Ceramics

Research

Jump to: Review

25 pages, 13909 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chemical and Vibrational Criteria for Identifying Early Sèvres Factory Porcelain Productions

by Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Mareike Gerken, Michele Gironda and Viviane Mesqui

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1905-1927; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040120 - 11 Dec 2024

Viewed by 515

Abstract

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major [...] Read more.

Thirteen porcelains assigned to Sèvres factory productions and a few references to the other contemporary factories (Chantilly, Limoges, and Venice) have been studied on-site with a portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometer in order to control the provenance attribution. Characteristic XRF signals of major elements (Si, Ca, K, Pb) and minor/trace (Au, Bi, As, Ti, Co, Cu, Zn, Ni, Y, Zr, Rb, and Sr) elements are compared for the paste, blue mark, various glazed (colored) areas, and gilding. The comparison of peak intensities clearly distinguishes different types of hard- and soft-paste porcelain, made from either similar or distinct raw materials. The analysis of transition elements associated with cobalt identifies three types of cobalt blue and reveals that du Barry-style decoration on certain artifacts was typical of 19th-century production. On-site comprehensive studies of the two famous Etruscan-style breast bowls from Rambouillet Castle dairy, using pXRF and Raman spectroscopy, confirm the use of soft-paste porcelain for the cup and hard-paste for its support, providing detailed information on the use of gold nanoparticles in the burgundy-colored decoration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 11772 KiB

Open AccessArticle

DLP 3D-Printed Mullite Ceramics for the Preparation of MOFs Functionalized Monoliths for CO₂ Capture

by Arianna Bertero, Bartolomeo Coppola, Yurii Milovanov, Paola Palmero, Julien Schmitt and Jean-Marc Tulliani

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1810-1835; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040114 - 29 Nov 2024

Viewed by 437

Abstract

The aim of this work is to compare the traditional uniaxial pressing with an innovative shaping technique, Digital Light Processing (DLP), in the preparation of porous mullite (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂) supports to be functionalized with an active coating for [...] Read more.

The aim of this work is to compare the traditional uniaxial pressing with an innovative shaping technique, Digital Light Processing (DLP), in the preparation of porous mullite (3Al₂O₃·2SiO₂) supports to be functionalized with an active coating for CO₂ capture. Indeed, the fabrication of complex geometries with 3D-printing technologies allows the production of application-targeted solid sorbents with increased potentialities. Therefore, this research focused on the effect of the purity of the selected raw materials and of the microstructural porosity of 3D-printed ceramic substrates on the Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) coating efficiency. Two commercial mullite powders (Mc and Mf) differing in particle size distribution (D₅₀ of 9.19 µm and 4.38 µm, respectively) and iron oxide content (0.67% and 0.38%) were characterized and used to produce the substrates, after ball-milling and calcination. Mc and Mf slurries were prepared with 69 wt% of solid loading and 5 wt% of dispersant: both show rheological behavior suitable for DLP and good printability. DLP 3D-printed and pressed pellets were sintered at three different temperatures: 1350 °C, 1400 °C and 1450 °C. Mf 3D-printed samples show slightly lower geometrical and Archimedes densities, compared to Mc pellets, probably due to the presence of lower Fe₂O₃ amounts and its effect as sintering aid. Mullite substrates were then successfully functionalized with HKUST-1 crystals by a two-step solvothermal synthesis process. Ceramic substrate porosity, depending on the shaping technique and opportunely tuned controlling the sintering temperature, was correlated with the functionalization efficiency in terms of MOFs deposition. Three-dimensional-printed substrates exhibit a higher and more homogeneous HKUST-1 uptake compared to the pressed pellets as DLP introduces desirable porosities able to enhance the functionalization. Therefore, this work provides preliminary guidelines to improve MOFs coating on mullite surfaces for CO₂ capture applications, by opportunely tuning the substrate porosity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 3132 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of High Heat Flux of Helium and Hydrogen Plasma Jet on the Material Properties of Piezoelectric PZT-Ceramics

by Galina Yu. Sotnikova, Alexander V. Ankudinov, Alexander V. Voronin, Gennady A. Gavrilov, Alexey L. Glazov, Valery Yu. Goryainov, Nina V. Zaitseva, Alexey V. Nashchekin, Rostislav S. Passet, Alexander A. Vorob’ev and Andrey V. Sotnikov

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1695-1710; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040108 - 9 Nov 2024

Viewed by 630

Abstract

A set of experimental and measurement techniques to study the influence of a plasma jet on the main material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics has been presented. A series of plasma experiments has been carried out using a pulsed plasma jet system. It allows [...] Read more.

A set of experimental and measurement techniques to study the influence of a plasma jet on the main material parameters of piezoelectric ceramics has been presented. A series of plasma experiments has been carried out using a pulsed plasma jet system. It allows of a metered-dose exposure to plasma of different composition and fluence with a constant particle flux density of 10²¹/m², energy flux density of 0.1 MJ/m² and average particle energy of 100–200 eV in a pulse duration of 15 μs. The study of the effects that a repeated exposure to an extreme heat flux of helium and hydrogen plasmas has on the near-surface layer structure and basic material parameters of mass-produced piezoelectric ceramic samples has been presented. The main result of the research is an experimental confirmation of the surface micro-structuring starting after just a few cycles of plasma exposure while only a slight decrease of the main material parameters as well as the preservation of polarization has been observed for two types of different compositions of PZT-ceramics. A further increase in the number of exposure pulses leads to practically no change of main material parameters of both ceramics, even showing a tendency for recovery instead. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 5246 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Al₂O₃–TiB₂–TiC Composites Using Design of Mixture Experiments

by Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote, Yuri Pristinskiy, Yaroslav Meleshkin, Alexandra Yu. Kurmysheva, Aleksandr Mozhaev, Nikolay Lavreshin and Anton Smirnov

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1639-1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040105 - 7 Nov 2024

Viewed by 644

Abstract

In this study, the design of mixture experiments was used to find empirical models that could predict, for a first approximation, the relative density, flexural strength, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of sintered composites in order to identify further areas of research in [...] Read more.

In this study, the design of mixture experiments was used to find empirical models that could predict, for a first approximation, the relative density, flexural strength, Vickers hardness and fracture toughness of sintered composites in order to identify further areas of research in the Al₂O₃-TiB₂-TiC ternary system. The composites were obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS) of these mixtures at 1700 °C, 80 MPa and a dwell of 3 min. The obtained experimental results were analyzed in the statistical analysis software Minitab 17, and then, different regression models were obtained for each property. Based on the selected models, contour plots were made in the Al₂O₃–TiB₂–TiC simplex for a visual representation of the predicted results. By combining these plots, it was possible to obtain one common zone in the Al₂O₃–TiB₂–TiC simplex, which shows the following combination of physical and mechanical properties for sintered samples: relative densities, flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and fracture toughness of than 99%, 500 MPa, 18 GPa, and 7.0 МPa·m^1/2, respectively. For a first approximation in determining the further area of research, the obtained models describe well the behavior of the studied properties. The results of the analysis showed that the design of mixture experiments allows us to identify the most promising compositions in terms of mechanical properties without resorting to labor-intensive and financially expensive full-scale experiments. Our work shows that 10 different compositions were required for preliminary analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

12 pages, 5836 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Fabrication of Lithium Niobate Nanostructures by Solvothermal Method for Photocatalysis Applications: A Comparative Study of the Effects of Solvents on Nanoparticle Properties

by Mohd Al Saleh Alothoum and Chawki Awada

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1554-1565; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040100 - 28 Oct 2024

Viewed by 645

Abstract

In this work, we report, for the first time, a comparative study on the effects of different solvents on the properties of LiNbO₃ (LN) nanostructures. The solvothermal synthesis method was successfully used with three different solvents: 1—water, 2—methanol, and 3—benzyl. The structural [...] Read more.

In this work, we report, for the first time, a comparative study on the effects of different solvents on the properties of LiNbO₃ (LN) nanostructures. The solvothermal synthesis method was successfully used with three different solvents: 1—water, 2—methanol, and 3—benzyl. The structural and optical properties of the as-prepared nanoparticles were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis absorbance, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). Nanoparticles of a very small size, with an average size between 3 and 10 nm, were obtained for the first time. The photocatalytic activities of the three synthesized LiNbO₃ nanoparticles were studied in relation to the photodegradation of a complex and heavy reactive black 5 dye for a wastewater treatment application. The LiNbO₃ synthesized with deionized water showed a higher photocatalytic activity than those synthesized using other solvents, such as methanol or benzyl. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4813 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Inorganic Anions on the Structure of Alkali-Activated Blast Furnace Slag

by Dominika Świszcz, Mateusz Marzec, Włodzimierz Mozgawa and Magdalena Król

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 1247-1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030083 - 17 Sep 2024

Viewed by 904

Abstract

Analyzing the effect of anions on the structure of geopolymers is crucial because anions can significantly influence the material’s chemical stability, mechanical properties, and long-term durability. Understanding these effects helps optimize geopolymer compositions for various applications, such as construction materials and waste encapsulation. [...] Read more.

Analyzing the effect of anions on the structure of geopolymers is crucial because anions can significantly influence the material’s chemical stability, mechanical properties, and long-term durability. Understanding these effects helps optimize geopolymer compositions for various applications, such as construction materials and waste encapsulation. This research report describes the effects of nitrate, sulfate, and phosphate anions on alkali-activated blast furnace slag’s structural integrity and properties. Advanced techniques like XRD, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS have been employed to analyze structural modifications caused by anions, providing insights into their interactions and effects. These anions generally decrease compressive strength by disrupting geopolymerization and altering microstructure. For example, sulfate ions lead to the formation of ettringite, while phosphate ions bind calcium into separate phases. We can also observe microstructural changes, such as increased porosity with phosphate, which significantly reduces strength. Nitrate’s effect is less detrimental but still influences the overall structural dynamics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

9 pages, 3101 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceramic Stereolithography of Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ Micro-Embossed Sheets for Solid Electrolyte Applications

by Fiona Spirrett, Ayaka Oi and Soshu Kirihara

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 1218-1226; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030080 - 12 Sep 2024

Viewed by 790

Abstract

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have significantly advanced portable electronics, yet their reliance on flammable organic solvents and lithium dendrite formation pose safety risks. Solid-state batteries (SSBs), utilizing solid electrolytes, offer a safer alternative with higher energy and power densities. This study explores the fabrication [...] Read more.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have significantly advanced portable electronics, yet their reliance on flammable organic solvents and lithium dendrite formation pose safety risks. Solid-state batteries (SSBs), utilizing solid electrolytes, offer a safer alternative with higher energy and power densities. This study explores the fabrication of solid electrolytes using ceramic stereolithography, focusing on lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZ) due to its high ionic conductivity and chemical stability. A photosensitive paste containing 40–43 vol% LLZ was suitable for processing by stereolithography, and optimized processing parameters of 100 mW laser power and 1000 mm/s laser scanning speed with a 50 μm laser spot size were identified for sufficient material curing and interlayer lamination of LLZ. Thin embossed sheets were designed to enhance ion exchange and reduce internal resistance and were fabricated by the ceramic stereolithography method. The effect of cold isostatic pressing (CIP) on the sintered microstructure was investigated, and the potential for CIP to promote solid-phase diffusion during sintering was demonstrated, particularly at 67 MPa. The resulting LLZ-embossed sheets exhibited dense ceramic microstructures. These findings support the potential application of ceramic stereolithography for fabricating efficient solid electrolytes for next-generation telecommunications and mobile devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Crystalline and Liquid MgO

by Anatoly S. Arkhipin, Alexander Pisch, Irina A. Uspenskaya and Noël Jakse

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 1187-1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030078 - 4 Sep 2024

Viewed by 838

Abstract

Classical (MD) and ab initio (AIMD) molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the fundamental properties of solid and liquid MgO. AIMD was performed by DFT using the Strongly Conditioned and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) exchange correlation functional. The obtained pair-correlation functions of liquid [...] Read more.

