Ceramics

18 pages, 5992 KB

Open AccessArticle

First Translucent BaLaLiWO₆ and BaLaNaWO₆ Ceramics: Structural and Spectroscopic Behavior of Passive and Nd³⁺-Doped Sintered Bodies

by Kacper A. Prokop, Sandrine Cottrino, Vincent Garnier, Gilbert Fantozzi, Miłosz Siczek, Krzysztof Rola, Elżbieta Tomaszewicz, Yannick Guyot, Georges Boulon and Małgorzata Guzik

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040155 - 18 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1203

Abstract

This work highlights the feasible fabrication of translucent ceramics from un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped BaLaLiWO₆ (BLLW) and BaLaNaWO₆ (BLNW) cubic tungstates using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. Ceramics were sintered using pure-phase, homogeneous powders with submicron particle sizes, obtained [...] Read more.

This work highlights the feasible fabrication of translucent ceramics from un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped BaLaLiWO₆ (BLLW) and BaLaNaWO₆ (BLNW) cubic tungstates using the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. Ceramics were sintered using pure-phase, homogeneous powders with submicron particle sizes, obtained via the solid-state reaction method. The present study investigated the microstructural, structural, and spectroscopic properties of both un-doped and Nd³⁺-doped sintered specimens. All the ceramic materials exhibited certain drawbacks that significantly contributed to their low transparency in both sample types. However, initial spectroscopic tests on sintered translucent ceramics doped with Nd³⁺ ions revealed promising properties, comparable to those of the powdered samples. Therefore, we believe that producing higher-quality ceramics would improve their spectroscopic properties. For that, further optimization of the manufacturing conditions is necessary. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 1957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization of the Process of Producing Porcelain Stoneware from Mineral Raw Materials and Microsilica as a Secondary Raw Material

by Assel Darkhan, Abibulla Anarbayev, Begen Yessimov, Tatyana Vakalova, Viktor Stanevich and Alina Molodykh

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040154 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1514

Abstract

The development of the ceramic industry requires the creation of new innovative products with improved properties. Given the growing demand for high-quality finishing materials and the limited availability of traditional raw materials, the search for more efficient technologies for porcelain stoneware production is [...] Read more.

The development of the ceramic industry requires the creation of new innovative products with improved properties. Given the growing demand for high-quality finishing materials and the limited availability of traditional raw materials, the search for more efficient technologies for porcelain stoneware production is a relevant challenge. The aim of this study was to develop porcelain stoneware with enhanced performance characteristics. The research presents the results of a study aimed at improving the production technology of porcelain stoneware in Kazakhstan using local raw materials and microsilica. The raw materials from the Turkestan region were examined for their suitability for porcelain stoneware production. The influence of technological parameters (firing temperature, particle size) on the properties of porcelain stoneware was studied. New ceramic compositions with various microsilica contents, a by-product of silicon production, were investigated. Different compositions with varying raw material mixtures and microsilica content were prepared and fired at temperatures of 1100, 1150, and 1200 °C. The optimization of process parameters for producing porcelain stoneware in different compositions showed the degree of yield dependence on firing temperature and time as well as the effect of microsilica content. The temperature, time, and visually determined parameters at which different yield values were achieved were highlighted in different colors. The results showed that changes in the mixture composition and sintering temperature affect the quality of ceramic tiles. The final experimental conclusions demonstrated that the production of ceramic tiles containing up to 3% microsilica at a firing temperature of 1200 °C. The addition of microsilica increases the flexural strength of porcelain stoneware to 41 MPa (exceeding the standard), reduces water absorption to 0.023%, increases frost resistance to 107 cycles, and also enhances shrinkage. These findings open new prospects for the development of the domestic ceramic industry, the expansion of the product range, and the resolution of environmental issues. Full article

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13 pages, 5292 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Ceramic Foams, Development of Insulating Panels, and Energy Performance Evaluation for Social Housing Using Thermal Simulation

by Nahyr Michelle Tercero-González, Daniel Lardizábal-Gutiérrez, Jorge Escobedo-Bretado, Ivan Vásquez-Duarte, Ricardo Beltran-Chacon and Caleb Carreño-Gallardo

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040153 - 11 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1347

Abstract

The growing energy demand in the residential sector, driven by the extensive use of air conditioning systems, poses serious environmental and economic challenges. A sustainable alternative is the use of efficient insulating materials derived from waste resources. This study presents the synthesis of [...] Read more.

