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Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management: An SDG-based Sustainability Assessment Methodology for Innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa
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Circular Economy Approach for Utilizing Organic Waste in Cat Litter and Compost to Support Plant Growth
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Characterization of Benitaka Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.): An Analysis of Its Properties for Future Biorefinery Applications
Journal Description
Waste
Waste
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on waste management, science and technology, published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 34.1 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 3.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).
- Recognition of Reviewers: APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.
Latest Articles
Maximizing Energy Recovery from Waste Tires Through Cement Production Optimization in Togo—A Case Study
Waste 2025, 3(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020019 - 8 Jun 2025
Abstract
The cement industry faces increasing energy costs and environmental pressures, driving the adoption of alternative fuels derived from waste materials. In Togo, approximately 350,000 t of end-of-life tires (ELT) are generated annually, creating significant environmental and health hazards through uncontrolled disposal and burning
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The cement industry faces increasing energy costs and environmental pressures, driving the adoption of alternative fuels derived from waste materials. In Togo, approximately 350,000 t of end-of-life tires (ELT) are generated annually, creating significant environmental and health hazards through uncontrolled disposal and burning practices. This study investigated the technical feasibility and economic viability of incorporating waste tires as an alternative fuel in cement manufacturing. Tire-derived fuel (TDF) performance was evaluated by comparing pre-processed industrial tires with unprocessed ones, focusing on clinker production loss, elemental composition, heating values, and bulk density. The results demonstrate that TDF exhibits superior performance characteristics, with the highest heating values, and meets all the required specifications for cement production. In contrast, whole tire incineration fails to satisfy the recommended criteria, necessitating blending with conventional fuels to maintain clinker quality and combustion efficiency. The investigation revealed no significant adverse effects on production processes or clinker quality while achieving substantial reductions in nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions. The experimental results were compared with the theoretical burnout times to optimize the shredding operations and injection methods. However, several challenges remain unaddressed, including the absence of streamlined handling processes, limited understanding of long-term ecological and health impacts, and insufficient techno-economic assessments. Future research should prioritize identifying critical aging points, investigating self-rejuvenating behaviors, and quantifying long-term environmental implications. These findings provide a foundation for developing computational models to optimize the mixing ratios of alternative and fossil fuels in cement manufacturing, offering significant environmental, economic, and societal benefits for the cement industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Circular Economy in Interdisciplinary Perspective: Valorization of Raw Materials, Sustainable Products, and Pro-Ecological Industrial Developments)
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Open AccessReview
Agricultural Waste: Challenges and Solutions, a Review
by
Maximilian Lackner and Maghsoud Besharati
Waste 2025, 3(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020018 - 3 Jun 2025
Abstract
Agricultural waste poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges globally, with estimates indicating that 10–50% of agricultural products are discarded annually as waste. This review explores strategies for managing agricultural waste to mitigate its adverse impacts and promote sustainable development. Agricultural residues, such
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Agricultural waste poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges globally, with estimates indicating that 10–50% of agricultural products are discarded annually as waste. This review explores strategies for managing agricultural waste to mitigate its adverse impacts and promote sustainable development. Agricultural residues, such as those from sugarcane, rice, and wheat, contribute to pollution when improperly disposed of through burning or burying, contaminating soil, water, and air. However, these residues also represent untapped resources for bioenergy production, composting, mulching, and the creation of value-added products like biochar, bioplastics, single-cell protein and biobased building blocks. The paper highlights various solutions, including integrating agricultural waste into livestock feed formulations to reduce competition for human food crops, producing biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel from lignocellulosic materials, and adopting circular economy practices to upcycle waste into high-value products. Technologies such as anaerobic digestion for biogas production and gasification for synthesis gas offer renewable energy alternatives and ample feedstocks for gas fermentation while addressing waste management issues. Composting and vermicomposting enhance soil fertility, while mulching improves moisture retention and reduces erosion. Moreover, the review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks, public-private partnerships, and farmer education in promoting effective waste management practices. By implementing these strategies, agricultural waste can be transformed into a resource, contributing to food security, environmental conservation, and economic growth.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Waste Management: Technological Solutions and Business Models)
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Open AccessArticle
Enhanced CO2 Sequestration in Recycled Aggregates: Exploring Novel Capture-Promoting Additives
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David Bastos, Ricardo Infante Gomes, Diogo Gonçalves, Catarina Brazão Farinha, Cinthia Maia Pederneiras, Rosário Veiga, António Santos Silva, José Alexandre Bogas and Rui Galhano dos Santos
Waste 2025, 3(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020017 - 28 May 2025
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CO2 emissions, a significant contributor to climate change, have spurred the exploration of sustainable solutions. One putative solution involves using recycled aggregates (RAs) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) to substitute natural sand in construction materials. This not only extends the life
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CO2 emissions, a significant contributor to climate change, have spurred the exploration of sustainable solutions. One putative solution involves using recycled aggregates (RAs) from construction and demolition waste (CDW) to substitute natural sand in construction materials. This not only extends the life cycle of the waste but also reduces the use of natural resources. The potential to capture CO2 in RAs presents a promising route to mitigate the environmental impact of the construction industry and contribute to its much anticipated decarbonization. This research takes a unique approach by investigating the incorporation of an amine-based additive—specifically 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD)—to enhance CO2 capture into a real-case RA from recycling plants, transforming CDW with low carbon-capture potential into a highly reactive CO2 capture material. Through TG analysis, FTIR-ATR and the combination of both (TG-FTIR), we were able to validate the use of RA materials as a support medium and quantify the CO2 capture potential (12%) of the AMPD amine; a dual valorization was achieved: new value was added to low-quality CDW and we enhanced CO2 sequestration, offering hope for a more sustainable future.
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Open AccessArticle
Waste Orange Peel Polyphenols as Enhancers of Seed Oil Oxidative Resilience: Stirred-Tank Versus Ultrasonication Enrichment Mode Using Corn Oil as a Model
by
Dimitrios Kalompatsios, Martha Mantiniotou and Dimitris P. Makris
Waste 2025, 3(2), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020016 - 23 May 2025
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This investigation aimed at studying the effect of enrichment of corn oil, which was used as a model lipid, using waste orange peel (WOP), polyphenolic antioxidants, to provide effective shielding against oxidation. An initial comparison of two modes, a stirred-tank and an ultrasound-assisted
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This investigation aimed at studying the effect of enrichment of corn oil, which was used as a model lipid, using waste orange peel (WOP), polyphenolic antioxidants, to provide effective shielding against oxidation. An initial comparison of two modes, a stirred-tank and an ultrasound-assisted one, evidenced that the latter was more efficacious in enriching corn oil with total polyphenols. However, detailed examination of the polyphenolic composition revealed that the oil enriched with the stirred-tank mode may have almost two times higher polyphenolic content, which totaled 109 mg per kg of oil. The major polyphenolic constituents identified were polymethylated flavones, but also ferulic acid and naringenin. Oil stability trials, including the monitoring of peroxide value and p-anisidin value, demonstrated that the oil enriched with WOP polyphenols using the stirred-tank mode exhibited significantly higher oxidative resilience compared to control (neat oil), but also compared to the oil enriched using ultrasonication. Furthermore, it was observed that when neat oil was ultrasonicated, it also displayed exceptional stability against oxidation. Based on the outcome of this study, it is recommended that WOP, owed to its richness in lipophilic flavonoids, might be an ideal candidate for edible oil fortification, which could provide the oil with natural powerful antioxidants. Such a process could lend oils high oxidative resilience, but also functional ingredients.
