Sustainability

31 pages, 6518 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Industrial Load Flexibility Enhancement for Demand-Response Interaction

by Jiubo Zhang, Bowen Zhou, Zhile Yang, Yuanjun Guo, Chen Lv, Xiaofeng Xu and Jichun Liu

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4938; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114938 - 27 May 2025

The global transition toward low-carbon energy systems necessitates fundamental innovations in demand-side flexibility, particularly in industrial load regulation. This study presents a systematic review and critical analysis of 90 key research works (2015–2025) to establish a comprehensive framework for industrial load flexibility enhancement. [...] Read more.

The global transition toward low-carbon energy systems necessitates fundamental innovations in demand-side flexibility, particularly in industrial load regulation. This study presents a systematic review and critical analysis of 90 key research works (2015–2025) to establish a comprehensive framework for industrial load flexibility enhancement. We rigorously examined the tripartite interdependencies among the following: (1) Multi-energy flow physical coupling, addressing temporal-scale disparities in electricity-thermal-gas coordination under renewable penetration; (2) Uncertainty quantification, integrating data-driven and physics-informed modeling for robust decision-making; (3) Market mechanism synergy, analyzing demand response, carbon-P2P hybrid markets, and regulatory policy impacts. Our analysis reveals three fundamental challenges: the accuracy-stability trade-off in cross-timescale optimization, the policy-model disconnect in carbon-aware scheduling, and the computational complexity barrier for real-time industrial applications. The paper further proposes a roadmap for next-generation industrial load regulation systems, emphasizing co-optimization of technical feasibility, economic viability, and policy compliance. These findings advance both academic research and practical implementations for carbon-neutral power systems. Full article

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19 pages, 471 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainability-Driven Energy Efficiency Assessment: Divergent Policy Impacts of Single Factor Limits Versus Total Factor Coordination

by Houyin Long, Xiaoran Ding, Jingyu Xue and Guansen Lai

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4937; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114937 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

While China’s current energy policies predominantly adopt single-factor energy efficiency (SFEE) as the benchmark, academic research increasingly advocates total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) assessments. This study examines the differences between these two energy efficiency evaluation paradigms in the context of sustainable development goals, particularly [...] Read more.

While China’s current energy policies predominantly adopt single-factor energy efficiency (SFEE) as the benchmark, academic research increasingly advocates total-factor energy efficiency (TFEE) assessments. This study examines the differences between these two energy efficiency evaluation paradigms in the context of sustainable development goals, particularly exploring the extent of such divergences. Guided by the “energy input minimization” principle, we construct a time-series dynamic analytical framework to systematically compare the impact of SFEE and TFEE on regional energy efficiency rankings from a sustainable development perspective. Specifically, this paper innovatively incorporates “new driving forces” into the production function, establishing a green development-oriented evaluation system that reveals the measurement bias of traditional production frameworks on energy efficiency and its influence on regional rankings. The results demonstrate: (1) China’s regional energy efficiency rankings remain largely consistent under both evaluation systems, with only minor adjustments for individual provinces, confirming the feasibility of adopting SFEE in policy formulation as an effective method for evaluating and comparing regional energy efficiency; (2) For most provinces under the “new normal” economic development context, continued use of traditional production frameworks would lead to underestimation of TFEE. After introducing factors such as human capital, intangible capital, technological innovation, and business environments, China’s energy efficiency polarization gap widens. The evaluation of efficiency indicators provides theoretical foundations and micro-level evidence for energy policy formulation under the “dual-carbon” goals. Full article

27 pages, 4121 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Method for Resolving Gene Mutation Conflicts of Retired Mechanical Parts: Generalized Remanufacturing Scheme Design Oriented Toward Resource Reutilization

by Lei Wang, Yunke Qi, Yuyao Guo, Zelin Zhang and Xuhui Xia

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4936; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114936 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

The widespread scrapping of retired mechanical parts has led to severe waste of resources and environmental burdens, posing a significant challenge to sustainable industrial development. To enable efficient recycling of retired mechanical parts and enhance the sustainability of their remanufacturing processes, the concept [...] Read more.

