Geosciences

29 pages, 4258 KB

Open AccessArticle

Engineering Performance of Data-Driven Powder Factor Optimization in Tunnel Blasting Under Complex Geological Conditions

by Azita Yusoof, Edy Tonnizam Mohamad, Mohd Saidin Misnan, Mohammad Afrazi and Danial Jahed Armaghani

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 441; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110441 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

This study introduces a cohesive and flexible methodology for optimizing tunnel blasting in the Gambang Tunnel 1 project, located in Malaysia’s geologically intricate tropical setting. The study examines the intrinsic difficulties of attaining safe and effective rock fragmentation in weathered, fractured, and large [...] Read more.

This study introduces a cohesive and flexible methodology for optimizing tunnel blasting in the Gambang Tunnel 1 project, located in Malaysia’s geologically intricate tropical setting. The study examines the intrinsic difficulties of attaining safe and effective rock fragmentation in weathered, fractured, and large rock conditions commonly found along the tunnel alignment. The study utilized established rock mass classification methodologies, specifically the Q-system and Rock Mass Rating (RMR), to classify the tunnel face into specific geological zones. The optimization of the blast design aimed to determine appropriate powder factor ranges for each rock class by connecting rock mass quality with actual blast performance and fragmentation results. The results indicated that weathered zones (Q-value < 1.0) efficiently responded to powder factors of 0.65 to 0.85 kg/m³, whereas fractured zones (Q-value 1.0–4.0) attained optimal fragmentation with powder factors ranging from 0.85 to 1.10 kg/m³. The study emphasizes that incorporating rock mass categorization into blast design increases technical accuracy, minimizes over break and vibration, optimizes mucking efficiency, and fosters safer working environments. Furthermore, the methodology complies with regulatory standards established by authorities, ensuring that blasting activities are secure and subject to audit. This study offers pragmatic recommendations for forthcoming tunneling endeavors in analogous geological contexts, illustrating the significance of data-informed, site-specific blast design in fulfilling engineering, safety, and environmental goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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25 pages, 17911 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cenozoic Multiphasic Activity and Mesozoic Basin-Control Role of the Dingri–Gangba Fault, Southern Tibet: An Integrated Study of Structural Analysis, Stratigraphic Correlation, and ESR Geochronology

by Chongyang Xin, Songtao Yan, Hu Li, Xuejian Dai, Tao Liu and Jie Wang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 440; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110440 - 19 Nov 2025

Viewed by 335

Abstract

The Dingri–Gangba fault, a major structure within the Himalayan Orogenic Belt, records significant geological events, including the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Indian plate and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its geometry, kinematics, and tectonic characteristics remain debated. [...] Read more.

The Dingri–Gangba fault, a major structure within the Himalayan Orogenic Belt, records significant geological events, including the tectonic evolution of the northern margin of the Indian plate and the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. However, its geometry, kinematics, and tectonic characteristics remain debated. To constrain the tectonic evolution of the Dingri–Gangba fault, this study integrates detailed field investigations and structural analysis with Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating to characterize its three-dimensional architecture and quantify the timing of its deformation phases. The results show that the fault trends nearly E–W and exhibits multi-phase structural superimposition, including thrusting (60–40 Ma), normal faulting (35–11 Ma), and strike-slip shear (18–6.8 Ma). These phases reflect a multi-stage tectonic evolution following the India–Eurasia collision. Stratigraphic comparisons reveal that during the Mesozoic, the Dingri–Gangba fault played a significant basin-controlling role, marked by variations in sedimentary thickness, soft-sediment deformation, and volcanic activity. The sedimentary evolution alternated between periods of “differentiation” and “uniformity”. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the tectonic evolution of the Dingri–Gangba fault is closely linked to the dynamic transition of the Tethys Himalaya from a passive continental margin to a collision orogeny, also reflecting changes in the tectonic stress field following the India–Eurasia collision. These findings provide valuable insights into the tectono–sedimentary–magmatic coupling along the southern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Full article

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24 pages, 16783 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Faulting in Salt Deformation and Hydrocarbon Trapping in the Missan Oilfields, Southeastern Iraq

by Hayder Yousif, Xuri Huang and Guanyu Zhang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 439; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110439 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

In the Missan oilfields, the linkage among basement faults, halokinesis, and hydrocarbon accumulation, and their control on structural-trap geometry and seal effectiveness, remains insufficiently constrained, especially the timing/drivers of salt piercing and its coupling with regional folding. To address this, we integrate 3D [...] Read more.

In the Missan oilfields, the linkage among basement faults, halokinesis, and hydrocarbon accumulation, and their control on structural-trap geometry and seal effectiveness, remains insufficiently constrained, especially the timing/drivers of salt piercing and its coupling with regional folding. To address this, we integrate 3D seismic, well, and surface data to quantify these interactions across adjacent fields. Results show a clear correspondence between surface topographic highs and subsurface salt-related deformation. Buzurgan exhibits limited fault reactivation with persistent folding until the Late Miocene, whereas Fauqi and Abu Ghirab record Pliocene reactivation and intense salt deformation that generate disharmonic syncline-over-anticline geometries. The listric–conjugate faults are structurally linked to deep-seated basement faults and display clear spatial alignment with their orientations, enhancing halokinesis and accommodating differential shortening. At the same time, hydrocarbon charge pathways are primarily governed by the intensity of deep-seated faulting and the effectiveness of salt sealing. Critically, the study integrates disparate geological processes—fault reactivation, salt tectonics, and hydrocarbon migration—into a single coherent, field-validated model for the region and provides a practical method to anticipate subsurface complexity. The results show that variations in fault intensity across three adjacent fields (Buzurgan, Fauqi, Abu Ghirab) correspond to distinct reservoir outcomes: minimal faulting in Buzurgan confines charge to deeper Mishrif reservoirs; moderate faulting in Fauqi permits entrapment in Mishrif and Kirkuk; and intense faulting in Abu Ghirab facilitates vertical leakage to shallow Kirkuk. Collectively, the work moves beyond isolated case descriptions to provide a unified, exploitable framework for predicting how basement-involved faulting and salt mobility jointly control deformation style and hydrocarbon distribution in foreland basins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Structural Geology and Tectonics)

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22 pages, 1749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Pułtusk H5 Chondrite—A Compilation of Chemical, Physical, and Thermophysical Data

by Katarzyna Łuszczek and Radosław A. Wach

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110438 - 18 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The Pułtusk meteorite, classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite, is one of the best documented Polish falls, yet some important data on its physical and thermophysical properties remain limited. This study provides new measurements and derived parameters of its physical and thermophysical properties [...] Read more.