Classical (MD) and ab initio (AIMD) molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to investigate the fundamental properties of solid and liquid MgO. AIMD was performed by DFT using the Strongly Conditioned and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) exchange correlation functional. The obtained pair-correlation functions of liquid MgO were used as reference data for the optimization of parameters of classical MD. For the latter, a Born–Mayer–Huggins (BMH) potential was applied, and parameters were adjusted until a best fit of both structural properties was obtained by AIMD and physical properties by experimental data. Different structural, dynamic and thermodynamic properties of solid and liquid MgO were then calculated by classical MD and compared with the literature data. Good agreement was found for the Mg-O bond length, self-diffusion coefficients, density of liquid MgO and for heat content and density of crystalline MgO. Using a void-melting approach, the melting temperature of MgO was found as 3295 ± 30 K, which is in good agreement with the recent experimental work by Ronchi et al. (3250 ± 20 K). The optimized parameters of BMH potential describe well the structural, dynamic and thermodynamic properties of solid and liquid MgO and may be combined with our previous results of a CaO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ system to calculate the properties of a quaternary CaO-MgO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂ system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 926 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bond Strength of Composite Resin to Bioceramic Cements: An In Vitro Study

by Alejandra Alvarado-Orozco, Louis Hardan, Rim Bourgi, Ana Josefina Monjarás-Ávila, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Laura Emma Rodríguez-Vilchis, Antoun Farrayeh, Blanca Irma Flores-Ferreyra, Rosalía Contreras-Bulnes, Youssef Haikel and Naji Kharouf

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 1137-1146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030074 - 23 Aug 2024

Viewed by 1036

Abstract

Bioceramic endodontic cements, known for their antibacterial properties, calcium ion release, and alkaline pH, may come into contact with various irrigants after furcal perforation repair. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions and setting times on the shear bond [...] Read more.

Bioceramic endodontic cements, known for their antibacterial properties, calcium ion release, and alkaline pH, may come into contact with various irrigants after furcal perforation repair. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different irrigating solutions and setting times on the shear bond strength (SBS) of Biodentine^® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) to a self-adhering flowable composite. Sixty Biodentine^® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) blocks were prepared and divided into two groups based on the setting time: 72 h and 7 days. These were further subdivided into five subgroups based on the irrigation solution applied: distilled water, sodium hypochlorite, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, chlorhexidine, and phosphoric acid. They were then restored with Dyad Flow^TM (Kerr^TM, Orange, CA, USA). SBS and failure modes were assessed at 24 h and 6 months. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to analyze the effect of the different irrigating solutions and setting times on the SBS of Biodentine^® (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) and Dyad Flow^TM (Kerr^TM, Orange, CA, USA). The level of significance was set at a ≤0.05. At 24 h, SBS was significantly influenced by both the irrigant solution (p = 0.029) and setting time (p = 0.018); at 6 months, SBS was influenced only by the irrigating solutions (p < 0.001). The predominant mode of bond failure was adhesive across all groups. In conclusion, while the setting time did not affect the bond strength, certain irrigating solutions reduced it. Thus, careful consideration of surface treatments applied to Biodentine^® is crucial for successful endodontic and restorative outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 4728 KiB

Open AccessArticle

2D/2D Heterojunctions of Layered TiO₂ and (NH₄)₂V₃O₈ for Sunlight-Driven Methylene Blue Degradation

by Juan Aliaga, Matías Alegria, J. Pedro Donoso, Claudio J. Magon, Igor D. A. Silva, Harold Lozano, Elies Molins, Eglantina Benavente and Guillermo González

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 926-943; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030060 - 2 Jul 2024

Viewed by 1026

Abstract

Photocatalysis based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has become a promising method to remediate industrial and municipal effluents in an environmentally friendly manner. However, the efficiency of TiO₂ is hampered by problems such as rapid electron–hole recombination and limited solar spectrum [...] Read more.

Photocatalysis based on titanium dioxide (TiO₂) has become a promising method to remediate industrial and municipal effluents in an environmentally friendly manner. However, the efficiency of TiO₂ is hampered by problems such as rapid electron–hole recombination and limited solar spectrum absorption. Furthermore, the sensitization of TiO₂ through heterojunctions with other materials has gained attention. Vanadium, specifically in the form of ammonium vanadate ((NH₄)₂V₃O₈), has shown promise as a photocatalyst due to its ability to effectively absorb visible light. However, its use in photocatalysis remains limited. Herein, we present a novel synthesis method to produce lamellar (NH₄)₂V₃O₈ as a sensitizer in a supramolecular hybrid photocatalyst of TiO₂–stearic acid (SA), contributing to a deeper understanding of its structural and magnetic characteristics, expanding the range of visible light absorption, and improving the efficiency of photogenerated electron–hole separation. Materials, such as TiO₂–SA and (NH₄)₂V₃O₈, were synthesized and characterized. EPR studies of (NH₄)₂V₃O₈ demonstrated their orientation-dependent magnetic properties and, from measurements of the angular variation of g-values, suggest that the VO₂⁺ complexes are in axially distorted octahedral sites. The photocatalytic results indicate that the 2D/2D heterojunction layered TiO₂/vanadate at a ratio (1:0.050) removed 100% of the methylene blue, used as a model contaminant in this study. The study of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue emphasizes the role of reactive species such as hydroxyl radicals (^•OH) and superoxide ions (O₂^•−). These species are crucial for breaking down contaminant molecules, leading to their degradation. The band alignment between ammonium vanadate ((NH₄)₂V₃O₈) and TiO₂–SA, shows effective separation and charge transfer processes at their interface. Furthermore, the study confirms the chemical stability and recyclability of the TiO₂–SA/(NH₄)₂V₃O₈ photocatalyst, demonstrated that it could be used for multiple photocatalytic cycles without a significant loss of activity. This stability, combined with its ability to degrade organic pollutants under solar irradiation, means that the TiO₂–SA/(NH₄)₂V₃O₈ photocatalyst is a promising candidate for practical environmental remediation applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 22999 KiB

Open AccessArticle

0.98(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃–0.02(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)(Zr_0.85Sn_0.15)O₃ Single Crystals Grown by the Seed-Free Solid-State Crystal Growth Method and Their Characterization

by Eugenie Uwiragiye, Thuy Linh Pham, Jong-Sook Lee, Byoung-Wan Lee, Jae-Hyeon Ko and John G. Fisher

Ceramics 2024, 7(3), 840-857; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7030055 - 21 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1212

Abstract

(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃-based single crystals are of interest as high-performance lead-free piezoelectric materials, but conventional crystal growth methods have some disadvantages such as the requirement for expensive Pt crucibles and difficulty in controlling the composition of the crystals. Recently, [...] Read more.

(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃-based single crystals are of interest as high-performance lead-free piezoelectric materials, but conventional crystal growth methods have some disadvantages such as the requirement for expensive Pt crucibles and difficulty in controlling the composition of the crystals. Recently, (K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃-based single crystals have been grown by the seed-free solid-state crystal growth method, which can avoid these problems. In the present work, 0.98(K_0.5Na_0.5)NbO₃–0.02(Bi_0.5Na_0.5)(Zr_0.85Sn_0.15)O₃ single crystals were grown by the seed-free solid-state crystal growth method. Sintering aids of 0.15 mol% Li₂CO₃ and 0.15 mol% Bi₂O₃ were added to promote single crystal growth. Pellets were sintered at 1150 °C for 15–50 h. Single crystals started to appear from 20 h. The single crystals grown for 50 h were studied in detail. Single crystal microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy of the as-grown surface and cross-section of the sample and revealed porosity in the crystals. Electron probe microanalysis indicated a slight reduction in K and Na content of a single crystal as compared to the nominal composition. X-ray diffraction shows that the single crystals contain mixed orthorhombic and tetragonal phases at room temperature. Raman scattering and impedance spectroscopy at different temperatures observed rhombohedral–orthorhombic, orthorhombic–tetragonal and tetragonal–cubic phase transitions. Polarization–electric field (P–E) hysteresis loops show that the single crystal is a normal ferroelectric material with a remanent polarization (P_r) of 18.5 μC/cm² and a coercive electrical field (E_c) of 10.7 kV/cm. A single crystal presents d₃₃ = 362 pC/N as measured by a d₃₃ meter. Such a single crystal with a large d₃₃ and high Curie temperature (~370 °C) can be a promising candidate for piezoelectric devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 10793 KiB

Open AccessArticle

CaCO₃-Infused Carbon Fiber Aerogels: Synthesis and Characterization

by Cristina Mosoarca, Iosif Hulka, Pavel Șchiopu, Florina S. Rus and Radu Bănică

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 777-795; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020051 - 6 Jun 2024

Viewed by 1645

Abstract

Carbon aerogels represent a distinctive category of high surface area materials derived from sol-gel chemistry. Functionalizing these aerogels has led to the development of composite aerogels with the potential for a wider range of applications. In this study, the technique of lyophilization was [...] Read more.