The widespread scrapping of retired mechanical parts has led to severe waste of resources and environmental burdens, posing a significant challenge to sustainable industrial development. To enable efficient recycling of retired mechanical parts and enhance the sustainability of their remanufacturing processes, the concept of biological genes is adopted to characterize the changes in the information of retired mechanical parts during the remanufacturing process as gene mutations of parts, aiming to maximize remanufacturing potential and devise an optimal generalized remanufacturing strategy for extending part life cycles. However, gene mutation of retired mechanical parts is not an isolated event. The modification of local genes may disrupt the original equilibrium of the part’s state, leading to conflicts such as material–performance, structure–function/performance, and function–performance. These conflicts constitute a major challenge and bottleneck in designing generalized remanufacturing schemes. Therefore, we propose a conflict identification and resolution method for gene mutation of retired mechanical parts. First, gene mutation graph of retired mechanical parts is established to express its all-potential remanufacturing pathways. Using discrimination rules and the element representation method from extenics, mutation conflicts are identified, and a conflict problem model is constructed. Then, the theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) engineering parameters are reconstructed and mapped to the mutation conflict parameters. The semantic mapping between the inventive principles and the transforming bridges is established by the Word2Vec algorithm, thereby improving the transforming bridge method to generate conflict resolution solutions. A coexistence degree function of transforming bridges is proposed to verify the feasibility of the resolution solutions. Finally, taking the generalized remanufacturing of a retired gear shaft as an example, we analyze and discuss the process and outcome of resolving gene mutation conflicts, thereby verifying the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed concepts and methodology. Full article

24 pages, 976 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How Does the Digital Ecosystem Foster New Quality Productive Forces? A Dynamic QCA of Sustainable Development Pathways in China

by Yanhua Li and Tingyu Zhang

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4935; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114935 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

The digital ecosystem is playing an increasingly pivotal role in shaping the sustainable development of new quality productive forces (NQPFs), enabling cross-regional and cross-temporal optimization of production factors and efficiency enhancement. To uncover the complex mechanisms underpinning this process, this study constructs a [...] Read more.

The digital ecosystem is playing an increasingly pivotal role in shaping the sustainable development of new quality productive forces (NQPFs), enabling cross-regional and cross-temporal optimization of production factors and efficiency enhancement. To uncover the complex mechanisms underpinning this process, this study constructs a “Wuli–Shili–Renli” (WSR) framework to analyze how digital ecosystems drive NQPF development. Using panel data from 30 Chinese provinces (2019–2022), we employed dynamic qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) to explore the causal configurations and temporal–spatial dynamics of this relationship. The key findings include: (1) the development of NQPFs necessitates the interaction among multiple objects, events, and individuals, and no single condition can be considered a necessary condition; (2) there are four distinct configuration pathways for high NQPF development: application-oriented comprehensive WSR-driven, innovation-oriented WR-driven, talent-supported WS-driven, and infrastructure-supported WS-driven; (3) in terms of the temporal dimension, no significant temporal effect is observed; (4) spatial heterogeneity is pronounced, with less developed regions facing constraints in leveraging digital ecosystems for NQPF growth. By disentangling the multidimensional roles of digital ecosystems in promoting sustainable productivity, this research provides empirical evidence and practical strategies for regional policymakers to optimize digital infrastructure, capitalize on local strengths, and bridge development gaps, ultimately fostering inclusive and efficient new quality productive forces aligned with global sustainability goals. Full article

28 pages, 3358 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Smart City Construction on the Spatial Distribution of Urban Carbon Emissions Based on the Panel Data Analysis of 277 Prefecture-Level Cities in China

by Dacan Li, Xiaoyu Zhang, Albert D. Lau and Yuanyuan Gong

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4934; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114934 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2025

Abstract

The construction of smart cities, as a key driving force for the low-carbon transformation of the economy, urgently needs a systematic assessment of its carbon emission reduction potential. Based on the panel data of 277 cities in China from 2007 to 2021, this [...] Read more.

