Toxins, Volume 17, Issue 9

Aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) contamination in Scutellaria baicalensis poses a serious threat to the safety of traditional Chinese medicinal products. In this study, a sensitive and reliable ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry...

Microcystin–LR (MC-LR) and phenanthrene (Phen), which commonly co-occur in eutrophic waters, have been extensively studied as individual contaminants, but their combined ecotoxicological effects on submerged macrophytes remain unclear. In this...

In this study, the RUSITEC system was used to study the regulation of rumen-derived Pseudomonas sp. PSC001 (PSC001) on the rumen environment contaminated by Zearalenone (ZEN). The rumen fluid of dairy cows was selected as the fermentation broth, and...

Shiga toxins (Stx), produced by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, preferentially attack renal tissue and frequently induce acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal failure. To prevent irreversible damage, the injured renal tissue, particularly renal...

Datura species have been recognized for their potent pharmacological properties, producing a diverse array of tropane and non-tropane alkaloids with significant clinical and toxicological relevance. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the bi...

This study investigated the occurrence of fungi and mycotoxins throughout the rice processing chain, from paddy rice to final white rice, in two rice varieties (variety I and variety II). A total of 75 fungal isolates were identified, belonging to th...

Widespread contamination of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cereals and feed threatens global food safety. This study investigated the effects of Chlorogenic acid (CGA) and VX765 on DON-induced enterohepatic injury. A total of 48 female mice were divided int...

Phytopathogenic fungi represent a significant biotic stress affecting global agriculture, often causing severe diseases and, in some cases, leading to plant death. They have been isolated from economically important crops, including cereals, legumes,...

Harmful algal blooms (HABs), caused by the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum, are increasingly frequent in the Marlborough Sounds, an important aquaculture region in Aotearoa New Zealand. Alexandrium pacificum produces paralytic shellfish toxins a...

This study explores the direct effects of amphibian skin secretions on human cells involved in joint diseases, aiming to identify species with potential for inflammatory modulation. Secretions were obtained from sixteen species distributed across Bra...

Interictal burden (IB), defined as the symptoms and impairments that occur between migraine attacks, including cognitive dysfunction, photophobia, and fatigue, is recognized as a significant determinant of quality of life in patients. A prospective o...

The real-time, cost-effective detection of marine toxins like tetrodotoxin (TTX) remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. Traditional methods, including cell-based assays (CBAs), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and...

Ion channels regulate ion transport across cell or organelle membranes, playing an important role in various biological processes. Sodium channel Nav1.4 is critical to initiating and propagating action potentials in skeletal muscles, and its dysfunct...

Protein toxins are biologically active polypeptides produced by a variety of organisms, including bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals. These molecules exert potent and specific toxic effects on target cells and are primarily associated with pathogen...

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a mycotoxin commonly found in poultry feed, induces oxidative stress and disrupts redox homeostasis in vital organs such as the liver and kidneys. Selenium (Se), an essential trace element, may mitigate OTA-induced toxicity by sup...

Retrograde cricopharyngeus dysfunction (R-CPD) is a recently recognized condition characterized by the inability to burp, typically accompanied by gurgling noises, bloating, and flatulence. Percutaneous botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injection into the...

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a prevalent environmental toxin produced by Fusarium fungi, frequently contaminates feed and food products. However, the critical metabolites and regulatory factors involved in DON toxicity remain poorly understood. Building upo...

After in vitro mycotoxin binding validation, humate and β-mannanase were tested for mitigating the negative effects of aflatoxin B₁ and deoxynivalenol. Gilts at 8.7 ± 0.5 kg body weight were allotted to four treatments: NC (uncontaminated...

Blepharospasm (BSP) is characterized by excessive orbicularis oculi muscle activity leading to abnormal blinking and involuntary eyelid closure. Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are the main treatment for BSP, but they only partially and transi...

Grapevine cane, an abundant viticultural by-product, contains high levels of stilbenoids and therefore holds promise as a natural antifugal and antimycotoxigenic agent. Produced by a microwave-assisted hydro-ethanolic extraction process, the grapevin...

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), produced by the anaerobic spore-forming bacterium Clostridium botulinum, are among the most potent known biological toxins. BoNTs cause lethal botulism via contaminated food, wound infections, or infant intestinal colon...

Development of new sustainable pesticides represents a real challenge for researchers due to environmental issues and public health aspects. In fact, the overuse of chemical pesticides has led to environmental damage, loss of biodiversity, and pestic...

Aedes aegypti, a crucial vector mosquito that transmits many diseases that cause millions of deaths worldwide, can be controlled with Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti). The larvicidal activity of Bti against Ae. aegypti is due primarily...

Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly becoming more intense and frequent, posing a public health threat globally. Drinking water treatment plants that rely on algal bloom-affected waters may create waste (water treatment residuals, WTRs) that concen...

