Children

16 pages, 1251 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Utility of the Post-Reflux Swallow-Induced Peristaltic Wave Index and Mean Nocturnal Baseline Impedance for the Diagnosis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Phenotypes in Children

by Radu Samuel Pop, Daniela Pop, Lăcrămioara Eliza Chiperi, Vlad-Ionuț Nechita, Sorin Claudiu Man and Dan Lucian Dumitrașcu

Children 2024, 11(7), 773; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070773 - 26 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1543

Abstract

(1) Objectives: Assessment of novel impedance parameters such as the post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) index and mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) have been proposed to enhance the accuracy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of [...] Read more.

(1) Objectives: Assessment of novel impedance parameters such as the post-reflux swallow-induced peristaltic wave (PSPW) index and mean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI) have been proposed to enhance the accuracy of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the clinical value of MNBI and the PSPW index in discerning different phenotypes of GERD in children. (2) Methods: We conducted a prospective, observational study that included 49 children aged 5–18 years, referred for MII-pH monitoring due to negative endoscopy and persisting gastroesophageal reflux symptoms despite acid-suppressant treatment. The PSPW index and MNBI were assessed along with conventional metrics. (3) Results: Using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, MNBI (AUC 0.864) and the PSPW index (AUC 0.83) had very good performance in differentiating between non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) and functional phenotypes. The PSPW index (AUC 0.87) discriminated better between functional heartburn (FH) and reflux hypersensitivity (RH) compared to the MNBI (AUC 0.712). A PSPW cut-off value of 65% provided a sensitivity of 76.9% and a specificity of 90% in distinguishing FH and RH. The PSPW index (AUC 0.87) proved to have better performance than the MNBI (AUC 0.802) in differentiating between FH and non-FH patients. MNBI diagnosed FH with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 80.6% at a cut-off value of 2563 Ω. (4) Conclusions: The PSPW index and MNBI are useful to distinguish between GERD phenotypes in pediatric patients. Full article

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14 pages, 1039 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Children at Risk of Specific Learning Disorder: A Study on Prevalence and Risk Factors

by Leyla Bozatlı, Hasan Cem Aykutlu, Açelya Sivrikaya Giray, Tuğçe Ataş, Çisem Özkan, Burcu Güneydaş Yıldırım and Işık Görker

Children 2024, 11(7), 759; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070759 - 22 Jun 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 6775

Abstract

Background: Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by significant academic difficulties despite normal intelligence and adequate education. The difficulties with reading, writing, and arithmetic may manifest independently or concurrently at different ages. Early symptoms may appear in preschool, including delays [...] Read more.

Background: Specific learning disorder (SLD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by significant academic difficulties despite normal intelligence and adequate education. The difficulties with reading, writing, and arithmetic may manifest independently or concurrently at different ages. Early symptoms may appear in preschool, including delays in social skills, motor skills, and language development. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of preschool children at risk for SLD and related psychiatric disorders. Method: Data were collected from 515 preschool children in Edirne City, Turkey, using a screening scale for early symptoms of SLD. Socio-demographic information was obtained, and children at risk were invited for a psychiatric evaluation. Results: The mean age of the participants was 72.5 ± 5.6 months. It was determined that 5.7% of the preschool children who participated in the questionnaire were at risk of SLD according to the screening scale scores. Factors such as a father’s low education, the mother smoking during pregnancy, a longer stay in the neonatal intensive care unit, longer screen time, and consanguinity between parents were associated with an increased risk of SLD. Conclusion: This study emphasises the importance of early identification and intervention for SLD and the need to consider associated psychiatric comorbidities. Identifying the risk factors in preschool children may facilitate timely intervention and prevent academic and social difficulties in later years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

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15 pages, 983 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Macrophage Activation Syndrome in Children: Update on Diagnosis and Treatment

by Jin Lee, Kil Seong Bae, Jung Woo Rhim, Soo-Young Lee, Dae Chul Jeong and Jin Han Kang

Children 2024, 11(7), 755; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070755 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4136

Abstract

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is potentially fatal; so, early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential. However, detecting MAS is sometimes challenging because its principal features can be observed in other pediatric diseases that cause severe inflammation. Cytokine storm due to immune dysregulation represents [...] Read more.

Macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) is potentially fatal; so, early diagnosis and timely treatment are essential. However, detecting MAS is sometimes challenging because its principal features can be observed in other pediatric diseases that cause severe inflammation. Cytokine storm due to immune dysregulation represents the clinical and laboratory features of MAS that are included in the diagnostic criteria. Most cases of MAS occur as an underlying condition worsens and progresses. Therefore, a patient with autoimmune or autoinflammatory disease who shows unexplained clinical deterioration despite appropriate management should be considered at high risk for MAS (i.e., occult MAS). The basic principles of treatment are control of triggering factors, supportive care, and relief of hyperinflammation. Systemic steroids and cyclosporine A are frequently used as a first-line treatment. For the treatment of refractory MAS, cytokine-specific biologic agents such as anakinra have recently become preferred over traditional immunosuppressive agents such as etoposide. MAS might be underrecognized in pediatric patients with infectious and inflammatory diseases due to its diverse clinical presentations. Clinical suspicion of MAS is of the utmost importance for early recognition of the disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Care of Pediatric Rheumatology)

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24 pages, 1105 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Measurement Method Options to Investigate Digital Screen Technology Use by Children and Adolescents: A Narrative Review

by Amber Beynon, Danica Hendry, Charlotte Lund Rasmussen, Andrew L. Rohl, Rebecca Eynon, George Thomas, Sarah Stearne, Amity Campbell, Courtenay Harris, Juliana Zabatiero and Leon Straker

Children 2024, 11(7), 754; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070754 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4062

Abstract

The role and potential impact of digital screen technology in the lives of children is heavily debated. Current evidence is limited by the weakness of measures typically used to characterise screen use, predominantly proxy- or self-reports with known inaccuracy and bias. However, robust [...] Read more.

The role and potential impact of digital screen technology in the lives of children is heavily debated. Current evidence is limited by the weakness of measures typically used to characterise screen use, predominantly proxy- or self-reports with known inaccuracy and bias. However, robust and detailed evidence is needed to provide practical trustworthy guidance to families and professionals working with families. The purpose of this paper is to support researchers to select measurement method(s) that will provide robust and detailed evidence. The paper outlines the challenges in measuring contemporary screen use by children, using a child–technology interaction model to organise considerations. A range of different methods used to measure digital screen technology use in children and adolescents (i.e., questionnaires, diaries, electronically prompted sampling, direct observation, fixed room cameras, wearable/portable cameras, audio recorders, screen-device onboard logging, remote digital trace logging and proximity logging) are described along with examples of their use and constructs typically measured as well as a summary of the advantages and disadvantages of each method. A checklist and worked examples are provided to support researchers determining the best methods or combination of methods for a research project. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Screen Time, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Childhood Mental Health on Child and Adolescent Development: Current Research and Future Directions)

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13 pages, 437 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gross Motor Skills Are Associated with Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in School-Aged Children

by Cristiana D’Anna, Fabio Carlevaro, Francesca Magno, Roberto Vagnetti, Pierpaolo Limone and Daniele Magistro

Children 2024, 11(7), 757; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11070757 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2840

Abstract

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent disorders in children and is frequently linked with motor difficulties that can impact both daily motor tasks and overall developmental trajectories. The objective of this study was to analyse the association between gross [...] Read more.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent disorders in children and is frequently linked with motor difficulties that can impact both daily motor tasks and overall developmental trajectories. The objective of this study was to analyse the association between gross motor skills and ADHD symptoms. Using a cross-sectional research design, data were collected from a sample of primary school children (N = 2677; mean age = 8.58 years, SD = 1.49 years). The Gross Motor Development-3 Test (TGMD-3) was employed to assess participants’ gross motor skills, whereas the ADHD Rating Scale (SDAI), completed by teachers, evaluated ADHD symptoms through two subscales: inattention and impulsivity/hyperactivity. The results revealed an association between motor development and ADHD symptoms, with greater proficiency in gross motor skills correlating with lower symptoms reported on the SDAI. Logistic regression analyses indicated that the TGMD-3 was significantly associated with the risk of ADHD in matched samples of at-risk children and controls. The evaluation of gross motor development proves to be a useful tool for monitoring global development, paying attention to any critical issues, particularly in relation to the variables of inattention and hyperactivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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11 pages, 237 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Role of ChatGPT-4, BingAI, and Gemini as Virtual Consultants to Educate Families about Retinopathy of Prematurity

by Ceren Durmaz Engin, Ezgi Karatas and Taylan Ozturk

Children 2024, 11(6), 750; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060750 - 20 Jun 2024

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1830

Abstract

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly important as they are being used more frequently for providing medical information. Our aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-4, BingAI, and Gemini in [...] Read more.

Background: Large language models (LLMs) are becoming increasingly important as they are being used more frequently for providing medical information. Our aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT-4, BingAI, and Gemini in responding to patient inquiries about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods: The answers of LLMs for fifty real-life patient inquiries were assessed using a 5-point Likert scale by three ophthalmologists. The models’ responses were also evaluated for reliability with the DISCERN instrument and the EQIP framework, and for readability using the Flesch Reading Ease (FRE), Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level (FKGL), and Coleman-Liau Index. Results: ChatGPT-4 outperformed BingAI and Gemini, scoring the highest with 5 points in 90% (45 out of 50) and achieving ratings of “agreed” or “strongly agreed” in 98% (49 out of 50) of responses. It led in accuracy and reliability with DISCERN and EQIP scores of 63 and 72.2, respectively. BingAI followed with scores of 53 and 61.1, while Gemini was noted for the best readability (FRE score of 39.1) but lower reliability scores. Statistically significant performance differences were observed particularly in the screening, diagnosis, and treatment categories. Conclusion: ChatGPT-4 excelled in providing detailed and reliable responses to ROP-related queries, although its texts were more complex. All models delivered generally accurate information as per DISCERN and EQIP assessments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Retinopathy of Prematurity)

11 pages, 2861 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Parental Involvement in the Prevention and Management of Obesity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Abdulsalam M. Aleid, Noor M. Sabi, Ghaida Saleh Alharbi, Atheer A. Alharthi, Sarah M. Alshuqayfi, Nirmeen S. Alnefiae, Gawaher M. Ismail, Abdulaziz K. Allhybi, Awatif M. Alrasheeday, Bushra Alshammari, Yasmine Alabbasi and Abbas Al Mutair

Children 2024, 11(6), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060739 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4645

Abstract

Background: Obesity in children is a critical public health issue in developed countries and developing countries. The establishment of health-related behaviors in childhood, significantly influenced by parental involvement, underscores the need for effective intervention measures. Aim: This original research is a systematic review [...] Read more.