The construction of smart cities, as a key driving force for the low-carbon transformation of the economy, urgently needs a systematic assessment of its carbon emission reduction potential. Based on the panel data of 277 cities in China from 2007 to 2021, this study adopts innovative methods, integrates bibliometric analysis, and employs empirical models to deeply explore the impact of smart city construction on carbon emissions and its regional heterogeneity and resource endowment heterogeneity. The main findings are as follows: (1) The research on smart cities and carbon emissions present knowledge synergy, focusing on innovation and green development strategies. (2) A series of robustness tests show that smart city construction can significantly reduce urban carbon emissions. (3) Heterogeneity analysis reveals that the carbon emission reduction effect varies between regions (more significant in the northern region) and with resource endowments (non-resource-based cities are more advantageous). The important contribution of this study lies in its quantitative assessment of the carbon emission reduction effect of smart city construction, as well as its heterogeneity; this study also provides a solid empirical basis for formulating more targeted regional smart city development policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Greening the Atmosphere: Strategies for Air Pollution and Global Sustainability)

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18 pages, 849 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Trade Openness and Exchange Rate Volatility on South Africa’s Industrial Growth: Assessment Using ARDL and SVAR Models

by Tafirenyika Sunde

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4933; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114933 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

This paper explores the impact of trade openness and exchange rate volatility on South Africa’s industrial growth from 1980 to 2024 through a hybrid econometric framework combining Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) models. It captures both long-term relationships and [...] Read more.

This paper explores the impact of trade openness and exchange rate volatility on South Africa’s industrial growth from 1980 to 2024 through a hybrid econometric framework combining Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) models. It captures both long-term relationships and short-term economic patterns; the analysis reveals that gross domestic product (GDP) is the most significant and consistent driver of industrial value added (IVAD), while trade openness and currency volatility exert limited standalone effects. Structural shocks, notably the 2008 global financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, had significant negative short-term impacts on industrial performance, highlighting systemic vulnerabilities. Robustness tests, including rolling window ARDL and first-difference GDP estimation, confirm the persistence of these relationships. Impulse response functions and forecast error variance decomposition underscore the transient and moderate influence of external shocks compared with the dominant role of internal macroeconomic fundamentals. These findings indicate that liberalisation and exchange rate flexibility must be embedded within a broader developmental strategy underpinned by institutional strength, resilience building, and sustainability principles. This study provides fresh insights supporting policy frameworks that prioritise domestic industrial capacity, macroeconomic stability, and alignment with Sustainable Development Goal 9—inclusive and sustainable industrialisation. Full article

21 pages, 4767 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mapping the Distribution and Discharge of Plastic Pollution in the Ganga River

by Ekta Sharma, Aishwarya Ramachandran, Pariva Dobriyal, Srishti Badola, Heather Koldewey, Syed Ainul Hussain and Ruchi Badola

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4932; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114932 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions and a critical freshwater ecosystem, is under threat from escalating plastic pollution driven by widespread usage and inadequate disposal practices. While marine ecosystems have garnered extensive research attention, freshwater systems—particularly in the Global South—remain underexplored, leaving [...] Read more.

The Ganga River, a lifeline for millions and a critical freshwater ecosystem, is under threat from escalating plastic pollution driven by widespread usage and inadequate disposal practices. While marine ecosystems have garnered extensive research attention, freshwater systems—particularly in the Global South—remain underexplored, leaving critical gaps in understanding plastic pollution’s sources and pathways. Addressing these gaps, the study documents the prevalence and typology of plastic debris in urban and underexplored rural communities along the Ganga River, India, aiming to suggest mechanisms for a reduction in source-based pollution. A stratified random sampling approach was used to select survey sites and plastic debris was quantified and categorised through transect surveys. A total of 37,730 debris items were retrieved, dominated by packaging debris (52.46%), fragments (23.38%), tobacco-related debris (5.03%), and disposables (single-use plastic cutleries) (4.73%) along the surveyed segments with varying abundance trends. Floodplains displayed litter densities nearly 28 times higher than river shorelines (6.95 items/m² vs. 0.25 items/m²), with minor variations between high- and low-population-density areas (7.14 items/m vs. 6.7 items/m²). No significant difference was found between rural and urban areas (V = 41, p = 0.19), with mean densities of 0.87 items/m² and 0.81 items/m², respectively. Seasonal variations were insignificant (V = 13, p = 0.30), but treatment sites displayed significant variance (Chi² = 10.667, p = 0.004) due to flood impacts. The findings underscore the urgent need for tailored waste management strategies integrating industrial reforms, decentralised governance, and community-driven efforts. Enhanced baseline information and coordinated multi-sectoral efforts, including Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), are crucial for mitigating plastic pollution and protecting freshwater ecosystems, given rivers’ significant contribution to ocean pollution. Full article

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22 pages, 11338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Landscape-Based Groundwater Recharge in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

by Amna Riaz, Steffen Nijhuis and Inge Bobbink

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4931; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114931 (registering DOI) - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Rapid urbanization and climate change are the driving forces behind changing the urban landscape and affecting natural resources and the environment, particularly in the megacities of arid regions. Many of these cities face an acute water crisis leading to over-exploitation of groundwater resources. [...] Read more.

