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438 Results Found

  • Review
  • Open Access
4,304 Views
24 Pages

Ergonomic and Psychosocial Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Productivity: A Bibliometric Analysis

  • Gretchen Michelle Vuelvas-Robles,
  • Julio César Cano-Gutiérrez,
  • Jesús Everardo Olguín-Tiznado,
  • Claudia Camargo-Wilson,
  • Juan Andrés López-Barreras and
  • Melissa Airem Cázares-Manríquez

1 August 2025

This study analyzes the relationship between ergonomic and psychosocial risk factors and labor productivity using a bibliometric approach through a general analysis and one that includes inclusion criteria such as English language, open access, and p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
4,283 Views
15 Pages

Automatic Ergonomic Risk Assessment Using a Variational Deep Network Architecture

  • Theocharis Chatzis,
  • Dimitrios Konstantinidis and
  • Kosmas Dimitropoulos

12 August 2022

Ergonomic risk assessment is vital for identifying work-related human postures that can be detrimental to the health of a worker. Traditionally, ergonomic risks are reported by human experts through time-consuming and error-prone procedures; however,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
3,743 Views
10 Pages

This study examined the relationship of musculoskeletal symptoms with exposure to a combination of ergonomic risk factors at work and the possible ameliorating effect of enough time to rest during working hours or between consecutive shifts in Korean...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,772 Views
13 Pages

Prevalence and Exposure to Ergonomic Risk Factors among Crop Farmers in Nigeria

  • Toyin Samuel Olowogbon,
  • Raphael Olanrewaju Babatunde,
  • Edward Asiedu and
  • Aaron Moses Yoder

16 December 2021

This study examined the prevalence and exposure to ergonomic risks factors among crop farmers in selected states in Nigeria. We used cross-sectional data to provide this evidence. Data were collected with the aid of a standardized questionnaire admin...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,763 Views
22 Pages

A Case Study of Ergonomic Risk Assessment in Slovakia with Respect to EU Standard

  • Daniela Onofrejova,
  • Miriam Andrejiova,
  • Denisa Porubcanova,
  • Hana Pacaiova and
  • Lydia Sobotova

Attention on work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) involves statistical surveys showing an increasing trend in the incidence of WMSDs. Technological development has led to new tools and methods for the assessment of physical load at work. Th...

  • Article
  • Open Access
31 Citations
7,064 Views
16 Pages

Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Dental Students—RULA Applied to Objective Kinematic Data

  • Kim Sarah Blume,
  • Fabian Holzgreve,
  • Laura Fraeulin,
  • Christina Erbe,
  • Werner Betz,
  • Eileen M. Wanke,
  • Doerthe Brueggmann,
  • Albert Nienhaus,
  • Christian Maurer-Grubinger and
  • Daniela Ohlendorf
  • + 1 author

Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) is already prevalent in dental students despite their young age and the short duration of dental practice. The current findings state that the causes of MSD are related to posture during dental work. This study aims to...

  • Review
  • Open Access
47 Citations
8,475 Views
14 Pages

Implementation of Kinetic and Kinematic Variables in Ergonomic Risk Assessment Using Motion Capture Simulation: A Review

  • Muhamad Nurul Hisyam Yunus,
  • Mohd Hafiidz Jaafar,
  • Ahmad Sufril Azlan Mohamed,
  • Nur Zaidi Azraai and
  • Md. Sohrab Hossain

Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are among the most common disorders in any work sector and industry. Ergonomic risk assessment can reduce the risk of WMSDs. Motion capture that can provide accurate and real-time quantitative data has b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
556 Views
22 Pages

Ergonomic Risk Assessment of Professional Dance Using Motion Capture with Ergonomic Evaluation by the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)

  • Verena Fehringer,
  • Christian Maurer-Grubinger,
  • Fabian Holzgreve,
  • Daniela Ohlendorf and
  • Eileen M. Wanke

22 December 2025

The aim of the present study was to assess physical demands in professional dance during daily training routine using kinematic data and to categorize it ergonomically using the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) tool. The three phases of daily clas...