Carbon aerogels represent a distinctive category of high surface area materials derived from sol-gel chemistry. Functionalizing these aerogels has led to the development of composite aerogels with the potential for a wider range of applications. In this study, the technique of lyophilization was employed to fabricate aerogel composites consisting of inorganic salts and cellulosic fibers. Cellulose carbonization can occur through chemical dehydration by heat treatment in an inert atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis spectra and scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the formed polymeric composites contain partially carbonized cellulose fibers, amorphous carbon, and calcium carbonates. CaCO₃ primarily forms through the reaction of CaCl₂, which moistens cellulose or amorphous carbon fibers with CO₂ in ammonia fumes. The water loss in 3D structures was analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared spectroscopy. Depending on the synthesis method, 3D structures can be created from partially or completely dehydrated cellulose fibers. The aerogels were examined for their ability to support the growth of bacterial biofilm and then adorned with metal silver and AgCl to produce bactericidal products. Due to their open pores and CaCO₃ content, these aerogels can serve as durable and environmentally friendly thermal insulators with bactericidal properties, as well as a medium for absorbing acidic gases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

18 pages, 6817 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Variability of Flaw Strength Distributions on Brittle SiC Ceramic

by Jacques Lamon

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 759-776; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020050 - 4 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 976

Abstract

The present paper investigates flaw strength distributions established using various flexural tests on batches of SiC bar test specimens, namely four-point bending as well as three-point bending tests with different span lengths. Flaw strength is provided by the elemental stress operating on the [...] Read more.

The present paper investigates flaw strength distributions established using various flexural tests on batches of SiC bar test specimens, namely four-point bending as well as three-point bending tests with different span lengths. Flaw strength is provided by the elemental stress operating on the critical flaw at the fracture of a test specimen. Fracture-inducing flaws and their locations are identified using fractography. A single population of pores was found to dominate the fracture. The construction of diagrams of p-quantile vs. elemental strengths was aimed at assessing the Gaussian nature of flaw strengths. Then, empirical cumulative distributions of strengths were constructed using the normal distribution function. The Weibull distributions of strengths are then compared to the normal reference distributions. The parameters of the Weibull cumulative probability distributions are estimated using maximum likelihood and moment methods. The cumulative distributions of flexural strengths for the different bending tests are predicted from the flaw strength density function using the elemental strength model, and from the cumulative distribution of flexural strength using the Weibull function. Flaw strength distributions that include the weaker flaws that are potentially present in larger test pieces are extrapolated using the p-quantile diagrams. Implications are discussed regarding the pertinence of an intrinsically representative flaw strength distribution, considering failure predictions. Finally, the influence of the characteristics of fracture-inducing flaw populations expressed in terms of flaw strength interval, size, dispersion, heterogeneity, and reproducibility with volume change is examined. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 6859 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of B₂O₃ and Basic Oxides on Network Structure and Chemical Stability of Borosilicate Glass

by Ming Lian, Tian Wang and Chong Wei

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 516-529; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020034 - 15 Apr 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1927

Abstract

Glass properties play crucial roles in ensuring the safety and reliability of electronic packaging. However, challenges, such as thermal expansion and resistance to acid corrosion, pose long-term service difficulties. This study investigated the impact of the microstructure on acid resistance by adjusting the [...] Read more.

Glass properties play crucial roles in ensuring the safety and reliability of electronic packaging. However, challenges, such as thermal expansion and resistance to acid corrosion, pose long-term service difficulties. This study investigated the impact of the microstructure on acid resistance by adjusting the glass composition. A glass material with excellent acid resistance was obtained by achieving a similar coefficient of thermal expansion to tantalum; it exhibited a weight loss rate of less than 0.03% when submerged in 38% sulfuric acid at 85 °C for 200 h. Theoretically, this glass can be used to seal wet Ta electrolytic capacitors. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to analyze the glass transition temperature and thermal stability of borosilicate glasses. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy were used to study the microstructure of the amorphous phase of the borosilicate glass, which revealed a close relationship between the degree of network phase separation in the borosilicate glass and the degree of polymerization (isomorphic polyhedron value, IP) of the glass matrix. The IP value decreased from 3.82 to 1.98 with an increasing degree of phase separation. Boron transitions from [BO₄] to [BO₃] within the glass network structure with increasing boron oxide content, which diminishes the availability of free oxygen provided by alkaline oxide, resulting in a lower acid resistance. Notably, the glass exhibited optimal acid resistance at boron trioxide and mixed alkaline oxide contents of 15% and 6%, respectively. Raman experiments revealed how the distributions of various bridging oxygen atoms (Q_n) affect the structural phase separation of the glass network. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy revealed the depolymerization of Q₄ into Q₃, thereby promoting high-temperature phase separation and highlighting the unique advantages of Raman spectroscopy for phase recognition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4204 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sonochemical Synthesis of Indium Nitride Nanoparticles and Photocatalytic Composites with Titania

by Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou, Pavlos Pandis, Christos Argirusis and Georgia Sourkouni

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 478-490; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020031 - 27 Mar 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1677

Abstract

Indium nitride is an excellent semiconductor that belongs to the group of III nitride materials. Due to its unique properties, it is applied to various optoelectronic applications. However, its low thermal stability makes it difficult to synthesize. The present study introduces the synthesis [...] Read more.

Indium nitride is an excellent semiconductor that belongs to the group of III nitride materials. Due to its unique properties, it is applied to various optoelectronic applications. However, its low thermal stability makes it difficult to synthesize. The present study introduces the synthesis of indium nitride nanoparticles, using ultrasound power (sonochemistry). The sonochemical method provides a low-cost and rapid technique for nanomaterial synthesis. InN nanoparticles were produced in only 3 h through the sonochemical reaction of InCl₃ and LiN₃. Xylene was used as a reaction solvent. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) as well as high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were adopted for the characterization of the obtained powder. According to our results, ultrasound contributed to the synthesis of InN nanocrystals in a cubic and a hexagonal phase. The obtained InN nanoparticles were further used to decorate titanium dioxide (TiO₂) by means of ultrasound. The contribution of InN nanoparticles on the processes of photocatalysis was investigated through the degradation of methylene blue (MB), a typical organic substance acting in place of an environment pollutant. According to the obtained results, InN nanoparticles improved the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ by 41.8% compared with commercial micrometric titania. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 4272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Negative Temperature Coefficient Properties of Natural Clinoptilolite

by Loredana Schiavo, Lucrezia Aversa, Roberto Verucchi, Rachele Castaldo, Gennaro Gentile and Gianfranco Carotenuto

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 452-465; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020029 - 23 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1894

Abstract

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials are usually based on ceramic semiconductors, and electrons are involved in their transport mechanism. A new type of NTC material, adequate for alternating current (AC) applications, is represented by zeolites. Indeed, zeolites are single charge carrier ionic conductors [...] Read more.

Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) materials are usually based on ceramic semiconductors, and electrons are involved in their transport mechanism. A new type of NTC material, adequate for alternating current (AC) applications, is represented by zeolites. Indeed, zeolites are single charge carrier ionic conductors with a temperature-dependent electrical conductivity. In particular, electrical transport in zeolites is due to the monovalent charge-balancing cations, like K⁺, capable of hopping between negatively charged sites in the aluminosilicate framework. Owing to the highly non-linear electrical behavior of the traditional electronic NTC materials, the possibility to have alternative types of materials, showing linearity in their electrical behavior, is very desirable. Among different zeolites, natural clinoptilolite has been selected for investigating NTC behavior since it is characterized by high zeolite content, a convenient Si/Al atomic ratio, good mechanical strength due to its compact microstructure, and low toxicity. Clinoptilolite has shown a rapid and quite reversible impedance change under heating, characterized by a linear dependence on temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to identify the natural zeolite, to establish all types of crystalline phases present in the mineral, and to investigate the thermal stability of these phases up to 150 °C. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis was used for the chemical characterization of this natural clinoptilolite sample, providing important information on the cationic content and framework composition. In addition, since electrical transport takes place in the zeolite free-volume, a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis of the mineral has also been performed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 9753 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Network Produced by Direct Ink Writing: The Effects of Manufacturing Design on Mechanical Properties

by Junhui Zhang, Paula Pou, Ludmila Hodásová, Mona Yarahmadi, Sergio Elizalde, Jose-Maria Cabrera, Luis Llanes, Elaine Armelin and Gemma Fargas

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 436-451; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020028 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1903

Abstract

Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) materials have gained considerable attention as tooth-restorative materials due to their mechanical compatibility with human teeth, especially with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. However, the designed geometry affects the mechanical properties of PICN materials. This study aims [...] Read more.

Polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) materials have gained considerable attention as tooth-restorative materials due to their mechanical compatibility with human teeth, especially with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technologies. However, the designed geometry affects the mechanical properties of PICN materials. This study aims to study the relationship between manufacturing geometry and mechanical properties. In doing so, zirconia-based PICN materials with different geometries were fabricated using a direct ink-writing process, followed by copolymer infiltration. Comprehensive analyses of the microstructure and structural properties of zirconia scaffolds, as well as PICN materials, were performed. The mechanical properties were assessed through compression testing and digital image correlation analysis. The results revealed that the compression strength of PICN pieces was significantly higher than the respective zirconia scaffolds without polymer infiltration. In addition, two geometries (C-grid 0 and C-grid 45) have the highest mechanical performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 6059 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Dielectric Properties of Titania Co-Doped with Yttrium and Niobium: Experimental Evidence and DFT Study

by Deborah Y. B. Silva, Reginaldo Muccillo and Eliana N. S. Muccillo

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 411-425; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010026 - 17 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1965

Abstract

This work explores the impact of the sintering temperature and co-dopant contents on the microstructure and dielectric properties of (Y_0.5Nb_0.5)_xTi_1−xO₂ (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) ceramics synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The [...] Read more.

This work explores the impact of the sintering temperature and co-dopant contents on the microstructure and dielectric properties of (Y_0.5Nb_0.5)_xTi_1−xO₂ (0.025 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) ceramics synthesized by the solid state reaction method. The physical mechanism underlying the colossal electric permittivity was systematically investigated with experimental methods and first principles calculations. All specimens exhibited the characteristic tetragonal structure of rutile, besides secondary phases. A niobium- and yttrium-rich secondary phase emerged at the grain boundaries after heating at 1500 °C, changing the main sintering mechanism. The highest value of the electric permittivity (13499 @ 60 °C and 10 kHz) was obtained for (Y_0.5Nb_0.5)_0.05Ti_0.95O₂ sintered at 1480 °C, and the lowest dissipation factor (0.21@ 60 °C and 10 kHz) for (Y_0.5Nb_0.5)_0.1Ti_0.90O₂ sintered at 1500 °C. The dielectric properties of Y³⁺ and Nb⁵⁺ co-doped TiO₂ are attributed to the internal barrier layer capacitance (IBLC) and electron-pinned dipole defect (EPDD) mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 16249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Permeation Properties of Ternary Ni–BaCe_0.9Y_0.1O₃–Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O₂ Cermet Membranes

by Yoshiteru Itagaki, Hiroyuki Mori, Takumi Matsubayashi and Hiromichi Aono

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 385-400; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010024 - 13 Mar 2024

Viewed by 1729

Abstract

A ternary Ni–BaCe_0.9Y_0.1O₃ (BCY)–Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O₂ (GDC) cermet involving 40 vol% Ni was fabricated, and its hydrogen permeation characteristics were evaluated when the GDC volume fraction was varied from 0 to 30 vol%. The X-ray [...] Read more.

