Environments

23 pages, 1625 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ecotoxicity Analysis of Bentazone Under the Albufera Lake Conditions Before and After Electrooxidation and Photoelectrooxidation Processes

by Teresa Girona Albuixech, Montserrat García Gabaldón, Carlos Domingo Torner, Valentín Pérez Herranz and Maria Teresa Montañés Sanjuan

Environments 2026, 13(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010008 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study first analyzes the ecotoxicity of bentazone (BTZ), an herbicide detected in the Albufera Natural Park. BTZ exhibits an EC₅₀ (5 days) towards Lactuca sativa of 900 mg L⁻¹, showing a hormetic effect. The toxic effects of a BTZ, [...] Read more.

This study first analyzes the ecotoxicity of bentazone (BTZ), an herbicide detected in the Albufera Natural Park. BTZ exhibits an EC₅₀ (5 days) towards Lactuca sativa of 900 mg L⁻¹, showing a hormetic effect. The toxic effects of a BTZ,

N a C l

, and

{N a}_{2} S O_{4}

mixture are generally lower than the individual toxic effects considered additively. However, possible synergy on ecotoxicity was observed at 600 mg L⁻¹ of BTZ in the presence of 2.8 g L⁻¹ of

{N a}_{2} S O_{4}

and 0.8 g L⁻¹ of

N a C l

. A statistical model was obtained to predict the ecotoxicity thresholds towards Lactuca sativa for combinations of the three compounds. In general, when the concentration of one compound increases, a lower concentration of the others is necessary for the mixture to be toxic. However, in the presence of

N a C l

, below 382 mg L⁻¹ of BTZ, the concentrations of both compounds need to be increased. This is attributable to the hormetic behavior of BTZ. This BTZ concentration decreases as the

{N a}_{2} S O_{4}

concentration increases. Secondly, the effectiveness of electrooxidation and photoelectrooxidation processes to eliminate BTZ was studied. A ceramic anode made of Sb-

{S n O}_{2}

and coated with a

{B i}_{2} {W O}_{6}

photocatalyst was used. The degradation and mineralization degrees achieved using a mixture of 0.46 g L⁻¹ of

N a C l

and 1.3 g L⁻¹ of

{N a}_{2} S O_{4}

(like the Albufera lake conditions) show intermediate values between those achieved with pure electrolytes. Specifically, applying 0.6 A, they are very close to the maximum values achieved with pure

N a C l

. Moreover, the final effluent’s toxicity is significantly lower, especially when light is applied. Therefore, the photoelectrooxidation process applying 0.6 A with the mixed electrolyte is the most effective technique from the combined point of view of final degradation (90.9%), mineralization (62.4%), and toxicity. Full article

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26 pages, 3057 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Multi-Matrix Approach to Studying Microplastic Pollution in Lake Baikal: Where Were the Highest Concentrations Found?

by Dmitry Karnaukhov, Sofia Biritskaya, Anastasia Solodkova, Artem Guliguev, Yana Ermolaeva, Arina Lavnikova, Dmitry Golubets, Maria Maslennikova, Yulia Frank, Vasily Vishnyakov, Renat Adelshin, Ekaterina Govorukhina and Eugene Silow

Environments 2026, 13(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010007 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

Microplastic pollution of ecosystems is considered a modern problem. Freshwater ecosystems, despite the interest shown in their study, remain poorly understood. Lake Baikal (Russia) is one of the least studied freshwater ecosystems in this regard. This large lake is distinguished from others by [...] Read more.

Microplastic pollution of ecosystems is considered a modern problem. Freshwater ecosystems, despite the interest shown in their study, remain poorly understood. Lake Baikal (Russia) is one of the least studied freshwater ecosystems in this regard. This large lake is distinguished from others by its high level of biodiversity and clean drinking water. The aim of this study is a multi-matrix investigation of microplastic pollution in one of the lake’s bay. The following matrices are used: surface water, water column, sediment, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fish, as well as ice and snow during the winter. The results show that certain locations exhibit high concentrations of microplastic particles. In some cases, this was due to the properties or characteristics of these locations (littoral zones near the water’s edge, macrophytes with mucus sheaths, ice and snow (potentially, the near-surface water layer after ice melt)), while in others, it was due to localized pollution (pier and ship mooring areas). An analysis of the polymer types of the detected microplastic particles reveals the presence of both common (polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride) and rare (polyvinyl alcohol and alkyd resin). Moreover, in some locations, the latter two polymers predominate, a phenomenon rarely observed in other studies. Further research was recommended to focus on the chronic effects of microplastic particles on organisms associated with areas of elevated particle concentrations. Full article

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12 pages, 1490 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Approach to Quality Control of the Dithiothreitol (DTT) Assay for the Determination of Oxidative Potential of Atmospheric Particulate Matter

by Carolina Vicente, Sara Gonçalves, Carla Gamelas, Susana Marta Almeida and Nuno Canha

Environments 2026, 13(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010006 (registering DOI) - 22 Dec 2025

Abstract

The oxidative potential (OP) of airborne particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a promising metric to assess the capacity of particles to induce oxidative stress and related health effects. Thus, ensuring the reliability and comparability of OP measurements is essential for accurate environmental [...] Read more.