  • Article
  • Open Access
519 Views
31 Pages

8 December 2025

For garment manufacturing, an efficient and precise assessment of ergonomics is vital to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study creates a computer vision-based algorithm for fast and accurate risk analysis. Specifically, we introd...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
7,082 Views
22 Pages

An Ergonomic Risk Assessment System Based on 3D Human Pose Estimation and Collaborative Robot

  • Marialuisa Menanno,
  • Carlo Riccio,
  • Vincenzo Benedetto,
  • Francesco Gissi,
  • Matteo Mario Savino and
  • Luigi Troiano

2 June 2024

Human pose estimation focuses on methods that allow us to assess ergonomic risk in the workplace and aims to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The recent increase in the use of Industry 4.0 technologies has allowed advances to b...

  • Review
  • Open Access
22 Citations
8,845 Views
16 Pages

Ergonomic risk assessment is critical for identifying working posture hazardous to the health of construction workers. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are predominant non-fatal injuries in the construction industry owing to manual hand...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
4,081 Views
17 Pages

Ergonomic Risk Assessment during an Informal Hand-Made Cookware Operation: Extending an Existing Model

  • Busisiwe Shezi,
  • Renee A. Street,
  • Angela Mathee,
  • Nokulunga Cele,
  • Sipho Ndabandaba and
  • Rajen N. Naidoo

The work conducted in the informal sector is highly variable within and between days. Characterizing ergonomic exposures remains a challenge because of unstructured work settings and schedules. The existing ergonomic risk assessment tools have been w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,094 Views
23 Pages

Cardiorespiratory Response to Workload Volume and Ergonomic Risk: Automotive Assembly Line Operators’ Adaptations

  • Dania Furk,
  • Luís Silva,
  • Mariana Dias,
  • Carlos Fujão,
  • Phillip Probst,
  • Hui Liu and
  • Hugo Gamboa

4 May 2024

Repetitive tasks can lead to long-term cardiovascular problems due to continuous strain and inadequate recovery. The automobile operators on the assembly line are exposed to these risks when workload volume changes according to the workstation type....

  • Article
  • Open Access
12 Citations
5,750 Views
19 Pages

6 April 2022

This study analyzes an existing scenario of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD) associated with the ergonomic hazard of the aluminum formwork workstation and its workers. Aluminum form-workers have increasing evidence of MSDs from repetitive tasks such as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,990 Views
10 Pages

The comfort of a worker while performing any activity is extremely important. If that activity extends beyond a person’s capacity to withstand physical and psychological stress, the worker may suffer from both physical and mental ailments. Over...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,260 Views
22 Pages

Triaxial Load Cell for Ergonomic Risk Assessment: A Study Case of Applied Force of Thumb

  • Mario Acosta-Flores,
  • Martha Roselia Contreras-Valenzuela,
  • J. Guadalupe Velásquez-Aguilar,
  • Francisco Cuenca-Jiménez and
  • Marta Lilia Eraña-Díaz

8 May 2024

To assess the ergonomic risk level in work systems involving tasks performed with hands or fingers, it is necessary to know the exerted triaxial forces. To address this need, a prototype of a triaxial load cell based on principles of linear elasticit...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,283 Views
21 Pages

Design of a Fuzzy Logic Evaluation to Determine the Ergonomic Risk Level of Manual Material Handling Tasks

  • Martha Roselia Contreras-Valenzuela,
  • Diego Seuret-Jiménez,
  • Ana María Hdz-Jasso,
  • Viridiana Aydeé León Hernández,
  • Alma Nataly Abundes-Recilla and
  • Eduardo Trutié-Carrero

In this work, we propose a fuzzy inference as a decision support system built in the MATLAB Fuzzy Logic Designer for evaluating manual material handling risk conditions. The input variables for the fuzzy decision were: (1) the total time duration of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
904 Views
19 Pages