Rapid urbanization and climate change are the driving forces behind changing the urban landscape and affecting natural resources and the environment, particularly in the megacities of arid regions. Many of these cities face an acute water crisis leading to over-exploitation of groundwater resources. This over-exploitation has led to the depletion of aquifers, land infertility, saline intrusion, land subsidence, and harm to hydrological ecosystems. Globally, numerous studies have documented the potential of groundwater recharge (GWR) using GIS and remote sensing techniques. However, its practical application in a landscape context for sustainable urban and regional development is underexplored. In this study, we developed the landscape-based GWR concept by conducting a case study of Karachi city (Pakistan). We took physical landscape (surface and sub-surface) features and groundwater recharge potential as a base for design and planning to improve groundwater recharge and urban landscape. Moreover, we highlighted the added values of this approach besides recharging the depleted ground hydrological conditions and improving the urban landscape condition (i.e., social–ecological inclusiveness, sustainable future development, and interdisciplinary collaboration). The results indicated a negative impact of urbanization on groundwater recharge, especially in the alluvial zones and river valleys, underscoring the need for a spatial approach to safeguard GWR and guide development. Through this study, we propose that landscape-based GWR can be one of the potential solutions not only for the critical water crisis faced by rapidly urbanizing arid megacities but also for improving the overall quality of life and urban landscape. Furthermore, this holistic approach toward groundwater recharge can guide future urban development patterns, preservation of high groundwater recharge potential sites, and evolution toward sustainable development in arid regions where groundwater is the most significant yet vulnerable resource. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Landscape Connectivity for Sustainable Biodiversity Conservation)

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26 pages, 831 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainability Assessment of Hospital Wastewater Treatment Techniques: A Comprehensive Review

by Marleine Boutros, Rita Puig, Esther Bartoli and Makram El Bachawati

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4930; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114930 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Hospitals discharge wastewater containing toxic pollutants that pose risks to human health and the environment if not properly treated. Therefore, effective treatment techniques are essential. Although various reviews have explored hospital wastewater treatment (HWWT) methods, few have comprehensively assessed their sustainability—including technical, environmental, [...] Read more.

Hospitals discharge wastewater containing toxic pollutants that pose risks to human health and the environment if not properly treated. Therefore, effective treatment techniques are essential. Although various reviews have explored hospital wastewater treatment (HWWT) methods, few have comprehensively assessed their sustainability—including technical, environmental, economic, and social aspects. This paper reviews the literature on these dimensions and identifies critical research gaps. Technically, the combination of biological and tertiary techniques can achieve removal efficiencies between 60% and 99% for emerging contaminants. Environmentally, electricity consumption is a major concern, ranging from 0.2 to 3 kWh/m³, depending on the technique. Economically, costs rise with energy-intensive methods; ultraviolet disinfection operates at 0.016 €/m³, while Fenton treatment reaches 23.38 €/m³. No dedicated social assessments exist for HWWT; therefore, municipal wastewater studies were used as references. This paper proposes public health-related social indicators tailored for HWWT. Two key research gaps are identified: the lack of integrated sustainability and social assessments and limited comparability across studies. This review adapts the life cycle sustainability assessment framework to HWWT and offers recommendations for improved comparability and targeted future research. Addressing these gaps will support more holistic evaluations and guide effective and informed decision-making in hospital wastewater management. Full article

27 pages, 2857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Intelligent Manufacturing and Green Innovation Efficiency: Perspective on the Agglomeration Effect

by Hong Ji, Xin Zeng and Fengxiu Zhou

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4929; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114929 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

In the context of Industry 4.0, the transformative integration of intelligent digitalization, sustainable practices, and cross-sectoral industrial convergence within manufacturing systems constitutes a strategic imperative for addressing global climate emergencies and accelerating resource scarcity. Using panel data from 279 prefecture-level cities and the [...] Read more.

In the context of Industry 4.0, the transformative integration of intelligent digitalization, sustainable practices, and cross-sectoral industrial convergence within manufacturing systems constitutes a strategic imperative for addressing global climate emergencies and accelerating resource scarcity. Using panel data from 279 prefecture-level cities and the multiperiod difference-in-differences (DID) approach, this study investigates the impact of intelligent manufacturing on urban green innovation efficiency and its heterogeneous effects. The results reveal that intelligent manufacturing significantly enhances urban green innovation efficiency through scale agglomeration, economic agglomeration, and talent agglomeration, with robustness confirmed by propensity score matching DID tests and double machine learning. In addition, financial development has a nonlinear moderating effect on this relationship. When financial development surpasses the critical threshold of 3.817, its positive moderating effect becomes significantly enhanced. Heterogeneity analyses demonstrate that the benefits of intelligent manufacturing are more pronounced in the middle and western regions, noncentral cities, and cities with advanced industrial intelligence, robust digital finance ecosystems, or stringent environmental regulations. These findings provide novel insights into the dynamic mechanisms through which intelligent manufacturing fosters green innovation, offering policymakers in developing economies a framework to tailor regional strategies, optimize governance systems, and harness intelligent manufacturing as a catalyst for sustainable, innovation-driven growth. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

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28 pages, 1501 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Retrofitting ADAS for Enhanced Truck Safety: Analysis Through Systematic Review, Cost–Benefit Assessment, and Pilot Field Testing

by Matteo Pizzicori, Simone Piantini, Cosimo Lucci, Pierluigi Cordellieri, Marco Pierini and Giovanni Savino

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4928; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114928 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Road transport remains a dominant mode of transportation in Europe, yet it significantly contributes to fatalities and injuries, particularly in crashes involving heavy goods vehicles and trucks. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are widely recognized as a promising solution for improving truck safety. [...] Read more.

Road transport remains a dominant mode of transportation in Europe, yet it significantly contributes to fatalities and injuries, particularly in crashes involving heavy goods vehicles and trucks. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) are widely recognized as a promising solution for improving truck safety. However, given that the average age of the EU truck fleet is 12 years and ADAS technologies is mandatory for new vehicles from 2024, their full impact on crash reduction may take over a decade to materialize. To address this delay, retrofitting ADAS onto existing truck fleets presents a viable strategy for enhancing road safety more promptly. This study integrates a systematic literature review, cost–benefit analysis, and a pilot field test to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of retrofitting ADAS. The literature review categorizes ADAS technologies based on their crash prevention potential, cost-effectiveness, market availability, and overall efficacy. A cost–benefit analysis applied to the Italian context estimates that ADAS retrofitting could save over 250 lives annually and reduce societal costs by more than €350 million. Moreover, the economic analysis indicates that the installation cost of retrofitted ADAS is outweighed by the societal savings associated with prevented crashes. Finally, pilot field testing suggests high user acceptance, providing a foundation for further large-scale studies. In conclusion, retrofitting ADAS onto existing truck fleets represents an effective and immediate strategy for significantly reducing truck-related crashes in Europe, bridging the gap until newer, ADAS-equipped vehicles dominate the fleet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychology of Sustainability and Sustainable Development)

20 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ecological vs. Traditional Aquaculture: Carbon Footprint and Economic Performance of Integrated Fish–Euryale ferox Systems

by Jiayin Ling, Guozheng Li, Guodong Yuan, Liang Xiao, Liwen Shao, Yaoyang Chen and Jianqiao Qin

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4927; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114927 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

This study examined the carbon footprints of freshwater fish farming and Euryale ferox seed (gorgon fruit) production, comparing integrated ecological mode and traditional farming practices based on ISO 14067 and PAS 2050 standards. The ecological mode achieved a 24% lower carbon footprint per [...] Read more.