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Graphical abstract
Open AccessReview
Novel Insights into Agro-Industrial Waste: Exploring Techno-Economic Viability as an Alternative Source of Water Recovery
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Christian I. Cano-Gómez, Cynthia Wong-Arguelles, Jessica Ivonne Hinojosa-López, Diana B. Muñiz-Márquez and Jorge E. Wong-Paz
Waste 2025, 3(2), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020015 - 15 May 2025
Abstract
The growing challenges of freshwater scarcity and the high generation of agro-industrial waste, particularly from fruit and vegetable (F&V) processing, pose significant threats to the sustainability of global food systems. F&V waste, which represents a major portion of the 1.3 billion tons of
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The growing challenges of freshwater scarcity and the high generation of agro-industrial waste, particularly from fruit and vegetable (F&V) processing, pose significant threats to the sustainability of global food systems. F&V waste, which represents a major portion of the 1.3 billion tons of annual food waste, is characterized by a high moisture content (80–95%), making it a largely overlooked but promising source of water recovery. This review critically assesses the techno-economic and environmental feasibility of extracting water from moisture-rich agro-industrial waste streams. Potential technologies such as solar distillation and membrane separation are evaluated to determine their capacity to treat complex organic effluents and recover high-quality water. The potential end uses of reclaimed water in all sectors are explored, focusing on agricultural irrigation, fertigation, industrial reuse and environmental restoration. This study addresses a key research gap and proposes the reclassification of agro-industrial waste as a viable water resource aligned with circular bioeconomy principles and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 6 and 12.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Wastes and Biomass Valorization—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
First-Order Decay Models for the Estimation of Methane Emissions in a Landfill in the Metropolitan Area of Oaxaca City, Mexico
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Pérez Belmonte Nancy Merab, Sandoval Torres Sadoth and Belmonte Jiménez Salvador Isidro
Waste 2025, 3(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020014 - 15 Apr 2025
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Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and short-lived climate pollutant generated in landfills. In this work, five first-order decay models were implemented to estimate the methane emissions from a landfill near Oaxaca city. The five models were the simple first-order decay model, the
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Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas and short-lived climate pollutant generated in landfills. In this work, five first-order decay models were implemented to estimate the methane emissions from a landfill near Oaxaca city. The five models were the simple first-order decay model, the modified first-order decay model, the multiphase model, the LandGem model, and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) model. An autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was built to predict waste generation, and a gravimetric method was used to estimate the volume of stored waste. The ARIMA model correctly predicted the generation of municipal solid waste, calculating 108,202 tons of solid waste in the landfill for the year 2022. In terms of the models and considering the experimental data measured in 2020, the simple model and the simple modified model were more accurate, with 3.50 × 106 m3 (relative error = 1.0) and 3.76 × 106 m3 of methane (relative error = 6.3), respectively. The multiphase model calculated a value of 3.09 × 106 m3 of methane (relative error = 12.6), the LandGEM model calculated a value of 4.97 × 106 m3 (40.7), and the IPCC model calculated a value of 3.19 × 106 m3 (relative error = 9.7). The LandGEM model was improved when the standard values proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) were considered. According to the simple model and the simple modified model, by 2050, the landfill will emit 1.22 × 106 m3 and 1.37 × 106 m3, demonstrating that important methane emissions will be released in the decades to come. This information is important for the implementation of methane mitigation strategies, to which Mexico has committed in the Global Methane Initiative.
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Open AccessArticle
Valorization of Black Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds Using Solid-State Fermentation
by
Dulce W. González-Martínez, Alma D. Casas-Rodríguez, Sergio A. Coronado-Contreras, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Claudia M. López-Badillo, Juan A. Ascacio-Valdés, Antonio Flores-Naveda and Leonardo Sepúlveda
Waste 2025, 3(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020013 - 11 Apr 2025
Abstract
Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most consumed legumes worldwide. Black beans are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. The present study aims to valorize black beans for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds using solid-state fermentation (SSF)
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Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are one of the most consumed legumes worldwide. Black beans are rich in proteins, vitamins, minerals, and polyphenolic compounds. The present study aims to valorize black beans for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds using solid-state fermentation (SSF) from Aspergillus niger GH1. A physicochemical analysis of black beans was performed. Fermentation kinetics was performed to establish the best accumulation time of condensed polyphenols. A two-level Plackett–Burman experimental design was used to evaluate the culture conditions (temperature, humidity, inoculum, particle size, pH and salt concentration) for the accumulation of condensed polyphenols. The results of the physicochemical analysis showed that black beans can be used as a substrate in the SSF process. In addition, the best time for the accumulation of condensed polyphenols was 48 h. Treatment 5 achieved an accumulation of 21.04 mg/g of condensed polyphenols. While the factors of particle size, humidity, and temperature had a significant effect on the accumulation of condensed polyphenols. It is concluded that the SSF process is an efficient and eco-friendly extraction method for obtaining bioactive molecules with potential applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agri-Food Wastes and Biomass Valorization—2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Biomass Delignification by Extrusion and Analysis of Extrudate Characteristics