Intelligent Motion Classification via Computer Vision for Smart Manufacturing and Ergonomic Risk Prevention in SMEs

  • Armando Mares-Castro,
  • Valentin Calzada-Ledesma,
  • María Blanca Becerra-Rodríguez,
  • Raúl Santiago-Montero and
  • Anayansi Estrada-Monje

11 October 2025

The transition toward Industry 4.0 and the emerging concept of Industry 5.0 demand intelligent tools that integrate efficiency, adaptability, and human-centered design. This paper presents a Computer Vision-based framework for automated motion classi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
33 Citations
5,753 Views
17 Pages

A RULA-Based Comparison of the Ergonomic Risk of Typical Working Procedures for Dentists and Dental Assistants of General Dentistry, Endodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Orthodontics

  • Fabian Holzgreve,
  • Laura Fraeulin,
  • Werner Betz,
  • Christina Erbe,
  • Eileen M. Wanke,
  • Dörthe Brüggmann,
  • Albert Nienhaus,
  • David A. Groneberg,
  • Christian Maurer-Grubinger and
  • Daniela Ohlendorf

21 January 2022

Background: In general, the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD) in dentistry is high, and dental assistants (DA) are even more affected than dentists (D). Furthermore, differentiations between the fields of dental specializati...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
1 Citations
3,669 Views
20 Pages

A Systematic Review of the Accuracy, Validity, and Reliability of Markerless Versus Marker Camera-Based 3D Motion Capture for Industrial Ergonomic Risk Analysis

  • Sofia Scataglini,
  • Eugenia Fontinovo,
  • Nouran Khafaga,
  • Muhammad Ubaidullah Khan,
  • Muhammad Faizan Khan and
  • Steven Truijen

4 September 2025

Ergonomic risk assessment is crucial for preventing work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which often arise from repetitive tasks, prolonged sitting, and load handling, leading to absenteeism and increased healthcare costs. Biomechanical ri...

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
10,751 Views
32 Pages

An Evaluation of Motion Trackers with Virtual Reality Sensor Technology in Comparison to a Marker-Based Motion Capture System Based on Joint Angles for Ergonomic Risk Assessment

  • Jan P. Vox,
  • Anika Weber,
  • Karen Insa Wolf,
  • Krzysztof Izdebski,
  • Thomas Schüler,
  • Peter König,
  • Frank Wallhoff and
  • Daniel Friemert

1 May 2021

The reproduction and simulation of workplaces, and the analysis of body postures during work processes, are parts of ergonomic risk assessments. A commercial virtual reality (VR) system offers the possibility to model complex work scenarios as virtua...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,297 Views
16 Pages

A New Methodology for Validation of the Ergonomics Risk Assessment in Industry

  • Adrian Ispășoiu,
  • Ioan Milosan,
  • Camelia Gabor and
  • Gheorghe Oancea

21 November 2023

In order to carry out an ergonomic assessment of the entire working situation in the industrial field, we have created and implemented an ergonomic risk assessment methodology—Ergonomics Risk Assessment Methodology in Industry (ERAI)—whic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
4,815 Views
18 Pages

Effects of Using Immersive Media on the Effectiveness of Training to Prevent Ergonomics Risks

  • Jose Antonio Diego-Mas,
  • Jorge Alcaide-Marzal and
  • Rocio Poveda-Bautista

In this work, the effects of using immersive media such as virtual reality on the performance of training programs to avoid ergonomics risks are analyzed. The advance of technology has made it possible to use low-cost portable devices able to generat...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
4,922 Views
18 Pages

Analysis of the Reduction of Ergonomic Risks through the Implementation of an Automatic Tape Packaging Machine

  • Ruan C. M. Teixeira,
  • Walter P. S. Guimarães,
  • Josiel G. Ribeiro,
  • Rubens A. Fernandes,
  • Lennon B. F. Nascimento,
  • Israel G. Torné,
  • Fábio S. Cardoso and
  • Gabriella R. Monteiro

Many industrial sectors still lack automation resources to optimize their production processes, aiming to make manufacturing leaner and offer better working conditions to operators. Without these improvements, workers can suffer physical and even psy...