A ternary Ni–BaCe_0.9Y_0.1O₃ (BCY)–Ce_0.9Gd_0.1O₂ (GDC) cermet involving 40 vol% Ni was fabricated, and its hydrogen permeation characteristics were evaluated when the GDC volume fraction was varied from 0 to 30 vol%. The X-ray diffraction results of the cermet after sintering at 1400 °C revealed that GDC was dissolved in BCY when the GDC volume composition was 20 vol%. Regardless of the BCY and GDC volume fractions, the metal conductivity of the cermet was dominated by Ni. After the addition of only 1 vol% GDC, the particle sizes of Ni and BCY in the cermet significantly decreased, and the particle size decreased as the volume fraction of GDC increased. The hydrogen permeability increased with increasing temperature and for up to 10 vol% GDC, and a maximum permeation rate of 0.142 mL min⁻¹ cm⁻² was obtained at 700 °C. This value is comparable to or better than previously reported values for Ni-cermets under the same conditions. The amount of hydrogen permeation decreased above 10 vol% GDC. This study demonstrated that Ni-BCY-GDC cermet is a material that has both high hydrogen permeability and CO₂ resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 5098 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Holistic Characterization of MgO-Al₂O₃, MgO-CaZrO₃, and Y₂O₃-ZrO₂ Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Propulsion Systems

by Kateryna O. Shvydyuk, João Nunes-Pereira, Frederico F. Rodrigues, José C. Páscoa, Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez and Abílio P. Silva

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 364-384; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010023 - 2 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2324

Abstract

Aerospace propulsion systems are among the driving forces for the development of advanced ceramics with increased performance efficiency in severe operation conditions. The conducted research focused on the mechanical (Young’s and shear moduli, flexural strength, hardness, and fracture toughness), thermal (thermal conductivity and [...] Read more.

Aerospace propulsion systems are among the driving forces for the development of advanced ceramics with increased performance efficiency in severe operation conditions. The conducted research focused on the mechanical (Young’s and shear moduli, flexural strength, hardness, and fracture toughness), thermal (thermal conductivity and coefficient of thermal expansion), and electric (dielectric properties) characterization of MgO-Al₂O₃, MgO-CaZrO₃, and stable YSZ ceramic composites. The experimental results, considering structural and functional traits, underscore the importance of a holistic understanding of the multifunctionality of advanced ceramics to fulfill propulsion system requirements, the limits of which have not yet been fully explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 16123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Franklinite-Zincochromite-Gahnite Solid Solutions for Cool Red Ceramic Pigments with Visible Light Photocatalysis

by Guillermo Monrós, José A. Badenes, Mario Llusar and Carolina Delgado

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 342-363; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010022 - 1 Mar 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1905

Abstract

Franklinite-zincochromite-gahnite solid solutions were prepared using ceramic or coprecipitation methods, and their pigmenting capacity as cool ceramic pigments in different glazes (double and single firing frits and porcelain frit) was studied. XRD, UV–Vis–NIR diffuse reflectance, CIEL*a*b* colour analysis, band gap measurements, and the [...] Read more.

Franklinite-zincochromite-gahnite solid solutions were prepared using ceramic or coprecipitation methods, and their pigmenting capacity as cool ceramic pigments in different glazes (double and single firing frits and porcelain frit) was studied. XRD, UV–Vis–NIR diffuse reflectance, CIEL*a*b* colour analysis, band gap measurements, and the photocatalytic degradation of Orange II were carried out to characterise the samples. The following criteria for high red colouring capacity and high NIR reflectance at the minimum Cr amount were found to be the optimal compositions for an intense reddish cool pigment: Zn(Fe_1.8Cr_0.2), Zn(Al_1.5Cr_0.5) and Zn(Al_1.3Cr_0.5Fe_0.2)O₄. All the powders showed a direct semiconductor behaviour, with a band gap of approximately 2 eV, which fell in the visible range (620 nm); the visible light photocatalysis of Orange II was moderate, but franklinite-zincochromite Zn(Fe_1.8Cr_0.2) stood out compared with silver orthophosphate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 1965 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Luminescent Emission during Flash Sintering of 8YSZ and 20SDC Ceramics

by Reginaldo Muccillo, Julio Cesar C. A. Diaz and Eliana N. S. Muccillo

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 329-341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010021 - 25 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

Light-emission data were collected before, during, and after the occurrence of the flash event in pressureless electric-field-assisted (flash) sintering experiments on ZrO₂: 8 mol% Y₂O₃ (8YSZ) and CeO₂: 20 mol% Sm₂O₃ (20SDC) ceramic [...] Read more.

Light-emission data were collected before, during, and after the occurrence of the flash event in pressureless electric-field-assisted (flash) sintering experiments on ZrO₂: 8 mol% Y₂O₃ (8YSZ) and CeO₂: 20 mol% Sm₂O₃ (20SDC) ceramic green pellets to analyze the luminescent emission from the samples. The experiments were performed at 800 °C with an applied electric field of 100 V·cm⁻¹ at 1 kHz, limiting the electric current to 1 A. Luminescence data were obtained in the 200–1200 nm (ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared) range. The deconvolution of the optical spectra allowed for the identification of emission bands in the visible range due exclusively to the samples. The wavelength maxima of the emission bands in 8YSZ were found to be different from those in 20SDC. It is suggested that these bands might originate from the interaction of the electric current, resulting from the application of the electric field, with the depleted species located at the space-charge region at the grain boundaries of these ceramics. The main results represent a contribution to help to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the fast densification with inhibition of grain growth in electroceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5729 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mussel-Inspired Construction of Silica-Decorated Ceramic Membranes for Oil–Water Separation

by Qibo Zhou, Qibing Chang, Yao Lu and Jing Sun

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 250-263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010016 - 22 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1700

Abstract

In recent years, ceramic membranes have received widespread focus in the area of liquid separation because of their high permeability, strong hydrophilicity, and good chemical stability. However, in practical applications, the surface of ceramic membranes is prone to be contaminated, which degrades the [...] Read more.

In recent years, ceramic membranes have received widespread focus in the area of liquid separation because of their high permeability, strong hydrophilicity, and good chemical stability. However, in practical applications, the surface of ceramic membranes is prone to be contaminated, which degrades the permeation flux of ceramic membranes during the separation process. Inspired by mussels, we imitate the biomimetic mineralization process to prepare a ceramic membrane of nano–silica on the pre-modified zirconia surface by co-deposited polydopamine/polyethyleneimine. The modified ceramic membranes were utilized for the purpose of oil–water separation. Separation performance has been tested using a disc ceramic membrane dynamic filtration device. The outcomes revealed an enhanced permeability in the modified membrane, measuring as 159 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹, surpassing the separation flux of the unmodified membrane, which was 104 L m⁻² h⁻¹ bar⁻¹. The permeation performance of the modified membrane was increased to 1.5 times. Modified ceramic membranes are highly resistant to fouling. From the beginning to the end of separation process, the oil rejection rate of the modified ceramic membrane is always higher than 99%. After a 2 h oil–water separation test run, modified ceramic membrane permeate flux can be restored to 91% after cleaning. It has an enormous capacity for application in the area of oil–water separation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1960 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temperature-Dependent Elastic Properties of B₄C from First-Principles Calculations and Phonon Modeling

by Sara Sheikhi, Wylie Stroberg and James D. Hogan

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 235-249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010015 - 21 Feb 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2367

Abstract

Boron carbide plays a crucial role in various extreme environment applications, including thermal barrier coatings, aerospace applications, and neutron absorbers, because of its high thermal and chemical stability. In this study, the temperature-dependent elastic stiffness constants, thermal expansion coefficient, Helmholtz free energy, entropy, [...] Read more.

Boron carbide plays a crucial role in various extreme environment applications, including thermal barrier coatings, aerospace applications, and neutron absorbers, because of its high thermal and chemical stability. In this study, the temperature-dependent elastic stiffness constants, thermal expansion coefficient, Helmholtz free energy, entropy, and heat capacity at a constant volume (

C_{v}

) of rhombohedral B₄C have been predicted using a quasi-harmonic approach. A combination of volume-dependent first-principles calculations (density functional theory) and first-principles phonon calculations in the supercell framework has been performed. Good agreement between the elastic constants and structural parameters from static calculations is observed. The calculated thermodynamic properties from phonon calculations show trends that align with the literature. As the temperature rises, the predicted free energy follows a decreasing trend, while entropy and

C_{v}

follow increasing trends with temperature. Comparisons between the predicted room temperature thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) (

7.54 \times 10^{- 6}

K⁻¹) and bulk modulus (228 GPa) from the quasi-harmonic approach and literature results from experiments and models are performed, revealing that the calculated TEC and bulk modulus fall within the established range from the limited set of data from the literature (TEC = 5.73–9.50 ×

10^{- 6}

K⁻¹, B = 221–246 GPa). Temperature-dependent

C_{i j} s

are predicted, enabling stress analysis at elevated temperatures. Overall, the outcomes of this study can be used when performing mechanical and thermal stress analysis (e.g., space shielding applications) and optimizing the design of boron carbide materials for elevated temperature applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 9523 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Plasma Actuators Based on Alumina Ceramics for Active Flow Control Applications

by Frederico F. Rodrigues, Kateryna O. Shvydyuk, João Nunes-Pereira, José C. Páscoa and Abílio P. Silva

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 192-207; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010012 - 6 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Plasma actuators have demonstrated great potential for active flow control applications, including boundary layer control, flow separation delay, turbulence control, and aircraft noise reduction. In particular, the material used as a dielectric barrier is crucial for the proper operation of the device. Currently, [...] Read more.