The oxidative potential (OP) of airborne particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a promising metric to assess the capacity of particles to induce oxidative stress and related health effects. Thus, ensuring the reliability and comparability of OP measurements is essential for accurate environmental and toxicological assessment. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a quality control approach for the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay used in OP determination. The DTT assay provides an estimation on how harmful PM can be to human health through oxidative stress, relating it to the consumption of DTT during the test period. Two experiments were conducted using the Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1648–Urban Particulate Matter (NIST, USA). The first assessed the effect of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) addition order and the feasibility of using SRM 1648 as a reference material. The second evaluated the stability of the SRM solution over a 63-day period. Statistical analysis (Mann–Whitney test) indicated that the order of TCA addition did not significantly affect OP values (p > 0.05). SRM 1648 solution determination showed high reproducibility (mean DTTₘ = 14.6 ± 2.4 pmol·min⁻¹·µg⁻¹), although a gradual increase in DTT metrics was observed over time, consistent with progressive dissolution. The results support the application of SRM 1648 as a reference material for DTT assay quality control, supporting methodological harmonization in OP determination, provided that a freshly prepared solution is used. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Urban Air Pollution: 2nd Edition)

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22 pages, 583 KB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Valuation of an Innovative Biodiversity Information System: Evidence from the LIFE EL-BIOS Project (Greece)

by Konstantinos G. Papaspyropoulos, Sofia Mpekiri, Konstantinos Moschopoulos, Maria Katsakiori, Vasileios Bontzorlos and Georgios Mallinis

Environments 2026, 13(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010005 (registering DOI) - 21 Dec 2025

Abstract

High-quality, interoperable biodiversity information is a prerequisite for effective conservation policy, compliance with European Union (EU) reporting obligations, and efficient environmental decision-making. Greece’s LIFE EL-BIOS (LIFE20 GIE/GR/001317) developed the first National Biodiversity Information System, aiming to aggregate, standardise, and disseminate spatial and non-spatial [...] Read more.

High-quality, interoperable biodiversity information is a prerequisite for effective conservation policy, compliance with European Union (EU) reporting obligations, and efficient environmental decision-making. Greece’s LIFE EL-BIOS (LIFE20 GIE/GR/001317) developed the first National Biodiversity Information System, aiming to aggregate, standardise, and disseminate spatial and non-spatial data for species, habitats, pressures, and trends. This paper provides an economic valuation of this information system as a public, non-market good. We designed a two-stage stated-preference study: (i) a short pre-survey to calibrate initial bids and (ii) the main survey employing double-bounded dichotomous choice (DBDC) contingent valuation with a spike-logit specification. The payment vehicle was a hypothetical monthly subscription in a post-LIFE scenario. The instrument measured time savings (hours), perceived reliability (Likert 1–5), and key demographics/roles. A total of 167 valid responses were collected in September 2025. Participants reported an average of 5.2 h saved per use (median 4; max 14). Among those expressing willingness to pay (WTP), 77% rated EL-BIOS reliability as “High/Very high”. Econometric results indicate time savings as the strongest positive determinant of WTP; perceived reliability is positive and marginally significant; years of experience are negatively associated with acceptance; and cost has a strong negative effect. Mean WTP is estimated at €6.7 per month (median €3.5). Notably, 64% of those unwilling to pay declared protest motives (data should remain public and free). Accordingly, non-payment is decomposed into true zero WTP versus protest-based refusal, i.e., refusal to pay despite acknowledging value. This high protest share reflects principled opposition to paying for public biodiversity data rather than low perceived value of the system. The EL-BIOS database generates measurable productivity gains and social value both through positive WTP and principled protest responses supporting open public data. These findings inform policy on sustainable financing, governance, and long-term operation of national biodiversity information systems. Full article

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29 pages, 1864 KB

Open AccessArticle

Seasonal and Cross-Shore Characterization of Sediments Along the Ferrara Coastal Area (NW Adriatic Sea, Italy)

by Joana Buoninsegni, Antonello Aquilano, Elena Marrocchino and Carmela Vaccaro

Environments 2026, 13(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010004 - 20 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study provides a seasonal and cross-shore characterization of sediments along the Ferrara coastal area (Italy). Four sites (Goro, Volano, Estensi, and Spina) were investigated through an integrated approach including textural and geochemical analyses. Surface sediments were sampled seasonally from summer 2023 to [...] Read more.