Background: Obesity in children is a critical public health issue in developed countries and developing countries. The establishment of health-related behaviors in childhood, significantly influenced by parental involvement, underscores the need for effective intervention measures. Aim: This original research is a systematic review and meta-analysis that aimed to investigate the impact of parental involvement on the prevention and management of childhood obesity, focusing on outcomes such as BMI z-score, exercise levels, screen time, dietary self-efficacy, and percentage body fat. Methods: Adhering to the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) identified through comprehensive searches of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, including RCTs involving children aged 2–18 years with parental or caregiver participation, reporting on the specified outcomes. Data analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3, employing a random effects model. Results: A total of 5573 participants were included. The meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction in BMI z-score (MD = −0.06, 95% CI: −0.09 to −0.02, p = 0.005, I² = 58%), a non-significant increase in exercise levels (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: −0.01 to 0.52, p = 0.05, I² = 52%), and a significant reduction in screen time (MD = −0.36 h per day, 95% CI: −0.61 to −0.11, p = 0.005, I² = 0%). Dietary self-efficacy also improved significantly (MD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.12 to 1.05, p = 0.01, I² = 0%). However, changes in percentage body fat did not reach statistical significance (MD = −1.19%, 95% CI: −2.8% to 0.41%, p = 0.15, I² = 0%). Conclusion: Parental involvement in childhood obesity interventions significantly impacts BMI z-score, exercise levels, screen time, and dietary self-efficacy but not percentage body fat. These findings highlight the importance of engaging parents in obesity prevention and management strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity in Children: Public Health Challenge from Lifestyle Modification to Treatment of Its Complications)

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9 pages, 223 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Skin Reactions in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Associated with the Use of New Diabetes Technologies—An Observational Study from a Regional Polish Pediatric Diabetes Center

by Ewa Ledwoń, Paula Zemła-Szten, Thekla von dem Berge, Krzysztof Nalewajko, Stefano Passanisi, Claudia Piona, Tiago Jeronimo dos Santos, Jannet Svensson, Anna Korsgaard Berg and Agata Chobot

Children 2024, 11(6), 740; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060740 - 17 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1968

Abstract

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of skin problems in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using insulin pumps (IPs) and/or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in our center and analyze their association with various factors. As part of the international [...] Read more.

The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of skin problems in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) using insulin pumps (IPs) and/or continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in our center and analyze their association with various factors. As part of the international ISPAD JENIOUS-initiated SKIN-PEDIC project, we interviewed and examined patients who visited the regional pediatric diabetes center in Opole (Poland) for four weeks regarding the use of IP and/or CGM and the presence of skin problems. Body mass index (BMI) and glycemic parameters were obtained retrospectively from medical records. Among 115 individuals (45.2% girls, 83.5% IP users, 96.5% CGM users), old scars were the most common skin problem (IP users 53.1%; CGM users 66.4%), while ≥2 types of skin problems co-occurred (IP users 40.6%; CGM users 27.3%). Longer IP use was associated with a higher prevalence of skin problems (50% for IP < 1 year, 98.1%-IP 1–3 years, 100% for IP > 3 years; p < 0.001), pointing out extra attention with IP use > 1 year. No significant associations were found between skin problems and gender, age, BMI centile and glycemic parameters. Dermatological complications were common among children using IP and CGM in our center, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring and early intervention to manage these skin-related issues effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Glycemic Control in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes)

11 pages, 1551 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Application of Interferon-γ Release Assay in the Assessment of T-Cell Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Antigens in the Cohort of Pediatric Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

by Katarzyna Kapten, Krzysztof Orczyk and Elzbieta Smolewska

Children 2024, 11(6), 736; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060736 - 16 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1611

Abstract

Background: an accurate assessment of the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 can facilitate a better understanding and management of not only the recent coronavirus but similar pathogens as well. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate T-cell immunity with reference to antibody titers [...] Read more.

Background: an accurate assessment of the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 can facilitate a better understanding and management of not only the recent coronavirus but similar pathogens as well. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate T-cell immunity with reference to antibody titers in a group of pediatric patients with autoimmune arthritides utilizing the widely known Interferon-γ Release Assay (IGRA). Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the cohort of 55 children suffering from Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). This research analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 T-cell response measured by a specific quantitative IGRA, followed by a serological ELISA test measuring the presence and quantity of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies in serum. Results: The cellular response to SARS-CoV-2 measured by the IGRA test significantly correlated with the antibody titers, IgA (p < 0.00003, R = 0.537), IgG (p < 0.0001, R = 0.668), and IgG nucleocapsid protein (NCP) (p < 0.003, R = 0.0399), with no correlation with IgM levels. The antibody levels in patients receiving biological agents were significantly lower compared to the rest of the cohort (p = 0.0369), while traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs had no such effect. Limitations: the main limitation of the research is the small sample size, mostly due to the specific cohort of patients and the lack of a healthy control. Conclusions: IGRA appears to be a viable tool in the accurate evaluation of T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2, and serodiagnostics alone is not always sufficient in the assessment of immune responses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis, Treatment and Care of Pediatric Rheumatology)

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12 pages, 233 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Families of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Variables Associated with Family Quality of Life

by Ghaleb H. Alnahdi and Susanne Schwab

Children 2024, 11(6), 734; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060734 - 15 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2509

Abstract

Families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities often face unique challenges that significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding the predictors of family quality of life (FQOL) is crucial for developing effective support systems and interventions. Aim: This study investigated the predictors [...] Read more.

Families of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities often face unique challenges that significantly impact their quality of life. Understanding the predictors of family quality of life (FQOL) is crucial for developing effective support systems and interventions. Aim: This study investigated the predictors that might influence the perception of families having a member with a disability regarding their quality of life (FQOL). Method: The sample consisted of 320 family members from the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. Results: The overall results showed that participants’ satisfaction with FQOL was at a moderate level. Further results indicated that variables associated with severity, type of disability, and the mother’s age and education were significant predictors of the FQOL. Conclusions: These results emphasize the importance of considering the variables that impact FQOL, such as the severity and type of disability, and mother’s related variables, when directing support to families with a member with a disability. The recommendations and limitations of the study were discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

8 pages, 239 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Sleep Quality in Asthmatic Children with the Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ)

by Mehmet Yaşar Özkars, Seda Çevik, Serap Ata, Alican Sarısaltık and Uğur Altaş

Children 2024, 11(6), 728; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060728 - 14 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1832

Abstract

Considering the high prevalence of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) in asthmatic patients, we aimed to compare asthmatic children and healthy children in terms of SRBD according to Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) scores. A questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the PSQ, [...] Read more.

Considering the high prevalence of sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) in asthmatic patients, we aimed to compare asthmatic children and healthy children in terms of SRBD according to Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) scores. A questionnaire covering sociodemographic characteristics of the patients and the PSQ, which evaluates sleep quality and consists of 22 questions, was administered. During the data collection process, 180 patients in the patient group and 170 patients in the control group were included. The patient group showed statistically significantly higher total scores and subscale scores for snoring, sleepiness, and inattention compared to the control group. Statistically significant correlations were found between the sleepiness subscale and body mass index z score in a negative direction and between age at presentation and duration of asthma in a positive direction. Our findings endorse employing the PSQ as a screening instrument in the outpatient environment to ensure timely referral of asthma patients to a sleep specialist for SRBD evaluation. Considering the widespread occurrence of snoring and asthma, this tool could aid in identifying patients with an elevated risk of SRBD and expedite the scheduling of nocturnal polysomnography for these children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Allergy in Children: Current Research Insights and Future Directions)

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11 pages, 503 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Validity of the BOT-2 Short Form for Korean School-Age Children: A Preliminary Study

by Deukgeun Yoon, Dabin Choi, Misun Kim, Seokyeon Ji, Yoo-Sook Joung and Eun Young Kim

Children 2024, 11(6), 724; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060724 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2205

Abstract

The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) is the most common motor assessment in Korea. The BOT-2–Short Form (SF) is preferred over the complete form (CF) in settings with limited time. The present study aimed to assess the validity of the [...] Read more.

The Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency Second Edition (BOT-2) is the most common motor assessment in Korea. The BOT-2–Short Form (SF) is preferred over the complete form (CF) in settings with limited time. The present study aimed to assess the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. First, we verified that the BOT-2 SF reflects developmental changes in motor skills. Second, we compared the BOT-2 SF scores to those of the BOT-2 CF. A total of 283 Korean school-age children performed the BOT-2. The differences in the BOT-2 SF point according to age group (7 years, 8–9 years, and 10–12 years) were analyzed. A correlation analysis of the standard scores between the BOT-2 SF and CF was conducted. The sensitivity and specificity of the BOT-2 SF were calculated in reference to its CF. Overall, the BOT-2 SF point scores increased with age. The correlation between the total scores of the BOT-2 SF and CF was strong. The BOT-2 SF had a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 92%. This study has demonstrated the validity of the BOT-2 SF in Korean school-age children. The BOT2 SF can be useful in screening Korean school-age children with motor skills problems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Development in Children)

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15 pages, 670 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Proprioception, Emotion and Social Responsiveness in Children with Developmental Disorders: An Exploratory Study in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Cerebral Palsy and Different Neurodevelopmental Situations

by Inmaculada Riquelme, Samar M. Hatem, Álvaro Sabater-Gárriz, Elisabeth Martín-Jiménez and Pedro Montoya

Children 2024, 11(6), 719; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060719 - 13 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3612

Abstract

Proprioception has long been linked with emotional dysregulation in neurotypical adults. Neuropediatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) are distinct entities and yet both present with deficits and challenges in sensory processing and the regulation of emotions. This [...] Read more.

Proprioception has long been linked with emotional dysregulation in neurotypical adults. Neuropediatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebral palsy (CP) are distinct entities and yet both present with deficits and challenges in sensory processing and the regulation of emotions. This study aimed to explore the relationship between proprioception and emotional–social performance in children and to compare proprioception and emotional–social performance in different underlying neurodevelopmental conditions. For this purpose, this cross-sectional study included 42 children with ASD, 34 children with CP and 50 typically developing peers. Proprioceptive acuity, proprioceptive reactive behavior as well as emotion regulation and social responsiveness were assessed. The results show a significant correlation between proprioceptive deficits and emotional difficulties in this pediatric sample, with distinct proprioceptive impairment patterns according to the underlying neurological disorder. Children with CP showed significant emotional knowledge deficits, while children with ASD predominantly showed challenges in social responsiveness. These data thus suggest a differentiated impact of proprioception on emotional–social performance in neurodevelopmental disorders and highlight proprioception as a potential therapeutic target for balancing emotion regulation in children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Pediatrics)

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12 pages, 303 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of Basic Motor Skills from 3 to 10 Years of Age: Comparison by Sex and Age Range in Chilean Children

by Juan Hurtado-Almonacid, Tomás Reyes-Amigo, Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda, Guillermo Cortés-Roco, Cristian Oñate-Navarrete, Jorge Olivares-Arancibia and Jacqueline Páez-Herrera

Children 2024, 11(6), 715; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060715 - 11 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2399

Abstract

Basic motor skills are recognized as fundamental movements that allow children to interact with their environment and are identified as the basic structure on which more complex movements are built. Objective: to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to [...] Read more.

Basic motor skills are recognized as fundamental movements that allow children to interact with their environment and are identified as the basic structure on which more complex movements are built. Objective: to identify the level of motor development of children from 3 to 10 years of age according to sex and age group. Methodology. We studied a sample with a total of 328 participants (girls = 170; boys = 158) at preschool (n = 154) and school levels (n = 174). The ages of the students ranged from 3 to 10 years, with a mean of 5.94 years (±2.53). TGMD2 was applied to identify motor development. Results: boys and girls present low levels of physical activity, with most of them in the very poor, poor, and low-average categories (n = 182, 55.5%). Levels of motor development in locomotion, manipulation, and general development by age show significant differences (p = 0.000). However, levels of development by sex are not significant in manipulation, locomotion, and gross motor skills tests, respectively (p = 0.150, p = 0.208, and p = 0.210), and in relation to chronological age and motor development age show significant differences (p = 0.000). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Development in Children)

11 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Parent–Child Associations in Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour: The FAMIPASS Study

by Dagmar Sigmundová, Jaroslava Voráčová, Jan Dygrýn, Michal Vorlíček and Erik Sigmund

Children 2024, 11(6), 710; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060710 - 8 Jun 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1754

Abstract

Parent–child patterns in objectively measured movement behaviours were the highlight of this study. A total of 381 families (337 mothers, 256 fathers, 190 daughters, and 191 sons) from 36 randomly selected schools and kindergartens provided valid accelerometer data. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity [...] Read more.

Parent–child patterns in objectively measured movement behaviours were the highlight of this study. A total of 381 families (337 mothers, 256 fathers, 190 daughters, and 191 sons) from 36 randomly selected schools and kindergartens provided valid accelerometer data. Sedentary behaviour and physical activity (PA) were assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers. Spearman’s rho was used to evaluate parent–child associations, while logistic regression analysis (the backward LR method) was used to recognize factors related to children’s achievement of PA recommendations. Results indicated that girls engaged more in light PA, while boys showed higher levels of moderate and vigorous PA. Mothers spent less time sitting and more time in light PA compared to fathers, resulting in higher total PA levels. Father–son pairs showed a stronger association in total PA than mother–son pairs. Children aged 6–10 years and those with mothers who engaged in more vigorous PA were more likely to meet PA recommendations compared to younger children and those with less active mothers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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38 pages, 3176 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Beyond Language Scores: How Language Exposure Informs Assessment of Nonword Repetition, Vocabulary and Narrative Macrostructure in Bilingual Turkish/Swedish Children with and without Developmental Language Disorder

by Linnéa Öberg and Ute Bohnacker

Children 2024, 11(6), 704; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060704 - 7 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1386

Abstract

As in many other countries, baseline data concerning the linguistic development of bilingual children in Sweden are lacking, and suitable methods for identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilinguals are lacking as well. This study presents reference data from 108 typically developing (TD) [...] Read more.

As in many other countries, baseline data concerning the linguistic development of bilingual children in Sweden are lacking, and suitable methods for identifying developmental language disorder (DLD) in bilinguals are lacking as well. This study presents reference data from 108 typically developing (TD) Turkish/Swedish-speaking children aged 4;0–8;1, for a range of language tasks developed specifically for the assessment of bilinguals (LITMUS test battery, COST Action IS0804). We report on different types of nonword repetition (NWR) tasks (language-specific and language-independent), receptive and expressive vocabulary (Cross-Linguistic Lexical Tasks, CLTs), and narrative macrostructure comprehension and production (Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives, MAIN) in Turkish, the children’s home language, and in Swedish, the language of schooling and society. Performance was investigated in relation to age, language exposure, type of task, and (for NWR and narratives) vocabulary size. There was a positive development with age for all tasks, but effects of language exposure and vocabulary size differed between tasks. Six bilingual Turkish/Swedish children with DLD were individually compared to the TD children. TD/DLD performance overlapped substantially, particularly for NWR, and more so for the production than the comprehension tasks. Surprisingly, the discriminatory potential was poor for both language-specific and language-independent NWR. DLD case studies underscored the importance of interpreting language scores in relation to exposure history, and the need for an increased emphasis on functional language skills as reported by parents and teachers when assessing and diagnosing DLD in bilinguals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Developmental Language Disorder in Children and Adolescents)

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20 pages, 540 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Nurturing Sustainable Development: The Interplay of Parenting Styles and SDGs in Children’s Development

by Cristina Tripon

Children 2024, 11(6), 695; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060695 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7612

Abstract

This study delves into the dynamics of parenting styles and their impact on the cognitive and social–affective development of children within diverse family populations, contextualized within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing from a sample population comprising families from various socio-economic [...] Read more.

This study delves into the dynamics of parenting styles and their impact on the cognitive and social–affective development of children within diverse family populations, contextualized within the framework of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Drawing from a sample population comprising families from various socio-economic backgrounds and cultural contexts, the research explores the nuanced interactions between parenting approaches—ranging from authoritarian/permissive to democratic—and children’s developmental trajectories. By examining families with different numbers of children, this study elucidates the differential effects of parenting styles on cognitive adaptability and social–emotional skills across varying family structures. Democratic parenting emerges as a critical factor in promoting children’s well-being, equitable access to education, and the fostering of peaceful societies, aligning with SDGs 3, 4, and 16. Furthermore, the research addresses disparities in child development outcomes, shedding light on issues of gender equality (SDG 5) and reduced inequalities (SDG 10) within the context of family dynamics. Through a comprehensive analysis of diverse family populations, this study underscores the significance of inclusive and nurturing parenting practices in advancing sustainable development objectives, advocating for collaborative efforts (SDG 17) to support families in fostering optimal child development outcomes for all. Full article

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19 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Family Structure, Family Transitions, and Child Overweight and Obesity: Comparing Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

by Sadie A. Slighting, Kirsten Rasmussen, Mikaela J. Dufur, Jonathan A. Jarvis, Shana L. Pribesh, Alyssa J. Alexander and Carolina Otero

Children 2024, 11(6), 693; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060693 - 6 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2859

Abstract

Growing rates of childhood obesity globally create concern for individuals’ health outcomes and demands on health systems. While many policy approaches focus on macro-level interventions, we examine how the type of stability of a family structure might provide opportunities for policy interventions at [...] Read more.

Growing rates of childhood obesity globally create concern for individuals’ health outcomes and demands on health systems. While many policy approaches focus on macro-level interventions, we examine how the type of stability of a family structure might provide opportunities for policy interventions at the micro level. We examine the association between family structure trajectories and childhood overweight and obesity across three Anglophone countries using an expanded set of eight family structure categories that capture biological relationships and instability, along with potential explanatory variables that might vary across family trajectories and provide opportunities for intervention, including access to resources, family stressors, family structure selectivity factors, and obesogenic correlates. We use three datasets that are representative of children born around the year 2000 and aged 11 years old in Australia (n = 3329), the United Kingdom (n = 11,542), and the United States (n = 8837) and nested multivariate multinomial logistic regression models. Our analyses find stronger relationships between child overweight and obesity and family structure trajectories than between child obesity and obesogenic factors. Children in all three countries are sensitive to living with cohabiting parents, although in Australia, this is limited to children whose parents have been cohabiting since before their birth. In the UK and US, parents starting their cohabitation after the child’s birth are more likely to have children who experience obesity. Despite a few differences across cross-cultural contexts, most of the relationship between family structures and child overweight or obesity is connected to differences in families’ access to resources and by the types of parents who enter into these family structures. These findings suggest policy interventions at the family level that focus on potential parents’ education and career prospects and on income support rather than interventions like marriage incentives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Obesity in Children: Public Health Challenge from Lifestyle Modification to Treatment of Its Complications)

13 pages, 4427 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Reconstructive Options for Pressure Ulcers in Pediatric Patients

by Dominika Krakowczyk, Jakub Opyrchał, Tomasz Koszutski, Krzysztof Dowgierd and Łukasz Krakowczyk

Children 2024, 11(6), 691; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060691 - 5 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4171

Abstract

Background: Pressure ulcers pose significant challenges in terms of treatment, often exhibiting a low success rate and a propensity for recurrence. Children with neurological impairments such as myelomeningocele and those with spinal injuries are particularly vulnerable to developing pressure ulcers. Despite advancements, achieving [...] Read more.

Background: Pressure ulcers pose significant challenges in terms of treatment, often exhibiting a low success rate and a propensity for recurrence. Children with neurological impairments such as myelomeningocele and those with spinal injuries are particularly vulnerable to developing pressure ulcers. Despite advancements, achieving successful reconstruction remains a formidable task. Common sites prone to pressure ulcer formation include the sacral and ischial regions, as well as areas over bony prominences. Additionally, pressure ulcers attributable to medical devices facilitating ambulation are observed. While many pressure sores resolve spontaneously, conservative management may prove ineffective for some, especially in cases of stage 3 and 4 ulcers, necessitating surgical intervention. Various surgical techniques are employed for the treatment of decubitus ulcers, yet there exists no universally accepted gold standard for their management. This paper presents our institutional experience in this domain, highlighting differences in surgical approaches, treatment outcomes, complication rates, and long-term follow-up. Methods: This study involved a retrospective analysis of medical records from 11 children, ranging in age from 10 to 17 years, who presented with extensive pressure ulcers that were unresponsive to conservative treatment measures. Data collection spanned from February 2017 to June 2022. The pressure ulcers affected various anatomical regions, including the ischial area (5/11 patients), sacral region (3/11 patients), lower limb (1/11 patients), elbow (1/11 patients), and perineal area (1/11 patients). Surgical intervention was the chosen approach for all cases, employing techniques such as reconstructive surgery utilizing perforator, pediculated flaps, and locoregional flaps. Results: Eleven patients with sore ulcers (stage 3 and 4) were treated surgically. We present our experience of using surgical methods, including pedicled anterolateral flaps, pedicled gracilis musculocutaneous flaps, propeller flaps and locoregional flaps. In some cases, surgery was performed after 60 days of hospitalization or ten years after ulcer occurrence. We reviewed the length of hospital stay, surgical management and patient satisfaction. Patients were followed up to 5 years post-surgery. All flaps survived except for one flap where partial necrosis was observed. The recurrence rate was 9.01% (1/11). One patient underwent another surgery. The general outcome was satisfactory. Conclusions: Conclusions: Our findings underscore the efficacy of flap reconstruction surgical techniques in the management of pressure ulcers among pediatric patients. Based on our experience and the outcomes observed, we advocate for considering reconstructive surgery as a viable therapeutic option early in the treatment course, particularly for stage 3 and 4 ulcers. This approach not only addresses the immediate needs of patients but also holds promise for long-term wound healing and prevention of recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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38 pages, 1732 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Voice as a Biomarker of Pediatric Health: A Scoping Review

by Hannah Paige Rogers, Anne Hseu, Jung Kim, Elizabeth Silberholz, Stacy Jo, Anna Dorste and Kathy Jenkins

Children 2024, 11(6), 684; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060684 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3294

Abstract

The human voice has the potential to serve as a valuable biomarker for the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of pediatric conditions. This scoping review synthesizes the current knowledge on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in analyzing pediatric voice as a biomarker [...] Read more.