Plasma actuators have demonstrated great potential for active flow control applications, including boundary layer control, flow separation delay, turbulence control, and aircraft noise reduction. In particular, the material used as a dielectric barrier is crucial for the proper operation of the device. Currently, the variety of dielectrics reported in the literature is still quite restricted to polymers including Kapton, Teflon, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Cirlex, polyisobutylene (PIB) rubber, or polystyrene. Nevertheless, several studies have highlighted the fragilities of polymeric dielectric layers when actuators operate at significantly high-voltage and -frequency levels or for long periods. In the current study, we propose the use of alumina-based ceramic composites as alternative materials for plasma actuator dielectric layers. The alumina composite samples were fabricated and characterized in terms of microstructure, electrical parameters, and plasma-induced flow velocity and compared with a conventional Kapton-based actuator. It was concluded that alumina-based dielectrics are suitable materials for plasma actuator applications, being able to generate plasma-induced flow velocities of approximately 4.5 m/s. In addition, it was verified that alumina-based ceramic actuators can provide similar fluid mechanical efficiencies to Kapton actuators. Furthermore, the ceramic dielectrics present additional characteristics, such as high-temperature resistance, which are not encompassed by conventional Kapton actuators, which makes them suitable for high-temperature applications such as turbine blade film cooling enhancement and plasma-assisted combustion. The high porosity of the ceramic results in lower plasma-induced flow velocity and lower fluid mechanical efficiency, but by minimizing the porosity, the fluid mechanical efficiency is increased. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 20894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Archaeometric Investigations on Archaeological Findings from Palazzo Corsini Alla Lungara (Rome)

by Tilde de Caro, Fiammetta Susanna, Paola Fraiegari, Renato Sebastiani, Veronica Romoli, Simone Bruno and Andrea Macchia

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 137-165; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010010 - 30 Jan 2024

Viewed by 1771

Abstract

This study reports the analytical investigations on clayey and ceramic finds, characterised by high variability in terms of prime materials, with the aim to determine the role of this important ceramic production situated close to the city walls, fortuitously found during service excavations [...] Read more.

This study reports the analytical investigations on clayey and ceramic finds, characterised by high variability in terms of prime materials, with the aim to determine the role of this important ceramic production situated close to the city walls, fortuitously found during service excavations developed in the garden of Palazzo Corsini in Rome. The complexity of the finds led to the choices of appropriate methodologies and techniques suitable for defining the diagnostic elements of each find. Optical microscopy (OM) combined with micro-Raman (µ-Raman) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were used to analyse the nature and microstructure of the ceramic and burned clay that were found. In such a complicated setting, the objective of conducting chemical analyses is to provide clues to describe the various kinds of ceramics produced, the production and processing methods, and, as a result, the typology of the workshop. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 5120 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Europium and Niobium Doping on Hafnium Oxide (HfO₂): Comparative Analysis of Sol–Gel and Combustion Synthesis Methods

by Katrina Laganovska, Virginija Vitola, Ernests Einbergs, Ivita Bite, Aleksejs Zolotarjovs, Madara Leimane, Gatis Tunens and Krisjanis Smits

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 15-28; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010002 - 24 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2179

Abstract

This study compares HfO₂ ceramics synthesized using sol–gel and combustion methods, emphasizing the impact of the method of synthesis on the resulting properties of the material. The research findings illustrate morphological differences between sol–gel and combustion-derived HfO₂. While sol–gel samples [...] Read more.

This study compares HfO₂ ceramics synthesized using sol–gel and combustion methods, emphasizing the impact of the method of synthesis on the resulting properties of the material. The research findings illustrate morphological differences between sol–gel and combustion-derived HfO₂. While sol–gel samples displayed irregular nanoparticles with pronounced boundaries, combustion samples revealed more homogeneous structures with particles tending towards coalescence. It was discerned that Eu³⁺ doping induced oxygen vacancies, stabilizing the tetragonal phase, while subsequent doping with Nb⁵⁺ significantly reduced these vacancies, which was also observed in photoluminescence analysis. Furthermore, combustion synthesis left fewer organic residues, with urea presence during synthesis contributing to residual organic components in the material. XPS analysis was used to evaluate the presence of oxygen-deficient hafnia sub-oxide in the samples. The study underscores the important role of tailored synthesis methods in optimizing the properties and applications of HfO₂. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing the Effects of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Incorporation on the Extrusion and Drying Behavior of Brick Mixtures

by Ioannis Makrygiannis, Athena Tsetsekou, Orestis Papastratis and Konstantinos Karalis

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2367-2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040145 - 14 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1897

Abstract

This study explores the potential benefits of incorporating Recycled Demolition Waste (RDF) as an additive in ceramic mass for the brick industry, with a focus on applications such as thermoblocks. The research underscores the significance of sustainable waste management practices and environmental conservation [...] Read more.

This study explores the potential benefits of incorporating Recycled Demolition Waste (RDF) as an additive in ceramic mass for the brick industry, with a focus on applications such as thermoblocks. The research underscores the significance of sustainable waste management practices and environmental conservation by diverting waste from landfills. RDF, exhibiting combustion properties above 550 °C, emerges as a valuable candidate for enhancing clay-based materials, particularly in the brick production process where firing temperatures exceed 850 °C. Conducted in two phases, the research initially concentrated on RDF preparation, RDF integration with clay materials, and its influence on extrusion and drying phases. Employing innovative techniques involving brick and tile industry machinery coupled with sand incorporation yielded promising results. The grounding of RDF particles to less than 1 mm not only facilitated the mixing process but also ensured stable grinding temperatures within the hammer mill, reducing operational costs. During extrusion, challenges associated with unprocessed RDF material were addressed by utilizing ground RDF, leading to a more efficient and cost-effective process with enhanced plasticity and reduced water requirements. Practical implications for brick plant operations were identified, promoting resource and energy savings. Drying behavior analysis revealed the positive impact of RDF integration, showcasing reduced sensitivity, decreased drying linear shrinkage, and improved density properties. RDF’s role as an inert additive resulted in a 5% reduction in density, enhancing porosity and thermal insulation properties, particularly in thermoblock applications. In the brick industry, where durability, thermal performance, and cost-efficiency are paramount, this study emphasizes the potential benefits of incorporating RDF into clay-based materials. While further research is needed to address the firing procedure of RDF as a brick mass additive, the initial findings underscore the promise of this approach for sustainable and environmentally responsible brick production. This study contributes to the literature by shedding light on the advantages and challenges of integrating RDF into clay-based products, supporting sustainability and waste reduction in construction and manufacturing. The findings provide valuable insights into the performance and feasibility of these mixtures, offering crucial information for industries striving to adopt eco-conscious production methods. This article not only outlines the applied methodology and experimental setup but also presents results related to the behavior of RDF-inclusive clay block mixtures in the production environment. Anticipated to exert considerable influence on future practices and policies, this research contributes to the growing body of knowledge concerning eco-friendly and sustainable manufacturing processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 52581 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Porous Ceramic Structures Based on Hydroxyapatite and Wollastonite with Potential Applications in the Field of Tissue Engineering

by Andreia Cucuruz, Cristina-Daniela Ghițulică, Georgeta Voicu, Cătălina-Alexandra Bogdan, Vasilica Dochiu and Roxana Cristina Popescu

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2333-2351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040143 - 8 Dec 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2054

Abstract

Bioceramics are the most promising materials used for hard tissue reconstruction. In this study, wollastonite/hydroxyapatite (HAp/WS)-type composite ceramic structures were synthesized with the aim of reaching a material with improved properties for use in bone tissue regeneration. The scaffolds were synthesized using a [...] Read more.

Bioceramics are the most promising materials used for hard tissue reconstruction. In this study, wollastonite/hydroxyapatite (HAp/WS)-type composite ceramic structures were synthesized with the aim of reaching a material with improved properties for use in bone tissue regeneration. The scaffolds were synthesized using a foam replica method, starting from ceramic powders with different mass ratios. These were subsequently studied and compared to identify the ideal mass ratio in terms bioactive character, appropriate mechanical properties, but also microstructural influence. The results indicate that all of the samples showed a highly porous microstructure with interconnected pores and high mineralization after 21 days of immersion in SBF. The porous structures with 90% and 70% mass contents of hydroxyapatite presented a well-defined structure and the highest values of mechanical compressive strength. Biocompatibility evaluation showed that osteoblast-like cells are able to penetrate the inner volume of the structures, exhibiting a biocompatible behavior in terms of morphological features and viability following 7 days of incubation. All results show that the porous composite ceramics with 90% and 70% mass contents of hydroxyapatite are promising materials for bone tissue regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2368 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of Narrow-Wavelength Phosphors of Tb-Doped Yttrium-Silicon-Aluminum Oxynitride Using Spray Pyrolysis

by Bramantyo Bayu Aji, Yu-Hsiuan Huang, Masatsugu Oishi, Toshihiro Moriga and Shao-Ju Shih

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2307-2319; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040141 - 3 Dec 2023

Viewed by 2042

Abstract

Selective emission of green light phosphor powder Y₄SiAlO₈N as the host material and Tb³⁺ as the activator was successfully achieved using spray pyrolysis (SP). Samples synthesized with various calcination temperatures and precursor concentrations indicated that the most suitable [...] Read more.

Selective emission of green light phosphor powder Y₄SiAlO₈N as the host material and Tb³⁺ as the activator was successfully achieved using spray pyrolysis (SP). Samples synthesized with various calcination temperatures and precursor concentrations indicated that the most suitable parameter for the synthesized powder is the calcination of 0.05 M Y_3.92SiAlO₈N:0.08Tb³⁺ at a temperature of 1600 °C. The effect of the selected parameters was substantiated by the high purity of the Y_3.92SiAlO₈N:0.08Tb³⁺ phase, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The Scherrer equation was used to calculate grain size. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) confirmed the presence of micron-sized particles, which matched well with the theoretical chemical composition. The specific surface area of the phosphor powder was determined using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method. Finally, fluorescence spectrometry was used to determine the luminescence properties. The correlation between the crystallinity of the phosphor powder and narrowing emission is also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2818 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inorganic Green Pigments Based on LaSr₂AlO₅

by Kazuki Yamaguchi, Akari Takemura, Saki Furumoto, Ryohei Oka and Toshiyuki Masui

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2269-2281; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040138 - 22 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2079

Abstract

La_1.03Sr_1.97Al_0.97M_0.03O₅ (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) samples were synthesized using a citrate sol–gel method to develop a novel environmentally friendly inorganic green pigment. Among them, the Co-doped sample exhibited a vivid [...] Read more.

La_1.03Sr_1.97Al_0.97M_0.03O₅ (M = Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu) samples were synthesized using a citrate sol–gel method to develop a novel environmentally friendly inorganic green pigment. Among them, the Co-doped sample exhibited a vivid yellow, but not green. Then, (La_0.94Ca_0.06)Sr₂(Al_0.97Mn_0.03)O₅ was synthesized and characterized with respect to the crystal structure, optical properties, and color. The sample was obtained in a single-phase form and the lattice volume was smaller than that of the (La_0.94Ca_0.06)Sr₂AlO₅ sample, indicating that Mn ions in the lattice of the sample were pentavalent. The sample exhibited optical absorption at a wavelength below 400 nm and around 650 nm. These absorptions were attributed to the ligand, the metal charge transfer (LMCT), and d-d transitions of Mn⁵⁺. Because the green light corresponding to 500 to 560 nm was reflected strongly, the synthesized sample exhibited a bright green color. (La_0.94Ca_0.06)Sr₂(Al_0.97Mn_0.03)O₅ showed high brightness (L* = 50.1) and greenness (a* = −20.8), and these values were as high as those of the conventional green pigments such as chromium oxide and cobalt green. Therefore, the (La_0.94Ca_0.06)Sr₂(Al_0.97Mn_0.03)O₅ pigment is a potential candidate for a novel environmentally friendly inorganic green pigment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

30 pages, 8746 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High-Lead Glazed Ceramic Production in Western Iberia (Gharb al-Andalus) between the 10th and Mid-13th Centuries: An Approach from the City of Évora (Portugal)

by Carlos Andrés Camara, María José Gonçalves, José Antonio Paulo Mirão, Susana Gómez Martínez and Massimo Beltrame

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2213-2242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040135 - 15 Nov 2023

Viewed by 2552

Abstract

In the present study an archaeometry programme has been developed on a limited number of coarse wares, monochrome, and bichrome glazed ceramics retrieved in the cities of Évora, Mértola, and Silves, located in Western Iberia, Portugal (Gharb al-Andalus during the Islamic period). [...] Read more.

In the present study an archaeometry programme has been developed on a limited number of coarse wares, monochrome, and bichrome glazed ceramics retrieved in the cities of Évora, Mértola, and Silves, located in Western Iberia, Portugal (Gharb al-Andalus during the Islamic period). The goals were to shed light on glazed ceramics provenance, technology, trading, and on the glaze technology applied. For this purpose, a multi-analytical approach was employed to characterize ceramic pastes and glazes using optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and a Scanning Electron Microscope coupled to an Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS). Results evidenced that over the Islamic rule, coarse wares were locally produced at Évora. On the contrary, monochrome and bichrome glazed ceramics were imported from the city of Silves, Mértola, and from unidentified workshops, probably located in southern Iberia. The analysis of decorations evidenced that despite the provenance of the samples, the glaze technology applied was rather uniform over time, depicting a widespread technological transfer in the al-Andalus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

35 pages, 107018 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Invasive On-Site XRF and Raman Classification and Dating of Ancient Ceramics: Application to 18th and 19th Century Meissen Porcelain (Saxony) and Comparison with Chinese Porcelain

by Philippe Colomban, Gulsu Simsek Franci, Mareike Gerken, Michele Gironda and Viviane Mesqui

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2178-2212; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040134 - 12 Nov 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2440

Abstract

The authentication and dating of rare ceramics is generally carried out using subjective criteria, mainly based on visual interpretation. However, the scientific study and evaluation of the materials used could contribute objectively. The analytical data relating to the major and minor elements of [...] Read more.

The authentication and dating of rare ceramics is generally carried out using subjective criteria, mainly based on visual interpretation. However, the scientific study and evaluation of the materials used could contribute objectively. The analytical data relating to the major and minor elements of the coloring agents of the decoration or the base marks, and the characteristics of the raw materials (related to geology and ore processing), can be obtained on the conservation site non-invasively using a pXRF instrument and the phases formed may be identified using Raman microspectroscopy. This approach is applied to 28 objects assigned to the production of the Meissen Factory, from the collection of the Musée National de Céramique, Cité de la Céramique, Sèvres. They have polychromic or blue-and-white decorations and are supposed to have been produced in the 18th and 19th centuries. Some have a production date that has been perfectly established, others may have been produced using an earlier mold, or even have been decorated on an unknown date different from that of the firing of the biscuit. The combination of several classification criteria concerning the type of glaze, previously identified in the study of French and Chinese 17th and 18th centuries productions, i.e., the elements associated with cobalt present in the mark or the blue decoration and the relative levels of impurities of the glaze matrix, both characteristic of the raw materials and giving a strong XRF signal, leads to the identification of groups of homogeneous objects (respectively, counting seven, three, two and two objects for which at least four out of five criteria are identical); the other objects present too many differences to be considered as having been produced with the same raw materials. The first group brings together almost all the objects with a reliable pedigree made before ~1750, but includes two objects with decoration types closer to those of the 1800s. The comparison of the pXRF signals confirms the possibility of identifying the use of European ingredients for the production of painted enamels in the Qing dynasty. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 9585 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Freeze-Dried β-Tricalcium Phosphate/Barium Titanate/Collagen Composite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering in Orthopedic Applications

by Dwi Fortuna Anjusa Putra, Bramantyo Bayu Aji, Henni Setia Ningsih, Ting-Wei Wu, Akihiro Nakanishi, Toshihiro Moriga and Shao-Ju Shih

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2148-2161; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040132 - 11 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2262

Abstract

The freeze-drying method creates a scaffold with a composite mesoporous structure with many advantages. However, everyday materials such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) have been used as an orthopedic implant for canine tribal bone defects for decades, for instance, for grafting material of even [...] Read more.

The freeze-drying method creates a scaffold with a composite mesoporous structure with many advantages. However, everyday materials such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) have been used as an orthopedic implant for canine tribal bone defects for decades, for instance, for grafting material of even shapes to form an implant for our teeth. However, this material is still not entirely expected to be the best implant due to its high biodegradability. Besides that, using the piezoelectric effect on the bone can lead to more efficiency in cell growth and a faster healing time for patients. Based on this phenomenon, a scaffold composite with a piezoelectric material such as barium titanate (BaTiO₃/BT) has been tested. Based on the BT/β-TCP ratio, the scaffold composite of BT and β-TCP produces a porous structure with porosity ranging from 30.25 ± 11.28 to 15.25 ± 11.28 μm. The BT/β-TCP ratio influences the samples’ pore type, which affects each sample’s mechanical properties. In our result, the scaffold of 45.0 wt% BT/45.0 wt% β-TCP/10.0 wt% collagen has achieved a significant value of 0.5 MPa for maximum stress with a sufficient pore size of 25.32 ± 8.05 μm. Finally, we performed a viability test to see the sample’s piezoelectric effect, which showed that the piezoelectric effect does increase bone healing time when tested by growing MC3T3-E1 cells on the samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ceramic Filters for the Efficient Removal of Azo Dyes and Pathogens in Water

by Marvellous Oaikhena, Abimbola E. Oluwalana-Sanusi, Puseletso P. Mokoena, Nonhlangabezo Mabuba, Themba Tshabalala and Nhamo Chaukura

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2134-2147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040131 - 9 Nov 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2245

Abstract

Overcoming the scarcity of safe and sustainable drinking water, particularly in low-income countries, is one of the key challenges of the 21st century. In these countries, the cost of centralized water treatment facilities is prohibitive. This work examines the application of low-cost ceramic [...] Read more.

Overcoming the scarcity of safe and sustainable drinking water, particularly in low-income countries, is one of the key challenges of the 21st century. In these countries, the cost of centralized water treatment facilities is prohibitive. This work examines the application of low-cost ceramic filters as point-of-use (POU) devices for the removal of methylene blue, o-toluidine blue, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus typhi from contaminated water. The ceramic filters had typical kaolinite functional groups, making them suitable for the removal of dyes and pathogens. Surface charge measurements indicated strongly anionic filters, while thermal properties confirmed the carbonization of the biowaste additive leaving behind a porous kaolinite structure which subsequently dehydroxylated into meta kaolinite. In addition, morphological data showed heterogeneous filter surfaces. Increased biomass content improved the permeability, water adsorption, flow rate, and apparent porosity of the filter. The ceramic filter removed methylene blue (42.99–59.74%), o-toluidine (79.95–92.71%), Staphylococcus aureus (98–100%), and Staphylococcus typhi (75–100%). Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of POU ceramic filters in removing organic pollutants in contaminated water while serving as disinfectants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 9392 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electron-Beam Processing of Aluminum-Containing Ceramics in the Forevacuum Pressure Range

by Aleksandr Klimov, Ilya Bakeev and Aleksey Zenin

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2098-2116; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040129 - 23 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1892

Abstract

Aluminum–ceramic materials based on Al₂O₃ and AlN are widely used in the electronics industry and, according to a number of electrophysical and technical and economic parameters, are among the most suitable for the production of electrical and radio engineering products. [...] Read more.

Aluminum–ceramic materials based on Al₂O₃ and AlN are widely used in the electronics industry and, according to a number of electrophysical and technical and economic parameters, are among the most suitable for the production of electrical and radio engineering products. In this study, it is shown that the treatment of ceramics based on Al₂O₃ with an electron beam with a power of 200–1100 W and a current of 10–50 mA leads to heating of the ceramic surface to a temperature of 1700 °C. When heated to a temperature of 1500 °C and kept at this temperature for no more than 10 s, an increase in the roughness of the ceramic surface is observed by more than an order of magnitude. At the same time, for ceramic substrates based on aluminum nitride, an increase in the temperature of electron beam treatment from 1300 to 1700 °C leads to an increase in thermal conductivity from 1.5 to 2 times. The edge angle of water wetting of the AlN surface can vary from 20 to 100 degrees depending on the processing temperature, which allows one to control the transition of the material from a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic state. At the same time, electron beam exposure to Al₂O₃ does not change the wettability of this material so much. Electron beam processing in the forevacuum pressure region allows controlled changes in the electrophysical properties of ceramic materials based on Al₂O₃ and AlN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 6325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Feature Resolution and Dimensional Control in Freeform Solidification of Alumina Systems by Stereolithography

by Mustafa K. Alazzawi, Chawon Hwang, Victoria R. Tsarkova and Richard A. Haber

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2036-2052; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040125 - 17 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1574

Abstract

Controlling the feature resolution and dimension of printed products using stereolithography requires a comprehensive understanding of compositional and printing variables. Balancing these variables adds more complexity to manufacturing near net shape products. In this study, the compositional variables examined include particle size and [...] Read more.

Controlling the feature resolution and dimension of printed products using stereolithography requires a comprehensive understanding of compositional and printing variables. Balancing these variables adds more complexity to manufacturing near net shape products. In this study, the compositional variables examined include particle size and solid content using two resins, and printing variables include layer thickness and energy dose. Choosing the energy dose for curing depends on compositional variables and consequently affects the degree of scattering. The results shows that light scattering determines the changes in the feature resolution and lateral dimensions. The layer thickness only affects the feature resolution and not the lateral dimensions. The vertical dimension does not significantly change with the chosen variables. In this study, fine-tuning the variables is shown to produce parts with high precision and resolution. Both compositional and printing variables play a key role in achieving near net shape products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 11760 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Extrusion Control in Spot Deposition Modeling for Porous 3D Clay Structures

by Vesela Tabakova, Christina Klug and Thomas H. Schmitz

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 2018-2035; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040124 - 6 Oct 2023

Viewed by 2191

Abstract

The dynamic state of the viscous clay in Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM) often leads to discrepancies between the digital model and the resulting physical object. This emergent behavior can be harnessed to produce complex physical structures that would not be possible with other [...] Read more.

The dynamic state of the viscous clay in Liquid Deposition Modeling (LDM) often leads to discrepancies between the digital model and the resulting physical object. This emergent behavior can be harnessed to produce complex physical structures that would not be possible with other methods. This study takes advantage of the viscous state and tensile strength of the extruded clay strand to explore the impact of dynamic extrusion and deformations through travel paths in LDM to manufacture complex porous physical structures. The effects of these parameters are discussed in two case studies: (1) regular and semi-random Spot Deposition surfaces with either open or thickened regions, and (2) porous 3D lattice structures created through the controlled bending of vertical extrusions. The achieved higher geometrical complexity of objects through the algorithmically programmed alternations in the sequence and rate of material deposition allows for a wide range of buildup approaches that expand the production spectrum of sustainable small- and large-scale elements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5190 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Frequency Characteristics of High Strain Rate Compressions of C_f-MWCNTs/SiC Composites

by Kun Luan, Chen Ming, Xiaomeng Fang and Jianjun Liu

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 1991-2007; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040122 - 5 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1779

Abstract

The incorporation of ductile reinforcements into ceramics helps restrain crack deflection, which can enhance ceramics’ toughness and overcome the matrix’s brittleness. In this paper, we produced a ceramic composite reinforced by carbon fibers coated by multi-wall carbon nanotubes (shortened by C_f-MWCNT/SiC [...] Read more.

The incorporation of ductile reinforcements into ceramics helps restrain crack deflection, which can enhance ceramics’ toughness and overcome the matrix’s brittleness. In this paper, we produced a ceramic composite reinforced by carbon fibers coated by multi-wall carbon nanotubes (shortened by C_f-MWCNT/SiC composites) for enhanced impact resistance at a high strain rate that commonly occurs in composite materials used in astronautics, marine, and other engineering fields. The fabrication process involves growing multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on a carbon fiber woven fabric (C_f) to create the fibril/fabric hybrid reinforcement. It is then impregnated by polymer solution (precursor of the ceramics), forming composites after the pyrolysis process, known as the liquid polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique. To assess the impact resistance of the C_f-MWCNT/SiC under high-strain rate compressions, the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) technique is employed. Since the failure behavior of the C_f-MWCNT/SiC composites in the absence of the ductile phase is not well understood, the study employs the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) to analyze the stress–time curves obtained from the SHPB experiments. By applying the HHT, we obtained the frequency–time spectrum and the marginal Hilbert spectrum of the stress signals. These analyses reveal the frequency characteristics of the C_f-MWCNT/SiC composite and provide insights into the relationship between transformed signal frequency and fracture behavior. By understanding the dynamic fracture behavior and frequency response of the C_f-MWCNT/SiC, it becomes possible to enhance its impact resistance and tailor its performance for specific protective requirements. Therefore, the findings of this study can guide the future design and optimization of C_f-MWCNT/SiC structures for various protective applications, such as body armor, civil structures, and protections for vehicles and aircraft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

40 pages, 15195 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rare-Earth Doped Gd_3−xRE_xFe₅O₁₂ (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, and Dy) Garnet: Structural, Magnetic, Magnetocaloric, and DFT Study

by Dipesh Neupane, Noah Kramer, Romakanta Bhattarai, Christopher Hanley, Arjun K. Pathak, Xiao Shen, Sunil Karna and Sanjay R. Mishra

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 1937-1976; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040120 - 22 Sep 2023

Viewed by 2701

Abstract

The study reports the influence of rare-earth ion doping on the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of ferrimagnetic Gd_3−xRE_xFe₅O₁₂ (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, and Dy, x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) garnet compound [...] Read more.

The study reports the influence of rare-earth ion doping on the structural, magnetic, and magnetocaloric properties of ferrimagnetic Gd_3−xRE_xFe₅O₁₂ (RE = Y, Nd, Sm, and Dy, x = 0.0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75) garnet compound prepared via facile autocombustion method followed by annealing in air. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) data analysis confirmed the presence of a single-phase garnet. The compound’s lattice parameters and cell volume varied according to differences in ionic radii of the doped rare-earth ions. The RE³⁺ substitution changed the site-to-site bond lengths and bond angles, affecting the magnetic interaction between site ions. Magnetization measurements for all RE³⁺-doped samples demonstrated paramagnetic behavior at room temperature and soft-ferrimagnetic behavior at 5 K. The isothermal magnetic entropy changes (−ΔS_M) were derived from the magnetic isotherm curves, M vs. T, in a field up to 3 T in the Gd_3−xRE_xFe₅O₁₂ sample. The maximum magnetic entropy change (

- ∆ S_{M}^{m a x}

) increased with Dy³⁺ and Sm³⁺substitution and decreased for Nd³⁺ and Y³⁺ substitution with x content. The Dy³⁺-doped Gd_2.25Dy_0.75Fe₅O₁₂ sample showed

- ∆ S_{M}^{m a x}

~2.03 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹, which is ~7% higher than that of Gd₃Fe₅O₁₂ (1.91 Jkg⁻¹K⁻¹). A first-principal density function theory (DFT) technique was used to shed light on observed properties. The study shows that the magnetic moments of the doped rare-earths ions play a vital role in tuning the magnetocaloric properties of the garnet compound. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 17693 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dielectric Properties of Compacts Sintered after High-Pressure Forming of Lithium Fluoride

by Pavel Ctibor, Libor Straka, Josef Sedláček and František Lukáč

Ceramics 2023, 6(4), 1913-1925; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6040118 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1502

Abstract

High-pressure forming at 300 MPa and room temperature was applied before the sintering of a lithium fluoride (LiF) powder. The as-fired samples were tested as dielectrics and showed very interesting characteristics. The best sample, sintered at 750 °C for 8 h, had a [...] Read more.

High-pressure forming at 300 MPa and room temperature was applied before the sintering of a lithium fluoride (LiF) powder. The as-fired samples were tested as dielectrics and showed very interesting characteristics. The best sample, sintered at 750 °C for 8 h, had a relative permittivity of 12.1 and a loss tangent of 0.0006, both of them frequency-independent and temperature-independent up to at least 150 °C, and moreover, the volume DC resistivity was 27.4 × 10¹² Ωm at room temperature. These parameters are comparable with oxide ceramics, processed at temperatures over 1300 °C, as for example, aluminum dioxide (Al₂O₃) or Y₃Al₅O₁₂ (YAG). LiF material is advantageous because of its very low sintering temperature, which is only about one-half of typical oxide ceramic dielectrics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

6 pages, 2163 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Metal Halide Perovskite Light-Emitting Transistor with Tunable Emission Based on Electrically Doped Semiconductor Nanocrystal-Based Microcavities

by Francesco Scotognella

Ceramics 2023, 6(3), 1894-1899; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6030116 - 11 Sep 2023

Viewed by 1759

Abstract

Electroluminescence of metal halide perovskites has been widely reported via the fabrication and optimization of light-emitting diodes and light-emitting transistors. Light-emitting transistors are particularly interesting owing to the additional control of the gate voltage on the electroluminescence. In this work, the design of [...] Read more.

Electroluminescence of metal halide perovskites has been widely reported via the fabrication and optimization of light-emitting diodes and light-emitting transistors. Light-emitting transistors are particularly interesting owing to the additional control of the gate voltage on the electroluminescence. In this work, the design of a microcavity, with a defect mode that can be tuned with an applied voltage, integrated with a metal halide light-emitting transistor is shown. The optical properties of the device have been simulated with the transfer matrix method, considering the wavelength-dependent refractive indexes of all the employed materials. The tunability of the microcavity has been obtained via the employment of doped semiconductor nanocrystalline films, which show a tunable plasma frequency and, thus, a tunable refractive index as a function of the applied voltage. Consequently, the tunability of the electroluminescence of the metal halide perovskite light-emitting transistor has been demonstrated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 13306 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of Iodovanadinite Wasteforms for the Immobilisation of Radio-Iodine and Technetium

by Daniel J. Bailey, Erik V. Johnstone, Martin C. Stennett, Claire L. Corkhill and Neil C. Hyatt

Ceramics 2023, 6(3), 1826-1839; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics6030111 - 24 Aug 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1607

Abstract

⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I are two long-lived, highly soluble and mobile fission products that pose a long-term hazard. A proposed wasteform for the disposal of radio-iodine is iodovanadinite (Pb₅(VO₄)₃I), an apatite-structured vanadate. In this investigation, a [...] Read more.

⁹⁹Tc and ¹²⁹I are two long-lived, highly soluble and mobile fission products that pose a long-term hazard. A proposed wasteform for the disposal of radio-iodine is iodovanadinite (Pb₅(VO₄)₃I), an apatite-structured vanadate. In this investigation, a suite of potential iodovanadinite wasteforms designed for the co-disposal of Tc and I or the sole disposal of I were synthesised via hot isostatic pressing (with Mo as a surrogate for Tc). It was found that direct synthesis from oxide and iodide precursors was possible using hot isostatic pressing (HIPing). Increasing overpressure during HIPing was found to improve the density of the final product. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses indicated that the use of AgI as the source of iodine affected the formation of the target iodovanadinite phase and produced unfavourable phase assemblages. Here, we report the direct synthesis of Pb₅(VO₄)₃I in a single step by hot isostatic pressing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Review

Jump to: Research

36 pages, 10501 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Corrosion of High-Temperature Materials: Interfacial Migration and Alloy Design Strategies

by Aditya Narayan Singh, Shashwat Kumar Swain, Abhishek Meena, Mobinul Islam and Kyung-Wan Nam

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1928-1963; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040121 (registering DOI) - 12 Dec 2024

Viewed by 378

Abstract

High-temperature structural materials face severe degradation challenges due to oxidation and corrosion, leading to reduced long-term stability and performance. This review comprehensively examines the interfacial migration mechanisms of reactive elements (REs) such as Ti, Al, and Cr in Ni/Fe-based alloys, emphasizing their role [...] Read more.

High-temperature structural materials face severe degradation challenges due to oxidation and corrosion, leading to reduced long-term stability and performance. This review comprehensively examines the interfacial migration mechanisms of reactive elements (REs) such as Ti, Al, and Cr in Ni/Fe-based alloys, emphasizing their role in forming and stabilizing protective oxide layers. We discuss how these oxide layers impede ion migration and mitigate environmental degradation. Key findings highlight the importance of selective oxidation, oxide layer healing, and the integration of novel alloying elements to enhance resistance under ultra-supercritical conditions. Advanced insights into grain boundary engineering, alloy design strategies, and quantum approaches to understanding charge transport at passive interfaces are also presented. These findings provide a foundation for developing next-generation high-temperature alloys with improved degradation resistance tailored to withstand extreme environmental conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

31 pages, 3123 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Calcium Phosphate Bioceramics for the Treatment of Osteomyelitis

by Cláudia Suellen Ferro Oliveira, Irina Negut and Bogdan Bita

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1779-1809; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040113 - 25 Nov 2024

Viewed by 450

Abstract

Bone infections, particularly osteomyelitis, present significant clinical challenges due to their resistance to treatment and risk of progressing to chronic disease. Conventional therapies, including systemic antibiotics and surgical debridement, often prove insufficient, especially in cases where biofilms form or infection sites are difficult [...] Read more.

Bone infections, particularly osteomyelitis, present significant clinical challenges due to their resistance to treatment and risk of progressing to chronic disease. Conventional therapies, including systemic antibiotics and surgical debridement, often prove insufficient, especially in cases where biofilms form or infection sites are difficult to access. As an alternative, calcium phosphate bioceramics have emerged as a promising strategy for treating bone infections. These materials offer key advantages such as biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and the ability to be engineered for controlled drug delivery. Calcium phosphate bioceramics can serve as scaffolds for bone regeneration while simultaneously delivering antibiotics locally, thus addressing the limitations of systemic therapies and reducing infection recurrence. This review provides an overview of osteomyelitis, including its pathogenesis and conventional treatment approaches, while exploring the diverse therapeutic possibilities presented by calcium phosphate bioceramics. Special attention is given to hydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, and their composites, with a focus on their therapeutic potential in the treatment of bone infections. The discussion highlights their mechanisms of action, integration with antimicrobial agents, and clinical efficacy. The dual capacity of calcium phosphate bioceramics to promote both bone healing and infection management is critically evaluated, highlighting opportunities for future research to address current challenges and enhance their clinical application in orthopedics and dentistry. Future research directions should focus on developing calcium phosphate bioceramic composites with enhanced antibacterial properties, optimizing drug-loading capacities, and advancing minimally invasive delivery methods to improve clinical outcomes. Further in vivo studies are essential to validate the long-term efficacy and safety of calcium phosphate bioceramic applications, with an emphasis on patient-specific formulations and rapid prototyping technologies that can personalize treatment for diverse osteomyelitis cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 5362 KiB

Open AccessReview

Superior Ceramics: Graphene and Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Reinforcements

by Katalin Balázsi, Alaa Almansoori and Csaba Balázsi

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1758-1778; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040112 - 20 Nov 2024

Viewed by 453

Abstract

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene ceramic composites with outstanding properties are expected to replace a number of components currently used in the automotive and aerospace industries in the future. Consequently, this area of research has progressed significantly. This review paper, therefore, delves into the enhancement [...] Read more.

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene ceramic composites with outstanding properties are expected to replace a number of components currently used in the automotive and aerospace industries in the future. Consequently, this area of research has progressed significantly. This review paper, therefore, delves into the enhancement of ceramic properties through the integration of graphene and CNTs. These reinforcements are known to mitigate the inherent brittleness of ceramics, thereby unlocking their potential for applications in sectors requiring high mechanical reliability, such as the aerospace, automotive, and biomedical industries. By summarizing recent research, this paper outlines various preparation methods, including ball milling, heat pressing and spark plasma sintering, and discusses how these techniques contribute to improved mechanical and thermal performance. This review emphasizes the critical role of graphene and CNT ratios, sizes, and their synergistic effects in enhancing fracture toughness, machinability, and overall structural integrity. Thus, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current research in this area and discusses the potential of these technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

23 pages, 1939 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Study of Stereolithography and Digital Light Processing Printing of Zirconia Photosensitive Suspensions

by Patrik Sokola, Petr Ptáček, Arijeta Bafti, Ivana Panžić, Vilko Mandić, Jan Blahut and Michal Kalina

Ceramics 2024, 7(4), 1616-1638; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7040104 - 4 Nov 2024

Viewed by 807

Abstract

Zirconia ceramics are used in a wide range of applications, including dental restorations, bioimplants, and fuel cells, due to their accessibility, biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and favorable mechanical properties. Following the development of 3D printing technologies, it is possible to rapidly print zirconia-based objects [...] Read more.

Zirconia ceramics are used in a wide range of applications, including dental restorations, bioimplants, and fuel cells, due to their accessibility, biocompatibility, chemical resistance, and favorable mechanical properties. Following the development of 3D printing technologies, it is possible to rapidly print zirconia-based objects with high precision using stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP) techniques. The advantages of these techniques include the ability to print multiple objects simultaneously on the printing platform. To align with the quality standards, it is necessary to focus on optimizing processing factors such as the viscosity of the suspension and particle size, as well as the prevention of particle agglomeration and sedimentation during printing, comprising the choice of a suitable debinding and sintering mode. The presented review provides a detailed overview of the recent trends in preparing routes for zirconium oxide bodies; from preparing the suspension through printing and sintering to characterizing mechanical properties. Additionally, the review offers insight into applications of zirconium-based ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 7118 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ceramic Matrix Composites: Classifications, Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications

by Shriya Shrivastava, Dipen Kumar Rajak, Tilak Joshi, Dwesh K. Singh and D. P. Mondal

Ceramics 2024, 7(2), 652-679; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7020043 - 10 May 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 9073

Abstract

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a significant advancement in materials science and engineering because they combine the remarkable characteristics of ceramics with the strength and toughness of fibers. With their unique properties, which offer better performance and endurance in severe settings, these advanced [...] Read more.

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are a significant advancement in materials science and engineering because they combine the remarkable characteristics of ceramics with the strength and toughness of fibers. With their unique properties, which offer better performance and endurance in severe settings, these advanced composites have attracted significant attention in various industries. At the same time, lightweight ceramic matrix composites (LCMCs) provide an appealing alternative for a wide range of industries that require materials with excellent qualities such as high-temperature stability, low density, corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical performance. CMC uses will expand as production techniques and material research improve, revolutionizing aerospace, automotive, and other industries. The effectiveness of CMCs primarily relies on the composition of their constituent elements and the methods employed in their manufacturing. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the functional properties of various global ceramic matrix reinforcements, their classifications, and the manufacturing techniques used in CMC fabrication. This study aims to overview a diverse range of CMCs reinforced with primary fibers, including their classifications, manufacturing techniques, functional properties, significant applications, and global market size. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 4467 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Approaches for the Additive Manufacturing of Ceramic Materials

by Alice Villa, Pardeep Kumar Gianchandani and Francesco Baino

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 291-309; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010019 - 23 Feb 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3462

Abstract

Additive manufacturing technologies collectively refer to a set of layer-wise deposition methods that typically rely on CAD-CAM approaches for obtaining products with a complex shape/geometry and high precision and reliability. If the additive manufacturing of polymers is relatively easy and scalable due to [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing technologies collectively refer to a set of layer-wise deposition methods that typically rely on CAD-CAM approaches for obtaining products with a complex shape/geometry and high precision and reliability. If the additive manufacturing of polymers is relatively easy and scalable due to the low temperatures needed to obtain processable inks, using similar technologies to fabricate ceramic products is indeed more challenging and expensive but, on the other hand, allows for obtaining high-quality results that would not be achievable through conventional methods. Furthermore, the implementation of additive manufacturing allows for the addressing of some important concerns related to the environment and sustainability, including the minimization of resource depletion and waste production/disposal. Specifically, additive manufacturing technologies can provide improvements in energy consumption and production costs, besides obtaining less waste material and less CO₂ emissions, which are all key points in the context of the circular economy. After providing an overview of the additive manufacturing methods which are specifically applied to ceramics, this review presents the sustainability elements of these processing strategies, with a focus on both current and future benefits. The paucity of specific available studies in the literature—which are included and discussed in this review—suggests that the research on additive manufacturing sustainability in the field of ceramic materials is in the preliminary stage and that more relevant work still deserves to be carried out in the future to explore this fascinating field at the boundary among ceramics science/technology, production engineering and waste management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 5270 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ceramics 3D Printing: A Comprehensive Overview and Applications, with Brief Insights into Industry and Market

by Mohamed Abdelkader, Stanislav Petrik, Daisy Nestler and Mateusz Fijalkowski

Ceramics 2024, 7(1), 68-85; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics7010006 - 18 Jan 2024

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 6784

Abstract

3D printing enables the creation of complex and sophisticated designs, offering enhanced efficiency, customizability, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional manufacturing methods. Ceramics, known for their heat resistance, hardness, wear resistance, and electrical insulation properties, are particularly suited for aerospace, automotive, electronics, healthcare, and [...] Read more.

3D printing enables the creation of complex and sophisticated designs, offering enhanced efficiency, customizability, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional manufacturing methods. Ceramics, known for their heat resistance, hardness, wear resistance, and electrical insulation properties, are particularly suited for aerospace, automotive, electronics, healthcare, and energy applications. The rise of 3D printing in ceramics has opened new possibilities, allowing the fabrication of complex structures and the use of diverse raw materials, overcoming the limitations of conventional fabrication methods. This review explores the transformative impact of 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, across various sectors, explicitly focusing on ceramics and the different 3D ceramics printing technologies. Furthermore, it presents several active companies in ceramics 3D printing, proving the close relation between academic research and industrial innovation. Moreover, the 3D printed ceramics market forecast shows an annual growth rate (CAGR) of more than 4% in the ceramics 3D printing market, reaching USD 3.6 billion by 2030. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Advances in Ceramics, 2nd Edition

Share This Special Issue

Special Issue Editor

Special Issue Information

Keywords

Benefits of Publishing in a Special Issue

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (50 papers)

Research

Review

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI