradation rate of 82.13%. This catalyst effectively degraded ciprofloxacin under light irradiation, showing promising potential for water purification applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials and Energetic Application: Experiment and Simulation)
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25 pages, 7148 KiB  
Article
Biosynthesis Scale-Up Process for Magnetic Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles Using Eucalyptus globulus Extract and Their Separation Properties in Lubricant–Water Emulsions
by Yacu Vicente Alca-Ramos, Noemi-Raquel Checca-Huaman, Renzo Rueda-Vellasmin, Edson Caetano Passamani and Juan A. Ramos-Guivar
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050382 - 1 Mar 2025
Viewed by 795
Abstract
The use of natural organic extracts in nanoparticle synthesis can reduce environmental impacts and reagent costs. With that purpose in mind, a novel biosynthesis procedure for the formation of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Eucalyptus globulus extract in an aqueous medium has been [...] Read more.
The use of natural organic extracts in nanoparticle synthesis can reduce environmental impacts and reagent costs. With that purpose in mind, a novel biosynthesis procedure for the formation of magnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Eucalyptus globulus extract in an aqueous medium has been systematically carried out. First, the biosynthesis was optimized for various extract concentrations, prepared by decoction and infusion methods, and yielded IONPs with sizes from 4 to 9 nm. The optimum concentration was found at 5% w/v, where the biosynthesis reaction time and ammonium hydroxide amount were the lowest of all samples. This extract concentration was tested, including in replicated samples, for a scale-up process, yielded a total mass of 70 g. It was found by Rietveld and electron microscopy analyses that the structural and morphological properties, such as crystalline and particle sizes (9 nm), are equivalent when scaling the synthesis process. 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy results indicated that Fe ions are atomically ordered and in a trivalent state in all samples, corroborating with structural results found by X-ray diffraction. Magnetic analysis showed that the scale-up sample exhibited ferrimagnetic-like behavior suitable for magnetic remediation performance (55 emu g−1). The eucalyptus functionalization was demonstrated by thermogravimetric measurements, whereas the colloidal analysis supported the stability of the magnetic suspensions at pH = 7 (zeta potential > −20 mV). The kinetic adsorption performance indicated a fast kinetic adsorption time of 40 min and remarkable removal efficiency of 96% for lubricant removal from water (emulsion systems). The infrared analysis confirmed the presence of the eucalyptus chemical groups even after the removal experiments. These results suggest that the scale-up sample can be recovered for future and sustainable magnetic remediation processes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoscale Materials for Detection and Remediation of Water Pollutants)
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20 pages, 4072 KiB  
Article
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles from Tinospora cordifolia Leaf Extract: Evaluation of Their Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Antibacterial, and Antibiofilm Efficacies
by Vijaya Durga V. V. Lekkala, Arun Vasista Muktinutalapati, Veeranjaneya Reddy Lebaka, Dakshayani Lomada, Mallikarjuna Korivi, Wei Li and Madhava C. Reddy
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(5), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15050381 - 1 Mar 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 3463
Abstract
The use of metal nanoparticles is gaining popularity owing to their low cost and high efficacy. We focused on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) leaf extracts. The structural characteristics of Tc nanoparticles (TcAgNPs) were determined using several advanced [...] Read more.
The use of metal nanoparticles is gaining popularity owing to their low cost and high efficacy. We focused on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Tinospora cordifolia (Tc) leaf extracts. The structural characteristics of Tc nanoparticles (TcAgNPs) were determined using several advanced techniques. Pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties, were evaluated through in vitro studies. In the results, the change in sample color from yellow to brown after adding silver nitrate revealed the synthesis of TcAgNPs, and the UV–visible spectrum confirmed their formation. X-ray diffraction studies showed the presence of reducing agents and the crystalline nature of the nanoparticles. Fourier-transform infrared spectra revealed the existence of essential secondary metabolites, which act as reducing/capping agents and stabilize the nanoparticles. The size of the TcAgNPs was small (range 36–168 nm) based on the measurement method. Their negative zeta potential (−32.3 mV) ensured their stability in water suspensions. The TcAgNPs were predominantly spherical, as evidenced from scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy data further revealed the conversion of silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles, and thermogravimetric analysis data showed their thermal stability. The TcAgNPs showed significant DPPH/ABTS radical scavenging ability in a concentration-dependent manner (25–100 µg/mL). Membrane lysis assays showed an effective anti-inflammatory activity of the TcAgNPs. Furthermore, the TcAgNPs showed potent antibacterial effects against multidrug-resistant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus). The TcAgNPs treatment also exhibited antibiofilm activity against bacterial strains, in a concentration-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate the structural characteristics of green-synthesized TcAgNPs using advanced techniques. TcAgNPs can be developed as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial drugs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Nanomaterials: Innovations in Energy Harvesting, Biological Applications, and Environmental Remediation)
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