This study examined the carbon footprints of freshwater fish farming and Euryale ferox seed (gorgon fruit) production, comparing integrated ecological mode and traditional farming practices based on ISO 14067 and PAS 2050 standards. The ecological mode achieved a 24% lower carbon footprint per unit product than traditional practices, driven by reduced material and energy use. Key emission sources included aeration electricity, feed, and wastewater treatment for fish farming, fertilizers, insecticides, and drainage energy for E. ferox planting. The integrated model combining high-density fish ponds and E. ferox pond reduced the overall carbon footprint (Micropterus salmoides: 4.342 kg CO₂-eq/kg; E. ferox seed: 0.208 kg CO₂-eq/kg) compared to traditional practices (Micropterus salmoides: 5.672 kg CO₂-eq/kg; E. ferox seed: 0.297 kg CO₂-eq/kg). It also lowered production costs, increased profits, and mitigated GHG emissions by using E. ferox and lotus ponds as treatment facilities and reducing fertilizer use. The ecological model showed lower unit costs and higher profits (Micropterus salmoides: 4.01 RMB/kg vs. 2.46 RMB/kg; E. ferox seed: 2.53 RMB/kg vs. 1.93 RMB/kg) than those of the traditional mode. This study underscores the potential of ecologically integrated modes to mitigate water pollution and carbon emissions in agriculture, offering a sustainable solution to meet the rising demand for aquatic products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental and Economic Sustainability in Agri-Food System)

21 pages, 3453 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Explaining Urban Vitality Through Interpretable Machine Learning: A Big Data Approach Using Street View Images and Environmental Factors

by Dong Li, Houzeng Han, Jian Wang and Xingxing Xiao

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4926; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114926 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Urban vitality (UV) is a critical indicator for measuring the level of sustainable urban development, closely associated with environmental factors such as population density, economic activity, and spatial utilization efficiency. However, traditional methods face significant limitations in capturing the heterogeneity and nonlinear relationships [...] Read more.

Urban vitality (UV) is a critical indicator for measuring the level of sustainable urban development, closely associated with environmental factors such as population density, economic activity, and spatial utilization efficiency. However, traditional methods face significant limitations in capturing the heterogeneity and nonlinear relationships between urban vitality and its influencing factors. This study suggests an interpretable machine learning framework to address the aforementioned issues. It combines a gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model with the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) framework to examine the urban vitality distribution characteristics and factors that influence them in Beijing’s fifth ring road. The main findings include the following: Urban vitality within Beijing’s fifth ring road exhibits significant spatial clustering and positive correlations, with clear spatial heterogeneity. The plot ratio (PR) exerts a notable positive influence on urban vitality, while green space accessibility (DG) demonstrates the strongest negative impact. The building density (BD), in contrast, shows a strong negative correlation with urban vitality. Variables such as the NDVI, average housing price (AHP), and road network density (RND) contribute significantly to urban vitality, reflecting the combined effects of vegetation coverage, economic conditions, and transportation layout. The findings provide a quantitative analytical tool for urban planning, facilitating resource optimization, improving urban vitality, and supporting scientific and rational decision-making. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Socially Sustainable Urban and Architectural Design)

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24 pages, 1125 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biomass Ash: A Review of Chemical Compositions and Management Trends

by Izabella Maj, Kamil Niesporek, Piotr Płaza, Jörg Maier and Paweł Łój

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4925; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114925 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

With the increasing global emphasis on renewable energy, the generation of biomass fly ash is anticipated to rise substantially in the coming years. This trend highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to manage and utilize this byproduct sustainably. This study reviews and [...] Read more.

With the increasing global emphasis on renewable energy, the generation of biomass fly ash is anticipated to rise substantially in the coming years. This trend highlights the urgent need for effective strategies to manage and utilize this byproduct sustainably. This study reviews and classifies selected types of biomass ashes, treating them as representative examples that illustrate the wide variability in chemical compositions and physical properties across different biomass sources. These include ashes derived from woody biomass, agricultural residues, animal-origin biomass, and sewage sludge. Biomass ashes exhibit significant heterogeneity compared to coal ashes, which makes understanding their chemical composition—particularly the major components such as calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), and phosphorus (P)—critical for identifying suitable industrial applications. Special categories of ashes with elevated heavy metals and chlorine (Cl) levels are also identified and discussed. This approach enables the identification of sustainable utilization pathways, ranging from traditional uses, such as agricultural fertilizers and construction materials, to emerging applications in advanced engineering materials. Additionally, this paper addresses the assessment and mitigation of potential risks related to hazardous metals in biomass ashes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Technologies and Sustainable Agricultural Waste Utilization)

23 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Advancing Sustainable Development Through Digital Transformation and Fintech Innovation

by Sonia Sayari, Nidhal Mgadmi, Imed Ben Dhaou, Mohammed Almehdar, Syed Khusro Chishty and Abbassi Rabeh

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4924; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114924 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Purpose: Our study investigates the combined effects of financial technologies (fintech) and the digital economy on sustainable development, considering geopolitical risks as a moderating factor. Origin: While sustainable development is a global imperative, the integrated roles of digital transformation and fintech remain [...] Read more.