This study provides a seasonal and cross-shore characterization of sediments along the Ferrara coastal area (Italy). Four sites (Goro, Volano, Estensi, and Spina) were investigated through an integrated approach including textural and geochemical analyses. Surface sediments were sampled seasonally from summer 2023 to summer 2024 and analyzed to determine granulometry, major oxides composition, carbonate content, and potentially toxic element (PTE) contents. Results revealed that both grain-size and geochemistry vary seasonally and along the cross-shore profile, reflecting the combined effects of hydrodynamic forcing, sediment transport, and fluvial inputs. Elevated contents of Ce, Cr, La, V, and Zr were detected at various sites, seasons, and geomorphological zones. In some cases, the environmental quality indices applied allowed the sediments to be classified as polluted. Furthermore, some exceedances of the legal limits for Cr and V contents were observed at Goro and Volano. These pollution levels are attributable to the presence of PTE-bearing minerals originating from the source basins (geogenic sources). Overall, the results highlight the interplay between hydrodynamics and sediment provenance, emphasizing the dominance of geogenic contributions along the northern Adriatic coast, providing updated geochemical data for future monitoring and environmental management of coastal systems. Full article

10 pages, 1129 KB

Open AccessArticle

Automated μFTIR Imaging Demonstrates Variability in Microplastic Ingestion by Aquatic Insects in a Remote Taiwanese Mountain Stream

by Yu-Cheng Wu, Chun-Hsuan Wei, Ming-Chih Chiu, Yu-Cheng Chen, Mei-Hwa Kuo and Vincent H. Resh

Environments 2026, 13(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010003 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

The use of focal plane array micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FPA-μFTIR) enables high-resolution characterization of microplastics (MPs) in a wide variety of matrices, including both biotic and abiotic samples. However, this technique has not yet been applied to study MP ingestion in organisms [...] Read more.

The use of focal plane array micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FPA-μFTIR) enables high-resolution characterization of microplastics (MPs) in a wide variety of matrices, including both biotic and abiotic samples. However, this technique has not yet been applied to study MP ingestion in organisms in areas with low MP pollution (e.g., national parks or protected areas). In this study, FPA-μFTIR was used to quantify MPs in the bodies of aquatic insects collected from a high-altitude stream (~2000 m) in Taiwan. Results showed that MP ingestion occurred in nearly all examined taxa, except for caddisfly (Trichoptera: Stenopsychidae) and dragonfly (Odonata: Gomphidae). The majority of MPs were smaller than 500 μm, and the dominant MP polymers identified were polyethylene (65%) and polypropylene (30%), which occurred mainly as fragments (83%) and, to a lesser extent, as fibers (17%). The highest number of MP particles was in the scraper functional-feeding group (FFG), while MPs were not detectable in collector–filterer FFG. The highest MP concentration (particles/individuals) was found in the waterpenny beetle Ectopria sp., followed by the mayflies Paraleptophlebia sp. and Epeorus erratus, and Chironomidae in the subfamily Tanypodinae. We suggest that using high-resolution FPA-μFTIR can be effectively applied to study and monitor MP ingestion in remote, pristine ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecotoxicity of Microplastics)

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26 pages, 2248 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Latvian Experience in Assessing the Potential of Agricultural Decarbonization Measures

by Dina Popluga, Kaspars Naglis-Liepa, Arnis Lenerts and Ksenija Furmanova

Environments 2026, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010002 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

This paper aims to provide an analytical assessment of country-level experience in moving towards agricultural decarbonization—from ideas around decarbonization measures to assessment of their potential, including evaluations of political goals and practical implementation success. This paper is based on 10-year cycle that highlights [...] Read more.

This paper aims to provide an analytical assessment of country-level experience in moving towards agricultural decarbonization—from ideas around decarbonization measures to assessment of their potential, including evaluations of political goals and practical implementation success. This paper is based on 10-year cycle that highlights the main steps in building decarbonization awareness using an approach that can monitor, quantify, and evaluate the contribution of agricultural practices to climate change mitigation. This approach is based on a marginal abatement cost curve (MACC), which serves as a convenient visual tool for evaluating the effectiveness of various greenhouse gas emission reduction measures in agriculture, as well as climate policy planning. This study reveals the experiences to date and the main directions for developing the MACC approach, which serves as a basis for analyzing the potential of moving towards decarbonization in agriculture for a specific European Union Member state, i.e., Latvia. The results of the study are of practical use for the development of agricultural, environmental, and climate policies or legal frameworks, policy analysis, and impact assessment. Additionally, the findings are useful for educating farmers and the public about measures to reduce GHG and ammonia emissions. Full article