  • Article
  • Open Access
21 Citations
6,199 Views
9 Pages

Application of AULA Risk Assessment Tool by Comparison with Other Ergonomic Risk Assessment Tools

  • Kyeong-Hee Choi,
  • Dae-Min Kim,
  • Min-Uk Cho,
  • Chae-Won Park,
  • Seoung-Yeon Kim,
  • Min-Jung Kim and
  • Yong-Ku Kong

Agricultural upper limb assessment (AULA), which was developed for evaluating upper limb body postures, was compared with the existing assessment tools such as rapid upper limb assessment (RULA), rapid entire body assessment (REBA), and ovako working...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,436 Views
16 Pages

Crawling is recommended for avoiding high heat and toxic fumes and for obtaining more breathable air during evacuations. Few studies have evaluated the effects of crawling on physical joints and velocity, especially in children. Based on motion captu...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,974 Views
20 Pages

8 May 2024

Ergonomic risks critically impact workers’ occupational health, safety, and productivity, and thereby the sustainability of a workforce. In the construction industry, the physical demands and dynamic environment exposes workers to various ergon...

  • Letter
  • Open Access
50 Citations
6,911 Views
15 Pages

The Sensor-Based Biomechanical Risk Assessment at the Base of the Need for Revising of Standards for Human Ergonomics

  • Alberto Ranavolo,
  • Arash Ajoudani,
  • Andrea Cherubini,
  • Matteo Bianchi,
  • Lars Fritzsche,
  • Sergio Iavicoli,
  • Massimo Sartori,
  • Alessio Silvetti,
  • Bram Vanderborght and
  • Francesco Draicchio
  • + 1 author

10 October 2020

Due to the epochal changes introduced by “Industry 4.0”, it is getting harder to apply the varying approaches for biomechanical risk assessment of manual handling tasks used to prevent work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMDs) conside...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
2,644 Views
19 Pages

The Role of Chair Design in Dental Ergonomics: A Kinematic Assessment of Movement and Ergonomic Risk

  • Fabian Holzgreve,
  • Jasmin Preuß,
  • Christina Erbe,
  • Werner Betz,
  • Eileen M. Wanke,
  • Gerhard Oremek,
  • Doerthe Brueggmann,
  • Albert Nienhaus,
  • David A. Groneberg and
  • Daniela Ohlendorf
  • + 1 author

Introduction: Dental professionals are susceptible to musculoskeletal disorders due to unphysiological postures during treatment, which can be mitigated by the choice of a work chair to improve ergonomic working posture. Methods: In this study, the i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
881 Views
29 Pages

5 April 2025

This study proposes a decision support system that uses a fuzzy logic model to assess the risk level associated with repetitive upper limb movements during work tasks, which can lead to musculoskeletal disorders. The model considers three main sets:...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
1,988 Views
12 Pages

Precision Agriculture: Assessment of Ergonomic Risks of Assisted Driving System

  • Ermanno Vitale,
  • Francesca Vella,
  • Serena Matera,
  • Giuseppe Christian Rizzo,
  • Lucia Rapisarda,
  • Federico Roggio,
  • Giuseppe Musumeci,
  • Venerando Rapisarda,
  • Elio Romano and
  • Veronica Filetti

27 April 2024

Background: the precision agriculture field optimizes resource use, enhancing performance. However, this leads to exposure to ergonomic risks for operators, in particular, tractor drivers, potentially causing musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). This st...