The human voice has the potential to serve as a valuable biomarker for the early detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of pediatric conditions. This scoping review synthesizes the current knowledge on the application of artificial intelligence (AI) in analyzing pediatric voice as a biomarker for health. The included studies featured voice recordings from pediatric populations aged 0–17 years, utilized feature extraction methods, and analyzed pathological biomarkers using AI models. Data from 62 studies were extracted, encompassing study and participant characteristics, recording sources, feature extraction methods, and AI models. Data from 39 models across 35 studies were evaluated for accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. The review showed a global representation of pediatric voice studies, with a focus on developmental, respiratory, speech, and language conditions. The most frequently studied conditions were autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disabilities, asphyxia, and asthma. Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients were the most utilized feature extraction method, while Support Vector Machines were the predominant AI model. The analysis of pediatric voice using AI demonstrates promise as a non-invasive, cost-effective biomarker for a broad spectrum of pediatric conditions. Further research is necessary to standardize the feature extraction methods and AI models utilized for the evaluation of pediatric voice as a biomarker for health. Standardization has significant potential to enhance the accuracy and applicability of these tools in clinical settings across a variety of conditions and voice recording types. Further development of this field has enormous potential for the creation of innovative diagnostic tools and interventions for pediatric populations globally. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Otolaryngology)

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21 pages, 882 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Leveraging User-Friendly Mobile Medical Devices to Facilitate Early Hospital Discharges in a Pediatric Setting: A Randomized Trial Study Protocol

by Gianvincenzo Zuccotti, Marta Marsilio, Laura Fiori, Paola Erba, Francesca Destro, Costantino Zamana, Laura Folgori, Anna Mandelli, Davide Braghieri, Chiara Guglielmetti, Martina Pisarra, Letizia Magnani, Gabriele Infante, Dario Dilillo, Valentina Fabiano, Patrizia Carlucci, Elena Zoia, Gloria Pelizzo and Valeria Calcaterra

Children 2024, 11(6), 683; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060683 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1962

Abstract

Background: Mobile technology is increasingly prevalent in healthcare, serving various purposes, including remote health monitoring and patient self-management, which could prove beneficial to early hospital discharges. Aims: This study investigates the transitional care program experience facilitating early discharges in a pediatric setting through [...] Read more.

Background: Mobile technology is increasingly prevalent in healthcare, serving various purposes, including remote health monitoring and patient self-management, which could prove beneficial to early hospital discharges. Aims: This study investigates the transitional care program experience facilitating early discharges in a pediatric setting through the use of an easy-to-use mobile medical device (TytoCare™, TytoCare Ltd., Natanya, Israel). Outcomes: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of telehomecare in achieving complete resolution of diseases without readmission, compare the length of stay between intervention and standard care groups, and gather user and professional experiences. Methods: A randomized open-label, controlled pilot study enrolled 102 children, randomly assigned to the telehomecare (TELE) group (n = 51, adopting early hospital discharge with continued home monitoring) or the standard-of-care (STAND) group (n = 51). Primary outcomes include complete disease resolution without readmission. Secondary objectives include recording a shorter length of stay in the intervention group. Surveys on user and professional experiences were conducted. A group of 51 children declining telemedicine services (NO-TELE) was also included. Results: In the TELE group, 100% of children achieved complete disease resolution without readmission, with a median duration of stay of 4 days, significantly shorter than the 7 days in the STAND group (p = 0.01). The telemedicine system demonstrated efficient performance and high satisfaction levels. The NO-TELE group showed no significant differences in demographics or digital technology competence. Perceived benefits of telemedicine included time and cost savings, reduced hospital stays, and technology utility and usability. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that user-friendly mobile medical devices effectively facilitate early hospital discharges in a pediatric setting. These devices serve as a bridge between home and hospital, optimizing care pathways. Full article

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10 pages, 608 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Time to Initiate Therapeutic Hypothermia on Short-Term Neurological Outcomes in Neonates with Hypoxic–Ischemic Encephalopathy

by Till Dresbach, Viktoria Rigoni, Anne Groteklaes, Thomas Hoehn, Anja Stein, Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser, Andreas Mueller and Hemmen Sabir

Children 2024, 11(6), 686; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060686 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2261

Abstract

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard treatment for neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. Preclinical evidence indicates that the time to initiate therapeutic hypothermia correlates with its therapeutic success. This study aims to explore whether there is a correlation between the early initiation of therapeutic [...] Read more.

Background: Therapeutic hypothermia is the standard treatment for neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy. Preclinical evidence indicates that the time to initiate therapeutic hypothermia correlates with its therapeutic success. This study aims to explore whether there is a correlation between the early initiation of therapeutic hypothermia and improved short-term neurological outcomes in cooled asphyxiated newborns. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted, involving 68 neonates from two different neonatal intensive care units. The impact of time to initiate treatment, time to reach the target temperature, and time between initiation and target temperature was correlated with short-term outcomes on MRI. Results: We did not find a significant difference between outcomes regarding the time to start treatment and the time to achieve the target temperature. Interestingly, neonates with a poor outcome were treated on average earlier than neonates with a favorable outcome but required more time to reach the target temperature. Additionally, the study results did not support the hypothesis that a shorter time to initiate treatment would lead to shorter times to achieve the target temperature. Conclusion: Based on our findings, it is recommended to prioritize a thorough evaluation of neonatal encephalopathy before initiating therapeutic hypothermia. Early initiation of treatment should be balanced with the time required for precise assessment to ensure better outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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18 pages, 9434 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy and Therapeutic Hypothermia—A Recipe for Severe Pulmonary Hypertension?

by Deepika Sankaran, Jessa Rose A. Li and Satyan Lakshminrusimha

Children 2024, 11(6), 673; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060673 - 1 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 5763

Abstract

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of mortality among term newborns globally. Infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid are at risk of developing meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and HIE. Simultaneous occurrence of MAS and HIE is a perilous combination for newborns due [...] Read more.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is the leading cause of mortality among term newborns globally. Infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid are at risk of developing meconium aspiration syndrome (MAS) and HIE. Simultaneous occurrence of MAS and HIE is a perilous combination for newborns due to the risk of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). Moreover, therapeutic hypothermia (TH), which is the current standard of care for the management of HIE, may increase pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and worsen PPHN. Infants with MAS and HIE require close cardiorespiratory and hemodynamic monitoring for PPHN. Therapeutic strategies, including oxygen supplementation, ventilation, use of surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide and other pulmonary vasodilators, and systemic vasopressors, play a critical role in the management of PPHN in MAS, HIE, and TH. While TH reduces death or disability in infants with HIE, infants with MAS and HIE undergoing TH need close hemodynamic monitoring for PPHN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Management of Pulmonary Hypertension in Infants and Children)

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11 pages, 2855 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Study of Correlation between Fetal Bowel Dilation and Congenital Gastrointestinal Malformation

by Yi Jiang, Weipeng Wang, Weihua Pan, Wenjie Wu, Dan Zhu and Jun Wang

Children 2024, 11(6), 670; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060670 - 31 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2569

Abstract

Background: Ultrasound serves as a valuable tool for the early detection of fetal bowel dilatation, yet the correlation between fetal bowel dilatation and gastrointestinal malformations remains to be further investigated. This study aims to explore the relationship by conducting a follow-up and analysis [...] Read more.

Background: Ultrasound serves as a valuable tool for the early detection of fetal bowel dilatation, yet the correlation between fetal bowel dilatation and gastrointestinal malformations remains to be further investigated. This study aims to explore the relationship by conducting a follow-up and analysis of fetuses with bowel dilation. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 113 fetuses with bowel dilatation at our center from July 2014 to December 2019. The location and degree of bowel dilatation were analyzed. ROC curves were constructed based on the diameter of the bowel and its ratio to fetal gestational age. Results: In total, 40 of 41 cases (97.6%) with upper gastrointestinal dilatation (double-bubble sign) and 46 of 72 cases (63.9%) with lower gastrointestinal dilatation were diagnosed with gastrointestinal malformations postnatally. The AUC of the dilatation diameter was 0.854 with a cutoff value of 18.05 mm in patients with lower gastrointestinal dilatation. The ratio of the diameter to gestational age (D/GA) showed a higher AUC of 0.906 with a cutoff value of 0.4931. Conclusions: The presence of the double-bubble sign in fetuses indicates a close association with duodenal obstruction. The risk of gastrointestinal malformations increases when the bowel diameter exceeds 18.05 mm, particularly when the D/GA surpasses 0.4931. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adverse Neonatal Outcomes in Perinatal Periods: Risk Factors, Screening and Treatment)

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20 pages, 741 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Management of Pediatric Solid Organ Injuries

by Bailey D. Lyttle, Regan F. Williams and Steven Stylianos

Children 2024, 11(6), 667; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060667 - 30 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2104

Abstract

Solid organ injury (SOI) is common in children who experience abdominal trauma, and the management of such injuries has evolved significantly over the past several decades. In 2000, the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) published the first societal guidelines for the management of [...] Read more.

Solid organ injury (SOI) is common in children who experience abdominal trauma, and the management of such injuries has evolved significantly over the past several decades. In 2000, the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) published the first societal guidelines for the management of blunt spleen and/or liver injury (BLSI), advocating for optimized resource utilization while maintaining patient safety. Nonoperative management (NOM) has become the mainstay of treatment for SOI, and since the publication of the APSA guidelines, numerous groups have evaluated how invasive procedures, hospitalization, and activity restrictions may be safely minimized in children with SOI. Here, we review the current evidence-based management guidelines in place for the treatment of injuries to the spleen, liver, kidney, and pancreas in children, including initial evaluation, inpatient management, and long-term care, as well as gaps that exist in the current literature that may be targeted for further optimization of protocols for pediatric SOI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Treatment of Childhood Fractures and Trauma)

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10 pages, 488 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Psychometric Properties of the Revised Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management Scale among Spanish Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes

by Joaquín Villaécija, Bárbara Luque, Esther Cuadrado, Sebastián Vivas and Carmen Tabernero

Children 2024, 11(6), 662; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060662 - 29 May 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1790

Abstract

A longitudinal design was used to examine the psychometric properties of the Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management (SEDM) for children and adolescents with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The SEDM was adapted to Spanish and the best factorial solution was selected to [...] Read more.