The Pułtusk meteorite, classified as an H5 ordinary chondrite, is one of the best documented Polish falls, yet some important data on its physical and thermophysical properties remain limited. This study provides new measurements and derived parameters of its physical and thermophysical properties that complement existing datasets for the Pułtusk meteorite and H chondrites in two important ways. Firstly, they cover a temperature range previously not explored. Secondly, using techniques generally applied in geology to validate the novel techniques developed recently, bulk and grain densities, porosity, and specific heat capacity were determined using the Archimedean method and differential scanning calorimetry, supported by bulk chemical analyses performed by ICP-MS and ICP-ES. The chemical composition of Pułtusk closely matches that of average H chondrites, though Fe and Ni contents are about 15–20% lower, likely due to weathering effects. Measured bulk density, grain density, and porosity are 3.30 g/cm³, 3.41 g/cm³, and 3.22%, respectively. The specific heat capacity increases from 564 to 1147 J/(kg·K) between 223 and 773 K, with 699 J/(kg·K) at 300 K. Derived thermophysical parameters include thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal inertia at 200 K, 300 K, and low pressure, and in ambient air. These results are consistent with previous data for H chondrites and confirm Pułtusk as a representative sample of this group. The new dataset can enhance the accuracy of models describing the Yarkovsky effect, meteoroid atmospheric entry, and the thermal evolution of ordinary chondrite parent bodies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic From Earth to Innovation: Modern Trends in Mining, Geoinformation, and Geoscientific Applications)

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19 pages, 2757 KB

Open AccessArticle

Fine-Scale Stratigraphic Identification Using Machine Learning Trained on Multi-Site CPTU Data

by Kai Li, Pengfei Jia, Zihao Chen and Yong Wang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 437; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110437 - 17 Nov 2025

Viewed by 393

Abstract

The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) provides rapid, continuous measurements of in situ geotechnical parameters, making it a valuable tool for soil classification and stratigraphic identification. However, conventional classification methods frequently exhibit poor cross-regional generalizability and remain limited in achieving fine-grained stratigraphic identification. To [...] Read more.

The piezocone penetration test (CPTU) provides rapid, continuous measurements of in situ geotechnical parameters, making it a valuable tool for soil classification and stratigraphic identification. However, conventional classification methods frequently exhibit poor cross-regional generalizability and remain limited in achieving fine-grained stratigraphic identification. To address these limitations, this study constructs a cross-regional CPTU soil classification dataset by integrating data from three sources: the Premstaller Geotechnik database, the Global-CPT/3/1196 database, and a Chinese engineering project database. The compiled dataset was subsequently partitioned into a training set of 454,184 samples and three independent test sets. Three feature combinations and four machine learning algorithms—Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), were evaluated in terms of classification performance and cross-regional robustness. Results indicate that the XGBoost-based model, using Depth, corrected cone resistance (q_t), friction ratio (R_f), pore pressure ratio (B_q), normalized friction ratio (F_r), and pore pressure (u₂) as inputs, achieved the highest performance across the three independent test sets. Misclassifications primarily occurred between adjacent soil types with similar physical characteristics. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis indicated that F_r and q_t were the dominant contributors to model predictions; R_f played an important role in minority classes; Depth showed relatively balanced importance across classes, while B_q and u₂ made minimal contributions. Applying the best-performing model to unseen CPTU data and comparing the predictions with borehole logs showed that the model not only preserves overall stratigraphic trends but also identifies finer-scale stratigraphic details. Full article

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21 pages, 15032 KB

Open AccessArticle

The SISMIKO Monitoring Network and Insights into the 2024 Seismic Swarms on the Ionian Side of the Calabrian Arc

by Antonio Costanzo, Marina Pastori, Adriano Cavaliere, Ezio D’Alema, Lucia Margheriti, Simone Marzorati, Milena Moretti, Davide Piccinini, Mario Anselmi, Samer Bagh, Marco Colasanti, Fabio Criscuoli, Sergio Falcone, Anna Gervasi, Angelo La Regina, Matteo Migliari, Alfonso Ruffo, Ivano Carluccio and Mario Locati

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 436; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110436 - 14 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Following the Mw 5.0 earthquake of 1 August 2024, which struck the Ionian sector of north-central Calabria (southern Italy), the SISMIKO emergency group of INGV deployed a temporary seismic network to enhance coverage of the National Seismic Network. This improved configuration enabled the [...] Read more.

Following the Mw 5.0 earthquake of 1 August 2024, which struck the Ionian sector of north-central Calabria (southern Italy), the SISMIKO emergency group of INGV deployed a temporary seismic network to enhance coverage of the National Seismic Network. This improved configuration enabled the relocation of over 1300 aftershocks and the identification of a second swarm near Cirò, active since May and reactivated after mid-August. A machine learning workflow was applied for automatic phase picking, event association, and relocation, producing a high-resolution catalogue. The seismicity of both sequences aligns with the NW-trending Rossano–San Nicola shear zone but reveals distinct rupture patterns: the Pietrapaola sequence, targeted by the SISMIKO deployment, shows compact hypocentral clustering, while the Cirò swarm displays more scattered seismicity. The analysis of the catalogue reveals a two-slope temporal decay of aftershocks and relatively low completeness magnitudes. Source geometry inferred from hypocentre distributions and INGV focal mechanisms supports the structural interpretation. Overall, the machine learning-based catalogue proved effective for near-real-time analysis and offers new insights into the active tectonic framework of the Calabrian Arc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Natural Hazards)

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29 pages, 35221 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Structural and Diagenetic Coupling Controls the Distribution of Deep Carbonate Rock Reservoirs in the Southern of Tahe Oilfield, Tarim Basin

by Yan Wang, Huaxin Chen, Yongli Liu, Shilin Wang, Changcheng Han, Zhengqiang Li and Yu Ma

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 435; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110435 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 377

Abstract

Deeply buried carbonate successions in China’s Tarim Basin host substantial hydrocarbons. In the southern Tahe Oilfield, Middle–Lower Ordovician limestones show little evidence of subaerial weathering because the Upper Ordovician strata protected them; nevertheless, the genesis and evolution of these carbonate reservoirs remain debated. [...] Read more.

Deeply buried carbonate successions in China’s Tarim Basin host substantial hydrocarbons. In the southern Tahe Oilfield, Middle–Lower Ordovician limestones show little evidence of subaerial weathering because the Upper Ordovician strata protected them; nevertheless, the genesis and evolution of these carbonate reservoirs remain debated. Using cores, conventional and image logs, 3D seismic interpretation, and geochemical data, this study characterizes Paleozoic faulting and diagenetic fluids in the area. Four principal fluid types are identified—meteoric water, formation water, hydrothermal fluids, and mixed fluids. Two episodes of NNW- and NNE-trending strike-slip faulting during the Middle Caledonian and Early Hercynian periods facilitated fluid migration and dissolution. Later, Late Hercynian faults acted as primary pathways for hydrothermal flow, promoting the development of hydrothermal dissolution pores and caverns. The work clarifies how the interplay between strike-slip faulting and distinct diagenetic fluids governs reservoir development, providing theoretical guidance for predicting deep carbonate reservoirs and for hydrocarbon exploration and production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Formation Mechanism and Quantitative Evaluation of Deep to Ultra-Deep High-Quality Reservoirs)

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17 pages, 4973 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on Concrete with Typical Manufactured Sands: Deterioration Evaluation and Service Life Prediction Under Outdoor and Indoor Sulfate Experiments in Gansu Province, China

by Lei Zhang, Yi Dai, Hongxia Qiao, Fukui Zhang, Shanglin Song and Anyuan Sun

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 434; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110434 - 14 Nov 2025

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Abstract

With the rapid development of infrastructure and the need to protect natural ecosystems, manufactured sand is used to replace river sand in concretes. To compare the deterioration patterns of concretes made with different sands, C50 specimens using basalt (C50X), tuff (C50N), and granite [...] Read more.