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Delon Konan, Adama Ndao, Ekoun Koffi, Saïd Elkoun, Mathieu Robert, Denis Rodrigue and Kokou Adjallé
Waste 2025, 3(2), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020012 - 25 Mar 2025
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Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass remains the primary obstacle to the profitable use of this type of biomass in biorefineries. The challenge lies in the recalcitrance of the lignin-carbohydrate complex to pretreatment, especially the difficulty in removing the lignin to access the carbohydrates (cellulose
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Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass remains the primary obstacle to the profitable use of this type of biomass in biorefineries. The challenge lies in the recalcitrance of the lignin-carbohydrate complex to pretreatment, especially the difficulty in removing the lignin to access the carbohydrates (cellulose and hemicellulose). This study had two objectives: (i) to investigate the effect of reactive extrusion on lignocellulosic biomass in terms of delignification percentage and the structural characteristics of the resulting extrudates, and (ii) to propose a novel pretreatment approach involving extrusion technology based on the results of the first objective. Two types of biomasses were used: agricultural residue (corn stover) and forest residue (black spruce chips). By optimizing the extrusion conditions via response surface analysis (RSA), the delignification percentages were significantly improved. For corn stover, the delignification yield increased from 2.3% to 27.4%, while increasing from 1% to 25.3% for black spruce chips. The highest percentages were achieved without the use of sodium hydroxide and for temperatures below 65 °C. Furthermore, the optimized extrudates exhibited important structural changes without any formation of p-cresol, furfural, and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) (enzymes and microbial growth-inhibiting compounds). Acetic acid however was detected in corn stover extrudate. The structural changes included the disorganization of the most recalcitrant functional groups, reduction of particle sizes, increase of specific surface areas, and the appearance of microscopic roughness on the particles. Analyzing all the data led to propose a new promising approach to the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomasses. This approach involves combining extrusion and biodelignification with white rot fungi to improve the enzymatic hydrolysis of carbohydrates.
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Open AccessArticle
Combined Decarbonizing Technologies for Treatment of Bauxite Residues
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Srecko Stopic, Richard Schneider, Duško Kostić, Isnaldi R. Souza Filho, Mitar Perušić, Elif Emil-Kaya and Bernd Friedrich
Waste 2025, 3(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3020011 - 24 Mar 2025
Abstract
This study explores both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods for decarbonizing and recovering valuable metals from bauxite residue, with hydrogen plasma reduction and direct acid leaching as the primary approaches. The goal is to offer innovative techniques for extracting metals from bauxite residue, a
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This study explores both pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical methods for decarbonizing and recovering valuable metals from bauxite residue, with hydrogen plasma reduction and direct acid leaching as the primary approaches. The goal is to offer innovative techniques for extracting metals from bauxite residue, a by-product of the Bayer process, which cannot be disposed of in an environmentally sustainable manner. Additionally, reducing the volume of bauxite residue through combined treatments is a key objective. In contrast to traditional carbon-based reductive melting, which generated significant CO2 emissions, hydrogen is now being investigated as a cleaner alternative. Through hydrogen plasma reduction, approximately 99.9% of iron is recovered as crude metallic iron, which can be easily separated from the slag containing other valuable metals. Thermochemical analysis was used to predict slag formation and chemical analysis of slag during hydrogen reduction. To further recover metals like aluminum and titanium, the slag is subjected to sulfuric acid leaching under high-pressure of oxygen in an autoclave avoiding silica gel formation. The results demonstrated a leaching efficiency of 93.21% for aluminum and 84.56% for titanium, using 5 mol/L sulfuric acid at 150 °C, with almost complete iron recovery. Assisted ultrasound leaching of slag with sulphuric acid under atmospheric pressure leads to 54% leaching efficiency of titanium.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Treatment of Waste Materials Using Metallurgical Unit Operations)
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Open AccessReview
Comparison of Technologies for Waste Treatment with Energy Recovery: An Overview
by
Quetzalli Aguilar-Virgen and Paul Taboada-González
Waste 2025, 3(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010010 - 19 Mar 2025
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Currently, the generation of electricity in most countries around the world primarily relies on fossil fuels, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation and climate change. Municipal solid waste (MSW) presents a promising alternative energy source, as various technologies now exist to treat waste
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Currently, the generation of electricity in most countries around the world primarily relies on fossil fuels, which contribute significantly to environmental degradation and climate change. Municipal solid waste (MSW) presents a promising alternative energy source, as various technologies now exist to treat waste and recover its energy. This shift helps to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and tackles the growing issue of waste management. This article comprehensively reviews three waste-to-energy technologies: anaerobic digestion, gasification and plasma gasification. It covers the fundamental principles behind each technology, their efficiency in energy recovery, the associated costs and their practical applications. Additionally, the article delves into the technical challenges faced in implementing these technologies, such as their scalability, economic feasibility and environmental impacts. By evaluating these technologies, the article aims to provide insights into their potential for contributing to a more sustainable and circular energy system.