Purpose: Our study investigates the combined effects of financial technologies (fintech) and the digital economy on sustainable development, considering geopolitical risks as a moderating factor. Origin: While sustainable development is a global imperative, the integrated roles of digital transformation and fintech remain insufficiently explored. Our research addresses this gap by analyzing their impacts on socioeconomic advancement and environmental sustainability across diverse contexts. Methodology: Employing panel data from 30 developed and developing countries between 1990 and 2023, we assess sustainable development using the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) and the Human Development Index (HDI). Independent variables include proxies for the digital economy (e.g., internet usage, mobile subscriptions, and high-tech exports) and fintech (e.g., digital payments, digital currency, and peer-to-peer lending). The Geopolitical Risk Index (GPRI) is used to evaluate the effect of political instability. We apply generalized least squares (GLS) and fixed-effects estimation (within) to ensure robustness. Findings: Our results indicate that digital transformation and fintech significantly foster socioeconomic development and environmental performance, even amidst geopolitical instability. Key variables such as digital payments and internet access show substantial positive impacts, providing valuable insights for policymakers aiming to enhance resilience and sustainability. Contribution: Our article offers a comprehensive evaluation of how the digital economy and fintech jointly influence sustainable development under geopolitical risks, providing a nuanced understanding for policymakers and researchers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovation, Entrepreneurship, and Sustainable Economic Development)

29 pages, 674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Building Sustainable Teaching Careers: The Impact of Diversity Practices on Middle School Teachers’ Job Satisfaction in China and the United States

by Yu Xiao and Li Zheng

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4923; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114923 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Given the growing global emphasis on inclusive education, it is critical to understand how diversity practices in schools influence middle school teachers’ job satisfaction and long-term retention. However, previous research has paid limited attention to cross-cultural differences and often overlooks how diversity-related demands [...] Read more.

Given the growing global emphasis on inclusive education, it is critical to understand how diversity practices in schools influence middle school teachers’ job satisfaction and long-term retention. However, previous research has paid limited attention to cross-cultural differences and often overlooks how diversity-related demands interact with workplace resources. Grounded in the Job Demands–Resources (JD–R) framework, this comparative study conceptualizes perceived diversity practices as job demands that may place additional emotional and cognitive burdens on teachers, while teacher–student relationships are viewed as key social resources that can buffer these effects. Using data from the 2018 OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), we analyzed responses from over 6500 middle school teachers in the United States and China, employing regression analysis, Shapley value decomposition, and structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine direct and mediated pathways. The results reveal marked cultural variation: In the U.S., diversity practices as job demands are more likely to be associated with increased job satisfaction through direct institutional support—particularly for female and older teachers. In contrast, in China, the positive impact of diversity-related demands on job satisfaction is primarily achieved through strong teacher–student relationships, which serve as vital compensatory resources—especially for middle-aged educators. These findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive policy design; while individualistic educational systems may benefit from direct structural supports, collectivist systems may require relational strategies to foster sustainable teacher satisfaction and retention, ultimately advancing educational quality and equity. Full article

18 pages, 1612 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Fish Diversity and Drivers Based on Environmental DNA in Chishui River, China

by Ningning Guo, Junqin Wang, Nengwen Xiao, Xiaoqi Gao, Mei Shen, Xiaoxuan Sun and Junsheng Li

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4922; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114922 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Freshwater fish is facing a great crisis due to the looming threat of biodiversity loss. Certain important target areas are difficult to survey owing to their accessibility, making them susceptible to data deficiencies. In this study, we surveyed 52 sites using environmental DNA [...] Read more.