With the rapid development of infrastructure and the need to protect natural ecosystems, manufactured sand is used to replace river sand in concretes. To compare the deterioration patterns of concretes made with different sands, C50 specimens using basalt (C50X), tuff (C50N), and granite (C50H) manufactured sands and river sand (C50T) were prepared, then tested outdoors by full burial in a sulfate saline soil and indoors by accelerated freeze–thaw in a sulfate solution. The outdoor experiments indicate that C50X deteriorated the slowest, whereas the resistance to mass loss ranking was: C50X > C50H > C50N > C50T. In the indoor freeze–thaw experiments, C50X also performed best, retaining 51% relative dynamic modulus of elasticity (RDME) after 450 cycles. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that C50T was weakened by abundant MgSO₄·7H₂O crystals, while C50X formed a denser matrix that limits salt-crystallization expansion. Moreover, a GM(1,1)-Markov model was developed to forecast long-term durability. For C50X, the model predicted an estimated service life of 68 months in the outdoor environment, at which point it is projected to reach the 5% mass loss failure threshold. Separately, it forecasted that the RDME would remain above 41% after 450 indoor freeze–thaw cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Experimental Methods, Advanced Field/in-Situ Testing, and Their Engineering Applications in Geomechanics)

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18 pages, 7957 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Characterization of Newly Discovered Phosphorite Deposits in Al-Tafeh, Jordan

by Faten Al-Slaty, Khalil M. Ibrahim, Madlin Amjad and Mohammad Muhtaseb

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 433; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110433 - 14 Nov 2025

Viewed by 407

Abstract

This study reports the discovery of a newly identified phosphorite deposit in the Al-Tafeh area of northern Jordan. Geological fieldwork investigated three outcrops and one comparison site in the Russifa area. Geochemical analyses reveal a high P₂O₅ content (average 24.32 [...] Read more.

This study reports the discovery of a newly identified phosphorite deposit in the Al-Tafeh area of northern Jordan. Geological fieldwork investigated three outcrops and one comparison site in the Russifa area. Geochemical analyses reveal a high P₂O₅ content (average 24.32 wt.%), strongly correlating with CaO. There are also significant levels of trace elements, including uranium (0.045 mg/g), cadmium (0.025 mg/g), and zinc (0.099 mg/g). Mineralogical investigation reveals that francolite is the main phosphate mineral. Calcite and quartz are also present. Petrographic analysis reveals the presence of pellets, skeletal fragments, coated grains, and indicators of storm deposits, bioturbation, and fossil-rich layers. These findings indicate that the Al-Tafeh area in northern Jordan is an important yet under-explored area for phosphorite, suggesting that this discovery could have significant economic value. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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23 pages, 4220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploration for Gas Generation Potential and Geochemical Signatures of Neogene Clastic Deposits from Gavdos Island, Greece, Eastern Mediterranean

by Dimosthenis Telemenis, Spyridon Bellas, Nikolaos Kallithrakas-Kontos, Nikos Pasadakis and Emmanouil Manoutsoglou

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 432; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110432 - 13 Nov 2025

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Abstract

The latest exploration developments and discoveries from the eastern Mediterranean documented that Neogene formations can act as source-rocks for hydrocarbon generation and their exploitation delivered large amounts of mostly biogenic gas to the market. Examples of such offshore gas-fields include the Zohr-Egypt, Leviathan/Tamar-Israel, [...] Read more.

The latest exploration developments and discoveries from the eastern Mediterranean documented that Neogene formations can act as source-rocks for hydrocarbon generation and their exploitation delivered large amounts of mostly biogenic gas to the market. Examples of such offshore gas-fields include the Zohr-Egypt, Leviathan/Tamar-Israel, and Aphrodite-Cyprus. Having attracted the oil majors’ attention for hydrocarbons exploration in southern Greece (e.g., Exxon-Mobil, Chevron), by using onshore geologic analogs, we suggest relevant perspectives in the country’s offshore sector. Our study focuses on Miocene marine deposits exploration, from Gavdos Island, southern Greece, evaluating their characteristics as potential source-rocks affected by a paleodepositional framework. By integrating fieldwork, organic (Rock-Eval VI-pyrolysis, CHNS) and inorganic geochemical data (XRF), the current results indicate gas-prone organic matter with variable preservation status, reflecting a few oxidation episodes during deposition under generally dysoxic-to-suboxic conditions. Paleoclimatic weathering indices (CIA, C.I., Sr/Cu, Rb/Sr) suggest predominantly arid to semi-arid regimes punctuated by short-lived humid phases that locally enhance organic accumulation and nutrient supply. Variations in paleosalinity and stratification, particularly within the Messinian section, are interpreted as precursors to the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Our findings highlight the potential for hydrocarbon-prone intervals in the deeper-offshore Eastern Mediterranean basins, where most favorable conditions for organic-carbon preservation and maturation are documented by the discoveries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geochemistry)

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24 pages, 47592 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Ore-Control Model of the Daliangzi Pb–Zn Deposit, Southwest China

by Jianbiao Wu, Runsheng Han, Hongsheng Gong, Shunchuan Wu, Yan Zhang, Chengjie Li, Lingjie Li, Xinglei Hu and Ziguang Wang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110431 - 13 Nov 2025

Viewed by 356

Abstract

The oblique distribution of orebodies is a fundamental characteristic of the spatial arrangement of orebody groups in non-magmatic hydrothermal deposits and is closely related to shearing. The Daliangzi Pb–Zn deposit in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb–Zn polymetallic metallogenic area is a typical representative of epigenetic [...] Read more.