Bacterial diseases of Pleurotus pulmonarius, caused by diverse pathogens and associated with a range of symptoms, reduce its commercial value and lead to substantial economic losses. While most research has focused on Pseudomonas tolaasii and its non...

Photorhabdus luminescens produces a syringe-like toxin complex to inject toxic enzymes into cells. We demonstrated that the recombinant Photorhabdus toxin complex (PTC) can be engineered for translocation of foreign cargo proteins across cellular mem...

Zebra mussel invasion of North American lakes during the last century may play an important role in the occurrence of toxic cyanobacterial blooms. However, empirical evidence quantifying their influence on cyanobacterial community dynamics at broad s...

Bacterial degradation is one important Microcystin (MC) removal method in the natural environment. The traditional MC-degrading pathway was proposed based on the functions of individual recombinant Mlr enzymes and the structures of the main MC-degrad...

Wild mushroom poisoning is an emerging global food safety issue, especially in subtropical regions like southwestern China, where incidents are geographically clustered. Current detection methods are often time-consuming and overlook region-specific...

This study investigated whether marine toxin poisonings reported to U.S. Poison Centers changed during the height of the pandemic period (April 2020 to December 2021). The National Poison Data System was queried for single-substance human exposure ca...

Botulinum toxin (BoNT) causes flaccid paralysis by blocking the release of neurotransmitters. BoNTs associate with neurotoxin-associated proteins to form medium and large progenitor toxin complexes. The large progenitor toxin complex serotype A-62A (...

The number of patients with end-stage renal disease continues to grow worldwide, placing increasing demands on dialysis technologies. Conventional hemodialysis remains the dominant modality but is often limited by frequent intradialytic hypotension a...

The European Circular Economy Action Plan outlines a forward-looking strategy that emphasizes waste reduction and the acquisition of high-quality secondary resources. Previous research has shown that cocoa processing by-products contain compounds of...

Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen, a member of the ESKAPE group, associated with nosocomial infections and foodborne illnesses due to its production of various toxins. This study conducted a comprehensive genomic characterization of...

The common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) and the endemic Sri Lankan krait (B. ceylonicus) are two species of krait responsible for envenomings in Sri Lanka that result in progressive neuromuscular paralysis. We characterised the in vitro neurotoxicity o...

Mycotoxin contamination in agricultural products poses severe global health risks, with ochratoxins (particularly OTA and OTB) exhibiting marked nephrotoxicity and classified as Group 2B carcinogens by IARC. Conventional physical/chemical detoxificat...

Background: Stiff-knee gait commonly involves rectus femoris spasticity in patients with central nervous system lesions. Diagnostic nerve blocks aid in predicting treatment outcomes; however, current techniques may overlook multiple nerve branches th...

Compound 221s (2,9) is a novel antihypertensive drug candidate synthesized utilizing danshensu, borneol, and proline by using the strategy of combinatorial molecular chemistry. This study aimed to systematically identify the safety of danshensu-deriv...

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Arteriovenous (AV) access complications remain a major cause of morbidity in hemodialysis patients, influenced by multiple factors, including endothelial inflammation induced by uremia. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the upr...

The velvet complex is a master regulator of multiple physiological processes in filamentous fungi. In this study, we characterized the functions of velvet gene FpvelC in Fusarium proliferatum, which was the causative agent of rice spikelet rot diseas...

Venomous invertebrates have provided a large diversity of toxins that selectively and potently modulate ion channels that are indispensable tools for elucidating the structure and underlying mechanisms of these channels. Voltage-gated sodium channels...

Metabolic anticancer therapy based on enzymatic arginine (Arg) deprivation (ADT) is currently being evaluated in clinical trials. The combination of ADT with low doses of the plant cytotoxic analogs of Arg, canavanine (Cav) or indospicine (Isp), have...

Saxitoxin (STX) is a toxin with paralyzing and lethal properties, necessitating the development of a simple analytical method. This study developed a nucleic acid aptamer biosensor using graphene oxide (GO) as a fluorescence quencher for STX detectio...

The neurotoxin BoNT/B2 is the predominant Clostridium parabotulinum subtype in foodborne and infant botulism cases in Spain. This study characterizes a novel case of foodborne botulism in Spain caused by a dual-toxin A1(B5) strain. A 64-year-old male...

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin found in a variety of human foods and in animals. Wild boars are widespread on the European mainland. As they are ubiquitous and feed mainly on a varied diet, they can serve as an excellent bioindicator for OTA resea...

Trichothecenes are a family of toxic metabolites produced by multiple fungal species. All trichothecene analogs include an epoxide-containing tricyclic structure known as 12,13-epoxytrichothec-9-ene (EPT) but differ by the presence, absence and types...

Due to the severe hazard of aflatoxins (AFs) to humans, it is of great significance to detect the key aflatoxins, aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) and aflatoxin G₁ (AFG₁), in food and feed in simple, rapid, and semi-quantitative ways. The hybridoma clone 3A1 was...