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19 pages, 9978 KB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Water Pollution Monitoring and Qualitative Source Identification in a Typical Coastal River Network

by Shuangshuang Ying, Pengcheng Yao, Ziming Wang, Yangyang Luo, Baichang Zhao, Ruoxuan Guan, Min Cao, Mingyu Xuan, Ranyun Xu, Yunfei He, Hangjun Zhang and Jiafeng Ding

Environments 2026, 13(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments13010001 - 19 Dec 2025

Abstract

This study focuses on a rapidly urbanizing coastal plain where river networks serve as critical pathways for pollutant transport to nearshore waters. Under frequent sluice control and sluggish hydrodynamics, pollutants accumulate in channels and are subsequently flushed during intense rainfall or sluice-opening events, [...] Read more.

This study focuses on a rapidly urbanizing coastal plain where river networks serve as critical pathways for pollutant transport to nearshore waters. Under frequent sluice control and sluggish hydrodynamics, pollutants accumulate in channels and are subsequently flushed during intense rainfall or sluice-opening events, increasing pollutant loads in downstream estuaries. Based on 2017–2024 water quality monitoring data, integrated multi-source environmental factor analysis and unmanned patrol boat technology, systematic water quality assessment and pollution source identification were conducted. Significant spatial heterogeneity was observed: phosphorus and nitrogen pollution dominated in the eastern region, whereas the permanganate index was more prominent in the western part of the network. Identification of abrupt water quality change sections revealed industrial wastewater as the primary contributor to phosphorus and nitrogen, whereas permanganate index pollution originated widely from aquaculture, agriculture, and industrial discharges. Atmospheric deposition likely provides a non-negligible contribution to phosphorus and nitrogen input, with fluxes strongly correlated to rainfall. Sediment release posed internal risks of carbon and phosphorus, with intensity positively linked to pollution levels. This study elucidates the water quality characteristics and multi-source pollution mechanisms in typical coastal river networks under rapid economic development. Therefore, it provides a scientific basis for precise regional water environment management and coastal water quality protection. Full article

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16 pages, 4870 KB

Open AccessArticle

Wastewater-Based Detection of a Rare SARS-CoV-2 Variant in a Hospital Setting: Implications for Individual-Level Resolution

by Jeffrey L. Ram, Md Alamin, Azadeh Bahmani, Lance Gable, Sneha Ghosh, Katherine Gurdziel, James Hartrick, Natasha Islam, Paul E. Kilgore, Anthony T. Lagina III, Michael Mossing, Armin Namayandeh, Pelumi M. Oladipo, Natalie Ram, Rola Raychouni, William Shuster, Geehan Suleyman, Carrie L. Turner, Benjamin Wasinski, Thameena Yusuf, Marcus Zervos, Xiangmin Zhang and Wanqing Liu Show full author list Hide full author list

Environments 2025, 12(12), 496; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120496 - 17 Dec 2025

Abstract

Wastewater-based surveillance is an effective method to monitor community health by detecting pathogens excreted from large populations. Traditionally, wastewater analyses are considered privacy-preserving since samples are pooled. However, advances in molecular resolution may challenge this assumption. This study investigated whether a rare SARS-CoV-2 [...] Read more.

Wastewater-based surveillance is an effective method to monitor community health by detecting pathogens excreted from large populations. Traditionally, wastewater analyses are considered privacy-preserving since samples are pooled. However, advances in molecular resolution may challenge this assumption. This study investigated whether a rare SARS-CoV-2 variant detected in a hospital sewershed could be linked to a specific patient. During 2023, wastewater samples were collected weekly and analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and variant composition using droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) and tiled sequencing. During the same period, nasal swab samples from hospital patients were sequenced for comparison. While wastewater was dominated by Omicron lineages, several weeks showed a sharp increase in SARS-CoV-2 concentrations, with over 80% belonging to the Delta lineage AY.25—rare globally since 2022. Nasal swab sequencing identified one patient carrying AY.25, whose admission and discharge coincided with the emergence and disappearance of AY.25 in the hospital’s wastewater. The temporal pattern and sequence similarity suggest that the Delta signal might have originated from this single patient, with sequence differences potentially reflecting intrahost divergence. These findings indicate that, under certain conditions, wastewater signals can be attributed to individuals, highlighting the need to keep in mind the ethical considerations surrounding privacy and data use while benefiting the community through wastewater surveillance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Assessment and Surveillance)

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16 pages, 3228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Identification and Application of Phocaeicola-Specific Conserved Signature DNA Markers for Human Fecal Source Tracking

by Enze Li, Faizan Saleem, Sarah Bello, Thomas A. Edge, Radhey S. Gupta and Herb E. Schellhorn

Environments 2025, 12(12), 495; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120495 - 17 Dec 2025

Abstract

A major goal of fecal pollution monitoring in the environment is to identify point sources of fecal contamination that may pose potential health risks due to animal- and human-specific pathogens. Ideal source tracking markers should have high host specificity and can be employed [...] Read more.

A major goal of fecal pollution monitoring in the environment is to identify point sources of fecal contamination that may pose potential health risks due to animal- and human-specific pathogens. Ideal source tracking markers should have high host specificity and can be employed for the unambiguous identification of the host/fecal point sources. Conserved signature proteins (CSPs) are a class of unique, phylogenetically coherent indicators that are specific to a given taxon (e.g., genus or species). In this study, we report the identification and characterization of a new CSP, whose gene (designated as CSP-DV) is present in a single copy, and for whom homologs showing a high degree of sequence similarity are found only in genomes of Phocaeicola dorei and Phocaeicola vulgatus, two commensal species commonly found in the human gut and feces. We developed a qPCR method targeting this CSP gene to explore its usefulness as a human source tracking marker. We confirmed that the CSP-DV marker showed an absolute human sensitivity (100%) but some cross-reactivities in chicken, cats, dogs, rabbits, and rodents. In recreational water, the CSP-DV marker gene levels were well correlated with those of HF183, a well-validated human marker that predominantly targets the 16S rRNA gene of P. dorei, suggesting that it can be a new potential source tracking tool for human fecal contamination in specific environmental waters. In summary, our CSP-DV marker targets Phocaeicola clade-specific microbes and can provide an additional approach independent of the 16S rRNA gene to detect human sources of fecal pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Wastewater-Based Epidemiology Assessment and Surveillance)

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17 pages, 3897 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microplastics in the Canary Islands: A Case Study on Transport and Tourist Pressure

by Ludovit Schreiber, Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera and José Juan Santana-Rodríguez

Environments 2025, 12(12), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120494 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) are a global concern due to their persistence and capacity to adsorb and transport pollutants. The Canary Islands, influenced by the Canary Current, are particularly vulnerable to MPs accumulation from remote sources. The European Union’s Watch List includes emerging contaminants that [...] Read more.

Microplastics (MPs) are a global concern due to their persistence and capacity to adsorb and transport pollutants. The Canary Islands, influenced by the Canary Current, are particularly vulnerable to MPs accumulation from remote sources. The European Union’s Watch List includes emerging contaminants that require monitoring to assess potential ecological risks, though limited data hinder definitive evaluations. This study conducted a monitoring campaign between December 2023 and September 2024 across eleven beaches on four eastern islands of the archipelago. The aim was to assess MPs pollution (particles between 1 and 5 mm) and the presence of 26 organic contaminants from the EU Watch List adsorbed onto MPs, evaluating seasonal variation and tourism influence. Results show that beaches facing north and east had significantly higher MPs levels—up to an order of magnitude greater (ranged from <10 to >500 items/m²)—due to strong wind exposure, confirming the role of the Canary Current in MPs transport. White/transparent fragments dominated (>50%) among MPs types. Eight Watch List compounds were identified, with UV filters—commonly found in sunscreens—being the most frequently detected, present at nearly all sampling sites. Octocrylene reached concentrations up to 17,811 ng/g in highly touristic beaches. These findings highlight the environmental pressure on insular coastal zones and the relevance of combining MPs monitoring with targeted contaminant analysis in regions affected by oceanic currents and tourism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Plastic Contamination)

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20 pages, 6131 KB

Open AccessArticle

Demand for Ecosystem Services by Populations in the Luki Biosphere Reserve in DRC

by Franck Robéan Wamba, Flavien Pyrus Ebouel Essouman, Papy Nsevolo Miankeba, Hyacinthe Lukoki Nkossi, Nina Christelle Kenfack Tioda, Jean-Pierre Mate Mweru, Baudouin Michel and Hossein Azadi

Environments 2025, 12(12), 493; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120493 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Ecosystems provide essential services to local communities, which in turn offer incentives for the preservation of natural resources, as these resources are crucial to the sustainability and evolution of human societies. So, this study examined the demand for ecosystem services among communities surrounding [...] Read more.

