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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Synthesis of Fully Dense Monoclinic Zirconia Ceramics via Ternary Sintering Aids

by Akio Ikesue and Yan Lin Aung

Ceramics 2026, 9(5), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9050049 - 12 May 2026

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Fully dense monoclinic zirconia ceramics were successfully fabricated by pressureless sintering and/or HIP. Although monoclinic zirconia exhibits unique physicochemical properties, fabrication of fully dense polycrystalline bodies has remained challenging due to catastrophic volume expansion during the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation. By introducing a synergistic ternary [...] Read more.

Fully dense monoclinic zirconia ceramics were successfully fabricated by pressureless sintering and/or HIP. Although monoclinic zirconia exhibits unique physicochemical properties, fabrication of fully dense polycrystalline bodies has remained challenging due to catastrophic volume expansion during the tetragonal-to-monoclinic transformation. By introducing a synergistic ternary (Ga₂O₃-ZnO-TiO₂) sintering aid, a relative density exceeding 99.6% with an average grain size of 0.5–2 µm was achieved by sintering under an oxygen atmosphere at 1070 °C for 3–100 h, well below the phase-transition temperature. X-ray diffractometry confirmed a single-phase monoclinic structure. Subsequent hot isostatic pressing at 1080 °C and 180 MPa for 2 h eliminated residual porosity, yielding a 4-point bending strength of 328 MPa, a fracture toughness of 2.7 MPa·m^0.5, and a Vickers hardness HV₁ of 805. This monoclinic zirconia ceramic exhibited ~30% total transmittance, while in-line transmittance remained below 0.1% due to intrinsic birefringence of the monoclinic lattice. These results established a low-temperature route for densifying phase-sensitive ceramics while achieving long-term stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 4627 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Bi₂O₃-TeO₂-B₂O₃-CuO Glass for Copper Metallization of Si₃N₄: Wettability, Thermal Stability, and Bonding Performance

by Chaochen Chen, Fang Lei, Shiqing Dang, Hongyang Zhang, Ying Shi and Haohong Chen

Ceramics 2026, 9(4), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040037 - 26 Mar 2026

Viewed by 670

Abstract

To address the lack of suitable glass systems for silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) surface metallization, which requires high wettability and thermal stability, and robust bonding between the copper layer and the ceramic substrate, a novel Bi₂O₃-TeO [...] Read more.

To address the lack of suitable glass systems for silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) surface metallization, which requires high wettability and thermal stability, and robust bonding between the copper layer and the ceramic substrate, a novel Bi₂O₃-TeO₂-B₂O₃-CuO glass system was developed. This study systematically investigated the influence of Bi₂O₃ concentration, glass properties, optimized paste composition, and brazing mechanism using phase analysis, microstructural characterization, particle size statistics, thermal analysis, and tensile testing. An optimal glass composition containing 20 mol% Bi₂O₃ was identified, exhibiting high thermal stability (ΔT = 224 °C) and a coefficient of thermal expansion of 9.63 × 10⁻⁶ °C⁻¹. At a brazing temperature of 750 °C, the glass demonstrated excellent wettability with a contact angle of 27°. A conductive paste comprising 94 wt% Cu and 6 wt% glass yielded a thick film with a minimum resistivity of 6.25 μΩ·cm and a maximum tensile strength of 25.2 MPa. Mechanism analysis revealed that the superior wettability drives the liquid glass phase to form a thin intermediate layer that significantly reinforces adhesion. These findings contribute to the research and development of subsequent novel glass systems with superior performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 4928 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study on Cutting Edge Preparation of Zirconia-Toughened Aluminum Oxide Ceramic Inserts Using Abrasive Brushing Tools

by Eckart Uhlmann, Xinyu Zhang and Anton Hoyer

Ceramics 2026, 9(3), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9030031 - 1 Mar 2026

Viewed by 636

Abstract

In this study, the material removal behavior of abrasive brushing tools on zirconia-toughened alumina cutting edges is experimentally investigated. Three different brushing tool specifications with bonded diamond grains are tested, varying in filament diameter, filament length, and grain size. Using an industrial robot [...] Read more.

In this study, the material removal behavior of abrasive brushing tools on zirconia-toughened alumina cutting edges is experimentally investigated. Three different brushing tool specifications with bonded diamond grains are tested, varying in filament diameter, filament length, and grain size. Using an industrial robot setup, structured brushing experiments are performed on the cutting edges of indexable inserts under controlled variations of key process parameters, such as brushing velocity v_b, axial feed rate v_fa, infeed a_e, and contact angle φ. The resulting edge rounding is quantified using three-dimensional optical scanning. Key metrics, such as edge radius r_β and form factor K, are evaluated to assess the suitability of abrasive brushing processes for the preparation of ceramic cutting edges. The results showed that the edge radius ranged from r_β = 20 to 80 µm, while the form factor varied from K = 1 to 3. The brushing velocity v_b and axial feed rate v_fa were identified as the primary parameters influencing the rounding radius r_β, whereas the infeed a_e was the dominant parameter affecting the form factor K. While cutting edge preparation of metal and carbide tools is well studied, little research exists on abrasive brushing of zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) cutting inserts. Because ZTA behaves differently from metals, this study systematically investigates robot-assisted abrasive brushing of ZTA, analyzing how key process parameters affect edge radius, shape, and uniformity along the cutting edge. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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11 pages, 1244 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Cost Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Phosphate Ceramics for Immobilizing Spent FCC Catalysts

by Cesar Martins Fraga, Edmilson Monteiro de Souza and Alexander Machado Cardoso

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020029 - 22 Feb 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 755

Abstract

Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (E-cat) are a challenging waste from the petroleum refining industry, enriched with heavy metals such as nickel, vanadium, and iron. This study proposes a circular valorization strategy by incorporating E-cat into a chemically bonded iron phosphate ceramic matrix, [...] Read more.

Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts (E-cat) are a challenging waste from the petroleum refining industry, enriched with heavy metals such as nickel, vanadium, and iron. This study proposes a circular valorization strategy by incorporating E-cat into a chemically bonded iron phosphate ceramic matrix, known for its excellent waste stabilization properties. Composites were synthesized at room temperature using E-cat, hematite, and phosphoric acid, with E-cat contents from 0% to 35%. Characterization by XRF, XRD, SEM, compressive strength, and water absorption tests identified an optimal formulation containing 16% E-cat, achieving a maximum compressive strength of 16.6 MPa, 35% higher than the control. This improvement can be attributed to the dual function of E-cat, acting both as a micro-aggregate that promotes matrix densification and as a pozzolanic component that enhances mechanical reinforcement. These results demonstrate that iron phosphate ceramics represent a low-energy and sustainable strategy for the immobilization of spent catalysts and the production of durable construction composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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19 pages, 35909 KB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Microstructural Effects on the Thermal Conductivity of Alumina-Spinel Refractories Compared to Alumina Ceramics

by Diana Vitiello, Ilona Kieliba, Sawao Honda, Benoit Nait-Ali, Nicolas Tessier-Doyen, Hans Ulrich Marschall and David S. Smith

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020026 - 19 Feb 2026

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Abstract

Alumina-spinel refractory bricks, composed of 82 wt.% alumina and 18 wt.% MgAl₂O₄ spinel phases, are used in steel ladles due to their ability to resist chemical attack and thermal shock. Thermal shock resistance is determined, in part, by the thermal [...] Read more.

Alumina-spinel refractory bricks, composed of 82 wt.% alumina and 18 wt.% MgAl₂O₄ spinel phases, are used in steel ladles due to their ability to resist chemical attack and thermal shock. Thermal shock resistance is determined, in part, by the thermal conductivity of the material. Thermal conductivity measurements for alumina-spinel refractory, three model alumina ceramics, and single crystal sapphire were made with the laser-flash technique from 20 °C to 1000 °C. At room temperature, these gave 6.5 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for the refractory, 5.8 to 22 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for the alumina ceramics, and 36 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹ for sapphire, despite all materials containing >81 vol.% of alumina. The differences are explained by the roles of porosity, grain boundary thermal resistance, and the spinel phase (refractory). In order to estimate the thermal conductivity of alumina grains in each material, these microstructural effects are modelled with Landauer’s relation for porosity and thermal resistors in series for grains combined with grain boundaries. For two alumina ceramics, the grains yielded similar behaviour to the single crystal. By taking the spinel phase into account with a two-phase mixture relation, the alumina grains in the refractory were estimated with a value of 31 ± 2 W m⁻¹ K⁻¹, close to sapphire. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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10 pages, 2318 KB

Open AccessArticle

He⁺ Ion Irradiation Effects on the Phase Stability and Microstructure of High-Purity Zr₃AlC₂

by Yang Wang, Naoyuki Hashimoto, Hiroshi Oka and Shigehito Isobe

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020023 - 10 Feb 2026

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Abstract

High-purity Zr₃AlC₂ samples (>92 wt%) were synthesized and irradiated at room temperature using 100 keV He⁺ ions at fluences of 2 × 10¹⁶ and 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm². As a Zr-based MAX phase, Zr₃ [...] Read more.