The growing energy demand in the residential sector, driven by the extensive use of air conditioning systems, poses serious environmental and economic challenges. A sustainable alternative is the use of efficient insulating materials derived from waste resources. This study presents the synthesis of glass–ceramic foams produced from recycled glass (90 wt%), pumice (5 wt%), and limestone (5 wt%), sintered at 800 °C for 10 min. The resulting foams exhibited a low apparent density of 684 kg/

m^{3}

and thermal conductivity of 0.09 W/m·K. These were incorporated into composite insulating panels composed of 70 wt% ceramic pellets and 30 wt% Portland cement, achieving a thermal conductivity of 0.18 W/m·K. The panels were evaluated in a 64.8

m^{2}

social housing model located in Chihuahua, Mexico, using TRNSYS v.17 to simulate annual energy performance. Results showed that applying a 1.5-inch ceramic foam panel reduced the annual energy demand by 16.9% and the total energy cost by 14.7%, while increasing the panel thickness to 2 in improved savings to 18.4%. Compared with expanded polystyrene (EPS), which achieved 24.9% savings, the proposed ceramic panels offer advantages in fire resistance, durability, local availability, and environmental sustainability. This work demonstrates an effective, low-cost, and circular-economy-based solution for improving thermal comfort and energy efficiency in social housing. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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29 pages, 5077 KB

Open AccessArticle

TiO₂-Engineered Lead-Free Borate Glasses: A Dual-Functional Platform for Photonic and Radiation Shielding Technologies

by Gurinder Pal Singh, Joga Singh, Abayomi Yusuf and Kulwinder Kaur

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 152; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040152 - 11 Dec 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1833

Abstract

Environmentally friendly materials with superior structural, physical, optical, and shielding capabilities are of great technological importance and are continually being investigated. In this work, novel multicomponent borate glasses with the composition xTiO₂-10BaO-5Al₂O₃-5WO₃-20Bi₂O₃ [...] Read more.

Environmentally friendly materials with superior structural, physical, optical, and shielding capabilities are of great technological importance and are continually being investigated. In this work, novel multicomponent borate glasses with the composition xTiO₂-10BaO-5Al₂O₃-5WO₃-20Bi₂O₃-(60-x) B₂O₃, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 15 mol%, were produced via the melt-quenching technique. The increase in TiO₂ content results in a decrease in molar volume and a corresponding increase in density, indicating the formation of a compact, rigid, and mechanically hard glass network. Elastic constant measurements further confirmed this behavior. FTIR analysis confirms the transformation of BO₃ to BO₄ units, signifying improved network polymerization and structural stability. The prepared glasses exhibit an optical absorption edge in the visible region, demonstrating their strong ultraviolet light blocking capability. Incorporation of TiO₂ leads to an increase in refractive index, optical basicity, and polarizability, and a decrease in the optical band gap and metallization number; all of these suggest enhanced electron density and polarizability of the glass matrix. Radiation shielding properties were evaluated using Phy-X/PSD software. The outcomes illustrate that the Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC), Effective Atomic Number (Z_eff), Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC) increase, while Mean Free Path (MFP) and Half Value Layer (HVL) decrease with increasing TiO₂ at the expense of B₂O₃, confirming superior gamma-ray attenuation capability. Additionally, both TiO₂-doped and undoped samples show higher fast neutron removal cross sections (FNRCS) compared to several commercial glasses and concrete materials. Overall, the incorporation of TiO₂ significantly enhances the optical performance and radiation-shielding efficiency of the environmentally friendly glass system, making these potential candidates for advanced photonic devices and radiation-shielding applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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4 pages, 169 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World

by Pardeep Kumar Gianchandani, Enrico Fabrizio, Bartolomeo Megna, Manuela Ceraulo and Francesco Baino

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 151; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040151 - 10 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1610

Abstract

The transition toward a circular economy is one of the most pressing challenges and opportunities of our time, requiring fundamental shifts in how we produce, consume, and manage materials [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics in the Circular Economy for a Sustainable World)

11 pages, 1891 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Production of Silicon Using an Oxygen-Evolving SnO₂ Anode in Molten CaCl₂-NaCl

by Sai Krishna Padamata, Geir Martin Haarberg and Gudrun Saevarsdottir

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 150; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040150 - 10 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1117

Abstract

The electrochemical production of silicon from SiO₂ in molten salts can reduce energy consumption and mitigate carbon emissions associated with the conventional carbothermic process. In this study, we compare the anodic behaviour of platinum, graphite, and tin oxide electrodes in molten CaCl [...] Read more.

The electrochemical production of silicon from SiO₂ in molten salts can reduce energy consumption and mitigate carbon emissions associated with the conventional carbothermic process. In this study, we compare the anodic behaviour of platinum, graphite, and tin oxide electrodes in molten CaCl₂-NaCl-CaO-SiO₂ at 850 °C using electrochemical methods including cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. Pt exhibited low oxygen evolution overpotentials and no significant currents before OER, compared to SnO₂. An eight-hour potentiostatic electrolysis with a SnO₂ anode and a graphite cathode yielded a Si-Sn deposit, indicating partial dissolution of the SnO₂ anode during the electrolysis process. These results highlight the kinetic trade-off of SnO₂ relative to Pt, and the risk of Sn contamination with extended electrolysis times. While SnO₂ is unsuitable for production of high-purity Si, it remains a promising anode candidate for Si-Sn alloy formation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Industrial Decarbonization)

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28 pages, 2167 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comprehensive Investigations on the Effects of Heat on “Illite–Zeolites–Geo-Polymers–Sand” Composites: Evolutions of Crystalline Structures, Elemental Distributions and Si/Al Environments

by Abdel Boughriet, Grégory Tricot, Bertrand Revel, Viviane Bout-Roumazeilles, Sandra Ventalon and Michel Wartel

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 149; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040149 - 8 Dec 2025

Viewed by 1292

Abstract

This research constitutes a novel experimental approach to valorizing an industrial by-product: the ‘brick’. Studies put emphasis on the importance of detailed structural characterization of brickminerals and their chemical evolution upon heating, contributing rationally to the design and development of new glass–ceramic forms [...] Read more.

This research constitutes a novel experimental approach to valorizing an industrial by-product: the ‘brick’. Studies put emphasis on the importance of detailed structural characterization of brickminerals and their chemical evolution upon heating, contributing rationally to the design and development of new glass–ceramic forms that would be suitable for efficiently encapsulating radio-nuclides. The brick used is a complex material composed of metakaolinite, illite, sand and impurities such as rutile and iron oxides/hydroxides. Raw brick was first activated with a range of sodium hydroxide concentrations, and, second, cured at different temperatures from 90 °C to 1200 °C. Alkali-brick frameworks gradually decomposed during the firing, and turned into crystalline ceramic phases (analcime and leucite) embedded inside an amorphous silica-rich phase. After each heating stage, the cured-brick sample was exhaustively characterized by using a variety of advanced analytical techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, ESEM/EDS microscopy and ²⁹Si-²⁷Al-MAS-NMR spectroscopy. Ultra-high magnetic field NMR (28.2 T) was used to distinguish and quantify Al(IV), Al(V) and Al(VI) configurations, and to better follow distinctive changes in ²⁷Al environments of brickminerals under thermal effects. Glass-ceramized brick exhibited high specific density (~2.6 g·cm⁻³), high compactness and good corrosion resistance under static, mild and aggressive conditions, attesting to its high solidification and chemical durability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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44 pages, 9825 KB

Open AccessReview

Additive Manufacturing with Clay and Ceramics: Materials, Modeling, and Applications

by Rafael G. Duque-Castro, Diana Isabel Berrocal, Melany Nicole Medina Pérez, Luis Ernesto Castillero-Ortega, Antonio Alberto Jaén-Ortega, Juan Blandón Rodríguez and Maria De Los Angeles Ortega-Del-Rosario

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040148 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3268

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) with clay and ceramic-based materials is gaining momentum as a sustainable alternative in construction, yet its advancement depends on bridging experimental practice with predictive modeling. This review synthesizes advances in mathematical formulations and numerical tools applied to clay, geopolymers, alumina, [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) with clay and ceramic-based materials is gaining momentum as a sustainable alternative in construction, yet its advancement depends on bridging experimental practice with predictive modeling. This review synthesizes advances in mathematical formulations and numerical tools applied to clay, geopolymers, alumina, and related extrusion-based pastes. Classical rheological models, including the Bingham and Herschel–Bulkley formulations, remain central for characterizing yield stress, structuration, and flow stability. Meanwhile, finite element (FEM) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approaches are increasingly supporting predictions of deformation, shrinkage, drying, and sintering. Despite these advances, their application to natural clay systems remains limited due to heterogeneity, moisture sensitivity, and the lack of standardized constitutive parameters. Recent studies emphasize that validation is essential: rheometry, layer stability tests, in situ monitoring, and prototyping provide necessary calibration for reliable simulation. In parallel, parametric and generative design workflows, particularly through Rhino and Grasshopper ecosystems, illustrate how digital methods can link geometric logic, fabrication constraints, and performance criteria. Overall, the literature demonstrates a transition from isolated modeling efforts toward integrated, iterative frameworks where rheology, numerical simulation, and experimental validation converge to improve predictability, reduce trial-and-error, and advance scalable and sustainable clay- and ceramic-based AM. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics 3D Printing: Materials, Technologies and Challenges from Biomedical Devices to Buildings)

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19 pages, 3429 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural and Compositional Evolution of Polymer-Derived SiHfCN and Ti₃C₂-SiHfCN Ceramics

by Mohammad Hassan Shirani Bidabadi, Manoj K. Mahapatra and Kathy Lu

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040147 - 4 Dec 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1749

Abstract

In this study, SiHfCN ceramics were synthesized from a single-source precursor obtained by reacting Durazane 1800 with tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) (TDMAH). In a separate preparation, Ti₃C₂ MXene was incorporated into this precursor to produce MXene-SiHfCN composite ceramics. The samples were pyrolyzed at [...] Read more.

In this study, SiHfCN ceramics were synthesized from a single-source precursor obtained by reacting Durazane 1800 with tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium(IV) (TDMAH). In a separate preparation, Ti₃C₂ MXene was incorporated into this precursor to produce MXene-SiHfCN composite ceramics. The samples were pyrolyzed at 1000 °C and heat-treated at 1600 °C in N₂ to investigate amorphous-to-crystalline transformations. Both SiHfCN and MXene-SiHfCN formed a single-phase amorphous structure after pyrolysis at 1000 °C. At 1600 °C, SiHfCN partially crystallized into α/β-Si₃N₄ and HfC_xN_1−x phases within an amorphous/crystalline Si₃N₄ matrix. In contrast, the MXene–SiHfCN matrix remained largely amorphous, evolving into SiOCN with localized Si₂ON₂ crystallization. Additional phases, including HfC_xN_1−x, Hf oxide/oxycarbide, and a Ti carbonitride-rich phase (TiC_0.63N_1.06O_0.18Si_0.99Hf_0.11), were identified within the amorphous SiOCN. No SiC was detected in either system, indicating suppression of carbothermal reduction of Si₃N₄ up to 1600 °C in N₂. While SiHfCN exhibited pronounced macroscopic cracks, MXene-SiHfCN showed no such large cracks, though local microscopic cracking was observed. These results demonstrate that Ti₃C₂ MXene incorporation stabilizes the amorphous matrix, modifies phase evolution, and mitigates severe cracking, offering new insights into non-oxide PDC nanocomposites for ultra-high-temperature applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoceramics and Two-Dimensional Ceramic Materials)

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18 pages, 4114 KB

Open AccessArticle

Point Defect Influence on Electrical Conductivity of Semiconducting Ferroelectric AlScN

by Xiaoman Zhang, Wangwang Xu, Bipin Bhattarai, Dominic A. Dalba, Dilan M. Gamachchi, Indeewari M. Karunarathne, Yue Yu, Nathan J. Pravda, Ruotian Gong, David Stalla, Chong Zu, W. J. Meng and Andrew C. Meng

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 146; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040146 - 3 Dec 2025

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2133

Abstract

Aluminum scandium nitride (Al_1−xSc_xN) is a promising ferroelectric material for non-volatile random-access memory devices and electromechanical sensors. However, adverse effects on polarization from electrical leakage are a significant concern for this material. We observed that the electrical conductivity of [...] Read more.

Aluminum scandium nitride (Al_1−xSc_xN) is a promising ferroelectric material for non-volatile random-access memory devices and electromechanical sensors. However, adverse effects on polarization from electrical leakage are a significant concern for this material. We observed that the electrical conductivity of Al_1−xSc_xN thin films grown on epitaxial TiN(111) buffered Si(111) follows an Arrhenius-type behavior versus the growth temperature, suggesting that point defect incorporation during growth influences the electronic properties of the film. Photoluminescence intensity shows an inverse correlation with growth temperature, which is consistent with increased non-radiative recombination from point defects. Further characterization using secondary ion mass spectrometry in a focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope shows a correlation between trace Ti concentrations in Al_1−xSc_xN films and the growth temperature, further suggesting that extrinsic dopants or alloying components potentially contribute to the point defect chemistry to influence electrical transport. Investigation of the enthalpy of formation of nitrogen vacancies in Al_1−xSc_xN using density functional theory yields values that are in line with electrical conductivity measurements. Additionally, the dependence of nitrogen-vacancy formation energy on proximity to Sc atoms suggests that variations in the local structure may contribute to the occurrence of point defects, which, in turn, can impact electrical leakage. Furthermore, we have demonstrated ferroelectric behavior through electrical measurements and piezoresponse force microscopy after dc bias poling of films in spite of electrical conductivity spanning several orders of magnitude. Although electrical leakage remains a challenge in Al_1−xSc_xN, the material holds potential due to tunable electrical conductivity as a semiconducting ferroelectric material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

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13 pages, 4036 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Analysis and Crystallization of Bioactive Glass “1d” in the SiO₂-CaO-MgO-P₂O₅-CaF₂-Na₂O Compositional System

by Valentina Rigano, Dilshat U. Tulyaganov, Konstantinos Dimitriadis, Simeon Agathopoulos and Francesco Baino

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 145; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040145 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1262

Abstract

The crystallization behavior of the bioactive silicate glass “1d” was analyzed using non-isothermal conditions through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plots carried out at different heating rates showed only one crystallization peak. The activation energy for crystallization was calculated through the equations proposed [...] Read more.

The crystallization behavior of the bioactive silicate glass “1d” was analyzed using non-isothermal conditions through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The plots carried out at different heating rates showed only one crystallization peak. The activation energy for crystallization was calculated through the equations proposed in the Kissinger and Matusita–Sakka models. The Johnson–Mehl–Avrami coefficient (n) was estimated by applying Ozawa and Augis–Bennet methods, resulting in a two-dimensional crystal growth. Crystalline phases which developed during high-temperature treatment were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The activation energy for viscous flow was estimated to be 513 kJ/mol, which is lower than the activation energy for crystallization (539 kJ/mol). The Malek test highlighted that the crystallization process was more complex than a simple nucleation-growth mechanism. The sinterability parameter and Hruby coefficient showed the high stability of 1d glass against crystallization, which makes this bioactive material highly appealing for producing well-sintered products of biomedical interest, such as bioactive porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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15 pages, 17671 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Graphene Content on the Physical, Mechanical and Tribological Characteristics of SiC-TiB₂-TiC Composites

by Yaroslav Meleshkin, Anton Smirnov, Marina A. Volosova, Yuri Pristinskiy, Thet Naing Soe, Irina Reutova and Nestor Washington Solís Pinargote

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 144; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040144 - 26 Nov 2025

Viewed by 823

Abstract

Using spark plasma sintering technology, SiC-TiB₂-TiC ceramic composites with various graphene oxide content (0.15, 0.25, 0.5 vol.%) were manufactured, and their microstructure as well as physico-mechanical and tribological properties were studied. Ceramic composite with 0.25 vol.% of graphene oxide showed a [...] Read more.

Using spark plasma sintering technology, SiC-TiB₂-TiC ceramic composites with various graphene oxide content (0.15, 0.25, 0.5 vol.%) were manufactured, and their microstructure as well as physico-mechanical and tribological properties were studied. Ceramic composite with 0.25 vol.% of graphene oxide showed a relative density of 99.9%, fracture toughness of 6.3 MPa·m^1/2, flexural strength of 583 MPa and Vickers hardness of 22.2 GPa. Moreover, this composite showed a coefficient of friction and wear rate of 0.53 and 1.92 × 10⁻⁶ mm³/N·m, respectively, under a load of 10 N. Similarly, under a load of 30 N, this composite showed a coefficient of friction and wear rate of 0.6 and 4.05 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/N·m, respectively. This research demonstrated that the addition of 0.25 vol.% of graphene oxide improved the physical–mechanical and tribological properties of ceramic composites based in the SiC-TiB₂-TiC ternary system, which in turn makes this composite more promising for use, for example, as a cutting tool material. Full article

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14 pages, 2459 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Theoretical and Experimental Validation of the Shielding Effectiveness of Ceramic Composite-Based Medical Radiation Protection Tools

by Seon-Chil Kim and Kwon Su Chon

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040143 - 25 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1287

Abstract

Numerous studies aimed to validate new shielding materials with the transition of medical radiation-shielding tools toward eco-friendly materials. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of ceramic composites, recently adopted in aerospace for internal shielding, as candidates for medical applications. Specifically, three types [...] Read more.

Numerous studies aimed to validate new shielding materials with the transition of medical radiation-shielding tools toward eco-friendly materials. In this study, we assessed the feasibility of ceramic composites, recently adopted in aerospace for internal shielding, as candidates for medical applications. Specifically, three types of ceramic composite mixtures were examined: bismuth oxide-based (Bi₂O₃), cerium oxide-based (CeO₂), and tantalum oxide-based (Ta₂O₅) ceramic composites. Two approaches—theoretical simulations and direct experiments—validated the performance under clinical conditions. Monte Carlo simulation results reveal that CeO₂, with its high linear attenuation coefficient, exhibits the strongest theoretical shielding. In terms of density measurements, Ta₂O₅ composite sheets yielded the highest density (3.318 g/cm³), followed by CeO₂ composites (3.228 g/cm³) and Bi₂O₃ composites (3.091 g/cm³). Although relatively slight differences in density were observed among the fabricated sheets, Ta₂O₅ composites tended to have slightly higher densities. However, Ta₂O₅ composites outperformed the other composites in direct clinical experiments. This discrepancy between the theoretical and experimental results highlights the influence of other factors, such as the energy characteristics of the materials and variations in the fabrication process. Overall, this study supports the development of eco-friendly radiation shields through theoretical and clinical validation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 3318 KB

Open AccessArticle

Non-Destructive Evaluation and Characterization of Transparent MgAl₂O₄ Spinel Ceramics via Moiré Interferometry

by Rahima Meziane, Salim Benaissa, Abdelbaki Cherouana, Sofiane Bouheroum, Khadidja Hoggas, Said Meguellati, Mohamed Hamidouche and Gilbert Fantozzi

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040142 - 25 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 787

Abstract

This work employs moiré interferometry to investigate the influence of sintering temperature and sandblasting on the optical and mechanical properties of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄). S25CRX14 Spinel pellets were fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1300 °C, 1350 [...] Read more.

This work employs moiré interferometry to investigate the influence of sintering temperature and sandblasting on the optical and mechanical properties of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄). S25CRX14 Spinel pellets were fabricated via Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) at 1300 °C, 1350 °C, and 1400 °C. The sintered samples were subsequently analyzed before and after sandblasting. Moiré interferometry, a non-destructive and contactless technique based on the superposition of tow linear transmission gratings, has proven particularly suitable for detecting micro-defects in transparent materials. The analysis of moiré fringes provided essential insights into the presence and size of defects, enabling accurate quality assessment without altering the samples. Its high spatial resolution, allowed the detection of even low-contrast defects. The results confirmed that the sintering temperature and sandblasting significantly influenced the mechanical and optical properties of the S25CRX14 spinel samples. The specimens sintered at 1350 °C exhibited the highest light transmission and the superior hardness. In contrast, the samples sintered at 1400 °C showed a notable degradation in their optical and mechanical properties. In conclusion, the pellets sintered at 1350 °C demonstrated the most favorable overall performance. This study confirms that moiré interferometry is a straightforward, accurate, and highly effective method for evaluating transparent ceramics, with very low implementation costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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36 pages, 2391 KB

Open AccessReview

Latest Developments in 3D-Printed Engineered Cementitious Composites: Technologies, Prospects, and Challenges

by Jean-Marc Tulliani

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040141 - 23 Nov 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2409

Abstract

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are fiber-reinforced materials with enhanced tensile strength, ultra-high ductility, crack resistance, and long-term durability. This review aims to explore the latest developments when combining ECC and 3D printing in depth. It will analyze the main technologies used, the specific [...] Read more.