Ecosystems provide essential services to local communities, which in turn offer incentives for the preservation of natural resources, as these resources are crucial to the sustainability and evolution of human societies. So, this study examined the demand for ecosystem services among communities surrounding the Luki Biosphere Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 361 randomly selected individuals and focus group discussions in 18 villages, complemented by field observations on local resource use (agriculture, charcoal production, wood harvesting, and tree felling). The services provided by the reserve were identified according to citation frequency, perceived usefulness, and level of agreement among respondents. Results indicate that agricultural products (28.5%), charcoal (19.1%), non-timber forest products (17.5%), and firewood (10%) are the most requested. The Chi-square test showed significant associations between dependence on ecosystem services and socio-economic variables such as gender (p = 0.014 < 0.05), education level (p = 0.033 < 0.05), and annual income (p = 0.000 < 0.05), while age was not significant (p = 0.504 > 0.05). Poverty and rapid demographic growth were identified as key drivers of demand and factors contributing to growing pressure on natural resources. The study emphasizes feedback loops between changes in ecosystem service supply and community responses, as well as trade-offs between services and actors. It recommends integrating ecosystem values into agricultural and forestry policies, while raising awareness and educating local communities to promote sustainable resource management. Full article

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31 pages, 2142 KB

Open AccessReview

Pesticide Degradation by Soil Bacteria: Mechanisms, Bioremediation Strategies, and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture

by Gyanendra Dhakal, Srijana Thapa Magar and Takeshi Fujino

Environments 2025, 12(12), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120492 - 16 Dec 2025

Abstract

Pesticides remain indispensable for modern agriculture, yet their persistence in soil poses serious ecological and human-health risks through bioaccumulation, groundwater contamination, and impacts on non-target organisms. Although extensive research exists on pesticide degradation, most reviews separate biochemical pathways, environmental controls, and applied bioremediation [...] Read more.

Pesticides remain indispensable for modern agriculture, yet their persistence in soil poses serious ecological and human-health risks through bioaccumulation, groundwater contamination, and impacts on non-target organisms. Although extensive research exists on pesticide degradation, most reviews separate biochemical pathways, environmental controls, and applied bioremediation strategies, limiting the ability to predict real-world field performance. This review integrates mechanistic enzymology, soil ecological responses, quantitative degradation kinetics, and emerging synthetic biology innovations into one unified framework. Soil bacteria including Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Rhodococcus, and Arthrobacter degrade organophosphates, carbamates, triazines, neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, and organochlorines through hydrolysis, oxidation, nitroreduction, and ring-cleavage pathways, often supported by plasmid-encoded genes and horizontal gene transfer. Bioaugmented systems typically achieve 70 to 95 percent removal within 10 to 30 days, with highly efficient cases such as Pseudomonas putida KT2440 removing 96 percent chlorpyrifos in 5 days, Rhodococcus koreensis mineralizing 98 percent endosulfan in 7 days, and Arthrobacter sp. AD26 degrading 95 percent atrazine in 72 h. Field-scale Azotobacter–Pseudomonas consortia have reduced chlorpyrifos from 25 mg kg⁻¹ to less than 1 mg kg⁻¹ within 30 days. Environmental conditions strongly influence degradation efficiency. Acidic soils increase pyrethroid half-lives by two to three times, anaerobic conditions can extend pesticide persistence from months to years, and drought or low organic matter reduces microbial activity by 60 to 80 percent, increasing neonicotinoid DT₅₀ to more than 1000 days. Advances in omics, metagenomics, kinetic assays, and synthetic biology now enable engineered strains and synthetic consortia capable of more than 90 percent mineralization within 7 to 21 days. By linking molecular mechanisms, ecological constraints, quantitative outcomes, and emerging biotechnologies, this review provides a predictive roadmap for climate-resilient, scalable, and sustainable bioremediation strategies. Full article

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19 pages, 1404 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Vineyard Pruning Biochars for Nutrient Adsorption: Toward Sustainable Fertilizer Applications

by Olena Dorosh, Andreia F. Peixoto, Cristina Delerue-Matos, Paula M. L. Castro and Manuela M. Moreira

Environments 2025, 12(12), 491; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120491 - 15 Dec 2025

Abstract

Agricultural residues, such as vineyard prunings, are abundant yet underutilized resources with potential for conversion into value-added products. In this study, vineyard prunings were investigated for the first time as feedstock for nutrient-enriched biochars intended for use as enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). Four [...] Read more.

Agricultural residues, such as vineyard prunings, are abundant yet underutilized resources with potential for conversion into value-added products. In this study, vineyard prunings were investigated for the first time as feedstock for nutrient-enriched biochars intended for use as enhanced efficiency fertilizers (EEFs). Four biochars were produced using distinct physical (industrial-scale pyrolysis, CO₂-assisted pyrolysis) and chemical (MgCl₂, AlCl₃ pretreatment) procedures. Their adsorption capacities for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were evaluated across a wide pH range (2–13). Optimization studies, including dosage, kinetics, and isotherms, revealed maximum Langmuir adsorption capacities of 10.4 mg N g⁻¹ and 12.7 mg P g⁻¹, which were comparable to or higher than other low-cost agricultural biochars, confirming the competitive performance of vineyard pruning-derived biochars. Beyond adsorption efficiency, these biochars provide additional benefits by valorizing a widely available viticulture residue, reducing open-field disposal and burning, and generating low-cost fertilizers that may reduce nutrient leaching and improve soil health. This work introduces a novel circular pathway linking vineyard waste management to sustainable nutrient delivery, integrating agricultural byproduct utilization with environmental remediation strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar as an Environmental Technology)

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13 pages, 941 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Total–Species Accumulation Curve for Reliable Estimation of Regional Species Richness: An Application to Macroalgae Diversity on Bioconstructions from the Northern Adriatic Sea (Mediterranean Sea)

by Gregorio Motta, Antonio Terlizzi, Annalisa Falace, Emiliano Gordini and Stanislao Bevilacqua

Environments 2025, 12(12), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120490 - 14 Dec 2025

Abstract

Traditional species richness estimators often assume spatial homogeneity in species distribution, which can lead to underestimating biodiversity, especially in large, ecologically complex areas. The Total–Species (T–S) curve may provide an accurate framework for estimating γ-diversity by accounting for compositional variation across spatial subunits. [...] Read more.

Traditional species richness estimators often assume spatial homogeneity in species distribution, which can lead to underestimating biodiversity, especially in large, ecologically complex areas. The Total–Species (T–S) curve may provide an accurate framework for estimating γ-diversity by accounting for compositional variation across spatial subunits. Our study tested the T–S curve model, modified to account for species rarity and patterns of β-diversity, to estimate macroalgal richness in the northeast Adriatic (Mediterranean Sea), an area where the total macroalgal diversity is known and a comprehensive reference list is available (487 species). Uncertainty in species richness estimates from T–S curves was quantified as 95%CI based on bootstrapping, and a sensitivity analysis was also carried out to quantify changes in estimates under different settings. Other parametric and non-parametric estimators, including the classic T–S curve, largely under- or overestimated the total species richness if compared to the refined T–S model, which returned a realistic estimate of 393 species in total. Our results demonstrate that the T–S curve modified to consider species rarity, and refined for potential biases associated with erroneous quantification of small-scale patchiness and spatial variations in assemblage composition, allowed for more realistic extrapolations of γ-diversity over large areas. Full article

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25 pages, 1231 KB

Open AccessArticle

Long-Term Performance of Natural Filtration Dams for Landfill Leachate Treatment

by Andrey Ivantsov, Mikhail Viskov, Ruslan Kataev, Nadezhda Ozhgibesova, Zhanna Knyazeva and Yanina Parshakova

Environments 2025, 12(12), 489; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120489 - 13 Dec 2025

Abstract

The study evaluates the long-term environmental performance of natural filtration dams for leachate treatment at a municipal solid waste landfill. Field measurements of a system operating for 24 years, equipped with natural clay-loam filtration barriers, provide empirical validation for assessing the effectiveness and [...] Read more.

The study evaluates the long-term environmental performance of natural filtration dams for leachate treatment at a municipal solid waste landfill. Field measurements of a system operating for 24 years, equipped with natural clay-loam filtration barriers, provide empirical validation for assessing the effectiveness and durability of natural material-based treatment approaches. Hydrogeological studies, including well drilling, water sampling, and comprehensive chemical analysis, demonstrate that the cascade filtration system achieves pollutant removal efficiencies of 80–95% for major contaminants. Physical property measurements reveal progressive density reduction from 1005 to 994 kg/m³ and viscosity decreases from 1.048 to 1.011 cSt across the treatment system. Numerical simulations demonstrate that contaminant transport under actual site conditions remains diffusion-dominated over multi-decadal timescales, with aquifer concentrations remaining below 1% of source values after 50 years. Parametric studies reveal that density-driven convective fingering develops only at source concentrations exceeding 100 g/L. The findings validate the long-term viability of natural geological barriers combined with cascade filtration systems for cost-effective leachate treatment, demonstrating that preliminary treatment through natural filtration effectively suppresses gravitational instabilities and protects underlying aquifers. Full article

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12 pages, 2589 KB

Open AccessArticle

Protective Action of Hydrolysable Tannins Against Bisphenol A Toxicity on Zebrafish Development

by Alessandra La Pietra, Teresa Mobilio and Ida Ferrandino

Environments 2025, 12(12), 488; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120488 - 12 Dec 2025

Abstract

Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are polyphenolic compounds extracted from plants consisting of a sugar core, esterified with phenolic acids, such as gallic or ellagic acid. These phenolic acids are responsible for their well-known antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the potential [...] Read more.

Hydrolysable tannins (HTs) are polyphenolic compounds extracted from plants consisting of a sugar core, esterified with phenolic acids, such as gallic or ellagic acid. These phenolic acids are responsible for their well-known antioxidant, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties. This study investigated the potential protective role of HTs against bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental pollutant known to have toxic effects. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to BPA at 25.0 µM alone and in combination with HTs at 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 µgL⁻¹ for 72 h. The results showed that HTs at 20.0 µgL⁻¹ improved hatching and heart rate affected by BPA and reduced the phenotypic alterations caused by BPA. In addition, molecular analysis of genes involved in development showed that the down-regulation of cd63, zhe1, klf4, hand2, sox9b, and gata4 genes in the BPA group were improved with HTs 20.0 µgL⁻¹. Furthermore, HTs were able to reduce the increased lipid content caused by exposure to BPA. These results demonstrate that HTs have a protective effect on the development of zebrafish exposed to BPA, suggesting that they could potentially exert protective effects in response to other environmental stressors. Full article

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14 pages, 1139 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phytoremediation of Nickel-Contamination Using Helianthus annuus L. in Mediterranean Conditions

by Ada Cristina Ranieri, Luigi Lopopolo, Gianfranco D’Onghia, José Alberto Herrera Melián, Francesca Ranieri, Sarah Gregorio and Ezio Ranieri

Environments 2025, 12(12), 487; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120487 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Nickel contamination poses a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. Phytoremediation provides a sustainable solution. This study evaluates the ability of Helinathus annuus L. to tolerate and accumulate nickel under simulated Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions, representing a short-term contamination event with nickel-enriched [...] Read more.

Nickel contamination poses a serious risk to ecosystems and human health. Phytoremediation provides a sustainable solution. This study evaluates the ability of Helinathus annuus L. to tolerate and accumulate nickel under simulated Mediterranean and semi-arid conditions, representing a short-term contamination event with nickel-enriched irrigation. Laboratory experiments assessed growth, tolerance, and Ni distribution within plant tissues. Results showed that Ni uptake increased with concentration, mainly in roots, while translocation to aerial parts remained limited. The bioconcentration factors ranged from 1.32 to 2.55, and the translocation factors from 0.46 to 0.60, indicating efficient uptake but restricted metal mobility. Higher water availability enhanced Ni absorption, suggesting that soil moisture facilitates metal transport and root activity. Helinathus annuus L. demonstrated good tolerance at moderate Ni levels but reduced growth and accumulation efficiency at higher concentrations, confirming its potential for phytostabilization in Mediterranean soils affected by metal contamination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Soil Contamination and Remediation)

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24 pages, 3569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Biochar–Carboxymethylcellulose Composite as an Injectable Colloidal Suspension for In Situ Groundwater Remediation

by Damiano Feriaud, Sara Cerra, Ilaria Fratoddi and Marco Petrangeli Papini

Environments 2025, 12(12), 486; https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12120486 - 11 Dec 2025

Abstract

Injectable Permeable Reactive Barriers (IPRBs) represent a promising in situ technology for groundwater remediation, with sustainable adsorbents like biochar offering an alternative to activated carbon. This study optimized an IPRB process using a colloidal suspension of pinewood biochar stabilized with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (BC@CMC). [...] Read more.

Injectable Permeable Reactive Barriers (IPRBs) represent a promising in situ technology for groundwater remediation, with sustainable adsorbents like biochar offering an alternative to activated carbon. This study optimized an IPRB process using a colloidal suspension of pinewood biochar stabilized with sodium carboxymethylcellulose (BC@CMC). The research first characterized the suspension stability under varying hydrochemical conditions, finding optimal colloidal stability at neutral to basic pH (6–9.4), while high ionic strength (>50 mM NaCl) and extreme pH values prompted aggregation. To prevent clogging, a key operational challenge, pre-filtration through a 64-µm sieve was implemented preventing column clogging and facilitating successful deep-bed distribution. The BC concentration was optimized to 3 g L⁻¹, maximizing injectable adsorbent mass. Batch adsorption tests demonstrated the biochar’s high affinity for toluene (TOL) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), with performance comparable to commercial activated carbon, particularly for PCE. The complete IPRB process was successfully validated through continuous-flow adsorption tests, where columns containing distributed BC@CMC showed high contaminant retention, with experimental retardation factors (R_x) of 144 ± 4 for TOL and 360 ± 6 for PCE. The study confirms that the optimized BC@CMC suspension enables highly efficient IPRB implementation, establishing this approach as a viable and sustainable strategy for field-scale groundwater remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biochar as an Environmental Technology)

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