  • Review
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,321 Views
11 Pages

GI endoscopy forms an important part in the daily practice of a gastroenterologist. Musculoskeletal injuries related to GI endoscopy are on the rise. Observational studies and surveys depict the importance of a proper ergonomic environment when perfo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
19 Citations
15,353 Views
15 Pages

10 May 2022

Lower back pain is a musculoskeletal disorder that is commonly reported among warehouse workers due to the nature of the work environment and manual handling activities. The objective of this study was to assess the ergonomic risks among warehouse wo...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,105 Views
11 Pages

Validating Measurement Structure of Checklist for Evaluating Ergonomics Risks in Heavy Mobile Machinery Cabs

  • Vesna Spasojević Brkić,
  • Mirjana Misita,
  • Martina Perišić,
  • Aleksandar Brkić and
  • Zorica Veljković

21 December 2022

Heavy mobile machinery cabs and their equipment are still not well adjusted to operators, so it is not surprising that we are still witnessing huge consequences of accidents at sites where they operate. The checklist with 39 questions, based on the p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,587 Views
17 Pages

Musculoskeletal Symptoms and Assessment of Ergonomic Risk Factors on a Coffee Farm

  • Carla Estrada-Muñoz,
  • Héctor Madrid-Casaca,
  • Guido Salazar-Sepúlveda,
  • Nicolás Contreras-Barraza,
  • José Iturra-González and
  • Alejandro Vega-Muñoz

30 July 2022

In Honduras, some coffee farms must comply with strict standards of social, economic, and environmental sustainability, due to their organic, gender and fair-trade certifications. The principal research aim is to evaluate the musculoskeletal risks in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
311 Views
9 Pages

Application of the ROSA Method for Evaluating Ergonomic Risk in University Students in Mexico During Remote Learning Due to COVID-19

  • Nancy Esmeralda Sánchez-Duarte,
  • Michelle Valencia-Arreola,
  • Maribel Pallanez-Murrieta,
  • Mabeth Burgos-Hernández,
  • Hugo César De La Torre-Valdez and
  • Daniel Morales-Romero

31 December 2025

It is imperative that society becomes aware of ergonomic risks, not only in an occupational place but also in everyday contexts where they can go unnoticed, such as the educational sector, and in the specific case of students. To identify this risk,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,795 Views
22 Pages

Background: This study examined the effects of psychosocial and ergonomic risk perceptions in the hospital environment on employee health, job performance, and absenteeism. In fast-paced hospital settings, the cumulative physical and psychological de...

  • Article
  • Open Access
42 Citations
9,115 Views
14 Pages

Ergonomic Risk Factors of Teleworking in Ecuador during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study

  • César Larrea-Araujo,
  • José Ayala-Granja,
  • Andrea Vinueza-Cabezas and
  • Patricia Acosta-Vargas

Due to the COVID-19 global pandemic, guidelines for people’s confinement have been implemented to prevent the disease’s spread. As a result of this, companies have implemented teleworking as an emerging way to work from home using information technol...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,756 Views
22 Pages

13 July 2022

In the wine industry, task planning is based on decision-making processes that are influenced by technical and organizational constraints as well as regulatory limitations. A characteristic constraint inherent to this sector concerns occupational ris...

  • Article
  • Open Access
38 Citations
7,119 Views
25 Pages

Equivalent Weight: Connecting Exoskeleton Effectiveness with Ergonomic Risk during Manual Material Handling

  • Christian Di Natali,
  • Giorgia Chini,
  • Stefano Toxiri,
  • Luigi Monica,
  • Sara Anastasi,
  • Francesco Draicchio,
  • Darwin G. Caldwell and
  • Jesús Ortiz

Occupational exoskeletons are becoming a concrete solution to mitigate work-related musculoskeletal disorders associated with manual material handling activities. The rationale behind this study is to search for common ground for exoskeleton evaluato...

  • Review
  • Open Access
4 Citations
5,446 Views
26 Pages

27 November 2024

In recent years, the increasing demand for worker safety and workflow efficiency in the construction industry has drawn considerable attention to the application of automated ergonomic technologies. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the curren...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
3,971 Views
11 Pages

Ergonomic Risk Factors for Musculoskeletal Disorders among Ethnic Lychee–Longan Harvesting Workers in Northern Thailand

  • Parichat Ong-Artborirak,
  • Supakan Kantow,
  • Katekaew Seangpraw,
  • Prakasit Tonchoy,
  • Nisarat Auttama,
  • Monchanok Choowanthanapakorn and
  • Sorawit Boonyathee

4 December 2022

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the leading causes of occupational injuries and disabilities. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of MSDs and occupational factors affecting MSDs among ethnic lychee–longan harvesti...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,105 Views
12 Pages

15 July 2024

In the paper, the role of ergonomics in promoting social sustainability within the workplace has been investigated and supported by evidence from the literature. Empirical research was conducted among 147 assembly line workers to gain insights into w...

  • Article
  • Open Access
123 Citations
10,635 Views
14 Pages

Automated Workers’ Ergonomic Risk Assessment in Manual Material Handling Using sEMG Wearable Sensors and Machine Learning

  • Srimantha E. Mudiyanselage,
  • Phuong Hoang Dat Nguyen,
  • Mohammad Sadra Rajabi and
  • Reza Akhavian

19 October 2021

Manual material handling tasks have the potential to be highly unsafe from an ergonomic viewpoint. Safety inspections to monitor body postures can help mitigate ergonomic risks of material handling. However, the real effect of awkward muscle movement...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
4,245 Views
17 Pages

A new ergonomic-risk-assessment tool was developed that combines musculoskeletal-model-based loading estimates with insights from fatigue failure theory to evaluate full-body musculoskeletal loading during dynamic tasks. Musculoskeletal-modeling outp...

  • Review
  • Open Access
70 Citations
13,133 Views
16 Pages

Ergonomics and Human Factors as a Requirement to Implement Safer Collaborative Robotic Workstations: A Literature Review

  • André Cardoso,
  • Ana Colim,
  • Estela Bicho,
  • Ana Cristina Braga,
  • Marino Menozzi and
  • Pedro Arezes

18 October 2021

There is a worldwide interest in implementing collaborative robots (Cobots) to reduce work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WMSD) risk. While prior work in this field has recognized the importance of considering Ergonomics & Human Factors (E&am...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
5,460 Views
15 Pages

Prevalence of Lower Back Pain and Associated Workplace and Ergonomic Factors among Mineworkers in a Nickel Mine, Zimbabwe

  • Kumbirai P. Zenda,
  • Phoka C. Rathebe,
  • Tshepo P. Moto,
  • Daniel M. Masekameni and
  • Thokozani P. Mbonane

16 September 2024

Lower back pain is a common occurrence among mine workers due to the nature of their work. Globally, workplace (occupational) and ergonomic risk factors have been reported to influence the prevalence of lower back pain among workers. This study aimed...

  • Article
  • Open Access
250 Views
14 Pages

9 January 2026

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) remain one of the most persistent occupational health challenges in the U.S. construction industry, where physically demanding tasks such as heavy lifting, kneeling, and working in awkward postures contribute to eleva...

  • Systematic Review
  • Open Access
67 Citations
12,591 Views
21 Pages

Wearable Sensors and Artificial Intelligence for Physical Ergonomics: A Systematic Review of Literature

  • Leandro Donisi,
  • Giuseppe Cesarelli,
  • Noemi Pisani,
  • Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione,
  • Carlo Ricciardi and
  • Edda Capodaglio

5 December 2022

Physical ergonomics has established itself as a valid strategy for monitoring potential disorders related, for example, to working activities. Recently, in the field of physical ergonomics, several studies have also shown potential for improvement in...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2,734 Views
12 Pages

20 June 2025

(1) Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are a major occupational health concern in the construction industry owing to the physically demanding tasks and poor ergonomic conditions present. Limited data exist on the prevalence of...

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