A longitudinal design was used to examine the psychometric properties of the Self-Efficacy for Diabetes Self-Management (SEDM) for children and adolescents with a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The SEDM was adapted to Spanish and the best factorial solution was selected to test the invariance of the measures of age and gender. Individuals between the ages of 10 and 19 years old with a diagnosis of T1D completed a self-reported questionnaire (167 at Time 1 [mean age = 14.49, SD = 2.76; 56.9% boys] and 122 at Time 2 [mean age = 14.77, SD = 2.58; 56.6% boys]). Two unifactorial solutions were tested. The psychometric properties of the scale were validated. The proposed validation obtained excellent reliability indices (χ² (26) = 25.59, p > 0.49, RMSEA = 0.00, 95% CI [0.00, 0.07], CFI = 1.00, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.92, TLI = 1.00, and CMIN = 0.98), and it appeared to be invariant for gender and for age groups. The Cronbach’s α was 0.85. The test–retest reliability was high (r = 0.69 [p < 0.001]). Convergent, discriminant, and external validity were proven. The nine-item SEDM is a brief measure with satisfactory structural validity. From our knowledge, this study provides the first reliable tool to assess self-efficacy in the management of T1D for Spanish children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Childhood Diabetes)

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13 pages, 1043 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Associated Comorbidities among Preschool-Aged Children with Down Syndrome

by Tessa K. Kolstad, Lourdes M. DelRosso, Mary Anne Tablizo, Manisha Witmans, Yeilim Cho and Michelle Sobremonte-King

Children 2024, 11(6), 651; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060651 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a polysomnogram (PSG) in children with DS prior to the age of 4. This retrospective study examined the frequency of SDB, gas exchange abnormalities, [...] Read more.

Children with Down syndrome (DS) are at high risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends a polysomnogram (PSG) in children with DS prior to the age of 4. This retrospective study examined the frequency of SDB, gas exchange abnormalities, co-morbidities, and surgical management in children with DS aged 2–4 years old at Seattle Children’s Hospital from 2015–2021. A total of 153 children underwent PSG, with 75 meeting the inclusion criteria. The mean age was 3.03 years (SD 0.805), 56% were male, and 54.7% were Caucasian. Comorbidities included (n, %): cardiac (43, 57.3%), dysphagia or aspiration (24, 32.0%), prematurity (17, 22.7%), pulmonary (16, 21.3%), immune dysfunction (2, 2.7%), and hypothyroidism (23, 30.7%). PSG parameter data collected included (mean, SD): obstructive AHI (7.9, 9.4) and central AHI (2.4, 2.4). In total, 94.7% met the criteria for pediatric OSA, 9.5% met the criteria for central apnea, and 9.5% met the criteria for hypoventilation. Only one child met the criteria for hypoxemia. Overall, 60% had surgical intervention, with 88.9% of these being adenotonsillectomy. There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of OSA at different ages. Children aged 2–4 years with DS have a high frequency of OSA. The most commonly encountered co-morbidities were cardiac and swallowing dysfunction. Among those with OSA, more than half underwent surgical intervention, with improvements in their obstructive apnea hypopnea index, total apnea hypopnea index, oxygen saturation nadir, oxygen desaturation index, total arousal index, and total sleep duration. This highlights the importance of early diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Our study also suggests that adenotonsillar hypertrophy is still a large contributor to upper airway obstruction in this age group. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine)

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7 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Adolescents’ Awareness of Seat Belt Use and the Relationship with Risky Behaviors

by Hatice Topal, Sadettin Burak Açıkel, Hülya Şirin, Emine Polat, Harun Terin, Mehmet Mustafa Yılmaz and Saliha Şenel

Children 2024, 11(6), 656; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060656 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1416

Abstract

The one of the leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality worldwide is motor vehicle accidents (MVA). The use of seat belts significantly lowers MVA fatalities and injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate adolescent seat belt usage patterns and relation [...] Read more.

The one of the leading causes of adolescent morbidity and mortality worldwide is motor vehicle accidents (MVA). The use of seat belts significantly lowers MVA fatalities and injuries. The aim of this study is to investigate adolescent seat belt usage patterns and relation with risky behaviors. The study conducted at two medical institutions with non-immigrant and literate adolescents aged 12–18. Demographics, seat belt use, and risk-taking behavior were collected through questionnaires. 726 teenagers (422 girls and 304 boys) with an average age of 176.7 ± 23.37 months participated in the study. Parents’ educational levels and front-seat belt use have been found to be correlated. Comparatively to non-users, seat belt users demonstrated lower risk scores (total, traffic, substance, and social). The use of seat belts was significantly predicted by traffic risk, according to logistic regression. The frequency of seatbelt use was higher among participants from cities with higher socioeconomic status. As a result, it was found that adolescents who exhibited more risky behaviors had a lower frequency of seat belt use and seat belt use was associated with socioeconomic level and parental education level. It is thought that population-based studies to be conducted on this subject are important. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

29 pages, 4467 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Interleukin-17 Receptor A Gene Variants on Asthma Susceptibility and Clinical Manifestations in Children and Adolescents

by Shymaa Ahmed Maher, Nouran B. AbdAllah, Essam Al Ageeli, Eman Riad, Shahad W. Kattan, Sherouk Abdelaal, Wagdy Abdelfatah, Gehan A. Ibrahim, Eman A. Toraih, Ghada A. Awadalla, Manal S. Fawzy and Ahmed Ibrahim

Children 2024, 11(6), 657; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060657 - 28 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1578

Abstract

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple interleukin receptor genes could be associated with asthma risk and/or phenotype. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been implicated in tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. As no previous studies have uncovered the potential role of IL17 receptor A ( [...] Read more.

Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in multiple interleukin receptor genes could be associated with asthma risk and/or phenotype. Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been implicated in tissue inflammation and autoimmune diseases. As no previous studies have uncovered the potential role of IL17 receptor A (RA) gene variants in asthma risk, we aimed to explore the association of four IL17RA SNPs (i.e., rs4819554A/G, rs879577C/T, rs41323645G/A, and rs4819555C/T) with asthma susceptibility/phenotype in our region. TaqMan allelic discrimination analysis was used to genotype 192 individuals. We found that the rs4819554 G/G genotype significantly reduced disease risk in the codominant (OR = 0.15, 95%CI = 0.05–0.45, p < 0.001), dominant (OR = 0.49, 95%CI = 0.26–0.93, p = 0.028), and recessive (OR = 0.18, 95%CI = 0.07–0.52, p < 0.001) models. Similarly, rs879577 showed reduced disease risk associated with the T allele across all genetic models. However, the A allele of rs41323645 was associated with increased disease risk in all models. The G/A and A/A genotypes have higher ORs of 2.47 (95%CI = 1.19–5.14) and 3.86 (95%CI = 1.62–9.18), respectively. Similar trends are observed in the dominant 2.89 (95%CI = 1.47–5.68, p = 0.002) and recessive 2.34 (95%CI = 1.10–4.98, p = 0.025) models. For the rs4819555 variant, although there was no significant association identified under any models, carriers of the rs4819554*A demonstrated an association with a positive family history of asthma (71.4% in carriers vs. 27% in non-carriers; p = 0.025) and the use of relievers for >2 weeks (52.2% of carriers vs. 28.8% of non-carriers; p = 0.047). Meanwhile, the rs4819555*C carriers displayed a significant divergence in the asthma phenotype, specifically atopic asthma (83.3% vs. 61.1%; p = 0.007), showed a higher prevalence of chest tightness (88.9% vs. 61.5%; p = 0.029), and were more likely to report comorbidities (57.7% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.003). The most frequent haplotype in the asthma group was ACAC, with a frequency of 22.87% vs. 1.36% in the controls (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the studied IL17RA variants could be essential in asthma susceptibility and phenotype in children and adolescents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Asthma and Allergy in Children)

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17 pages, 1346 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of the Different Dietary Supplements on the Average Surface Roughness and Color Stability of Direct Restorative Materials Used in Pediatric Dentistry

by Nagehan Aktaş, Yasemin Akın, Cenkhan Bal, Mehmet Bani and Merve Bankoğlu Güngör

Children 2024, 11(6), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060645 - 27 May 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2180

Abstract

Increased surface roughness and discoloration of the direct restorative materials used in pediatric patients affect the longevity of restorations and impair children’s oral health. Many factors can alter these properties. One of these factors is the intake of dietary supplements. It is crucial [...] Read more.

Increased surface roughness and discoloration of the direct restorative materials used in pediatric patients affect the longevity of restorations and impair children’s oral health. Many factors can alter these properties. One of these factors is the intake of dietary supplements. It is crucial to predict the properties of restorative materials when exposed to dietary supplements to maintain the dental care of children. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effect of various syrup-formed dietary supplements on the average surface roughness and color stability of current restorative materials used in pediatric dentistry. Seven different restorative materials (conventional glass ionomer [Fuji IX GP], resin-modified glass ionomer, [Fuji II LC], zirconia-reinforced glass ionomer [Zirconomer Improved], polyacid-modified composite resin [Dyract^®XTRA], bulk-fill glass hybrid restorative [Equia Forte HT Fill], conventional resin composite [Charisma Smart], and resin composite with reactive glass fillers [Cention N]) were tested. The specimens prepared from each type of restorative material were divided into five subgroups according to dietary supplements (Sambucol Kids, Resverol, Imunol, Umca, and Microfer). These specimens were immersed daily in supplement solution over a period of 28 days. Surface roughness and color difference measurements were performed at baseline and at the 7th and 28th days. The color difference and Ra values showed that there was an interaction among the type of restorative material, type of dietary supplement, and immersion time factors (p < 0.05). Whereas lower Ra values were found in the composite resin group, the highest Ra values were found in the conventional glass ionomer group. All supplements caused increasing color difference values, and Resverol and Umca showed higher discoloration values above the clinically acceptable threshold. The intake of dietary supplement type, the immersion time of the dietary supplement, and the restorative material type affected the surface roughness and color stability of the tested direct restorative materials. All of the experimental groups showed higher Ra values than clinically acceptable surface roughness values (0.2 µm). The color difference values also increased with the immersion time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Technologies and Materials in Oral Health and Dental Care of Pediatric Dentistry)

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19 pages, 5012 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Complete Transposition of the Great Arteries in the Pediatric Field: A Multimodality Imaging Approach

by Sara Moscatelli, Martina Avesani, Nunzia Borrelli, Jolanda Sabatino, Valeria Pergola, Isabella Leo, Claudia Montanaro, Francesca Valeria Contini, Gabriella Gaudieri, Jessica Ielapi, Raffaella Motta, Marco Alfonso Perrone and Giovanni Di Salvo

Children 2024, 11(6), 626; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11060626 - 23 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3859

Abstract

The complete transposition of the great arteries (C-TGA) is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by the reversal of the main arteries. Early detection and precise management are crucial for optimal outcomes. This review emphasizes the integral role of multimodal imaging, including fetal echocardiography, [...] Read more.

The complete transposition of the great arteries (C-TGA) is a congenital cardiac anomaly characterized by the reversal of the main arteries. Early detection and precise management are crucial for optimal outcomes. This review emphasizes the integral role of multimodal imaging, including fetal echocardiography, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), and cardiac computed tomography (CCT) in the diagnosis, treatment planning, and long-term follow-up of C-TGA. Fetal echocardiography plays a pivotal role in prenatal detection, enabling early intervention strategies. Despite technological advances, the detection rate varies, highlighting the need for improved screening protocols. TTE remains the cornerstone for initial diagnosis, surgical preparation, and postoperative evaluation, providing essential information on cardiac anatomy, ventricular function, and the presence of associated defects. CMR and CCT offer additional value in C-TGA assessment. CMR, free from ionizing radiation, provides detailed anatomical and functional insights from fetal life into adulthood, becoming increasingly important in evaluating complex cardiac structures and post-surgical outcomes. CCT, with its high-resolution imaging, is indispensable in delineating coronary anatomy and vascular structures, particularly when CMR is contraindicated or inconclusive. This review advocates for a comprehensive imaging approach, integrating TTE, CMR, and CCT to enhance diagnostic accuracy, guide therapeutic interventions, and monitor postoperative conditions in C-TGA patients. Such a multimodal strategy is vital for advancing patient care and improving long-term prognoses in this complex congenital heart disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Beyond Congenital Heart Disease: Role of the Pediatric Cardiologist)

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11 pages, 1106 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bowel Management in Hirschsprung Disease—Pre-, Peri- and Postoperative Care for Primary Pull-Through

by Judith Lindert, Felix Schulze and Stefanie Märzheuser

Children 2024, 11(5), 588; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050588 - 13 May 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3194

Abstract

(1) Background: Bowel management contributes throughout the pathway of care for children with Hirschsprung. Preoperative bowel management prepares the child and family for the pull-through surgery. Perioperative bowel management supports early recovery and tailored bowel management in the follow-up supports the achievement of [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Bowel management contributes throughout the pathway of care for children with Hirschsprung. Preoperative bowel management prepares the child and family for the pull-through surgery. Perioperative bowel management supports early recovery and tailored bowel management in the follow-up supports the achievement of social continence. (2) Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional assessment of our institutional bowel management program to illustrate the pre-, peri- and postoperative bowel management strategies. (3) Results: A total of 31 children underwent primary pull-through, 23 without a stoma and 8 with a stoma, at a median age of 9 months. All children without a stoma were prepared for surgery by using rectal irrigations. Children with a stoma were prepared for surgery with a transfer of stoma effluent. Transanal irrigation supported early recovery. (4) Conclusions: Bowel management is a key pillar of the management of children with Hirschsprung disease. Incorporating bowel management in the pathway of care facilitates primary pull-through and supports perioperative recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Selected Papers from the OASIS (Holistic Care in Hirschsprung’s Disease) Meeting)

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22 pages, 1384 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

A Comprehensive Look at the Development of Asthma in Children

by Ileana Diana Diaconu, Veronica Gheorman, Gabriela Adriana Grigorie, Cristian Gheonea, Tiberiu-Stefanita Tenea-Cojan, Beatrice Mahler, Ion Alexandru Voropanov, Mihnea Cristian Firoiu, Andreea Silvia Pîrvu, Alexandru Bogdan Popescu and Renata Văruț

Children 2024, 11(5), 581; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050581 - 11 May 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 5336

Abstract

Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory condition affecting millions of children globally, presents a significant health challenge. This review critically examines the developmental pathways of asthma in children, focusing on genetic, environmental, and early-life determinants. Specifically, we explore the impact of prenatal and postnatal [...] Read more.

Asthma, a prevalent chronic respiratory condition affecting millions of children globally, presents a significant health challenge. This review critically examines the developmental pathways of asthma in children, focusing on genetic, environmental, and early-life determinants. Specifically, we explore the impact of prenatal and postnatal factors such as maternal smoking, nutrition, respiratory infections, and allergen exposure on asthma development. Our analysis highlights the intricate interplay of these influences and their contribution to childhood asthma. Moreover, we emphasize targeted strategies and interventions to mitigate its burden, including genetic counseling for at-risk families, environmental modifications to reduce triggers, and early-life immunomodulation. By delving into these preventive measures and interventions, our review aims to provide actionable insights for healthcare professionals in developing tailored strategies to address the complexities of childhood asthma. In summary, this article offers a detailed examination of asthma development in children, aiming to enhance understanding and inform efforts to reduce its burden through targeted interventions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Allergy and Immunology)

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15 pages, 1441 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Congenital Vascular Malformations in Children: From Historical Perspective to a Multidisciplinary Approach in the Modern Era—A Comprehensive Review

by Frédérique C. M. Bouwman, Bas H. Verhoeven, Willemijn M. Klein, Leo J. Schultze Kool and Ivo de Blaauw

Children 2024, 11(5), 567; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050567 - 8 May 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 3943

Abstract

Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are the result of an aberrant development during embryogenesis. Although these lesions are present at birth, they are not always visible yet. Once symptomatic, patients suffer from pain, bleeding, ulcers, infections or lymphatic leakage, depending on the subtype of [...] Read more.

Congenital vascular malformations (CVMs) are the result of an aberrant development during embryogenesis. Although these lesions are present at birth, they are not always visible yet. Once symptomatic, patients suffer from pain, bleeding, ulcers, infections or lymphatic leakage, depending on the subtype of vessels involved. Treatment includes conservative management, surgery, sclerotherapy, embolization and pharmacological therapy. The clinical presentation varies widely and treatment can be challenging due to the rarity of the disease and potential difficulties of treatment. This review gives an overview of the historical developments in diagnosis and classification and exposes the key elements of innovations in the past decades on the identification of genetic mutations and personalized treatment. These advances in the field and a multidisciplinary approach are highly valuable in the optimization of clinical care aimed at both curing or stabilizing the CVM and pursuing physical and psychosocial wellbeing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Surgery)

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19 pages, 2041 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Potential Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Neonatal Brain Development and Adverse Health Outcomes

by Maria Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou, Jannis Kountouras and Georgia Zournatzidou

Children 2024, 11(5), 552; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050552 - 5 May 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2941

Abstract

Over the past decade, microbiome research has significantly expanded in both scope and volume, leading to the development of new models and treatments targeting the gut–brain axis to mitigate the effects of various disorders. Related research suggests that interventions during the critical period [...] Read more.

Over the past decade, microbiome research has significantly expanded in both scope and volume, leading to the development of new models and treatments targeting the gut–brain axis to mitigate the effects of various disorders. Related research suggests that interventions during the critical period from birth to three years old may yield the greatest benefits. Investigating the substantial link between the gut and brain during this crucial developmental phase raises fundamental issues about the role of microorganisms in human health and brain development. This underscores the importance of focusing on the prevention rather than the treatment of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. The present review examines the gut microbiota from birth to age 3, with a particular focus on its potential relationship with neurodevelopment. This review emphasizes the immunological mechanisms underlying this relationship. Additionally, the study investigates the impact of the microbiome on cognitive development and neurobehavioral issues such as anxiety and autism. Importantly, it highlights the need to integrate mechanistic studies of animal models with epidemiological research across diverse cultures to better understand the role of a healthy microbiome in early life and the implications of dysbiosis. Furthermore, this review summarizes factors contributing to the transmission of gut microbiome-targeted therapies and their effects on neurodevelopment. Recent studies on environmental toxins known to impact neurodevelopment are also reviewed, exploring whether the microbiota may mitigate or modulate these effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Neonatology)

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14 pages, 993 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Impact of Family Socioeconomic Status (SES) on Adolescents’ Learning Conformity: The Mediating Effect of Self-Esteem

by Houyan Li, Bin Xiao and Guandong Song

Children 2024, 11(5), 540; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050540 - 30 Apr 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3856

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents’ learning conformity and self-esteem among a sample of 15–18 year-old high school students. Methods: A survey was conducted on 339 adolescents using measures of family SES, self-esteem, and [...] Read more.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between family socioeconomic status (SES) and adolescents’ learning conformity and self-esteem among a sample of 15–18 year-old high school students. Methods: A survey was conducted on 339 adolescents using measures of family SES, self-esteem, and learning conformity. An intermediary effect model was constructed to examine the mediating mechanism of self-esteem in the impact of family SES on adolescents’ learning conformity. Results: In our study, we observed that male adolescents were more likely to come from families with higher socioeconomic status (SES) and exhibited relatively higher levels of self-esteem compared to female adolescents. However, this finding should be regarded as an observational outcome specific to our study sample and does not directly indicate a causal relationship between gender and family SES or self-esteem. Adolescents from rural areas were more likely to exhibit tendencies towards learning abidance and compliance. Family SES positively predicted self-esteem. The intermediary model indicated that family SES significantly positively influenced learning abidance and compliance, with self-esteem partially mediating the effects at 33.49% and 33.33%, respectively. Family SES negatively affected learning obedience, with self-esteem partially mediating the effect at 39.77%. Conclusion: Among the 15–18 year-old high school student population, family SES not only directly affects learning abidance, compliance, and obedience but also generates an indirect mediating effect through self-esteem. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on the Academic Motivation of Children and Adolescents)

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19 pages, 1446 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Neuropsychological Symptoms and Quality of Life during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Children: A Survey in a Pediatric Population in the Abruzzo Region, Italy

by Chiara Marcotullio, Marina Attanasi, Annamaria Porreca, Paola Di Filippo, Sara Matricardi, Annamaria Venanzi, Marco Schiavo, Antonio Paone, Nadia Rossi, Francesco Chiarelli and Giovanni Prezioso

Children 2024, 11(5), 532; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050532 - 28 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1736

Abstract

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly affected the pediatric population. Long-term sequelae (Long COVID-19) may particularly involve the central nervous system, with possible effects on psychological well-being and quality of life (QoL), aspects that were already influenced by the restrictive measures and general [...] Read more.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has significantly affected the pediatric population. Long-term sequelae (Long COVID-19) may particularly involve the central nervous system, with possible effects on psychological well-being and quality of life (QoL), aspects that were already influenced by the restrictive measures and general social impact of the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey that aims at investigating the neuropsychological effects and the QoL impairment of SARS-CoV-2 on a cohort of children and adolescents in the Abruzzo region (Italy). A questionnaire was submitted to caregivers with the help of the PEDIATOTEM platform. A control group of healthy subjects was also included to distinguish between the effects of infection from the general influence of the pandemic. Results: A total of 569 subjects responded: 396 COVID-19 patients (99 of whom had Long COVID-19) and 111 controls. After the pandemic, when compared with the COVID-19 group, the controls reported significantly increased appetite, sleeping habits, and time spent remotely with friends and a reduction in physical activity and time spent in person with friends. A significant higher rate of controls asked for psychological/medical support for emotional problems. On the other hand, the Long COVID-19 group showed more fatigue and emotional instability with respect to non-Long-COVID-19 subjects. No differences in QoL results (EuroQOL) were found between the COVID-19 patients and controls, while the Long-COVID-19 subgroup showed significantly higher rates of pain/discomfort and mood instability, as confirmed by the analysis of variation of responses from the pre-COVID-19 to the post-COVID-19 period. Conclusions: Among COVID-19 patients, neuropsychological and QoL impairment was more evident in the Long COVID-19 subgroup, although emotional and relational issues were also reported by uninfected patients, with a growing request for specialist support as a possible consequence of social restriction. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long COVID or Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Children: What Do We Know So Far?)

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12 pages, 1778 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Pediatric Hypertension: A Condition That Matters

by Martina Avesani, Giuseppe Calcaterra, Jolanda Sabatino, Giulia Pelaia, Irene Cattapan, Francesco Barillà, Francesco Martino, Roberto Pedrinelli, Pier Paolo Bassareo and Giovanni Di Salvo

Children 2024, 11(5), 518; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050518 - 26 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4318

Abstract

Systemic hypertension has been considered mainly as an adult health issue for a long time, but it is now being increasingly acknowledged as a significant problem also among pediatric patients. The frequency of pediatric hypertension has grown mostly because of increases in childhood [...] Read more.

Systemic hypertension has been considered mainly as an adult health issue for a long time, but it is now being increasingly acknowledged as a significant problem also among pediatric patients. The frequency of pediatric hypertension has grown mostly because of increases in childhood obesity and sedentary lifestyles, but secondary forms of hypertension play a role as well. Considering that unaddressed hypertension during childhood can result in enduring cardiovascular complications, timely identification and intervention are essential. Strategies for addressing this disease encompass not only lifestyle adjustments, but also the use of medications when needed. Lifestyle modifications entail encouraging a nutritious diet, consistent physical activity, and the maintenance of a healthy weight. Moreover, educating both children and their caregivers about monitoring blood pressure at home can aid in long-term management. Thus, the aim of this review is to discuss the etiologies, classification, and principles of the treatment of hypertension in pediatric patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Cardiology)

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14 pages, 240 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Gender Differences in Academic Resilience and Well-Being among Senior High School Students in Ghana: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

by Mustapha Amoadu, Edmond Kwesi Agormedah, Paul Obeng, Medina Srem-Sai, John Elvis Hagan, Jr. and Thomas Schack

Children 2024, 11(5), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11050512 - 24 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4845

Abstract

Senior high school (SHS) students are at risk of stress and other adverse exposures that may negatively affect their well-being and possibly cause attrition. The concepts of academic resilience and well-being share commonality as psychological attributes linked to positive functioning among students. Despite [...] Read more.

Senior high school (SHS) students are at risk of stress and other adverse exposures that may negatively affect their well-being and possibly cause attrition. The concepts of academic resilience and well-being share commonality as psychological attributes linked to positive functioning among students. Despite this connection, there seems to be limited research exploring these concepts across genders among SHS students in developing regions. This study examined the gender difference in academic resilience and well-being among SHS students in Ghana. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 190 SHS students in three schools from Kwahu North and South district (i.e., Afram Plains) of Ghana’s Eastern Region completed the Academic Resilience Scale (ARS-30) and College Student Subjective Wellbeing Questionnaire (CSSWQ). The sample consists of 102 males and 88 females, with a mean age of 17.83 years. The data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests and hierarchical regression. The study established that students have a moderate level of academic resilience and a higher level of well-being, with no statistically significant variation in students’ academic resilience (t = 0.718; p = 0.474) or well-being (t = −1.596; p = 0.112) across gender. Further, the study discovered that resilience significantly predicted academic well-being (B = 0.425; SE = 0.050; t = 8.50; p < 0.001). This study highlights the importance of promoting gender-sensitive intervention strategies that enhance the academic resilience and well-being of SHS students and help boost their educational attainment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Mental Health)

10 pages, 1182 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Development of a Standardized Algorithm for Management of Newly Diagnosed Anorectal Malformations

by Shruthi Srinivas, Alessandra Gasior, Sarah Driesbach, Natalie DeBacco, Liese C. C. Pruitt, Casey Trimble, Pooja Zahora, Claudia M. Mueller and Richard J. Wood

Children 2024, 11(4), 494; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040494 - 20 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Neonates with a new diagnosis of anorectal malformation (ARM) present a unique challenge to the clinical team. ARM is strongly associated with additional midline malformations, such as those observed in the VACTERL sequence, including vertebral, cardiac, and renal malformations. Timely assessment is necessary [...] Read more.

Neonates with a new diagnosis of anorectal malformation (ARM) present a unique challenge to the clinical team. ARM is strongly associated with additional midline malformations, such as those observed in the VACTERL sequence, including vertebral, cardiac, and renal malformations. Timely assessment is necessary to identify anomalies requiring intervention and to prevent undue stress and delayed treatment. We utilized a multidisciplinary team to develop an algorithm guiding the midline workup of patients newly diagnosed with ARM. Patients were included if born in or transferred to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), or if seen in clinic within one month of life. Complete imaging was defined as an echocardiogram, renal ultrasound, and spinal magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound within the first month of life. We compared three periods: prior to implementation (2010–2014), adoption period (2015), and delayed implementation (2022); p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. Rates of complete imaging significantly improved from pre-implementation to delayed implementation (65.2% vs. 50.0% vs. 97.0%, p = 0.0003); the most growth was observed in spinal imaging (71.0% vs. 90.0% vs. 100.0%, p = 0.001). While there were no differences in the rates of identified anomalies, there were fewer missed diagnoses with the algorithm (10.0% vs. 47.6%, p = 0.05). We demonstrate that the implementation of a standardized algorithm can significantly increase appropriate screening for anomalies associated with a new diagnosis of ARM and can decrease delayed diagnosis. Further qualitative studies will help to refine and optimize the algorithm moving forward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Pediatric Colorectal Surgery)

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36 pages, 1026 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

An Update on Pharmacologic Management of Neonatal Hypotension: When, Why, and Which Medication

by Eleni Agakidou, Ilias Chatziioannidis, Angeliki Kontou, Theodora Stathopoulou, William Chotas and Kosmas Sarafidis

Children 2024, 11(4), 490; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040490 - 19 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 11636

Abstract

Anti-hypotensive treatment, which includes dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, milrinone, vasopressin, terlipressin, levosimendan, and glucocorticoids, is a long-established intervention in neonates with arterial hypotension (AH). However, there are still gaps in knowledge and issues that need clarification. The main questions and challenges that neonatologists [...] Read more.

Anti-hypotensive treatment, which includes dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, milrinone, vasopressin, terlipressin, levosimendan, and glucocorticoids, is a long-established intervention in neonates with arterial hypotension (AH). However, there are still gaps in knowledge and issues that need clarification. The main questions and challenges that neonatologists face relate to the reference ranges of arterial blood pressure in presumably healthy neonates in relation to gestational and postnatal age; the arterial blood pressure level that potentially affects perfusion of critical organs; the incorporation of targeted echocardiography and near-infrared spectroscopy for assessing heart function and cerebral perfusion in clinical practice; the indication, timing, and choice of medication for each individual patient; the limited randomized clinical trials in neonates with sometimes conflicting results; and the sparse data regarding the potential effect of early hypotension or anti-hypotensive medications on long-term neurodevelopment. In this review, after a short review of AH definitions used in neonates and existing data on pathophysiology of AH, we discuss currently available data on pharmacokinetic and hemodynamic effects, as well as the effectiveness and safety of anti-hypotensive medications in neonates. In addition, data on the comparisons between anti-hypotensive medications and current suggestions for the main indications of each medication are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Neonatal Clinical Pharmacology)

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19 pages, 1461 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Risk Factors of Malnutrition among In-School Children and Adolescents in Developing Countries: A Scoping Review

by Mustapha Amoadu, Susanna Aba Abraham, Abdul Karim Adams, William Akoto-Buabeng, Paul Obeng and John Elvis Hagan, Jr.

Children 2024, 11(4), 476; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040476 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 13327

Abstract

Malnutrition among in-school children is a complex issue influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and health-related factors, posing significant challenges to their well-being and educational trajectories in developing countries. This review synthesized evidence on the multifaceted aspects of child malnutrition within the educational setting in [...] Read more.

Malnutrition among in-school children is a complex issue influenced by socio-economic, environmental, and health-related factors, posing significant challenges to their well-being and educational trajectories in developing countries. This review synthesized evidence on the multifaceted aspects of child malnutrition within the educational setting in developing countries. This review followed the six steps outlined by Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. Four main databases (PubMed, CENTRAL, JSTOR, and Scopus) were searched. Additional searches were conducted in WHO Library, ProQuest, HINARI, Google Scholar, and Google. Reference lists of eligible papers were checked. This review found that low family income, varying family sizes, parental employment status, and educational levels significantly impact malnutrition among in-school children and adolescents. Environmental elements, including rural/urban residence, household sanitation, and living conditions, also influence malnutrition. In addition, nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, nutrient deficiencies, physical activity, and prevalent health conditions compound the risk of malnutrition. This study underscores the extensive health impact of malnutrition on general health, specific nutrient deficiencies, fetal/maternal health concerns, and overall morbidity. Also, malnutrition affects school performance and attendance, impacting cognitive abilities, and academic achievements. Addressing these challenges requires comprehensive policy actions aligned with Sustainable Development Goals, emphasizing poverty alleviation, health literacy, and gender equity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition)

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15 pages, 605 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Prevention of House Dust Mite Allergies in Pediatric Asthma

by Angela Klain, Antonio Andrea Senatore, Amelia Licari, Francesca Galletta, Irene Bettini, Leonardo Tomei, Sara Manti, Francesca Mori, Michele Miraglia del Giudice and Cristiana Indolfi

Children 2024, 11(4), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040469 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6598

Abstract

This review provides a concise overview of preventive measures against dust mite allergies in pediatric populations, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and evolving approach. Dust mites, ubiquitous microscopic arachnids, pose a significant threat to children’s health, triggering allergies and asthma. Traditional preventive [...] Read more.

This review provides a concise overview of preventive measures against dust mite allergies in pediatric populations, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive and evolving approach. Dust mites, ubiquitous microscopic arachnids, pose a significant threat to children’s health, triggering allergies and asthma. Traditional preventive strategies such as regular cleaning, mattress covers, and humidity control are essential but warrant refinement. Empowering children through personalized hygiene education and exploring innovative bedding solutions showcase a forward-thinking paradigm. Collaboration with healthcare professionals and embracing technology-driven solutions ensures a holistic and adaptable approach to safeguarding pediatric health against dust mite-related ailments. This abstract underscores the importance of continually reassessing and innovating preventive measures to create resilient and health-conscious living environments for children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Paediatric Allergic Asthma: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Control and Treatment)

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17 pages, 1779 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring the Genetic Landscape of Childhood Glaucoma

by Yang Pan and Takeshi Iwata

Children 2024, 11(4), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040454 - 9 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

Childhood glaucoma, a significant cause of global blindness, represents a heterogeneous group of disorders categorized into primary or secondary forms. Primary childhood glaucoma stands as the most prevalent subtype, comprising primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Presently, multiple genes are [...] Read more.

Childhood glaucoma, a significant cause of global blindness, represents a heterogeneous group of disorders categorized into primary or secondary forms. Primary childhood glaucoma stands as the most prevalent subtype, comprising primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and juvenile open-angle glaucoma (JOAG). Presently, multiple genes are implicated in inherited forms of primary childhood glaucoma. This comprehensive review delves into genetic investigations into primary childhood glaucoma, with a focus on identifying causative genes, understanding their inheritance patterns, exploring essential biological pathways in disease pathogenesis, and utilizing animal models to study these mechanisms. Specifically, attention is directed towards genes such as CYP1B1 (cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily B member 1), LTBP2 (latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein 2), TEK (TEK receptor tyrosine kinase), ANGPT1 (angiopoietin 1), and FOXC1 (forkhead box C1), all associated with PCG; and MYOC (myocilin), associated with JOAG. Through exploring these genetic factors, this review aims to deepen our understanding of the intricate pathogenesis of primary childhood glaucoma, thereby facilitating the development of enhanced diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Eye Disease: Screening, Causes and Treatment)

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26 pages, 1837 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Final Validation of the Quality of Life after Brain Injury for Children and Adolescents (QOLIBRI-KID/ADO) Questionnaire

by Nicole von Steinbuechel, Marina Zeldovich, Dagmar Timmermann, Ugne Krenz, Inga K. Koerte, Michaela V. Bonfert, Steffen Berweck, Matthias Kieslich, Marlene Henrich, Knut Brockmann, Anna Buchheim, Maike Roediger, Michael Lendt, Christian Auer, Axel Neu, Alexander Kaiser, Joenna Driemeyer, Sven Greving, Ulrike Wartemann, Daniel Pinggera, Claudius Thomé, Joachim Suss, Holger Muehlan and Katrin Cunitz Show full author list Hide full author list

Children 2024, 11(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040438 - 5 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2559

Abstract

Until recently, no disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire existed for pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). In this revalidation study, the psychometric properties and the validity of the 35-item QOLIBRI-KID/ADO questionnaire in its final German version were examined in 300 children and [...] Read more.

Until recently, no disease-specific health-related quality of life (HRQoL) questionnaire existed for pediatric traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). In this revalidation study, the psychometric properties and the validity of the 35-item QOLIBRI-KID/ADO questionnaire in its final German version were examined in 300 children and adolescents. It is the first self-reported TBI-specific tool for measuring pediatric HRQoL in individuals aged between 8 and 17 years. The six-factor model fits the data adequately. The questionnaire’s internal consistency was excellent for the total score and satisfactory to excellent for the scale scores. Intraclass correlations indicated good test–retest reliability, and the measure’s construct validity was supported by the overlap between the QOLBRI-KID/ADO and the PedsQL, which measures generic HRQoL. The discriminant validity tests showed that older children and girls reported a significantly lower HRQoL than comparison groups, and this was also true of children who were anxious or depressed, or who suffered from post-concussion symptoms, replicating the results of the questionnaire’s first developmental study. Our results suggest that the QOLIBRI-KID/ADO is a reliable and valid multidimensional tool that can be used together with the adult version in clinical contexts and research to measure disease-specific HRQoL after pediatric TBI throughout a person’s life. This may help improve care, treatment, daily functioning, and HRQoL after TBI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Distress in Childhood Well-Being)

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10 pages, 423 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Childhood Obesity Trends among 8–11-Year-Olds: Insights from a School Sample in Vienna, Austria (2017–2023)

by Paula Moliterno, Victoria Donhauser and Kurt Widhalm

Children 2024, 11(4), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040431 - 3 Apr 2024

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2417

Abstract

In Austria, childhood obesity is a public health concern. This study examined time trends in the percentage of obesity among a sample of schoolchildren from Vienna (2017–2023). The body mass index percentiles of 326 children [9.3 years old (95% CI 8.3–10.5, min–max 8.0–10.9] [...] Read more.

In Austria, childhood obesity is a public health concern. This study examined time trends in the percentage of obesity among a sample of schoolchildren from Vienna (2017–2023). The body mass index percentiles of 326 children [9.3 years old (95% CI 8.3–10.5, min–max 8.0–10.9] from the EDDY study were calculated for trend analyses. Trend analysis was performed using a logistic regression using overweight and obesity as dependent binary variables, and study year and age as independent continuous variables. The percentage change over time was calculated, including the first period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Obesity percentages increased from 23.5 (95% CI 15.1–31.9)% in 2017 to 25.0 (95% CI 12.2–37.8)% in 2023. From 2017 to 2023, while overweight/obesity percentages decreased by 25.9 (−59.5–15.6)%, obesity increased by 6.4 (−51.2–94.9)%. A non-significant trend (p ≥ 0.38) was observed. During the first period of the pandemic, the percentage changes in overweight/obesity and obesity were 68.4 (5.6–187.9)% and 29.2 (−37.3–166.8)%, respectively. The current percentage of obesity in this sample is high and peaked in 2020 during the pandemic. These findings emphasize the need for future investigations considering the representativeness of the school-aged population in Austria to gain a broader picture of overweight and obesity trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Global Pediatric Health)

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16 pages, 558 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Exploring Progesterone Deficiency in First-Trimester Miscarriage and the Impact of Hormone Therapy on Foetal Development: A Scoping Review

by Munkhtuya Bataa, Erini Abdelmessih and Fahad Hanna

Children 2024, 11(4), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040422 - 2 Apr 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3971

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Progesterone deficiency during pregnancy may lead to various complications, including first-trimester miscarriage, which is the most common pregnancy complication. However, progesterone therapy may play a role in pregnancy maintenance and foetal development. The aim of this scoping review is to [...] Read more.

Background and Objectives: Progesterone deficiency during pregnancy may lead to various complications, including first-trimester miscarriage, which is the most common pregnancy complication. However, progesterone therapy may play a role in pregnancy maintenance and foetal development. The aim of this scoping review is to present evidence on the link between progesterone deficiency and first-trimester miscarriage among pregnant women and assess the impact of progesterone therapy on foetal development. Methods: A comprehensive global systematic search of mainly primary research studies was conducted using several databases. Peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2023 were included. The scoping review was conducted using the framework outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses—Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) statement. Results: Twenty-three articles (which included 35,862 participants) were included in the analysis. Most studies were conducted in mid- to high-income countries. All 23 articles reported a significant positive relationship between progesterone deficiency and first-trimester miscarriage. Furthermore, the majority of studies reported a higher risk of miscarriage when lower levels of progesterone are combined with other declined hormones. While most studies reported that progesterone therapy may reduce the rate of first-trimester miscarriage among pregnant women, no evidence of health-related harm to offspring development was reported. Conclusions: The findings from this systematic–scoping review indicate possible benefits of progesterone replacement therapy in maintaining a healthy pregnancy and foetal development. Rigorous studies that include large sample sizes and systematic reviews are required to confirm these findings further. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Maternal and Fetal Health)

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15 pages, 1053 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact and Implementation of an Early Years Fundamental Motor Skills Intervention for Children 4–5 Years

by Clare M. P. Roscoe, Nicola Taylor, Natalie Weir, Robert John. Flynn and Andy Pringle

Children 2024, 11(4), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040416 - 1 Apr 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4127

Abstract

Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are the cornerstone of a child’s motor development, but concerns remain on the current level of FMS competencies, and intervention is required. This evaluation investigated if a targeted Early Years FMS intervention, delivered by a specialist physical education (PE) [...] Read more.

Fundamental motor skills (FMS) are the cornerstone of a child’s motor development, but concerns remain on the current level of FMS competencies, and intervention is required. This evaluation investigated if a targeted Early Years FMS intervention, delivered by a specialist physical education (PE) provider, improved the FMS of 4–5-year-old children across multiple sites. Methods: The Early Years FMS intervention ran for 18 weeks, 1 h/week, using a standardised programme of activities to develop FMS competencies across 219 children from 15 schools in the Midlands, UK. An adapted assessment was employed as a measure of FMS, assessing locomotor, object control, and stability skills at weeks 1, 9, and 18. The FMS were each rated as green = competent, amber = working towards, or red = not meeting the standards of the skill. A description of key programme implementation characteristics was described. Findings: Statistically significant increases in FMS competencies were achieved for 80% of participants at 18 weeks. Key implementation characteristics for the intervention included consistent staffing, a standardised programme, and a variety of pedagogical approaches delivered by specialist PE staff. Conclusion: This evaluation provided important insights into the effectiveness and implementation of the Early Years FMS intervention to improve FMS competencies in children aged 4–5 years. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence and Physical Activity in School Children)

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13 pages, 658 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Thousand Faces of Invasive Group A Streptococcal Infections: Update on Epidemiology, Symptoms, and Therapy

by Stefania Mercadante, Andrea Ficari, Lorenza Romani, Maia De Luca, Costanza Tripiciano, Sara Chiurchiù, Francesca Ippolita Calo Carducci, Laura Cursi, Martina Di Giuseppe, Andrzej Krzysztofiak, Stefania Bernardi and Laura Lancella

Children 2024, 11(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11040383 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3897

Abstract

Invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pyogfenes (iGAS), commonly known as Group A Streptococcus, represent a significant public health concern due to their potential for rapid progression and life-threatening complications. Epidemiologically, invasive GAS infections exhibit a diverse global distribution, affecting individuals of all ages [...] Read more.

Invasive infections caused by Streptococcus pyogfenes (iGAS), commonly known as Group A Streptococcus, represent a significant public health concern due to their potential for rapid progression and life-threatening complications. Epidemiologically, invasive GAS infections exhibit a diverse global distribution, affecting individuals of all ages with varying predisposing factors. The pathogenesis of invasive GAS involves an array of virulence factors that contribute to tissue invasion, immune evasion, and systemic dissemination. In pediatrics, in the last few years, an increase in iGAS infections has been reported worldwide becoming a challenging disease to diagnose and treat promptly. This review highlights the current knowledge on pathogenesis, clinical presentations, and therapeutic approaches for iGAS in children. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Invasive Bacterial Infections in Children: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Resistance)

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26 pages, 618 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

The Relationship between Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, Cognition, and Academic Outcomes in School-Aged Latino Children: A Scoping Review

by J. P. Marrero-Rivera, Olivia Sobkowiak, Aimee Sgourakis Jenkins, Stefano J. Bagnato, Christopher E. Kline, Benjamin DH Gordon and Sharon E. Taverno Ross

Children 2024, 11(3), 363; https://doi.org/10.3390/children11030363 - 19 Mar 2024

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3413

Abstract

This scoping review provides an overview of the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, cognition, and academic outcomes in Latino school-aged children and identifies areas for future research. A primary search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ERIC for original-research [...] Read more.

This scoping review provides an overview of the relationship between physical activity, physical fitness, cognition, and academic outcomes in Latino school-aged children and identifies areas for future research. A primary search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ERIC for original-research articles meeting the inclusion criteria; the search results were uploaded into PICO Portal and assessed by two independent reviewers. Of the 488 initial search results, 50 articles were eligible for full-text review, and 38 were included in this review. Most studies were cross-sectional, conducted in the United States or Chile, and included children 5–18 years old. Overall, the majority of articles reported positive associations between physical activity or physical fitness and cognitive outcomes (n = 11/12; 91.7%), and physical activity or physical fitness and academic outcomes (n = 22/28; 78.6%). In sum, this review provided consistent evidence for higher amounts of physical activity and greater physical fitness to be associated with various positive cognitive and academic outcomes in a school-aged Latino population. This scoping review also elucidated a substantial gap in the research regarding study design, with a discernible lack of interventional efforts. Future studies should test physical activity interventional strategies to optimize cognitive and academic outcomes in school-aged Latino populations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Benefits of Physical Activity for Children and Adolescents)

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