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Open AccessArticle
Particle Size Distribution of Materials and Chemical Element Composition in Mixed Commercial Waste
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Maximilian Julius Enengel, Tatjana Lasch, Lisa Kandlbauer, Sandra Antonia Viczek, Roland Pomberger and Renato Sarc
Waste 2025, 3(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010009 - 25 Feb 2025
Cited by 1
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In processing mixed commercial waste (MCW), particle size distribution is as critical as material composition. Detailed knowledge of particle size distribution unlocks the recycling potential of specific material groups and facilitates the efficient conversion of these materials into secondary fuels. Additionally, understanding particle
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In processing mixed commercial waste (MCW), particle size distribution is as critical as material composition. Detailed knowledge of particle size distribution unlocks the recycling potential of specific material groups and facilitates the efficient conversion of these materials into secondary fuels. Additionally, understanding particle size-dependent element distribution in waste is crucial, particularly given potential legal limits on several heavy metals. While two studies carried out in 2019 have addressed these issues, the inherent variability in MCW composition necessitates further investigation to validate and expand upon these findings. In this study, ten representative samples of MCW were collected and screened with eight screen cuts (200 mm, 100 mm, 80 mm, 60 mm, 40 mm, 20 mm, 10 mm, 5 mm). Six of these fractions (>20 mm) were sorted into 37 material classes, combined again by particle size, and subjected to chemical analyses. These analyses included essential fuel parameters, such as lower heating value and biogenic carbon content, and the concentration of 35 elements across all particle size fractions. A Mann–Whitney U test was conducted to identify correlations in element concentrations between the present study and the study carried out in 2019. Although the results confirm considerable variability in MCW composition, they also reveal trends in element concentrations related to calorific value.
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Open AccessArticle
Circular Economy Approach for Utilizing Organic Waste in Cat Litter and Compost to Support Plant Growth
by
Pin-Han Chen and Jun-Yi Wu
Waste 2025, 3(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010008 - 24 Feb 2025
Abstract
This study introduces a novel two-stage circular economy model to transform organic waste materials—bean dregs and coffee grounds—into functional products: eco-friendly cat litter and organic fertilizer. The hypothesis was that integrating vermicompost and diatomaceous earth with these waste materials would enhance the functional
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This study introduces a novel two-stage circular economy model to transform organic waste materials—bean dregs and coffee grounds—into functional products: eco-friendly cat litter and organic fertilizer. The hypothesis was that integrating vermicompost and diatomaceous earth with these waste materials would enhance the functional properties of cat litter while ensuring its recyclability into high-quality fertilizer. In the first stage, a combination of bean dregs, coffee grounds, vermicompost, and diatomaceous earth was optimized using the Taguchi method, achieving cat litter with superior water absorption and clumping performance. In the second stage, the spent cat litter was rapidly composted, producing a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer. The fertilizer’s efficacy was validated through a potting experiment with lettuce, where a 10% application rate promoted optimal growth without causing nutrient toxicity. This innovative approach offers a sustainable solution to waste management challenges while contributing to environmentally friendly agricultural practices. Future research could investigate incorporating additional waste streams and enhancing composting efficiency for broader implementation.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Organic Solid Waste and Wastewater Management)
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Open AccessArticle
Experimental Design of Polymer Synthesis for the Removal of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid and Glyphosate from Water by Adsorption
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Tiago Teixeira Alves, Grasiele Soares Cavallini and Nelson Luis Gonçalves Dias Souza
Waste 2025, 3(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010007 - 22 Feb 2025
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Water pollution from herbicide contamination poses a significant environmental challenge, necessitating effective regenerative materials for their removal. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glyphosate are among the most widely used herbicides for weed control. This study aimed to synthesize polymeric materials for the removal of these
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Water pollution from herbicide contamination poses a significant environmental challenge, necessitating effective regenerative materials for their removal. 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and glyphosate are among the most widely used herbicides for weed control. This study aimed to synthesize polymeric materials for the removal of these compounds from aqueous media. The study evaluated adsorption capacity, isotherms, kinetics, regeneration capacity, and the influence of pH on adsorption, alongside disinfection tests. Biodegradable polymers including chitosan, sodium alginate, and guar gum were cross-linked and characterized using infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Two samples (experiment C and M) exhibited adsorption capacities of 49.75 ± 1.474 mg g−1 and 26.53 ± 1.326 mg g−1 for glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, respectively. Optimal adsorption was observed at pH 3.00 and 6.00 for glyphosate and 3.00 for 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The Langmuir and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms best described the adsorption behavior of glyphosate and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, respectively. Kinetic studies indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model. Infrared and Raman absorption spectra confirmed cross-linking in the polymer samples. Regeneration tests showed that 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid adsorption remained consistent over three reuse cycles, while glyphosate adsorption increased. Disinfection tests using Escherichia coli and total coliforms demonstrated a significant reduction in colony-forming units, supporting the suitability of the material for this application.