Freshwater fish is facing a great crisis due to the looming threat of biodiversity loss. Certain important target areas are difficult to survey owing to their accessibility, making them susceptible to data deficiencies. In this study, we surveyed 52 sites using environmental DNA techniques to investigate fish biodiversity in the Chishui River Basin of the Yangtze River, China. A total of 96,031 valid fish sequences were read, resulting in the identification of 77 species belonging to six orders, 62 genera, and 18 families. The dominant orders were Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, and Perciformes. Among the identified fishes, 71 were native and six were exotic, with the native fishes including 16 endemic fishes from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The Shannon–Wiener and richness indices of the tributaries in the upstream section were significantly higher than those of the tributaries in the downstream section. The Datong River is the most diverse secondary tributary of the Chishui River. Among the environmental factors in the Chishui River Basin, altitude and electrical conductivity had the greatest influence on fish diversity (p < 0.01). Our findings highlight the application of environmental DNA technology to modern biodiversity surveys and illustrate that the Chishui River Basin is primarily affected by environmental factors at this stage. However, continuing efforts are needed to protect freshwater biodiversity, and additional research is required to better understand the complex interplay between human activity and environmental factors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecology, Biodiversity and Sustainable Conservation)

22 pages, 899 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining the Formation of Resident Support for Tourism: An Integration of Social Exchange Theory and Tolerance Zone Theory

by Xue Qin, Shun Ye, Fuhua Xiang and Chunyan Wang

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4921; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114921 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Resident support toward tourism is often analyzed through the lens of the “benefits vs. costs” paradigm within social exchange theory. However, empirical observations have shown instances where residents remain supportive despite costs outweighing benefits, challenging the conventional social exchange logic. To address this [...] Read more.

Resident support toward tourism is often analyzed through the lens of the “benefits vs. costs” paradigm within social exchange theory. However, empirical observations have shown instances where residents remain supportive despite costs outweighing benefits, challenging the conventional social exchange logic. To address this paradox, this study introduces the Tolerance Zone Theory. A conceptual framework has been constructed wherein the influence of negative tourism factors is contingent upon residents’ level of tolerance. This tolerance is, in turn, molded by the presence of positive outcomes derived from tourism. This framework was tested using survey data gathered from 514 residents in ethnic villages in Guizhou Province, China. The results validate the moderating effect of tolerance, demonstrating that high tolerance can mitigate the impact of negative tourism outcomes on resident support. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Full article

29 pages, 934 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Emergency Cooperative Strategies in Marine Oil Spill Response: A Stochastic Evolutionary Game Approach

by Feifan He, Yuanyuan Xu, Pengjun Zheng, Guiyun Liu and Dan Zhao

Sustainability 2025, 17(11), 4920; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17114920 - 27 May 2025

Abstract

Marine oil spills significantly adversely affect the socio-economic environment and marine ecosystems. Establishing an efficient emergency cooperation mechanism that enables swift and coordinated responses from all stakeholders is crucial to mitigate the harmful consequences of such spills and protect regional security. This study [...] Read more.

Marine oil spills significantly adversely affect the socio-economic environment and marine ecosystems. Establishing an efficient emergency cooperation mechanism that enables swift and coordinated responses from all stakeholders is crucial to mitigate the harmful consequences of such spills and protect regional security. This study uses stochastic evolutionary game theory to develop an emergency cooperation model, focusing on the strategic interactions and dynamic evolution between three main parties: the local government, port enterprises, and specialized oil spill cleanup units. The findings indicate the following: (1) The strategy choice of the local government plays a dominant role in the three-party game and has a significant guiding effect on the behavioral decisions of port enterprises and specialized oil spill cleanup units. (2) The strength of the government’s reward and punishment mechanism directly affects the cooperation tendency of the port enterprises and specialized oil spill cleanup units. (3) When the emergency response is more efficient and the cooperation effect is significant, the cleanup units may choose negative cooperation based on payoff maximization in order to prolong the cleaning time. (4) In the process of system evolution, the strategies of local governments and port enterprises are more stable and less affected by random perturbations, while the strategy fluctuations of cleanup units are more sensitive. The findings enrich the theoretical framework for handling marine oil spill emergencies and provide valuable insights for developing efficient collaborative mechanisms and formulating well-grounded regulatory incentive policies. Full article

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