High-purity Zr₃AlC₂ samples (>92 wt%) were synthesized and irradiated at room temperature using 100 keV He⁺ ions at fluences of 2 × 10¹⁶ and 1 × 10¹⁷ ions/cm². As a Zr-based MAX phase, Zr₃AlC₂ is a promising candidate for accident-tolerant fuel cladding due to its compatibility with Zr alloys and the low neutron absorption cross-section of Zr. Our results show that irradiation induces a decrease in the a-lattice parameter and an increase in the c-lattice parameter, along with the formation of anti-site defects and decomposition into ZrC. Cracks preferentially appear along (1000) planes. These findings suggest that Zr₃AlC₂ has limited structural stability under low-temperature helium irradiation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 2918 KB

Open AccessArticle

Valorization of Industrial Waste in Monoporosa Ceramic Tile Production

by Caterina Sgarlata, Luciana Cupertino, Lorenzo Serafini and Cristina Siligardi

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020017 - 28 Jan 2026

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Abstract

The ceramics industry has long embraced the principles of the circular economy, with a strong focus on the reuse and recovery of raw materials essential to the production cycle. This approach reduces costs by reintroducing secondary raw materials—such as production scraps and recycled [...] Read more.

The ceramics industry has long embraced the principles of the circular economy, with a strong focus on the reuse and recovery of raw materials essential to the production cycle. This approach reduces costs by reintroducing secondary raw materials—such as production scraps and recycled materials—into the manufacturing process after appropriate recovery treatments. This study aims to contribute to the transition of the ceramic industry toward a circular economy by incorporating industrial by-products into monoporosa ceramic bodies, thereby transforming waste materials into valuable resources. Monoporosa is a porous, single-fired ceramic wall tile characterized by a high carbonate content and low bulk density. However, the role of secondary raw materials in monoporosa formulations, as well as their influence on processing behavior (e.g., during sintering) and on key technological properties, is not yet fully understood. This work investigates a standard monoporosa formulation based on conventional raw materials (sand, calcite, feldspars, and clays) and compares it with new formulations in which industrial waste materials from local and national sources—originating from other industrial processes—are used as partial or total substitutes for some of the traditional raw materials, particularly sand and calcite. The industrial by-products examined include biomass bottom ash, foundry sand, and marble cutting and processing sludge. All materials were characterized using chemical–mineralogical, thermal, and morphological analyses and were incorporated into the ceramic bodies at different substitution levels (10%, 50%, and 100%) to replace natural raw materials. Their behavior within the mixtures was evaluated to determine ceramic suitability and acceptable replacement ratios. Furthermore, the effects of these additions on water absorption, thermal expansion coefficient, and microstructural characteristics were assessed. Based on the positive results obtained, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using, in particular, two secondary raw materials—foundry sand and marble sludge—in monoporosa body formulations, allowing for the complete replacement of the original raw materials and thereby contributing to the development of more sustainable ceramic compositions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 2105 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of Slurry Preparation and Sintering Atmosphere for High-Density, Plasma-Resistant Alumina Ceramics

by Seung Joon Yoo, Ji Su Kim, Jung Hoon Choi, Jin Ho Kim, Kyu Sung Han and Ung Soo Kim

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020014 - 26 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Alumina ceramics used in semiconductor plasma environments require high densification, microstructural homogeneity, and stable performance under increasingly aggressive processing conditions. However, systematic studies linking slurry processing parameters to the plasma resistance of alumina ceramics remain limited. In this study, the effects of slurry [...] Read more.

Alumina ceramics used in semiconductor plasma environments require high densification, microstructural homogeneity, and stable performance under increasingly aggressive processing conditions. However, systematic studies linking slurry processing parameters to the plasma resistance of alumina ceramics remain limited. In this study, the effects of slurry preparation parameters—specifically milling and aging—and sintering atmosphere on the densification, mechanical strength, and plasma etching resistance of slip-cast alumina ceramics were systematically investigated. Optimal dispersion stability was achieved under 12 h milling and 12–24 h aging conditions, resulting in homogenized green body packing and a high relative sintered density exceeding 99%. Mechanical strength and plasma resistance were strongly influenced by slurry aging and sintering atmosphere. Specimens aged for 48 h and sintered under a low oxygen partial pressure (N₂ at 1.0 L/min) exhibited the highest flexural strength and significantly improved resistance to SF₆/Ar plasma etching, with reduced etch depth and suppressed surface roughening. These results demonstrate that coordinated slurry processing and sintering atmosphere control is an effective strategy for designing high-reliability, plasma-resistant alumina ceramics for high-demand semiconductor manufacturing environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 7808 KB

Open AccessArticle

Early Modern Creole and Iberian Ceramics in Cape Verde: Non-Destructive pXRF Analysis of 16th–18th Century Pottery from Santiago Island

by Saúl Alberto Guerrero Rivero, Leticia da Silva Gondim, Joana B. Torres, André Teixeira, Nireide Pereira Tavares, Jaylson Monteiro and Javier Iñañez

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020013 - 23 Jan 2026

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Abstract

Archaeological research on Santiago Island (Cape Verde) offers a strategic framework for investigating ceramic material culture shaped by Iberian and African interactions during the early modern period. This study presents first-stage results from a non-destructive archaeometric analysis of pottery fragments recovered from early [...] Read more.

Archaeological research on Santiago Island (Cape Verde) offers a strategic framework for investigating ceramic material culture shaped by Iberian and African interactions during the early modern period. This study presents first-stage results from a non-destructive archaeometric analysis of pottery fragments recovered from early colonial sites and curated at the Museu de Arqueologia in Praia. Using portable X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (pXRF), low-fired, handmade vessels associated with African technological traditions were analysed to determine their elemental composition and potential provenance. The work also focused on sugar moulds, containers used in the refining of this product, one of the most important in Atlantic colonisation. The resulting geochemical data is compared with established reference groups from the Iberian Peninsula, Atlantic Africa, and Macaronesia. Elemental variability indicates the use of diverse clay sources and production techniques, reflecting hybrid technological practices shaped by cultural interaction and provisioning constraints. These results contribute to ongoing research within the CERIBAM (Iberian Atlantic Expansion in North Africa and Macaronesia) and Palarq-funded projects, which aim to reconstruct early colonial ceramic networks and sociotechnical dynamics. By integrating archaeometric data with archaeological and historical perspectives, this study aims to demonstrate the utility of non-invasive analytical protocols for understanding ceramic technology, intercultural exchange, and Atlantic material connectivity in early Creole formations while preserving the integrity of the collections. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 3222 KB

Open AccessArticle

DLP Fabrication of Mullite Structures: Flaw Mitigation Through Powder Thermal Processing

by Arianna Bertero, Bartolomeo Coppola, Laura Montanaro, Matteo Bergoglio, Paola Palmero and Jean-Marc Tulliani

Ceramics 2026, 9(2), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9020011 - 23 Jan 2026

Viewed by 799

Abstract

Digital Light Processing (DLP), which operates through a layer-by-layer deposition, has proven to be a promising technique for obtaining complex and customized architectures. However, there are still numerous unresolved challenges in ceramics additive manufacturing, among which is delamination due to suboptimal adhesion between [...] Read more.

Digital Light Processing (DLP), which operates through a layer-by-layer deposition, has proven to be a promising technique for obtaining complex and customized architectures. However, there are still numerous unresolved challenges in ceramics additive manufacturing, among which is delamination due to suboptimal adhesion between the layers, which threatens the structural integrity and properties of samples. According to recent findings, excess surface hydroxyl groups were identified as being responsible for this defect; a suitable calcination pre-treatment of the ceramic powder could be effective in significantly mitigating delamination flaws in mullite DLP printed bodies. Therefore, in addition to optimizing the printable slurry formulation and printing parameters (mainly in terms of curing energy and layer resolution), this work aimed at investigating the influence of the calcination of a commercial mullite powder (added with magnesium nitrate hexahydrate, as a precursor of the sintering aid MgO) as a simple and effective treatment to additively shape ceramic bodies with limited flaws and enhanced density. The surface characteristics evolution of the mullite powder was investigated, specifically comparing samples after magnesium nitrate hexahydrate addition and ball-milling in water (labeled as BM), and after an additional calcination (BMC). In particular, the effect of the superficial -OH groups detected by FTIR analysis in the BM powder, but not in the BMC sample, was studied and correlated to the properties of the respective ceramic slurry in terms of rheological behavior and curing depth. The hydrophilicity of BM powders, due to superficial hydroxyls groups, affects ceramic powder dispersion and wettability by the resin, causing a weak interface. At the same time, it promotes photopolymerization of the light-sensitive resin, thus inducing the as-printed matrix embrittlement. Anyhow, its photopolymerization degree, equal to 67% and 55% for BM and BMC, respectively, was enough to guarantee the printability of both slurries. However, the use of BMC significantly reduced flaw occurrence in the as-printed bodies and the final density of the samples sintered at 1450 °C (without an isothermal step) was increased (approx. 60% and 50% of the theoretical value for BMC and BM, respectively). Thus, the target porosity of the ceramic bodies was guaranteed, and their structural integrity achieved without any increase in sintering temperature but with a simple powder treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 4345 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Different Zirconium Oxide Processing Variants on Selected Parameters of Roughness, Surface Wettability, and Phase Transformations

by Beata Śmielak, Leszek Klimek, Marco Ferrari and Kamil Krześniak

Ceramics 2026, 9(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9010010 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 523

Abstract

How does zirconia processing affect the degree of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation (t ⟶ m) and the development and wettability of the surface? One hundred and twenty-four samples made of sintered zirconium were divided into four groups based on the following treatments: [...] Read more.

How does zirconia processing affect the degree of tetragonal to monoclinic phase transformation (t ⟶ m) and the development and wettability of the surface? One hundred and twenty-four samples made of sintered zirconium were divided into four groups based on the following treatments: grinding, polishing, sandblasting with Al₂O₃, or sandblasting with SiC. After surface treatment, the samples were subjected to the following tests: X-ray diffraction, microscopic examination, surface roughness measurements, and surface wettability. The highest values are achieved after the grinding process (R_a = 0.63; R_z = 9.29; R_q = 1.28), and the lowest values are found after polishing (R_a = 0.11; R_z = 0.71; R_q = 0.36). All samples, apart from those sandblasted with Al₂O₃ (Θ = 121.59°), showed wettability with the polar liquid. The best wettability was noted for sandblasted SiC samples (Θ = 41.22°) and the lowest was noted for polished samples (Θ = 80.61°). All samples showed wettability with an apolar liquid (Θ < 90°). A significant transformation (t ⟶ m) was noted in all tested samples: about 14% for ground, 17% for polished, 13.8% for Al₂O₃ sandblasting, and 13.1% for SiC sandblasting samples. The type of processing method has a significant impact on the selected parameters of roughness, surface wettability, and phase transformations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 569 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Production of Mullite Grogs from Industrial By-Products

by Josef Škvarka, Iva Janáková, František Pticen and Radmila Kučerová

Ceramics 2026, 9(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9010006 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 604

Abstract

This study focuses on preparing mullite grogs derived from selected waste materials and kaolin treated with advanced technologies to achieve high thermal resistance and low thermal expansion. The investigated waste materials include dust removal RON, slurry DE, feldspar dust removal from Halamky, and [...] Read more.

This study focuses on preparing mullite grogs derived from selected waste materials and kaolin treated with advanced technologies to achieve high thermal resistance and low thermal expansion. The investigated waste materials include dust removal RON, slurry DE, feldspar dust removal from Halamky, and waste generated during the feldspar grinding at the Halamky I deposit. These materials (Red kaolin from Vidnava, Slurry DE, Dust-off RON, Feldspar dust-off Halamky) were processed into grogs and subsequently applied for the production of high-mullite ceramics. The influence of cristobalite admixture was also assessed. The chemical composition was determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while the phase composition was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Amorphous mullite grogs with mullite contents greater than 40% were successfully prepared. Despite the relatively high iron content, the resulting products exhibited the desired white colour after firing and demonstrated properties that make them promising candidates for advanced refractory applications. The study highlights the potential to valorise industrial waste materials for high-value ceramic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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16 pages, 17852 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Graphene Oxide Concentration and Sintering Atmosphere on the Density, Microstructure, and Hardness of Al₂O₃ Ceramics Obtained by the FFF Method

by Ekaterina Kuznetsova, Anton Smirnov, Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote, Roman Khmyrov, Daniil Strunevich, Natella Krikheli, Oleg O. Yanushevich, Pavel Peretyagin and Andrey V. Gusarov

Ceramics 2026, 9(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9010002 - 26 Dec 2025

Viewed by 965

Abstract

Highly filled (78 wt.%) alumina filaments with various (0.05, 0.10, 0.25 vol.%) graphene oxide concentration for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) were obtained. In order to evaluate the effect of graphene oxide on density, microstructure, and hardness, the fabricated materials were sintered in an [...] Read more.

Highly filled (78 wt.%) alumina filaments with various (0.05, 0.10, 0.25 vol.%) graphene oxide concentration for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) were obtained. In order to evaluate the effect of graphene oxide on density, microstructure, and hardness, the fabricated materials were sintered in an argon atmosphere at 1500 °C and 1550 °C. A sample that was sintered under the same conditions in air was used as a control. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the reduction in graphene oxide and the absence of carbon in samples sintered in argon and air, respectively. In addition, in the samples with graphene oxide, the alumina grain size was lower than in air-sintered samples. The composite with the lowest amount (0.05 vol.%) of graphene oxide showed the highest value (1670.73 ± 136.9 HV) hardness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 5992 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Translucent BaLaLiWO₆ and BaLaNaWO₆ Ceramics: Structural and Spectroscopic Behavior of Passive and Nd³⁺-Doped Sintered Bodies

by Kacper A. Prokop, Sandrine Cottrino, Vincent Garnier, Gilbert Fantozzi, Miłosz Siczek, Krzysztof Rola, Elżbieta Tomaszewicz, Yannick Guyot, Georges Boulon and Małgorzata Guzik

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040155 - 18 Dec 2025

Viewed by 887

Abstract

This work highlights the feasible fabrication of translucent ceramics from un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped BaLaLiWO₆ (BLLW) and BaLaNaWO₆ (BLNW) cubic tungstates using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. Ceramics were sintered using pure-phase, homogeneous powders with submicron particle sizes, obtained [...] Read more.

This work highlights the feasible fabrication of translucent ceramics from un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped BaLaLiWO₆ (BLLW) and BaLaNaWO₆ (BLNW) cubic tungstates using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. Ceramics were sintered using pure-phase, homogeneous powders with submicron particle sizes, obtained via the solid-state reaction method. The present study investigated the microstructural, structural, and spectroscopic properties of both un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped sintered specimens. All the ceramic materials exhibited certain drawbacks that significantly contributed to their low transparency in both sample types. However, initial spectroscopic tests on sintered translucent ceramics doped with Nd³⁺ ions revealed promising properties, comparable to those of the powdered samples. Therefore, we believe that producing higher-quality ceramics would improve their spectroscopic properties. For that, further optimization of the manufacturing conditions is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 5292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Ceramic Foams, Development of Insulating Panels, and Energy Performance Evaluation for Social Housing Using Thermal Simulation

by Nahyr Michelle Tercero-González, Daniel Lardizábal-Gutiérrez, Jorge Escobedo-Bretado, Ivan Vásquez-Duarte, Ricardo Beltran-Chacon and Caleb Carreño-Gallardo

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040153 - 11 Dec 2025

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Abstract

The growing energy demand in the residential sector, driven by the extensive use of air conditioning systems, poses serious environmental and economic challenges. A sustainable alternative is the use of efficient insulating materials derived from waste resources. This study presents the synthesis of [...] Read more.

The growing energy demand in the residential sector, driven by the extensive use of air conditioning systems, poses serious environmental and economic challenges. A sustainable alternative is the use of efficient insulating materials derived from waste resources. This study presents the synthesis of glass–ceramic foams produced from recycled glass (90 wt%), pumice (5 wt%), and limestone (5 wt%), sintered at 800 °C for 10 min. The resulting foams exhibited a low apparent density of 684 kg/

m^{3}

and thermal conductivity of 0.09 W/m·K. These were incorporated into composite insulating panels composed of 70 wt% ceramic pellets and 30 wt% Portland cement, achieving a thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/m·K. The panels were evaluated in a 64.8

m^{2}

social housing model located in Chihuahua, Mexico, using TRNSYS v.17 to simulate annual energy performance. Results showed that applying a 1.5-inch ceramic foam panel reduced the annual energy demand by 16.9% and the total energy cost by 14.7%, while increasing the panel thickness to 2 in improved savings to 18.4%. Compared with expanded polystyrene (EPS), which achieved 24.9% savings, the proposed ceramic panels offer advantages in fire resistance, durability, local availability, and environmental sustainability. This work demonstrates an effective, low-cost, and circular-economy-based solution for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in social housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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29 pages, 5077 KB

Open AccessArticle

TiO₂-Engineered Lead-Free Borate Glasses: A Dual-Functional Platform for Photonic and Radiation Shielding Technologies

by Gurinder Pal Singh, Joga Singh, Abayomi Yusuf and Kulwinder Kaur

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040152 - 11 Dec 2025

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Abstract

Environmentally friendly materials with superior structural, physical, optical, and shielding capabilities are of great technological importance and are continually being investigated. In this work, novel multicomponent borate glasses with the composition xTiO₂-10BaO-5Al₂O₃-5WO₃-20Bi₂O₃ [...] Read more.