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Open AccessArticle
Towards Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Management: An SDG-Based Sustainability Assessment Methodology for Innovations in Sub-Saharan Africa
by
Julia Weißert, Kristina Henzler and Shimelis Kebede Kassahun
Waste 2025, 3(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010006 - 17 Jan 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, municipal solid waste management faces significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, increasing waste generation, and limited resources, leading to severe environmental and public health issues. Innovations in waste management are essential to address these pressing problems, as they can enhance efficiency,
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In sub-Saharan Africa, municipal solid waste management faces significant challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, increasing waste generation, and limited resources, leading to severe environmental and public health issues. Innovations in waste management are essential to address these pressing problems, as they can enhance efficiency, reduce pollution, and promote sustainable practices while fostering sustainable development. To select sustainable and contextually relevant solutions, it is vital to investigate their potential sustainability impacts based on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) beforehand and to involve local stakeholders in the innovation process. Besides, engaging stakeholders increases community buy-in and fosters collaboration, leading to more effective and sustainable outcomes. This paper develops and applies a sustainability assessment methodology for innovations in municipal solid waste management systems in sub-Saharan Africa, with a case study in Ethiopia. The proposed methodology emphasizes the importance of involving local stakeholders in the SDG-based indicator assessment and offers suggestions for a data collection strategy. The case study on a composting process in Bishoftu Town demonstrates that stakeholder participation in selecting innovations positively influences the outcomes. However, the analysis indicates mixed effects of the innovation in the three sustainability dimensions, highlighting areas for optimization. Consequently, the presented method can support the innovation process of municipal solid waste management systems, fostering sustainable municipal development.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Waste Management: Technological Solutions and Business Models)
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Open AccessArticle
Compositional Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Slagging Process on a Water-Cooled Wall of an MSW Incinerator
by
Shanping Chen, Tianyuan Jia, Yong Chen, Lijie Yin, Jingkuan Huang and Guoan Yuan
Waste 2025, 3(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010005 - 16 Jan 2025
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The mechanism of slagging in municipal solid waste incinerators is complex, and the slagging process is simultaneously affected by the composition, temperature, and flue gas flow. In this study, slag samples on a water-cooled wall were first analysed, and the key components and
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The mechanism of slagging in municipal solid waste incinerators is complex, and the slagging process is simultaneously affected by the composition, temperature, and flue gas flow. In this study, slag samples on a water-cooled wall were first analysed, and the key components and fusion temperatures were measured. Second, a gas-phase combustion model of an incinerator was established, and the temperature and velocity distributions of the flue gas inside the incinerator were calculated. Based on the incineration process, coupled with a discrete-phase model, a numerical simulation model of the slagging process on the water-cooled wall of the incinerator was constructed, considering the transport and adhesion processes of ash particles. The influence of parameters such as the ash particle size and concentration on the degree of slagging on the water-cooled wall was analysed. Smaller ash particles were less likely to adhere to water-cooled walls, with approximately 2.72% of ash particles with a particle size of 10 mm adhering to water-cooled walls. The proportion of ash particles with a particle size of 50 mm adhering to water-cooled walls was approximately three times that of those with a particle size of 10 mm. As the concentration of ash particles increased, the number of ash particles adhering to the water-cooled wall increased, and the adhesion ratio decreased. These results are of great significance for optimising the operation of incinerators and reducing slagging rates.