The oblique distribution of orebodies is a fundamental characteristic of the spatial arrangement of orebody groups in non-magmatic hydrothermal deposits and is closely related to shearing. The Daliangzi Pb–Zn deposit in the Sichuan–Yunnan–Guizhou Pb–Zn polymetallic metallogenic area is a typical representative of epigenetic hydrothermal deposits controlled by a strike-slip–fault-fold structure. However, the underlying ore-controlling mechanism of this strike-slip–fault-fold structure remains unclear; as a result, achieving breakthroughs in mineral exploration in the deposit’s deep and peripheral zones is directly hindered. This paper focuses on the Daliangzi Pb–Zn deposit. Based on the Theory and Methods of Ore-field Geomechanics, the hierarchical structural ore-controlling pattern of the deposit is clarified, identifying the NE-trending tectonic zone from the Middle-Late Indosinian to Early Yanshanian as the Pb–Zn metallogenic tectonic system. It proposes the spatial oblique distribution patterns of the deposits, ore sections, orebodies, and ore blocks, along with the mechanical mechanisms of multi-scale structural ore control. A compound negative flower structure–fault-fold–diapiric ore-controlling model was constructed for the Daliangzi Pb–Zn deposit. Finally, the locations of concealed orebodies at different scales within the Daliangzi Pb–Zn deposit and its surrounding areas were predicted; moreover, the locations of concealed orebodies at various depths within the deposit area were also predicted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Deep Earth and Deep Sea Engineering: Challenges, Theory and Advance Technologies)

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14 pages, 1612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Wood-Based Biochar on the Engineering Properties of Medium Plasticity Clay

by Kalehiwot Nega Manahiloh, Samuel Mesele Fetene and Emma Detwiler

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 430; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110430 - 12 Nov 2025

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Abstract

This research investigates the impact of wood-based biochar on the engineering properties of medium plasticity clay obtained from Perryville, Maryland. The clay was amended with biochar at volumetric contents of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% and subjected to a comprehensive suite of [...] Read more.

This research investigates the impact of wood-based biochar on the engineering properties of medium plasticity clay obtained from Perryville, Maryland. The clay was amended with biochar at volumetric contents of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and 15% and subjected to a comprehensive suite of index and classification, compression, and shear strength laboratory tests. Results indicate that increasing biochar content leads to higher liquid limits and plasticity indices, a decrease in dry unit weight, and a higher optimum moisture content. Compression tests revealed increased compressibility and final void ratio with higher biochar content, likely due to biochar’s porous structure. Direct shear tests showed consistent improvements in shear strength parameters, including increases in both the internal friction angle and cohesion. Unconfined compression tests also demonstrated higher strength and ductility in biochar-amended samples. These findings support the potential of wood-based biochar as a sustainable and effective soil amendment for improving the geotechnical performance of clayey soils. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Development in Geotechnical Engineering and Rock Engineering from a Sustainable Perspective)

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17 pages, 26656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Age of Blown Sand in the East Slovak Lowland—Case Study from Svätuše Sand Pit, Slovakia

by Diana Dirnerová, Roman Farkašovský and Róbert Hinca

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110429 - 12 Nov 2025

Viewed by 281

Abstract

A sedimentary profile consisting of blown sand capped by a sand-loam bedded interval was analysed in the Svätuše sand pit in the East Slovak Lowland. Stratigraphically, blown sands from this lowland have so far only been indirectly classified into the Weichselian glacial, mainly [...] Read more.

A sedimentary profile consisting of blown sand capped by a sand-loam bedded interval was analysed in the Svätuše sand pit in the East Slovak Lowland. Stratigraphically, blown sands from this lowland have so far only been indirectly classified into the Weichselian glacial, mainly into its middle and upper stages. The age classification presented in this study results from the optically stimulated luminescence dating method. It identifies the blown sand from the Svätuše as originating during the Early Glacial and Early Pleniglacial phases of the Weichselian glacial (MIS 4–5d). At the end of the Early Glacial phase of the Weichselian glacial, palaeoenvironmental conditions changed. The deposition of blown sand became episodic rather than continuous. As a result, the analysed sedimentary record is composed of a sand-loam interbedded interval in the uppermost part. Full article

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29 pages, 2766 KB

Open AccessReview

Geophagy, Rare Earth Elements and Geochemical Endemics

by Alexander M. Panichev, Kirill S. Golokhvast, Natalya V. Baranovskaya and Dmitry A. Strepetov

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 428; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110428 - 11 Nov 2025

Viewed by 494

Abstract

The analysis of published data on geophagy in humans, including manifestations of its variant known as “pica”, as well as information on geochemical endemics associated with geophagy and rare earth elements, together with our own research experience, allows us to conclude that geophagy [...] Read more.

The analysis of published data on geophagy in humans, including manifestations of its variant known as “pica”, as well as information on geochemical endemics associated with geophagy and rare earth elements, together with our own research experience, allows us to conclude that geophagy in humans, as well as in animals, is primarily a natural, evolutionarily determined form of maintaining the necessary balance of rare earth elements in the neuroimmunoendocrine system. Disturbances in the composition and concentration of necessary rare earth elements (REE) in the structures of the most important protective and controlling system in the mammalian organism lead to disorders of mineral and general metabolism in the body and, as a result, to geochemical endemics. Geochemical endemics occur in landscapes with anomalous levels of biologically available REE forms, i.e., levels that differ significantly both towards deficiency and towards exceeding background levels. The imbalance in the metabolism of other chemical elements in the body seems to have a subordinate importance in the mechanism of occurrence of geochemical endemics in relation to REE. Full article

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22 pages, 19991 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Methodology for Assessing Structural Response to Probable Seismic Motions: Application to Guatemala City

by Carlos Gamboa-Canté, María Belén Benito, Omar Flores and Carlos Pérez-Arias

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110427 - 8 Nov 2025

Viewed by 695

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive methodological framework that encompasses all stages required to evaluate the structural response to potential seismic motions. The proposed approach involves the estimation of seismic hazard at the site of interest, the disaggregation and definition of control earthquakes, the [...] Read more.

This study presents a comprehensive methodological framework that encompasses all stages required to evaluate the structural response to potential seismic motions. The proposed approach involves the estimation of seismic hazard at the site of interest, the disaggregation and definition of control earthquakes, the characterization of local site effects, the assessment of possible resonance phenomena, and the comparison between response spectra derived from probable seismic scenarios and the design spectra of the buildings, leading to conclusions regarding structural safety. The methodology integrates instrumental measurements of soil and building vibration periods with analytical procedures to define response spectra consistent with expected seismic scenarios. It was applied to buildings of special importance located in Guatemala City, particularly within the University of San Carlos of Guatemala (USAC) campus, with the aim of evaluating their structural safety and developing retrofitting criteria when necessary. The implementation began with a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) to identify control earthquakes that make the largest contribution to hazard for a 475-year return period, followed by the estimation of rock response spectra. A seismic microzonation study was then conducted to characterize local site conditions. Instrumental vibration measurements of the soil and structures were obtained, and a soil–structure interaction analysis was carried out to evaluate potential resonance effects. The results showed no evidence of resonance. Finally, soil response spectra derived from the control earthquakes were compared with the design spectra defined by the AGIES 2024 structural safety standards. The results confirmed that the design spectra adequately envelope the computed response spectra for all soil–structure combinations. The proposed methodology is replicable and can be used to assess the seismic design adequacy of other buildings, providing a rational basis for retrofitting decisions when design spectra do not fully encompass the expected seismic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Geohazard Prevention)

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22 pages, 7543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Complex Fracture Network Modeling of Carbonate Reservoirs: A Case from Carboniferous KT-I Formation in the NT Oilfield, Kazakhstan

by Changhai Li

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 426; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110426 - 7 Nov 2025

Viewed by 360

Abstract

The carbonate reservoir of the NT oilfield in the Precaspian Basin is a fracture-pore type with an extremely complex fracture network, comprising both high-angle structural fractures and abundant low-angle bedding-parallel fractures. Both fracture types significantly impact waterflood development, making effective prediction and characterization [...] Read more.

The carbonate reservoir of the NT oilfield in the Precaspian Basin is a fracture-pore type with an extremely complex fracture network, comprising both high-angle structural fractures and abundant low-angle bedding-parallel fractures. Both fracture types significantly impact waterflood development, making effective prediction and characterization of the complex fracture network crucial for optimizing waterflooding and development plans. Using core, imaging logging, conventional logging, seismic, and production performance data, we predicted the distribution of high-angle structural and low-angle bedding-parallel fractures. A discrete fracture network (DFN) was constructed by grouping fractures based on strike and dip angles, and the influences of fractures with different dip angles on the initial production of individual wells and production decline rates were analyzed. Results show that high-angle fracture distribution is effectively predicted by combining imaging logging data with seismic volumes processed via ant-tracking technology, while low-angle fractures are well predicted using conventional logging, imaging logging, and seismic data processed by dip deviation. High-angle fractures are predominantly developed near and parallel to faults; low-angle fractures are mainly distributed in fold limbs. Fractures were grouped into northeast, southeast, southwest, northwest high-angle fractures, and low-angle fractures. Fracture modeling indicates a reservoir fracture porosity of 0~0.27% and permeability of 10~100 mD. With increasing fracture density, single-well initial productivity and production decline rates are higher in high-angle fracture zones than in low-angle fracture zones. Low-angle fractures contribute to ~56.45% of high-angle fractures’ production and affect production decline at ~82.5% of high-angle fractures’ level. This method is significant for predicting and modeling complex fracture networks in other reservoirs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Diagenesis and Reservoir 3D Modeling)

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27 pages, 866 KB

Open AccessReview

Remote Sensing Applications for Geological Mapping in the Mediterranean Region: A Review

by Athanasia-Maria Tompolidi, Luciana Mantovani, Alessandro Frigeri and Sabrina Nazzareni

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110425 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1299

Abstract

Remote sensing has emerged as an essential method for geological mapping, especially in complex environments such as the Mediterranean region. While earlier global reviews have been focused either on multi- and hyperspectral sensors in general for geological applications or on hyperspectral sensors using [...] Read more.

Remote sensing has emerged as an essential method for geological mapping, especially in complex environments such as the Mediterranean region. While earlier global reviews have been focused either on multi- and hyperspectral sensors in general for geological applications or on hyperspectral sensors using machine learning for lithological mapping and mineral prospecting, this review article provides the first regionally focused synthesis dedicated to the Mediterranean region. The review examines both passive sensors such as Sentinel-2 MSI, Landsat-8 (OLI), ASTER, MODIS, Hyperion, PRISMA, EnMAP, and active sensors such as Sentinel-1, ALOS, TerraSAR-X. Furthermore, the review emphasizes the sensor functionalities, the data integration within Geographic Information System (GIS) platforms and methodological advancements such as machine learning and multi-sensor fusion. A total of 42 case studies are assessed, covering Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, the Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco. These examples highlight how remote sensing techniques have been adapted to varying lithological, tectonic and geomorphological settings across the Mediterranean. The analysis identifies key methodological trends, including the transition from spectral indices to advanced data fusion, the growing reliance on open-access available multispectral archives, and the emerging role of new-generation hyperspectral missions (PRISMA, EnMAP) in high-resolution geological mapping. The findings illustrate the non-invasive and scalable advantages of remote sensing for geological mapping in complex terrains, while also noting current challenges such as atmospheric correction, spatial resolution mismatches, and field validation requirements. By combining region-specific applications, this review demonstrates how remote sensing contributes not only to fundamental geological understanding but also to sustainable resource management and mineral exploration within one of the world’s most geologically diverse regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Future Trends in Mapping Potential Zones of Critical Minerals Using Advanced Imagery Techniques)

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26 pages, 66564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Sonic Well Logs Using Deep Neural Network: Application to Petroleum Reservoir Characterization in Mexico

by Jorge Alejandro Vázquez-Ayala, Jose Carlos Ortiz-Alemán, Sebastian López-Juárez, Carlos Couder-Castañeda and Alfredo Trujillo-Alcántara

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 424; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110424 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 659

Abstract

The sonic log is a key tool for assessing the mechanical properties of rocks, identifying structural features, calibrating seismic data, and monitoring well integrity. However, sonic data are often incomplete due to time and cost constraints, tool failures, or unreliable measurements. Traditional approaches [...] Read more.

The sonic log is a key tool for assessing the mechanical properties of rocks, identifying structural features, calibrating seismic data, and monitoring well integrity. However, sonic data are often incomplete due to time and cost constraints, tool failures, or unreliable measurements. Traditional approaches to generate synthetic sonic logs usually rely on empirical relationships or statistical methods. In this study, we applied an artificial intelligence approach in which a deep neural network was trained with real data from an oilfield in Mexico to reconstruct sonic logs based on their relationships with other geophysical well logs. Three models, each using different input logs, were trained to predict the sonic response. The models were validated on wells excluded from training, and performance was evaluated using the root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), showing satisfactory accuracy. The models achieved RMSE values between 1.4 and 1.7 [

μ

s/ft] and MAPE values between 2.1 and 2.6% on independent test wells, confirming robust predictive performance. We also generated synthetic sonic logs for wells where no sonic data were originally acquired, demonstrating the practical value of the proposed method. This work integrates convolutional (CNN) and recurrent (GRU) layers in a single deep-learning architecture, trained under strict well-level validation. The workflow is demonstrated on wells from the Tabasco Basin, representing a field-scale deployment not previously reported in similar studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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23 pages, 15275 KB

Open AccessArticle

Geological Modelling of Urban Environments Under Data Uncertainty

by Charalampos Ntigkakis, Stephen Birkinshaw and Ross Stirling

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 423; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110423 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 477

Abstract

Geological models form the basis for scientific investigations of both the surface and subsurface of urban environments. Urban cover, however, usually prohibits the collection of new subsurface data. Therefore, models depend on existing subsurface datasets that are often of poor quality and have [...] Read more.

Geological models form the basis for scientific investigations of both the surface and subsurface of urban environments. Urban cover, however, usually prohibits the collection of new subsurface data. Therefore, models depend on existing subsurface datasets that are often of poor quality and have an uneven spatial and temporal distribution, introducing significant uncertainty. This research proposes a novel method to mitigate uncertainty caused by clusters of uncertain data points in kriging-based geological modelling. This method estimates orientations from clusters of uncertain data and randomly selects points for geological interpolation. Unlike other approaches, it relies on the spatial distribution of the data and translating geological information from points to geological orientations. This research also compares the proposed approach to locally changing the accuracy of the interpolator through data-informed local smoothing. Using the Ouseburn catchment, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, as a case study, results indicate good correlation between both approaches and known conditions, as well as improved performance of the proposed methodology in model validation. Findings highlight a trade-off between model uncertainty and model precision when using highly uncertain datasets. As urban planning, water resources, and energy analyses rely on a robust geological interpretation, the modelling objective ultimately guides the best modelling approach. Full article

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14 pages, 2510 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on the Mechanical Response and Failure Behavior of High-Pressure Frozen Ice Under Axial Loading Conditions

by Zhijiang Yang, Yu Zhang, Tao Han, Ying Ding, Chenyi Zhang and Weihao Yang

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110422 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 304

Abstract

The mechanical response and failure behavior of high-pressure frozen ice are essential to the technological progress in drilling thick polar ice sheets, but current research primarily focuses on non-pressure-frozen ice. In this paper, ice specimens with a cylindrical geometry were fabricated at −20 [...] Read more.

The mechanical response and failure behavior of high-pressure frozen ice are essential to the technological progress in drilling thick polar ice sheets, but current research primarily focuses on non-pressure-frozen ice. In this paper, ice specimens with a cylindrical geometry were fabricated at −20 °C, applying freezing pressures across a range of 10 to 40 MPa with a 10 MPa interval. Their mechanical properties were investigated through triaxial compression tests under axial loading conditions and were compared with the results obtained at −10 °C. The results indicate that, with increasing freezing pressure, the samples transitioned from a failure state of interlaced cracking to a highly transparent state. The failure behavior observed in the specimens was characterized as ductile, as evidenced by the deviatoric stress–axial strain relationships. Moreover, the peak deviatoric stress exhibited a non-monotonic dependence on freezing pressure, with an initial rise from 9.59 MPa at 10 MPa to a peak of 14.37 MPa at 30 MPa and a subsequent decline to 10.12 MPa at 40 MPa. All specimens reached a relatively stable residual state at 5% axial strain, with residual deviatoric stresses ranging from 4.13 to 5.71 MPa. A reduction in freezing temperature from −10 °C to −20 °C can effectively enhance both the peak deviatoric stress and the residual stress of high-pressure frozen ice under triaxial shear conditions. All peak tangent modulus values, ranging from 1.61 to 2.93 GPa with an average of 2.2 GPa, were observed within 0.7% axial strain and exhibited mild fluctuations with increasing freezing pressure. These findings provide a more robust mechanical foundation for drilling research and operations in extremely thick polar ice caps. Full article

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13 pages, 47202 KB

Open AccessArticle

Coseismic Deformation, Fault Slip Distribution, and Stress Changes of the 2025 M_S 6.8 Dingri Earthquake from Sentinel-1A InSAR Observations

by Junwen Zhu, Bo Zhang, Saisai Yao and Yimeng Cai

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110421 - 5 Nov 2025

Viewed by 445

Abstract

On 7 January 2025, a M_S 6.8 earthquake struck Dingri County, southern Tibet, within the extensional regime of the central Himalaya–southern Tibetan Plateau. Using ascending and descending Sentinel-1A SAR data, we applied a two-pass Differential InSAR (D-InSAR) approach with SRTM DEM data [...] Read more.

On 7 January 2025, a M_S 6.8 earthquake struck Dingri County, southern Tibet, within the extensional regime of the central Himalaya–southern Tibetan Plateau. Using ascending and descending Sentinel-1A SAR data, we applied a two-pass Differential InSAR (D-InSAR) approach with SRTM DEM data to retrieve high-precision coseismic deformation fields. We observed significant LOS deformation, revealing peak displacements of −1.06 m and +0.76 m, with deformation concentrated along the Denmo Co graben and clear offsets along its western boundary fault. Nonlinear inversion using the Okada elastic dislocation model and a quadtree down-sampled dataset yields a rupture plane 28.42 km long and 12.81 km wide, striking 183.51°, dipping 55.41°, and raking −71.95°, consistent with a predominantly normal-faulting mechanism with a minor left-lateral component. Distributed-slip inversion reveals that peak slip (4.79 m) was concentrated in the upper ~10 km of the fault, with the main asperity located in the central fault segment. The seismic moment is estimated to be 4.24 × 10¹⁹ Nm, which corresponds to a magnitude of M_W 7.05. Coulomb failure stress (ΔCFS) calculations indicate stress increases (>0.01 MPa) at the northern and southern rupture terminations (5–10 km depth) and the flanks at 15–20 km depth, suggesting elevated seismic potential in these regions. This integrated InSAR–modeling–stress analysis provides new constraints on the source parameters, slip distribution, and tectonic implications of the 2025 Dingri earthquake, offering important insights for regional seismic hazard assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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17 pages, 2720 KB

Open AccessArticle

Studying Natural Radioactivity of Coals and Ash and Slag Waste as Potential Raw Materials for Quality Assessment and Extraction of Rare Earth Elements

by Yuriy Pak, Dmitriy Pak, Pyotr Kropachev, Vladimir Matonin, Diana Ibragimova, Anar Tebayeva, Pavel Timoshenko, Natalya Tsoy and Yelena Tseshkovskaya

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 420; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110420 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

A significant portion of coal mined in Kazakhstan is mainly used for fuel energy and metallurgy. Approximately 60% of electricity is generated by coal-fired power engineering. About 19 million tons of ash and slag waste (ASW) are annually sent to dumps. After coal [...] Read more.

A significant portion of coal mined in Kazakhstan is mainly used for fuel energy and metallurgy. Approximately 60% of electricity is generated by coal-fired power engineering. About 19 million tons of ash and slag waste (ASW) are annually sent to dumps. After coal combustion, in ASW not only are natural radioactive nuclides NRN (U²³⁸, Th²³², K⁴⁰) concentrated, but also rare and rare earth elements (REE). In this regard, ASW that essentially turns into quasi-technogenic deposits of NRN and REE, requires systemic measures for their utilization. The possibilities of extracting REE from coal power-industry waste are estimated based on the analysis of the concentration of REE (Ce, La, Nd, Sm, etc.), NRN (U²³⁸, Th²³² and their decay products, K⁴⁰) and the established significant correlations between rare earth and radioactive elements. The purpose of this paper is to study the natural radioactivity of coals and ash and slag waste as potential raw materials for assessing the quality and extracting rare earth metals. The stated purpose involves solving the following problems: studying the features of the NRN and REE distribution in coals and ash and slag waste; assessing the possibility of using ash and slag waste as a promising source of REE extraction based on nuclear radiometric studies; and studying the spectrometry of natural gamma radiation for assessing the quality of coals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Global Challenges and Local Solutions in Natural Resource Management: Insights from the GEA 2025 Conference)

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23 pages, 4754 KB

Open AccessArticle

Unveiling the Igneous Geodiversity of the Shunku Rumi Geosite for Geoeducation and Geotourism Actions in the Napo Sumaco UNESCO Global Geopark (Ecuador)

by Saida Huatatoca-Mamallacta, Marco Simbaña-Tasiguano, David Granja-Guato, Ronny Espín, Lola De Lima, Pablo Cisneros, Andrea Salgado-Revelo, Estefany Almeida and Alexia Tana

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110419 - 4 Nov 2025

Viewed by 673

Abstract

The Shunku Rumi Geosite, located within the Napo Sumaco UNESCO Global Geopark in Ecuador, offers an exceptional opportunity to explore the igneous geodiversity of the Abitagua Batholith. This study employs an integrative approach combining petrographic, geochemical, and structural analyses to characterize the site’s [...] Read more.

The Shunku Rumi Geosite, located within the Napo Sumaco UNESCO Global Geopark in Ecuador, offers an exceptional opportunity to explore the igneous geodiversity of the Abitagua Batholith. This study employs an integrative approach combining petrographic, geochemical, and structural analyses to characterize the site’s lithological diversity, mineral assemblages, and emplacement mechanisms. Detailed fieldwork at a 1:3000 scale included geological mapping, 23 intrusive rock samples, and over 100 structural measurements. Laboratory techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thin-section petrography, revealed a wide range of mineral phases, with dominant minerals including quartz, plagioclase, biotite, and amphibole. The petrographic and geochemical dataset is consistent with a calc-alkaline affinity, reflecting subduction-related magmatism. Alteration zones, predominantly propylitic, were identified through secondary minerals like epidote, chlorite, and sericite, signaling late-stage hydrothermal processes. Structural analysis shows NE–SW dyke emplacement was controlled by pre-existing fault systems. The study emphasizes the educational and geotourism potential of Shunku Rumi, with its accessible exposures offering a unique platform for geoeducation. These results also underpin the development of field-based learning materials and practitioner guides within the geopark, linking geological processes to local cultural heritage and promoting sustainable development. The findings contribute to the growing efforts to integrate scientific research with community engagement, fostering a deeper understanding of Earth’s dynamic systems within the context of the Amazonian landscape. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: "Trends and Prospects in Geoheritage, Geoparks, and Geotourism")

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35 pages, 5292 KB

Open AccessArticle

3D Simultaneous Inversion and Modeling of Full Tensor Gravity and Gravity Data for Salt Imaging

by Carlos Ortiz-Alemán, Sebastian López-Juárez, Carlos Couder-Castañeda, Alfredo Trujillo-Alcántara, Jaime Meléndez-Martínez and Andrés Ambros-Vargas

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 418; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110418 - 3 Nov 2025

Viewed by 312

Abstract

In this study, we performed three-dimensional gravity modeling and inversion of the Vinton Dome, a well-known onshore salt structure located in southwestern Louisiana, USA, by simultaneously integrating Full Tensor Gravity (FTG) and conventional gravity data using a simulated-annealing approach. The process begins with [...] Read more.

In this study, we performed three-dimensional gravity modeling and inversion of the Vinton Dome, a well-known onshore salt structure located in southwestern Louisiana, USA, by simultaneously integrating Full Tensor Gravity (FTG) and conventional gravity data using a simulated-annealing approach. The process begins with the application of Tensor Euler Deconvolution (ETD), which provides a physically consistent initial model for inversion. This method extends the traditional Euler deconvolution by incorporating both the three diagonal components of the gravity-gradient tensor and the three components of the gravity field, thereby enhancing the frequency content and stability of the solutions. By combining FTG gradients and gravity data, the proposed workflow improves the precision of subsurface modeling, particularly in delineating salt-body boundaries and estimating their depth. The integration of ETD-derived initialization with joint inversion results in a more accurate reconstruction of density contrasts, offering a powerful approach for characterizing complex geologic structures such as the Vinton Dome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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19 pages, 2719 KB

Open AccessArticle

Explainable Machine Learning-Based Ground Motion Characterization: Evaluating the Role of Geotechnical Variabilities on Response Parameters

by Ayele Tesema Chala, Richard Ray, Mais Mayassah, Janko Logar and Edina Koch

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 417; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110417 - 2 Nov 2025

Viewed by 560

Abstract

Accounting for geotechnical property variability is crucial in seismic site response analysis. Traditionally, the influence of each geotechnical property on response parameters is assessed independently. However, this approach limits our understanding of the combined effects of multiple properties on ground response parameters. This [...] Read more.

Accounting for geotechnical property variability is crucial in seismic site response analysis. Traditionally, the influence of each geotechnical property on response parameters is assessed independently. However, this approach limits our understanding of the combined effects of multiple properties on ground response parameters. This study presents a novel, explainable machine learning (ML)-based approach to assess the influence of multiple geotechnical property variations on response parameters. Four ML models, namely AdaBoost, Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Random Forest Regressor (RFR) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM), were developed for predictive models. The input factors were shear-wave velocity, plasticity index, soil thickness, input motion intensity and unit weight of the soils. The response parameters were peak ground acceleration (PGA) and peak ground displacement (PGD). Multiple statistical performance metrics were computed to evaluate the performance of the models. The results show the superior prediction performance of the GBM model with low error rates and high agreement index (AI), Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) and coefficient of determination

{(R}^{2})

. The output of the GBM model was further analyzed using Shapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) technique to explain and identify the most significant factors contributing to the predictions. Finally, the model was used to develop user-friendly web-based software to facilitate rapid predictions of PGA and PGD. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geomechanics)

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12 pages, 2344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Revealing a Previously Unknown Fault Hidden by Urbanization: A Case Study from Villa d’Agri (Southern Italy)

by Alessandro Giocoli and Nicola Perilli

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110416 - 1 Nov 2025

Viewed by 387

Abstract

Urbanization poses significant challenges for fault investigation, as it can obscure or even hide surface fault expressions and limit access to potential study sites. This paper reports the preliminary results of Electrical Resistivity Tomography combined with geological field surveys in the urbanized area [...] Read more.

Urbanization poses significant challenges for fault investigation, as it can obscure or even hide surface fault expressions and limit access to potential study sites. This paper reports the preliminary results of Electrical Resistivity Tomography combined with geological field surveys in the urbanized area of Villa d’Agri (Marsicovetere, Basilicata Region, Southern Italy), which has undergone significant expansion in recent decades. This area is located at the northeastern border of the High Agri Valley, characterized by the Eastern Agri Fault System, one of the fault systems believed to have caused the M 7.0 earthquake in 1857 in Southern Italy. The combined use of Electrical Resistivity Tomography and geological field investigations in previously inadequately explored areas, along with the reprocessing of data provided by the technical office of Marsicovetere, allowed imaging of a previously unknown fault and reconstruction of sedimentary cover and substratum geometries, particularly in the urban and peri-urban sectors of Villa d’Agri. These preliminary findings provide valuable insights for geological and structural studies and have prompted the attention of the municipal decision makers, supporting further research aimed at enhancing urban management and seismic risk assessment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Geophysics)

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15 pages, 6136 KB

Open AccessArticle

Petrology of Lancang (Upper Mekong) River Sand

by Daxin Fang, Xiumian Hu, Eduardo Garzanti, Wen Lai and Fengting Chen

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 415; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110415 - 31 Oct 2025

Viewed by 392

Abstract

The texture and composition of river sediments are key to understanding the characteristics of source rocks, chemical weathering in the source area, physical modifications during transport, and human impacts within watersheds. This study analyzes 47 very fine to coarse size sands from the [...] Read more.

The texture and composition of river sediments are key to understanding the characteristics of source rocks, chemical weathering in the source area, physical modifications during transport, and human impacts within watersheds. This study analyzes 47 very fine to coarse size sands from the Lancang (Upper Mekong) River in China to monitor compositional variations and assesses the contribution of different geological units to trunk-river sediments. Lancang River sands are mostly feldspatho-quartzo-lithic in composition, with quartz content increasing downstream at the expense of lithic fragments (especially of carbonate lithics). Sand is mostly generated from the Lincang and Baoshan blocks, with subordinate contributions from the Simao and Changdu blocks. This study provides new insights into erosional and depositional processes in the Lancang River and emphasizes the impact of human activities on river sediment transport. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sedimentology, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology)

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21 pages, 15740 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Dual-Method Assessment of the Yarmouk Basin’s Groundwater Vulnerability Using SINTACS and Random Forest

by Ibraheem Hamdan, Ahmad AlShdaifat, Majed Ibrahim, Abdel Rahman Al-Shabeeb, Rida Al-Adamat and A’kif Al-Fugara

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 414; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110414 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 451

Abstract

Water scarcity and increased human pressures are crucial issues facing Jordan. Chemical pollutants significantly influence groundwater quality in Jordan due to increased pollution risks, ease of contamination, and various human activities that release harmful compounds into the groundwater. The Yarmouk River Groundwater Basin [...] Read more.

Water scarcity and increased human pressures are crucial issues facing Jordan. Chemical pollutants significantly influence groundwater quality in Jordan due to increased pollution risks, ease of contamination, and various human activities that release harmful compounds into the groundwater. The Yarmouk River Groundwater Basin (YRB) is one of the main basins in northern Jordan. It is exploited for domestic, drinking, agricultural, and industrial uses. This study assessed the groundwater vulnerability for the YRB through the implementation of a dual-method approach, employing the SINTACS intrinsic groundwater vulnerability model and the Random Forest (RF) machine learning method. The results revealed similarities and differences between the two models. The delineation of low-vulnerability zones was similar, suggesting that the intrinsic hydrogeological characteristics of these areas provide robust natural protection against contamination. In addition, both models suggest that the eastern, northern, and southern parts are areas of ‘high’ and ‘very high’ vulnerability. Subtle differences can be observed, particularly in the precise delineation of boundaries and the fragmentation of vulnerability zones. Generally, the results show that over (47%) and (43%) of the basin area falls into the high- and very high-vulnerability classes, while the very low and low classes make up about (14%) and (15%), based on the SINTACS and RF models, respectively. Using the SINTACS and RF groundwater vulnerability assessments in the YRB provides valuable insights into groundwater susceptibility in this critical area of Jordan. The identified high- and very high-vulnerability areas within YRB highlight the urgent need for protective measures to safeguard this vital groundwater resource for both present and future generations. The SINTACS model proves to be a reliable tool for intrinsic vulnerability assessment in the study area, consistent with its application in other parts of Jordan and similar dry regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Groundwater Sustainability: Integrated Risk Assessment and Management Strategies)

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16 pages, 10175 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upwellings and Mantle Ponding Zones in the Lower Mantle Transition Zone (660–1000 km)

by Jean-Paul Montagner, Barbara Romanowicz, Mathurin Wamba and Gael Burgos

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110413 - 30 Oct 2025

Viewed by 696

Abstract

Convective instabilities at various boundary layers in the earth’s mantle—including the core–mantle boundary, mantle transition zone and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary— result in upwellings (mantle plumes) and downwellings (subducting slabs). While hotspot volcanism is traditionally linked to mantle plumes, their structure, origins, evolution, and death [...] Read more.

Convective instabilities at various boundary layers in the earth’s mantle—including the core–mantle boundary, mantle transition zone and lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary— result in upwellings (mantle plumes) and downwellings (subducting slabs). While hotspot volcanism is traditionally linked to mantle plumes, their structure, origins, evolution, and death remain subjects of ongoing debate. Recent progress in seismic tomography has revealed a complex plumbing system connecting the core–mantle boundary and the surface. In particular, recent seismic imaging results suggest the presence of large-scale ponding zones between 660 km and ∼1000 km, associated with several mantle plumes around the globe. The broad upwellings originating from the CMB spread laterally beneath the 660 km seismic discontinuity, forming extensive ponding zones several thousand kilometers wide and extending up from an approximately 1000 km depth. Similar ponding zones are also observed for downwellings, with stagnant subducting slabs, within the 660–1000 km depth range. Here, we review evidence for wide ponding zones characterized by low seismic velocities and anomalous radial and azimuthal anisotropies in light of recent high-resolution regional studies below La Réunion Island in the Indian Ocean and below St Helena/Ascension in the southern Atlantic Ocean. We review and discuss possible interpretations of these structures, as well as possible mineralogical, geodynamic implications and outlook for further investigations aiming to improve our understanding of the mantle plumbing system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seismology of the Dynamic Deep Earth)

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15 pages, 8296 KB

Open AccessArticle

Grain Shape Variation of Different Sand-Sized Particles and Its Implication for Discriminating Sedimentary Environment

by Fangen Hu and Xia Xiao

Geosciences 2025, 15(11), 412; https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences15110412 - 29 Oct 2025

Viewed by 509

Abstract

Particle shape analysis is essential in sedimentological research, as it offers vital insights into the sedimentary environment and transport history. However, little is known about the particle shape variation across different sand fractions, as well as the differences between particle shape data based [...] Read more.

Particle shape analysis is essential in sedimentological research, as it offers vital insights into the sedimentary environment and transport history. However, little is known about the particle shape variation across different sand fractions, as well as the differences between particle shape data based on volume and number weighting. In this study, we investigate the grain shape variation of different sand-sized particles (fine, medium, and coarse sand fractions) in aeolian dune (11 samples) and lake beach (12 samples) environments around Poyang Lake, China, using dynamic image analysis (DIA). The shape data results based on both volume-weighted and number-weighted methods reveal significant differences in shape parameters (circularity, symmetry, aspect ratio, and convexity) among different sand fractions, especially between coarse and fine sand. This highlights the critical need for size-fractionated analysis when employing particle shape as an environmental discriminant. By integrating 86 sets of published particle shape data from different depositional environments, we found that volume-weighted shape data has limited ability to differentiate beach and dune sands, although it distinguished the fluvial, desert dune, and coastal beach sand well. In contrast, number-weighted shape data effectively distinguished the beach and dune sands, as fine sand particles are typically transported in suspension during fluvial processes and in saltation during aeolian processes. This demonstrates the role of integrating both volume-weighted and number-weighted shape data in future studies to accurately distinguish sedimentary environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Climate and Environment)

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