Engineered cementitious composites (ECCs) are fiber-reinforced materials with enhanced tensile strength, ultra-high ductility, crack resistance, and long-term durability. This review aims to explore the latest developments when combining ECC and 3D printing in depth. It will analyze the main technologies used, the specific properties of the materials employed, the results achieved so far, and the challenges still to be addressed for the wider deployment of these innovative solutions. The goal is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date overview, highlighting the potential of this technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)

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19 pages, 2883 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical and Microstructural Performance of Cement Mortars with Internal Carbonation and Sustainable Additives

by Daria Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka, Paweł Lisowski, Magdalena Osial, Aneta Brachaczek, Dariusz Alterman and Alessandro P. Fantilli

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040140 - 21 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1532

Abstract

This study investigates a comprehensive study on the mechanical and microstructural behavior of cementitious mortars modified with a combination of internal carbonation (via solid CO₂), calcined clay as a ceramic pozzolanic additive, and bio-based sheep wool fibers. The investigation aimed to [...] Read more.

This study investigates a comprehensive study on the mechanical and microstructural behavior of cementitious mortars modified with a combination of internal carbonation (via solid CO₂), calcined clay as a ceramic pozzolanic additive, and bio-based sheep wool fibers. The investigation aimed to explore sustainable routes for enhancing mortar performance while reducing the environmental impact of cement production. A series of mortars incorporating various combinations of dry ice, calcined clay, and wool fibers was prepared and tested to evaluate compressive and flexural strength, porosity, pore size distribution, phase composition, and microstructural morphology. Results demonstrated that internal carbonation significantly promoted matrix densification and compressive strength, increasing fc by approximately 8% compared to the reference. The addition of calcined clay further improved microstructural compactness, reducing total pore volume by 12%, while the incorporation of wool fibers enhanced post-cracking toughness by over 40% despite a 15–30% decrease in compressive strength. SEM and TGA confirmed the formation of calcite and reduced portlandite content, consistent with carbonation and pozzolanic reactions. The findings underscore the potential and limitations of multicomponent eco-modified cement mortars. Optimizing the balance between internal carbonation, pozzolanic reaction, and fiber stability is a key to developing next-generation low-carbon composites suitable for durable and resilient construction applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramic Materials for Industrial Decarbonization)

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12 pages, 2315 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Performance of PZT-5H Piezoelectric Ceramics by Vacuum Sintering

by Honghui Wang and Pengcheng Zhang

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040139 - 21 Nov 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2447

Abstract

This study comparatively investigates the effects of vacuum sintering and traditional sintering on the structure and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 5H (PZT-5H) piezoelectric ceramics. The density of the vacuum-sintered ceramics increases from 7.67 g/cm³ (for traditionally sintered ceramics) to [...] Read more.

This study comparatively investigates the effects of vacuum sintering and traditional sintering on the structure and electrical properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) 5H (PZT-5H) piezoelectric ceramics. The density of the vacuum-sintered ceramics increases from 7.67 g/cm³ (for traditionally sintered ceramics) to 7.98 g/cm³. Importantly, the dielectric constant (ε_r), remnant polarization (P_r), planar electromechanical coupling coefficient (k_p), and piezoelectric coefficient (d₃₃) for the PZT-5H ceramics increase by 35%, 20%, 9%, and 12%, respectively, when vacuum sintering is employed instead of traditional sintering. Over a temperature range from room temperature to 180 °C, the d₃₃ variation measured by the resonant method is only about 4% for the vacuum-sintered PZT-5H ceramics. High-temperature impedance spectroscopy analysis reveals that vacuum sintering reduces the hole concentration in PZT-5H ceramics, leading to significant improvements in their dielectric and piezoelectric performance. This research demonstrates that vacuum sintering is a simple and effective method to enhance the density, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of PZT-5H ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 1960 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Composite Membranes for the Controlled Release of Clindamycin Phosphate to Prevent Infections at the Implantation Site

by Stefan Ioan Voicu, Andreea Madalina Pandele, