Toxins, Volume 17, Issue 10

Steroidal sodium channel agonist batrachotoxin (BTX), one of the most potent animal toxins, dramatically increases calcium permeation and alters other channel characteristics. In a cryoEM structure of rat sodium channel Nav1.5 with two BTX-B molecule...

This study investigated bite force changes after botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection into different masticatory muscles. Thirty-five male participants were divided into three groups: masseter only (M), masseter and temporalis (MT), and masseter...

This study aimed to conduct a first evaluation of maternal exposure to mycotoxins during pregnancy in Brazil through quantification of biomarkers in liver and serum samples from stillborn and neonates autopsied in the Clinical Hospital of Ribeir&atil...

It is with great sadness that we must include in this Special Volume of Toxins a memorial to our close friend and colleague [...]

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its metabolite aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are stable and carcinogenic mycotoxins that are commonly found in dairy products, posing serious food safety concerns. However, conventional degradation methods face limited degradation effic...

Mycotoxins are ubiquitous and unavoidable contaminants in food and feed, posing significant health risks through toxicity syndromes collectively referred to as mycotoxicoses. With climate change enhancing the conditions favorable for fungal growth an...

Aflatoxins (AFs) represent a major threat to poultry health and food safety due to their hepatotoxic, immunosuppressive, and carcinogenic effects. This study evaluated the chemoprotective potential of ethoxyquin (EQ) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in lay...

Bacteroides fragilis is a usually beneficial colonizer of the human gut that can also act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing infection and contributing to the development and progression of important diseases. The production and secretion of the B...

Marine-derived natural products have attracted increasing attention due to their promising pharmacological potential against various diseases. The present study investigated the hypolipidemic properties of the alkaloid caulerpin, a secondary metaboli...

Domoic acid (DA), produced by Pseudo-nitzschia diatoms, is the one of the major toxin threats from harmful algal blooms (HABs) on the west coast of the United States. DA events vary in magnitude, timing, and duration, and elucidating drivers for indi...

Aflatoxins, which are potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic substances, are mainly produced by the Aspergillus section Flavi, including Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus. Current Aspergillus spp. detection is often based on molecular methods, su...

Objectives: There has been a long-standing debate over the presence or absence of receptors for botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) in cephalic areas relevant to migraine pathophysiology and onabotulinumtoxinA (onabotA) sites of action in migraine prevention....

Spasticity of the distal lower limb substantially impairs stance, gait, and quality of life in patients with upper motor neuron lesions. Although ultrasound-guided botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections are increasingly employed, structured, muscle-sp...

The protective effects of the herbal feed supplements Silybum marianum, Silymarin, Withania somnifera, and Centella asiatica against ochratoxin A (OTA) toxicity were studied in 48 New Zealand White rabbits (37-day-old) during an 80-day experiment. OT...

The current study focuses on the diversity, distribution and toxic potential of cyanobacteria in the waterbodies of Moscow, Russia. The research involves the sampling of natural and artificial water environments situated within the Moscow city agglom...

Figure/Legend [...]

This study presents nanofractionation analytics coupled with in vivo profiling of zebrafish embryo paralysis and lethality in response to toxins in cone snail venoms. The focus of this study is on the development of this approach using venoms of Conu...

Using Medline and Scopus as search engines, we identified reports of 10 clinical studies (published up to 1 September 2025) on botulinum neurotoxin therapy for hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP). Nine studies were conducted in adults and one in chil...

This study examines the effects of the extreme drought and heatwaves that occurred in Romania during the summer of 2024 on the microbiological and mycotoxicological quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum) stored until April 2025, as well as on the quali...

Most botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) products for esthetic use require reconstitution before administration. Ready-to-use relabotulinumtoxinA is a liquid manufactured using Precipitation-free Extraction and Activity-preserving, Refined Liquid (PEARL&trade...

Vaccine quality control has long relied on animal testing, which involves time, cost, and ethical constraints. This study introduces a ganglioside binding (GB) assay as a complementary in vitro screening tool for tetanus toxoid quality control, which...

Sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) are abundant in seaweed and have several industrial and biomedical applications, but their renal effects remain unclear. This study evaluated the effects of total sulfated polysaccharides (TSPs) from Gracilaria cornea u...

Anecdotal reports have recently circulated suggesting that intramuscular injection of bacteriostatic saline (BS)—which contains benzyl alcohol (BnOH)—can reverse botulinum toxin type A (BoNTA)-induced brow ptosis. Given the well-establish...

Scorpion venoms contain a wide range of toxins that interact with a variety of target molecules (ion channels, receptors and enzymes) associated with synaptic transmission, action potential propagation, cardiac function, hemostasis and other physiolo...

The puff adder (Bitis arietans) is a clinically relevant viper species found throughout Africa, and it is responsible for a greater incidence of health-related envenomations than all other snake species on the continent combined. Unresolved skeletal...

Alexandrium spp. blooms produce a range of toxins, including spirolides, goniodomins, and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Of these, PSTs are the most impactful due to their high affinity for voltage-gated sodium ion channels in nerve cell membrane...

Plant-derived toxins such as ricin and abrin represent some of the most potent biological agents known, posing significant threats to public health and security due to their high toxicity, relative ease of extraction, and widespread availability. The...

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models allow to simulate the behaviour of compounds in diverse physiological populations. However, the categorization of individuals into distinct populations raises questions regarding the classification...

This review offers a comprehensive overview of mycotoxin research and related publications in Algeria, outlining key trends, existing challenges, and prospects for future advancement. Despite limited exploration of mycotoxins in Algeria, researchers...

Animal venoms are rich in bioactive molecules with promising biotechnological potential. They comprise both protein and non-protein toxins. Among the protein toxins are enzymes, such as phospholipases A₂, proteases and L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs)....

Toxic cyanobacteria, including Microcystis, produce harmful toxins that affect aquatic ecosystems and human health. Biotreatment using macrophytes shows promise in mitigating these blooms. This study investigates the bioaccumulation dynamics and bioc...

Toxins are naturally poisonous small compounds, peptides and proteins that are produced in all three kingdoms of life. Venoms are animal toxins and can contain even hundreds of different compounds. Numerous approaches have been used to detect toxins,...

The genus Oxyuranus, which includes some of the most venomous snakes in the world, presents a complex venom composition with potent neurotoxic and procoagulant effects. This study provides a comparative proteomic analysis of the venom of Oxyuranus mi...

Grapes are frequently contaminated by Aspergillus section Nigri fungi and ochratoxin A (OTA), with A. niger also capable of producing substantial fumonisin B₂ (FB₂) levels. Emerging evidence suggests that aflatoxigenic fungi may eventually replace oc...

Spiders of the Sicarius genera (Araneae: Sicariidae) are commonly known as six-eyed sand spiders. Of the species described in Latin America, the species S. thomisoides has previously been shown to possess venom with a toxic potential comparable to th...

Clostridium botulinum strains produce seven antigenically distinct botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), referred to as serotypes A–G, and a hybrid toxin called F/A [...]

The secondary contamination of nodularin disinfection by-products (NOD-DBPs) is a problem worthy of attention. In this study, prototypical NOD-R-DBPs were prepared, and their toxicity was assessed using conventional protein phosphatase (PPs) inhibiti...

Cereal contamination by mycotoxins represents a major food safety concern. This study aimed to assess the co-occurrence of 15 mycotoxins in 50 couscous samples marketed in Algeria using HPLC/FLD and LC-MS/MS techniques. The samples included various c...

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), the most potent and widespread mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, poses a significant global threat to food safety and human health, with chronic exposure strongly linked to hepatocellular carci...

Mamba (Dendroaspis species) snakebites are critical medical emergencies across sub-Saharan Africa. Envenomings can result in the rapid onset of complex neurotoxic symptoms, often leading to high rates of mortality without timely intervention with ant...

For many years, botulinum toxin has been successfully applied in various fields [...]

Background: Refractory overactive bladder (OAB) poses a significant clinical burden, often severely impacting quality of life (QoL). While intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (BoNT-A) and sacral neuromodulation (SNM) are established therapeutic options,...

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most common trichothecene mycotoxins found in cereals, posing a significant hazard to food and feed safety. Insects, especially the yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), offer promising alternative protein sources; ho...

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This scoping review summarizes experimental evidence on the anticancer activity of snake venom and its bioactive components...

Chronic migraine (CM) in childhood and adolescence is associated with a high disease burden, including impaired quality of life, school absenteeism, and reduced daily functioning. OnabotulinumtoxinA (ONA) is approved for prophylactic treatment of CM...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are an escalating global concern due to their increasing frequency, duration, intensity, and geographic spread. These events threaten public health by contaminating drinking water sources, recreational areas, and food prod...

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the human population, necessitating continuous monitoring for mycotoxin risk in particular in the sub-tropical area, such as India. In the present study, a total of eighty-one samples comprising brow...