Environmentally friendly materials with superior structural, physical, optical, and shielding capabilities are of great technological importance and are continually being investigated. In this work, novel multicomponent borate glasses with the composition xTiO₂-10BaO-5Al₂O₃-5WO₃-20Bi₂O₃-(60-x) B₂O₃, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 15 mol%, were produced via the melt-quenching technique. The increase in TiO₂ content results in a decrease in molar volume and a corresponding increase in density, indicating the formation of a compact, rigid, and mechanically hard glass network. Elastic constant measurements further confirmed this behavior. FTIR analysis confirms the transformation of BO₃ to BO₄ units, signifying improved network polymerization and structural stability. The prepared glasses exhibit an optical absorption edge in the visible region, demonstrating their strong ultraviolet light blocking capability. Incorporation of TiO₂ leads to an increase in refractive index, optical basicity, and polarizability, and a decrease in the optical band gap and metallization number; all of these suggest enhanced electron density and polarizability of the glass matrix. Radiation shielding properties were evaluated using Phy-X/PSD software. The outcomes illustrate that the Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC), Effective Atomic Number (Z_eff), Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) increase, while Mean Free Path (MFP) and Half Value Layer (HVL) decrease with increasing TiO₂ at the expense of B₂O₃, confirming superior gamma-ray attenuation capability. Additionally, both TiO₂-doped and undoped samples show higher fast neutron removal cross sections (FNRCS) compared to several commercial glasses and concrete materials. Overall, the incorporation of TiO₂ significantly enhances the optical performance and radiation-shielding efficiency of the environmentally friendly glass system, making these potential candidates for advanced photonic devices and radiation-shielding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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28 pages, 2167 KB

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Comprehensive Investigations on the Effects of Heat on “Illite–Zeolites–Geo-Polymers–Sand” Composites: Evolutions of Crystalline Structures, Elemental Distributions and Si/Al Environments

by Abdel Boughriet, Grégory Tricot, Bertrand Revel, Viviane Bout-Roumazeilles, Sandra Ventalon and Michel Wartel

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040149 - 8 Dec 2025

Viewed by 912

Abstract

This research constitutes a novel experimental approach to valorizing an industrial by-product: the ‘brick’. Studies put emphasis on the importance of detailed structural characterization of brickminerals and their chemical evolution upon heating, contributing rationally to the design and development of new glass–ceramic forms [...] Read more.

This research constitutes a novel experimental approach to valorizing an industrial by-product: the ‘brick’. Studies put emphasis on the importance of detailed structural characterization of brickminerals and their chemical evolution upon heating, contributing rationally to the design and development of new glass–ceramic forms that would be suitable for efficiently encapsulating radio-nuclides. The brick used is a complex material composed of metakaolinite, illite, sand and impurities such as rutile and iron oxides/hydroxides. Raw brick was first activated with a range of sodium hydroxide concentrations, and, second, cured at different temperatures from 90 °C to 1200 °C. Alkali-brick frameworks gradually decomposed during the firing, and turned into crystalline ceramic phases (analcime and leucite) embedded inside an amorphous silica-rich phase. After each heating stage, the cured-brick sample was exhaustively characterized by using a variety of advanced analytical techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, ESEM/EDS microscopy and ²⁹Si-²⁷Al-MAS-NMR spectroscopy. Ultra-high magnetic field NMR (28.2 T) was used to distinguish and quantify Al(IV), Al(V) and Al(VI) configurations, and to better follow distinctive changes in ²⁷Al environments of brickminerals under thermal effects. Glass-ceramized brick exhibited high specific density (~2.6 g·cm⁻³), high compactness and good corrosion resistance under static, mild and aggressive conditions, attesting to its high solidification and chemical durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 4036 KB

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Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO₂-CaO-MgO-P₂O₅-CaF₂-Na₂O Compositional System

by Valentina Rigano, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Simeon Agathopoulos and Francesco Baino

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1037

Abstract

The crystallization behavior of the bioactive silicate glass “1d” was analyzed using non-isothermal conditions through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plots carried out at different heating rates showed only one crystallization peak. The activation energy for crystallization was calculated through the equations proposed [...] Read more.

The crystallization behavior of the bioactive silicate glass “1d” was analyzed using non-isothermal conditions through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plots carried out at different heating rates showed only one crystallization peak. The activation energy for crystallization was calculated through the equations proposed in the Kissinger and Matusita–Sakka models. The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami coefficient (n) was estimated by applying Ozawa and Augis–Bennet methods, resulting in a two-dimensional crystal growth. Crystalline phases which developed during high-temperature treatment were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The activation energy for viscous flow was estimated to be 513 kJ/mol, which is lower than the activation energy for crystallization (539 kJ/mol). The Malek test highlighted that the crystallization process was more complex than a simple nucleation-growth mechanism. The sinterability parameter and Hruby coefficient showed the high stability of 1d glass against crystallization, which makes this bioactive material highly appealing for producing well-sintered products of biomedical interest, such as bioactive porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 2459 KB

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Comparative Theoretical and Experimental Validation of the Shielding Effectiveness of Ceramic Composite-Based Medical Radiation Protection Tools

by Seon-Chil Kim and Kwon Su Chon

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040143 - 25 Nov 2025

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Abstract

Numerous studies aimed to validate new shielding materials with the transition of medical radiation-shielding tools toward eco-friendly materials. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of ceramic composites, recently adopted in aerospace for internal shielding, as candidates for medical applications. Specifically, three types [...] Read more.

Numerous studies aimed to validate new shielding materials with the transition of medical radiation-shielding tools toward eco-friendly materials. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of ceramic composites, recently adopted in aerospace for internal shielding, as candidates for medical applications. Specifically, three types of ceramic composite mixtures were examined: bismuth oxide-based (Bi₂O₃), cerium oxide-based (CeO₂), and tantalum oxide-based (Ta₂O₅) ceramic composites. Two approaches—theoretical simulations and direct experiments—validated the performance under clinical conditions. Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that CeO₂, with its high linear attenuation coefficient, exhibits the strongest theoretical shielding. In terms of density measurements, Ta₂O₅ composite sheets yielded the highest density (3.318 g/cm³), followed by CeO₂ composites (3.228 g/cm³) and Bi₂O₃ composites (3.091 g/cm³). Although relatively slight differences in density were observed among the fabricated sheets, Ta₂O₅ composites tended to have slightly higher densities. However, Ta₂O₅ composites outperformed the other composites in direct clinical experiments. This discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results highlights the influence of other factors, such as the energy characteristics of the materials and variations in the fabrication process. Overall, this study supports the development of eco-friendly radiation shields through theoretical and clinical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 3318 KB

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Non-Destructive Evaluation and Characterization of Transparent MgAl₂O₄ Spinel Ceramics via Moiré Interferometry

by Rahima Meziane, Salim Benaissa, Abdelbaki Cherouana, Sofiane Bouheroum, Khadidja Hoggas, Said Meguellati, Mohamed Hamidouche and Gilbert Fantozzi

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040142 - 25 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 675

Abstract

This work employs moiré interferometry to investigate the influence of sintering temperature and sandblasting on the optical and mechanical properties of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄). S25CRX14 Spinel pellets were fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1300 °C, 1350 [...] Read more.

This work employs moiré interferometry to investigate the influence of sintering temperature and sandblasting on the optical and mechanical properties of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄). S25CRX14 Spinel pellets were fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1300 °C, 1350 °C, and 1400 °C. The sintered samples were subsequently analyzed before and after sandblasting. Moiré interferometry, a non-destructive and contactless technique based on the superposition of tow linear transmission gratings, has proven particularly suitable for detecting micro-defects in transparent materials. The analysis of moiré fringes provided essential insights into the presence and size of defects, enabling accurate quality assessment without altering the samples. Its high spatial resolution, allowed the detection of even low-contrast defects. The results confirmed that the sintering temperature and sandblasting significantly influenced the mechanical and optical properties of the S25CRX14 spinel samples. The specimens sintered at 1350 °C exhibited the highest light transmission and the superior hardness. In contrast, the samples sintered at 1400 °C showed a notable degradation in their optical and mechanical properties. In conclusion, the pellets sintered at 1350 °C demonstrated the most favorable overall performance. This study confirms that moiré interferometry is a straightforward, accurate, and highly effective method for evaluating transparent ceramics, with very low implementation costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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11 pages, 2058 KB

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Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of High-Entropy Composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C System

by Alina Zurnachyan, Abraam Ginosyan, Roman Ivanov, Irina Hussainova and Sofiya Aydinyan

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040137 - 12 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1590

Abstract

High-entropy materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature structural, magnetic, and electrochemical applications due to their unique combination of compositional complexity, thermal stability, and tailored functionality. In this study, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was employed to fabricate high-entropy composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C [...] Read more.

High-entropy materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature structural, magnetic, and electrochemical applications due to their unique combination of compositional complexity, thermal stability, and tailored functionality. In this study, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was employed to fabricate high-entropy composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C multicomponent system with a focus on elucidating the effect of titanium content on the combustion parameters, as well as on the phase and structure formation patterns of the resulting materials. In situ profiling enables evaluating the maximum combustion temperature of 1560 °C, combustion wave propagation velocity ranging from 0.22 to 4.3 mm/s depending on titanium content, and heating and cooling rates of 300–2000 °C/s and 3 °C/s during synthesis. The synthesized powders exhibited a bimodal particle size distribution, with ~90% of particles below 25 μm and a D50 of 5.38 μm. Post-synthesis densification via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1250 °C under 45 MPa yielded dense bulk samples, which exhibited a high relative density and high Vickers microhardness of 1270 ± 35 HV10 attributed to fine TiC dispersion and secondary carbide formation. Thermogravimetric analysis performed under air flow with a heating rate of 20 °C/min showed enhanced thermal stability for both the powder and the sintered bulk. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of SHS for rapid, energy-efficient fabrication of high-entropy composites and underscore the critical role of composition in tailoring their structural and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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22 pages, 29749 KB

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Phase Formation Study of Solid-State LLZNO and LLZTO via Structural, Thermal, and Morphological Analyses

by Chengjian Li, Frank Kern, Lianmeng Liu, Christopher Parr, Andreas Börger and Chunfeng Liu

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040132 - 28 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1891

Abstract

Garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) is a solid electrolyte candidate for ASSLBs, owing to its wide electrochemical window and intrinsic safety. Yet phase-pure LLZO remains difficult because secondary phases form, and the transition towards the tetragonal phase, aliovalent [...] Read more.

Garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) is a solid electrolyte candidate for ASSLBs, owing to its wide electrochemical window and intrinsic safety. Yet phase-pure LLZO remains difficult because secondary phases form, and the transition towards the tetragonal phase, aliovalent doping, mitigates these issues. Still, the phase formation pathway is not fully understood. Here, we present comparative in situ and ex situ studies of Nb- and Ta-doped LLZO (LLZNO and LLZTO) that were synthesized by a solid-state reaction. In situ/ex situ XRD reveals that the lithium precursor dictates the reaction path: differing decomposition temperatures of the lithium precursor define reaction windows that control cubic-phase purity and particle morphology. In air, limited Li diffusion favors oxycarbonates and pyrochlore, necessitating 950–1050 °C to achieve phase-pure cubic LLZO. Under N₂, faster Li availability and diffusion enable uniform nucleation and a route to cubic LLZO without detectable secondary phases. These findings demonstrate the coupled effects of temperature, precursor, dopant, and atmosphere, guiding process optimization and scalable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 5806 KB

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Hydrothermal Synthesis Optimization of High-Aspect Ratio α-Al₂O₃ Microfibers for Thermally Conductive Soft Composites

by Omar Zahhaf, Giulia D’Ambrogio, François Grasland, Guilhem Rival, Minh-Quyen Le, Pierre-Jean Cottinet and Jean-Fabien Capsal

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040127 - 9 Oct 2025

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Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis and application of Al₂O₃ fibers derived from an ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursor. Through a hydrothermal route, the influence of critical synthesis parameters, including aluminum nitrate and urea concentrations, reaction [...] Read more.

This work presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis and application of Al₂O₃ fibers derived from an ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursor. Through a hydrothermal route, the influence of critical synthesis parameters, including aluminum nitrate and urea concentrations, reaction temperature and time, and stirring conditions, on fiber morphology and aspect ratio was systematically investigated. The as-synthesized AACH fibers were subsequently converted into thermodynamically stable α-alumina fibers via controlled annealing. These high-aspect ratio alumina fibers were incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to produce electrically insulating, thermally conductive composites. The thermal performance of fiber-filled composites was benchmarked against that of particle-filled counterparts, with the former exhibiting significantly enhanced thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the dielectrophoretic alignment of alumina fibers led to an additional increase in thermal conductivity, underlining the importance of high-aspect ratio fillers. This study uniquely combines the controlled synthesis of alumina fibers with their incorporation and alignment in a polymer matrix, presenting a novel and effective approach for engineering anisotropic, thermally conductive, and electrically insulating composite materials. Dielectrophoretic alignment of α-Al₂O₃ fibers synthesized through optimized hydrothermal conditions and incorporated into PDMS composites deliver over 95 % higher thermal conductivity than spherical fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 2142 KB

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Impact of Thermal Cycling on the Vickers Microhardness of Dental CAD/CAM Materials: Greater Retention in Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Networks (PICNs) Compared to Nano-Filled Resin Composites

by Jorge I. Fajardo, César A. Paltán, Marco León, Annie Y. Matute, Ana Armas-Vega, Rommel H. Puratambi, Bolívar A. Delgado-Gaete, Silvio Requena and Alejandro Benalcazar

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040125 - 4 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

We synthesized the current evidence from the literature and conducted a 2 × 3 factorial experiment to quantify the impact of thermocycling on the Vickers microhardness (HV) of dental CAD/CAM materials: VITA ENAMIC (VE, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network) and CERASMART (CS, nanofilled resin-matrix). Sixty [...] Read more.

We synthesized the current evidence from the literature and conducted a 2 × 3 factorial experiment to quantify the impact of thermocycling on the Vickers microhardness (HV) of dental CAD/CAM materials: VITA ENAMIC (VE, polymer-infiltrated ceramic network) and CERASMART (CS, nanofilled resin-matrix). Sixty polished specimens (n = 10 per Material × Cycles cell; 12 × 2 × 2 mm) were thermocycled at 5–55 °C (0, 10,000, 20,000 cycles; 30 s dwell, ≈10 s transfer) and tested as HV0.3/10 (300 gf, 10 s; five indentations/specimen with standard spacing). Assumptions regarding the model residuals were met (Shapiro–Wilk W ≈ 0.98, p ≈ 0.36; Levene F(5,54) ≈ 1.12, p ≈ 0.36), so a two-way ANOVA (Type II) with Tukey’s HSD post hoc (α = 0.05) was applied. VE maintained consistently higher HV than CS at all cycle levels and showed a smaller drop from baseline: VE (mean ± SD): 200.2 ± 10.8 (0), 192.4 ± 13.9 (10,000), and 196.7 ± 9.3 (20,000); CS: 60.8 ± 6.1 (0), 53.4 ± 4.7 (10,000), and 62.1 ± 3.8 (20,000). ANOVA revealed significant main effects from the material (η²p = 0.972) and cycles (η²p = 0.316), plus a Material × Cycles interaction (η²p = 0.201). Results: Thermocycling produced material-dependent changes in microhardness. Relative to baseline, VE varied by −3.9% (10,000) and −1.7% (20,000), while CS varied by −12.2% (10,000) and +2.1% (20,000); from 10,000→20,000 cycles, microhardness recovered by +2.2% (VE) and +16.3% (CS). Pairwise comparisons were consistent with these trends (CS decreased at 10,000 vs. 0 and recovered at 20,000; VE only showed a modest change). Conclusions: Thermocycling effects were material-dependent, with smaller losses and better retention in VE (PICN) than in CS. These results align with the literature (resin-matrix/hybrids are more sensitive to thermal aging; polished finishes mitigate losses). While HV is only one facet of performance, the superior retention observed in PICN under thermal challenge suggests the improved preservation of superficial integrity; standardized reporting of aging parameters and integration with wear, fatigue, and adhesion outcomes are recommended to inform indications and longevity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 8153 KB

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An Investigation of the Microstructure and Wear Resistance of Laser Clad 316 Stainless Steel/TiC Coatings Containing Different LaB₆ Contents

by Dongdong Zhang, Haozhe Li, Yu Liu, Jingyu Jiang and Yali Gao

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040121 - 26 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1261

Abstract

In this paper, 316 stainless steel/TiC coatings with different LaB₆ contents (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) were prepared on the surface of 45 steel by laser cladding technology. The effects of the LaB₆ content on the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and wear [...] Read more.

In this paper, 316 stainless steel/TiC coatings with different LaB₆ contents (0%, 2%, 4%, 6%) were prepared on the surface of 45 steel by laser cladding technology. The effects of the LaB₆ content on the phase composition, microstructure, microhardness, and wear resistance of the coatings were studied. The results show that without the LaB₆ addition, the coating is composed of Austenite and TiC phases, with defects such as pores and cracks, and the microstructure is mainly equiaxed grains. With the addition of LaB₆, Fe-Cr phases are formed in the coating, and the microstructure transforms into columnar grains and dendritic grains. The grains are first refined and then coarsened, among which the coating with 4% LaB₆ (C4) has the smallest grain size. The experimental results indicate that the microhardness of the coatings first increases and then decreases with the increase in the LaB₆ content, and the C4 coating has the highest microhardness (594HV_0.2). The wear rate shows the same variation trend. The C4 coating has the lowest wear rate and the best wear resistance. This is attributed to the synergistic effect of the fine grain strengthening and TiC particle dispersion strengthening. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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11 pages, 16326 KB

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Changes in Morphology Caused by Mass Transfer Phenomenon

by Toshihiro Ishikawa

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040120 - 24 Sep 2025

Viewed by 797

Abstract

The mass transfer phenomenon of contained impurities causes differences in the morphologies, densification processes, and heat resistance of ceramics. Of these, in this paper, differences in the heat resistance of ceramic fibers are discussed. Third-generation SiC polycrystalline fibers demonstrated excellent heat resistance. However, [...] Read more.

The mass transfer phenomenon of contained impurities causes differences in the morphologies, densification processes, and heat resistance of ceramics. Of these, in this paper, differences in the heat resistance of ceramic fibers are discussed. Third-generation SiC polycrystalline fibers demonstrated excellent heat resistance. However, at temperatures above 1800 °C, sintered fiber (Tyranno SA) and non-sintered fiber (Hi-Nicalon Type S) showed remarkable differences in heat resistance. At temperatures above 1800 °C, the non-sintered fiber underwent structural changes, including the formation of a surface carbon layer and abnormal SiC grain growth, whereas the sintered fiber maintained its stable polycrystalline structure. Until now, these differences and a detailed description of them have not been discussed. Here, we first explain the dramatic differences in heat resistance that occurred at high temperatures in relation to the mass transfer of excess carbon. Our findings should be widely used for the development of much more stable structures and for the long-term use of materials at higher temperatures in applications such as airplane engines and turbines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 3057 KB

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Quantitative Assessment of Ceramic Suspension Stability Using a LUMiSizer Analytical Centrifuge

by Patrik Sokola, Tina Skalar, Pavel Šiler, Jan Blahut, Michal Kalina, Peter Veteška and Petr Ptáček

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030115 - 18 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2343

Abstract

The stability of ceramic suspensions is a key factor in the preparation and shaping of ceramic bodies. The presented work offers an experimental determination of ceramics suspensions stability using the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge, focusing on kinetic behaviour using transmission profiles and instability indexes. [...] Read more.

The stability of ceramic suspensions is a key factor in the preparation and shaping of ceramic bodies. The presented work offers an experimental determination of ceramics suspensions stability using the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge, focusing on kinetic behaviour using transmission profiles and instability indexes. Multiple ceramic systems comprising corundum, metakaolin, and zirconia suspensions were experimentally examined under varying solid contents, dispersant dosages, and additive concentrations. Results showed that highly loaded corundum suspensions with dispersant (Dolapix CE64) achieved excellent stability, with an instability index below 0.05. Compared to classical sedimentation tests, which are time-consuming and not highly sensitive, LUMiSizer offers a suitable alternative by guaranteeing correct kinetic data and instability indexes indicating suspension behaviour using centrifugal force. Comparisons of the LUMiSizer results and data obtained using the modified Stokes law confirmed increased terminal velocities in experiments with metakaolin suspensions, indicating the sensitivity of the centrifuge to the effect of dispersion medium shape. The influence of porogen (waste coffee grounds) on the stability of corundum suspensions was also investigated, followed by slip casting to create and characterize a ceramic body, confirming the possibility of shaping based on stability results. Furthermore, instability indices are suggested as a rapid, quantitative method for comparing system stability and as an auxiliary criterion to the rheological measurements. Optimal dispersant concentration for zirconia-based photocurable suspensions was identified as 8.5 wt.%, which minimized viscosity and, at the same time, assured maximal kinetic stability. Integrating the LUMiSizer analytical centrifuge with standard methods, including sedimentation tests and rheological measurements, highlights its value as a powerful tool for characterizing and optimizing ceramic suspensions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 1801 KB

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The Influence of Accumulated Radiolysis Products on the Mechanisms of High-Temperature Degradation of Two-Component Lithium-Containing Ceramics

by Inesh E. Kenzhina, Saulet Askerbekov, Artem L. Kozlovskiy, Aktolkyn Tolenova, Sergei Piskunov and Anatoli I. Popov

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030099 - 3 Aug 2025

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Abstract

One of the advantages of the EPR spectroscopy method in assessing structural defects caused by irradiation is the fact that using this method it is possible to determine not only the concentration dependences of the defect structure but to also establish their type, [...] Read more.

One of the advantages of the EPR spectroscopy method in assessing structural defects caused by irradiation is the fact that using this method it is possible to determine not only the concentration dependences of the defect structure but to also establish their type, which is not possible with methods such as X-ray diffraction or scanning electron microscopy. Based on the data obtained, the role of variation in the ratio of components in Li₄SiO₄–Li₂TiO₃ ceramics on the processes of softening under high-dose irradiation with protons simulating the accumulation of hydrogen in the damaged layer, as well as the concentration of structural defects in the form of oxygen vacancies and radiolysis products on the processes of high-temperature degradation of ceramics, was determined. It was found that the main changes in the defect structure during the prolonged thermal exposure of irradiated samples are associated with the accumulation of oxygen vacancies, the density of which was estimated by the change in the intensity of singlet lithium, characterizing the presence of E-centers. At the same time, it was found that the formation of interphase boundaries in the structure of Li₄SiO₄–Li₂TiO₃ ceramics leads to the inhibition of high-temperature degradation processes in the case of post-radiation thermal exposure for a long time. Also, during the conducted studies, the role of thermal effects on the structural damage accumulation rate in Li₄SiO₄–Li₂TiO₃ ceramics was determined in the case when irradiation is carried out at different temperatures. During the experiments, it was determined that the main contribution of thermal action in the process of proton irradiation at a fluence of 5 × 10¹⁷ proton/cm² is an increase in the concentration of radiolysis products, described by changes in the intensities of spectral maxima, characterized by the presence of defects such as ≡Si–O, SiO₄³⁻ and Ti³⁺ defects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 395 KB

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Effects of Translucency-Enhancing Coloring Liquids on the Mechanical Properties of 3Y- and 4Y-TZP Zirconia Ceramics

by Andreas Pfeffer, Sebastian Hahnel, Angelika Rauch and Martin Rosentritt

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030092 - 22 Jul 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699

Abstract

The aim of translucency-enhancing liquids (TEL) is to locally influence the phase composition of zirconia in order to increase its translucency. This study aimed to determine the influence of TEL on 3Y- and 4Y-TZP zirconia concerning roughness, hardness, wear, flexural strength, dynamic stability [...] Read more.

The aim of translucency-enhancing liquids (TEL) is to locally influence the phase composition of zirconia in order to increase its translucency. This study aimed to determine the influence of TEL on 3Y- and 4Y-TZP zirconia concerning roughness, hardness, wear, flexural strength, dynamic stability and fracture force of fixed dental prostheses after thermal cycling and mechanical loading. Two zirconia materials (4Y-TZP; 3Y-TZP-LA, n = 8 per material and test) were investigated with and without prior application of TEL. Two-body wear tests were performed in a pneumatic pin-on-block design (50 N, 120,000 cycles, 1.6 Hz) with steatite balls (r = 1.5 mm) as antagonists. Mean and maximum vertical loss as well as roughness (Ra, Rz) were measured with a 3D laser-scanning microscope (KJ 3D, Keyence, J). Antagonist wear was determined as percent area of the projected antagonist area. Martens hardness (HM; ISO 14577-1) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS; ISO 6872) were investigated. The flexural fatigue limit BFSdyn was determined under cyclic loading in a staircase approach with a piston-on-three-ball-test. Thermal cycling and mechanical loading (TCML: 2 × 3000 × 5 °C/55 °C, 2 min/cycle, H₂O dist., 1.2 × 10⁶ force á 50 N) was performed on four-unit fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) (n = 8 per group) and the fracture force after TCML was determined. Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni test, Kaplan–Meier survival, Pearson correlation; α = 0.05. TEL application significantly influences roughness, hardness, biaxial flexural strength, dynamic performance, as well as fracture force after TCML in 3Y-TZP. For 4Y-TZP, a distinct influence of TEL was only identified for BFS. The application of TEL on 3Y- or 4Y-TZP did not affect wear. TEL application has a strong effect on the mechanical properties of 3Y-TZP and minor effects on 4Y-TZP. All effects of the TEL application are of a magnitude that is unlikely to restrict clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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18 pages, 7056 KB

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Control of the SiC Polytypes in SiC Bonded Diamond Materials

by Mathias Herrmann, Jesus Andres Quintana Freire, Björn Matthey, Steffen Kunze and Sören Höhn

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030090 - 18 Jul 2025

Viewed by 3531

Abstract

Silicon carbide-bonded diamond materials produced by pressureless reaction infiltration of diamond preforms have high wear resistance and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for a range of industrial applications. During infiltration, the Si is typically converted to cubic β-SiC. The aim of the work [...] Read more.

Silicon carbide-bonded diamond materials produced by pressureless reaction infiltration of diamond preforms have high wear resistance and thermal conductivity, making them ideal for a range of industrial applications. During infiltration, the Si is typically converted to cubic β-SiC. The aim of the work was to investigate the extent to which the formation of hexagonal α-SiC can be achieved by adding α-SiC or AlN nuclei to the preform. Detailed microstructural investigations using XRD, high-resolution FE-SEM, and EBSD analyses show that both AlN and SiC serve as nuclei for α-SiC. Regardless of this, a large proportion of β-SiC forms on the surface of the diamonds. However, the added nuclei change the structure of the SiC framework that forms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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26 pages, 5266 KB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Characterization of Pyrolyzed Sodium Alginate–Montmorillonite Composite for Efficient Adsorption of Emerging Pharmaceuticals: Experimental and Theoretical Insights

by Ibrahim Allaoui, Rachid Et-Tanteny, Imane Barhdadi, Mohammad Elmourabit, Brahim Arfoy, Youssef Draoui, Mohamed Hadri and Khalid Draoui

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020060 - 21 May 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2499

Abstract

The present study aims to prepare a composite via pyrolysis, based on sodium alginate (SA) and a natural clay collected from the eastern region of Morocco, specifically the OUJDA area (C.O.R), for use in the disposal process of emerging pharmaceuticals. The strategy of [...] Read more.

The present study aims to prepare a composite via pyrolysis, based on sodium alginate (SA) and a natural clay collected from the eastern region of Morocco, specifically the OUJDA area (C.O.R), for use in the disposal process of emerging pharmaceuticals. The strategy of rapid microwave heating followed by nitrogen calcination at 500 °C was successfully applied to produce the pyrolyzed carbonaceous materials. The removal of paracetamol (PCT) by adsorption on the carbonaceous clay (ca-C.O.R) composite was investigated to determine the effect of operating parameters (initial contaminant concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature) on the efficiency of PCT removal. The nanocomposite was analyzed using various techniques, including the nitrogen gas adsorption–desorption isothermal curve, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Three models were used to describe the kinetic adsorption, and it was found that the experimental kinetic data fit well with a pseudo-second-order kinetic model with a coefficient of determination R² close to one, a nonlinear chi-square value close to zero, and a reduced root mean square error RMSE (R² → 1, X² → 0 and lower RMSE). The adsorption was best described by the Sips isotherm. The ca-C.O.R composite achieved a PCT removal efficiency of 91% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 122 mg·g⁻¹ improving on the performance of previous work. Furthermore, the variation in enthalpy (∆H°), Gibbs free energy (∆G°), and entropy (∆S°) indicated that the adsorption is exothermic in nature. The composite has shown promising efficiency for the adsorption of PCT as a model of emergent pollutant from aqueous solutions, making it a viable option for industrial wastewater treatment. Using Density Functional Theory (DFT) along with the 6-31G (d) basis set, the geometric structure of the molecule was determined, and the properties were estimated by analyzing its boundary molecular orbitals. The adsorption energy of PCT on MMT and ca-C.O.R studied using the Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method was −120.3 and −292.5 (kcal·mol⁻¹), respectively, which shows the potential of the two adsorbents for the emerging product. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 4358 KB

Open AccessArticle

Clarification of Clove Basil Extract Using Spinel Hollow Fiber Membranes

by Kristopher Rodrigues Dorneles, Guilherme Guimarães Ascendino, Vicelma Luiz Cardoso and Miria Hespanhol Miranda Reis

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020057 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 1048

Abstract

This study investigates the application of spinel (MgAl₂O₄) hollow fiber membranes for clarification of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) aqueous extract, a rich source of bioactive compounds. The membranes were produced using a phase-inversion and sintering method at [...] Read more.

This study investigates the application of spinel (MgAl₂O₄) hollow fiber membranes for clarification of clove basil (Ocimum gratissimum L.) aqueous extract, a rich source of bioactive compounds. The membranes were produced using a phase-inversion and sintering method at 1350 °C, combining alumina and dolomite as raw materials. The calcination of the powder materials at 1350 °C resulted in the spinel phase formation, as indicated by the XRD analyses. The spinel hollow fiber membrane presented a hydrophilic surface (water contact angle of 74°), moderate roughness (144.31 ± 12.93 nm), and suitable mechanical strength. The ceramic membrane demonstrated a water permeability of 35.28 ± 2.46 L h⁻¹ m⁻² bar⁻¹ and a final permeate flux of 9.22 ± 1.64 L h⁻¹ m⁻² for filtration of clove basil extract at 1.0 bar. Fouling analysis identified cake formation as the dominant mechanism for flux decline. The membrane retained 44% of the total phenolic compounds and reduced turbidity by 60%, while preserving significant antioxidant capacity in the permeate. The results highlight the potential of spinel-based hollow fiber membranes as a cost-effective and efficient solution for clarifying bioactive plant extracts, offering enhanced mechanical properties and lower sintering temperatures compared to conventional alumina membranes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 4618 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Facile Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal (MAH) Method of CdWO₄/CdMoO₄ Heterostructures and Their Photocatalytic Properties

by Nivaldo F. Andrade Neto, Onecima B. M. Ramalho, Marcio D. Teodoro, Mauricio R. D. Bomio and Fabiana V. Motta

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020052 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 1098

Abstract

In this study, CdWO₄/CdMoO₄ powders’ heterostructures were synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, characterized, and evaluated for their photocatalytic properties. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and photoluminescence [...] Read more.

In this study, CdWO₄/CdMoO₄ powders’ heterostructures were synthesized using the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method, characterized, and evaluated for their photocatalytic properties. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and photoluminescence (PL). The photocatalytic performance was assessed using methylene blue as a model pollutant. XRD patterns and Raman spectra confirmed the formation of heterostructures containing the Wolframite phase of CdWO₄ and the Scheelite phase of CdMoO₄. FESEM micrographs revealed that the CdWO₄ phase exhibits a plate-like morphology, while the CdMoO₄ phase consists of irregular nanoparticles. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated that the 20Mo sample exhibited the best performance, degrading 96% of the dye after 2 h of reaction. The findings of this study indicate that CdWO₄/CdMoO₄ heterostructures hold significant potential for photocatalytic applications in the degradation of cationic dyes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 2960 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Si(C,N) Layer Composition on the Corrosion of NiCr Prosthetic Alloy

by Zofia Kula, Barbara Burnat, Katarzyna Dąbrowska and Leszek Klimek

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020050 - 5 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1471

Abstract

For decades, metal alloys have played a crucial role in medicine and dentistry as restorative materials. To enhance corrosion resistance and mitigate undesirable biological reactions, surface modifications of these alloys are widely employed. This study investigates the corrosion resistance and adhesion properties of [...] Read more.

For decades, metal alloys have played a crucial role in medicine and dentistry as restorative materials. To enhance corrosion resistance and mitigate undesirable biological reactions, surface modifications of these alloys are widely employed. This study investigates the corrosion resistance and adhesion properties of a NiCr dental alloy coated with a Si(C,N) layer. The findings suggest that these coatings hold potential as protective layers for prosthetic components in future applications. Si(C,N) coatings were deposited using the reactive magnetron sputtering (RMS) method on the surface of a NiCr dental alloy. Four different carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio variations were examined. The results indicate that Si(C,N) coatings deposited via magnetron sputtering exhibit relatively low porosity (approximately 3%), enabling them to function effectively as barrier coatings. Among the tested coatings, the Si(39.6C/25.2N) layer demonstrated the highest polarization resistance (R_p) value and the lowest corrosion current density (i_cor), corrosion rate (CR), and mass loss rate (MR), suggesting that this composition achieves an optimal balance between carbon and nitrogen content. These findings are promising for the potential application of Si(C,N) coatings in dental techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 5441 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Milling and Cold Pressing for the Fabrication of Porous SiC Ceramics via Starch Consolidation

by B. F. Flores-Morales, E. Rocha-Rangel, C. A. Calles-Arriaga, W. J. Pech-Rodríguez, I. Estrada-Guel, A. Jiménez-Rosales, J. López-Hernández, J. A. Rodriguez-Garcia and J. A. Castillo-Robles

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020043 - 24 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1659

Abstract

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a highly valued material in structural ceramics due to its exceptional properties, including low thermal expansion, high mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, hardness, and corrosion resistance. These attributes make SiC suitable for a wide range of applications, from filters and [...] Read more.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a highly valued material in structural ceramics due to its exceptional properties, including low thermal expansion, high mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, hardness, and corrosion resistance. These attributes make SiC suitable for a wide range of applications, from filters and electrodes to refractory and structural materials. In this study, SiC samples were produced under various conditions and characterized through techniques such as diffraction, SEM, TGA, and optical microscopy. The results indicated a band gap of 3.195 eV, an apparent density of 1.317 g/cm³, and Vickers hardness ranging from 1193 to 536 HV. Additionally, the Young’s modulus of the sample was found to be 0.4 GPa. These findings demonstrate the potential of starch consolidation for the cost-effective production of SiC ceramics with promising mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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13 pages, 10147 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Quantum Dot-Based Remote Lenses on the Emission Properties of White LED Lighting Studied by Optical Simulation and Experiment

by Sung Min Park, Eunki Baek, Sohee Kim, Jaehyeong Yoo, Sung-Yoon Joe, Jae-Hyeon Ko, Taehee Park and Young Wook Ko

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020039 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1805

Abstract

The introduction of side-emitting lenses into white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has enabled thin panel lighting technology based on LED technology, but also presents the disadvantage of low color rendering due to insufficient red components in the spectra of typical white LEDs. Additional application [...] Read more.

The introduction of side-emitting lenses into white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has enabled thin panel lighting technology based on LED technology, but also presents the disadvantage of low color rendering due to insufficient red components in the spectra of typical white LEDs. Additional application of remote quantum dot (QD) components such as QD films or caps presents the issues of increased numbers of components and higher costs. In this study, we incorporated red QDs directly into a lens placed on white LEDs and analyzed the effects of QD lenses on the optical characteristics of a lighting device through experiments and simulations. By incorporating red CdSe/ZnS QDs into UV-curable resin to fabricate QD lenses and applying them to white LEDs, we significantly improved the color rendering index and were able to adjust the correlated color temperature over a wide range between 2700 and 9900 K. However, as the concentration of QDs in the lens increased, scattering by the QD particles was enhanced, strengthening the Lambertian distribution in the intensity plot. Following the development of optical models for QD lenses under experimental conditions, comprehensive optical simulations of white LED lighting systems revealed that increasing the device height proved more effective than modifying TiO₂ scattering particle concentration in the diffuser plate for mitigating QD-induced bright spots and enhancing illumination uniformity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 6048 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis and Sintering of Novel High-Entropy Barium Cerates Designed Through the Cluster-Plus-Glue Atom Model

by Luca Spiridigliozzi, Antonello Marocco, Viviana Monfreda and Gianfranco Dell’Agli

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020032 - 28 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1084

Abstract

This work presents the design and synthesis of novel high-entropy perovskite oxides (HEPOs) derived from BaCeO₃, formulated using the cluster-plus-glue atom model. Particularly, through a carbonate-based co-precipitation technique, we synthesized three novel high-entropy perovskite oxides (HEPOs) derived from barium cerate by [...] Read more.

This work presents the design and synthesis of novel high-entropy perovskite oxides (HEPOs) derived from BaCeO₃, formulated using the cluster-plus-glue atom model. Particularly, through a carbonate-based co-precipitation technique, we synthesized three novel high-entropy perovskite oxides (HEPOs) derived from barium cerate by substituting cerium with different combinations of five different elements (Ce, Zr, Yb, Sm, La, Gd, Nd) in equal molar ratios, i.e., Ba(Ce_0.2Zr_0.2Yb_0.2La_0.2Sm_0.2)O_2.7, Ba(Ce_0.2Sm_0.2Yb_0.2Nd_0.2Gd_0.2)O_2.6, and Ba(Ce_0.2Zr_0.2Nd_0.2La_0.2Sm_0.2)O_2.7. Upon calcination of the as-synthesized samples at different temperatures and subsequent quenching, the formation of an entropy-stabilized single phase was analyzed and assessed. To rationalize the observed differences in phase evolution, a novel set of empirical descriptors, including configurational entropy, Goldschmidt tolerance factor, and B-site size mismatch, was proposed and discussed. With the aim of studying the sinterability of the single-phase samples, the calcination treatment was optimized by reducing its temperature and duration (i.e., 1300 °C for 6 h) so that subsequent densification higher than 95% was achieved by sintering at 1500 °C for 6 h. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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Review

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60 pages, 10136 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in High-Performance Ceramic Materials for Aerospace and Defence Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

by Alfredo Aguilar-Elguezabal, Armando Reyes-Rojas, Hilda Esperanza Esparza-Ponce, Daniel Lardizábal-Gutiérrez and Miguel Humberto Bocanegra-Bernal

Ceramics 2026, 9(4), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics9040039 - 2 Apr 2026

Viewed by 2523

Abstract

Ceramic materials are indispensable to aerospace and defence technologies, where structural and functional components are required to withstand extreme thermal, mechanical, and chemically aggressive environments. Traditionally valued for their exceptional thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance, ceramics have nonetheless been constrained by [...] Read more.

Ceramic materials are indispensable to aerospace and defence technologies, where structural and functional components are required to withstand extreme thermal, mechanical, and chemically aggressive environments. Traditionally valued for their exceptional thermal stability, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance, ceramics have nonetheless been constrained by their inherent brittleness, which has limited their widespread adoption in load-bearing structural applications. This review surveys the principal tough ceramic systems currently employed in aerospace and defence, including SiC, Al₂O₃, ZrO₂, Si₃N₄, SiC/SiC composites, and ultra-high-temperature ceramics (UHTCs) such as ZrB₂ and HfB₂. In parallel, it outlines advanced processing and manufacturing routes that enable enhanced microstructural control, improved reliability, and scalability for industrial deployment. Special attention is devoted to thermal and environmental barrier coatings (TBCs and EBCs), which provide critical protection against oxidation, corrosion, and severe thermal cycling in propulsion, power-generation, and hypersonic systems. Finally, the review highlights key material selection criteria for aerospace and defence platforms and discusses emerging trends that integrate tough ceramics with next-generation manufacturing technologies, underscoring their pivotal role in enabling high-performance, durable, and resilient systems for future extreme-environment applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 1795 KB

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Research Progress on the Sintering Techniques of Zirconia in Prosthetic Dentistry

by Chuyue Yang and Xiaoqiang Liu

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030118 - 22 Sep 2025

Viewed by 3791

Abstract

Zirconia is widely used in prosthodontics due to its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetic characteristics. This article reviews the fundamentals of sintering zirconia for prosthodontic applications. Various sintering techniques, including conventional, spark plasma, high-speed, and microwave sintering, are discussed regarding their influence [...] Read more.

Zirconia is widely used in prosthodontics due to its excellent biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and esthetic characteristics. This article reviews the fundamentals of sintering zirconia for prosthodontic applications. Various sintering techniques, including conventional, spark plasma, high-speed, and microwave sintering, are discussed regarding their influence on translucency, strength, and microstructure. This review aims to provide a comprehensive reference for the sintering methods of zirconia currently used or may be used for dental prosthodontics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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42 pages, 6922 KB

Open AccessReview

A Brief Review of Atomistic Studies on BaTiO₃ as a Photocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting

by Aisulu U. Abuova, Ulzhan Zh. Tolegen, Talgat M. Inerbaev, Mirat Karibayev, Balzhan M. Satanova, Fatima U. Abuova and Anatoli I. Popov

Ceramics 2025, 8(3), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8030100 - 4 Aug 2025

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5431

Abstract

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) has long been recognized as a promising photocatalyst for solar-driven water splitting due to its unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electronic properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of atomistic simulation studies of BaTiO₃, highlighting the role [...] Read more.

Barium titanate (BaTiO₃) has long been recognized as a promising photocatalyst for solar-driven water splitting due to its unique ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and electronic properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of atomistic simulation studies of BaTiO₃, highlighting the role of density functional theory (DFT), ab initio molecular dynamics (MD), and classical all-atom MD in exploring its photocatalytic behavior, in line with various experimental findings. DFT studies have offered valuable insights into the electronic structure, density of state, optical properties, bandgap engineering, and other features of BaTiO₃, while MD simulations have enabled dynamic understanding of water-splitting mechanisms at finite temperatures. Experimental studies demonstrate photocatalytic water decomposition and certain modifications, often accompanied by schematic diagrams illustrating the principles. This review discusses the impact of doping, surface modifications, and defect engineering on enhancing charge separation and reaction kinetics. Key findings from recent computational works are summarized, offering a deeper understanding of BaTiO₃’s photocatalytic activity. This study underscores the significance of advanced multiscale simulation techniques for optimizing BaTiO₃ for solar water splitting and provides perspectives on future research in developing high-performance photocatalytic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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26 pages, 3893 KB

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Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Supported Ceramic Catalysts for Environmental Applications: A Comprehensive Review

by Mateus Aquino Gonçalves, Felipe de Almeida la Porta, Adilson Candido da Silva, Teodorico Castro Ramalho and Sérgio Francisco de Aquino

Ceramics 2025, 8(2), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8020053 - 10 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4565

Abstract

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers designed to exhibit selective recognition and binding capabilities toward target molecules and have been widely combined with advanced ceramic-based materials toward better performance in many catalytic applications of interest and beyond. What sets MIPs apart is [...] Read more.

Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are synthetic polymers designed to exhibit selective recognition and binding capabilities toward target molecules and have been widely combined with advanced ceramic-based materials toward better performance in many catalytic applications of interest and beyond. What sets MIPs apart is their molecularly imprinted cavities, which are formed during polymerization in the presence of a template molecule. Upon template removal, these cavities retain the shape, size, and chemical functionality of the template molecule, allowing for highly specific recognition and binding of target molecules. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in leveraging these molecularly imprinted cavities not only for molecular recognition and sensing but also as catalytic sites and supports. Complementary to experimental studies, density functional theory (DFT) calculations are increasingly used to elucidate the molecular interactions, catalytic mechanisms, and optimize the design of MIP–ceramic catalysts. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on advanced ceramic-based catalysts supported by MIPs for environmental applications. Additionally, the review will discuss challenges and future directions in the field, focusing on enhancing the catalytic efficiency, stability, and scalability of MIP-based ceramic catalysts. By exploring these aspects, this review seeks to illustrate the promising role of MIP-modified ceramic materials in advancing the field of catalysis and catalytic supports. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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