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Open AccessArticle
Characterization of Benitaka Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.): An Analysis of Its Properties for Future Biorefinery Applications
by
Luiz Eduardo Nochi Castro, Tiago Linhares Cruz Tabosa Barroso, Vanessa Cosme Ferreira and Tânia Forster Carneiro
Waste 2025, 3(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010004 - 9 Jan 2025
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This study investigates the properties of Benitaka grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.), a byproduct of the wine industry, focusing on its potential for applications in the circular economy and biorefinery processes. The analysis covers a range of physical, chemical, and structural characteristics,
[...] Read more.
This study investigates the properties of Benitaka grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.), a byproduct of the wine industry, focusing on its potential for applications in the circular economy and biorefinery processes. The analysis covers a range of physical, chemical, and structural characteristics, including the composition of proteins, moisture, lipids, ash, sugars, fiber fractions (such as neutral-detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose), pH, acidity, gross energy, as well as bioactive compounds such as total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidant capacity. Advanced characterization techniques, such as nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, were employed. The results revealed an acidic pH of 4.05 and a titratable acidity of 1.25 g of tartaric acid per 100 g. The gross energy was 3764 kcal kg−1, indicating high energy capacity, similar to wood chips. The pomace exhibited high hygroscopicity (31 to 50 g of moisture per 100 g), high levels of fiber, cellulose, and lignin, as well as bioactive compounds with significant values of total phenolics (5956.56 mg GAE 100 g−1), flavonoids (1958.33 mg CAT 100 g−1), and anthocyanins (66.92 mg C3G 100 g−1). Antioxidant analysis showed promising results, with DPPH and FRAP values of 20.12 and 16.85 μmol TEAC g−1 of extract, respectively. This study not only validates existing data but also provides new insights into the composition of hemicellulose and lignocellulosic phase transitions, highlighting grape pomace as a promising resource for sustainability in industry and biorefinery processes.
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Open AccessArticle
Effects of Calcium Peroxide Dosage on Physicochemical Parameters, Organic Matter Degradation, Humification, and Microbial Community Succession During Food Waste Composting
by
Kun Hu, Guoning Zhou, Jia Chen, Nalume Gerald Wafula and Guangming Li
Waste 2025, 3(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010003 - 4 Jan 2025
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To verify the possible roles of calcium peroxide (CaO2) in addressing the key challenges of aerobic composting of food waste, including long composting duration, poor compost product quality, and gas emissions during composting, this study conducted a 38-day composting experiment using
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To verify the possible roles of calcium peroxide (CaO2) in addressing the key challenges of aerobic composting of food waste, including long composting duration, poor compost product quality, and gas emissions during composting, this study conducted a 38-day composting experiment using artificially blended food waste. Five containers were employed for investigating the effects of five doses of CaO2 (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, w/w) on physicochemical parameters, organic matter (OM) degradation, and humification during composting. Additionally, more evidence from a microbial perspective was provided by analyzing the effects of CaO2 additions on microbial community succession. The results indicated that CaO2 additions increased the relative abundance of mineralization bacteria, accelerated the temperature increase of compost in the early composting stage, and elevated the peak temperature. It also facilitated the decomposition of OM and enhanced the synthesis of humic acid during the early composting stage. However, the addition of CaO2, especially at relatively high doses, impacted the humification process. Compared with the control, only the 5% CaO2 treatment had a significantly greater humification coefficient, reaching 1.73 ± 0.11. Moreover, adding CaO2 reduced the total ammonia emissions from composting by 17.1% to 59.7%. Overall, CaO2 is an effective additive for ameliorating key issues in food waste composting.
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Open AccessArticle
From Plate to Bin: Consumer Segments and Food Waste in Greece
by
Theofanis Zacharatos and Prokopis Theodoridis
Waste 2025, 3(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010002 - 31 Dec 2024
Cited by 2
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This study investigates key demographic and behavioural factors influencing food waste behaviours among Greek consumers, offering insights into effective waste reduction strategies. Using k-means clustering, Greek consumers were segmented into three groups based on data from a structured online survey: ‘Moderate Consumers’, who
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This study investigates key demographic and behavioural factors influencing food waste behaviours among Greek consumers, offering insights into effective waste reduction strategies. Using k-means clustering, Greek consumers were segmented into three groups based on data from a structured online survey: ‘Moderate Consumers’, who demonstrate moderate awareness of food waste but lack consistent practices; ‘Indifferent Consumers’, primarily younger urban residents, with limited concern and significant contributions to waste; and ‘Conscious Consumers’, generally older individuals with structured habits that actively minimise waste. The findings reveal distinct engagement levels across these groups, highlighting the importance of tailored interventions. Conscious Consumers can serve as community advocates for sustainable practices, while Indifferent Consumers require targeted awareness campaigns to foster engagement. Moderate Consumers, with their sporadic efforts, could benefit from practical tools such as meal-planning apps. By exploring these unique consumer profiles, this research provides a culturally contextualised understanding of food waste attitudes in Greece and lays the groundwork for designing targeted strategies to encourage sustainable consumption.
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Open AccessArticle
Using Food Industry Byproduct to Stabilize an Expansive Clay
by
Nicole L. Shaw, Arvin Farid and Zahra Taheri Sarteshnizi
Waste 2025, 3(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste3010001 - 24 Dec 2024
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The process of purifying agricultural products, at various food processing plants, generates waste materials that consist of precipitated calcium carbonate, organic debris, and trace amounts of soil and agricultural contaminants. A specific food-processing waste, hereafter referred to as a food industry byproduct, FIBP,
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The process of purifying agricultural products, at various food processing plants, generates waste materials that consist of precipitated calcium carbonate, organic debris, and trace amounts of soil and agricultural contaminants. A specific food-processing waste, hereafter referred to as a food industry byproduct, FIBP, is typically stockpiled on land adjacent to the corresponding food processing facilities due to its large volume and chemical composition. The FIBP also contains commercially available unspent lime products, which makes its reuse viable in various applications. An example is construction applications where an organic content of up to 5% by weight is allowed, such as treating expansive clays. Traditionally, lime stabilization has been used for improving the properties of expansive clays, where ground improvement methods are necessary for a large area. However, the process of producing lime is resource- and energy-intensive as it includes crushing and heating limestone in kilns to extract lime. Therefore, one specific doubly sustainable application is the treatment of expansive clays using the FIBP instead of lime. The main application tested here is the treatment of expansive clayey soils underneath a stretch of State Highway 95 near Marsing, ID. Other potential applications are in road and embankment construction. To evaluate the potential of expansive clay stabilization utilizing the FIBP, a series of geotechnical and environmental laboratory testing were conducted to measure the engineering properties (e.g., swell potential, permeability, and strength properties) of expansive clay amended with FIBP. Preliminary testing on blends with an expansive clay suggests benefits such as decreased swelling potential, increased density, and leachate immobilization.
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Open AccessArticle
Multifaceted Surface Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash by Water Repellent Treatment with Fatty Acid
by
Taiga Kaseda, Hibiki Shirata and Yuya Koike
Waste 2024, 2(4), 520-533; https://doi.org/10.3390/waste2040028 - 19 Dec 2024
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to conduct a multifaceted surface analysis of water repellent-treated municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash to determine the suppression mechanism of fatty acid elution. The surface of water repellent-treated MSWI fly ash was analyzed using scanning electron
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In this study, we aimed to conduct a multifaceted surface analysis of water repellent-treated municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash to determine the suppression mechanism of fatty acid elution. The surface of water repellent-treated MSWI fly ash was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the absence of needle-shaped crystals but distinct particle agglomeration in the water repellent-treated fly ash. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the water repellent treatment caused fatty acids to form esters with aluminosilicates in the MSWI fly ash. Crystalline phase analysis of the water repellent-treated fly ash before and after the leaching test via X-ray diffraction revealed the presence of fatty acids on the fly ash surface and retention of the fatty acid coating. Overall, the multifaceted surface analysis revealed that water repellent treatment suppressed heavy metal elution by covering the surface of MSWI fly ash with hydrophobic groups.
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(This article belongs to the Topic New Research on Waste Treatment, Disposal and Valorization)
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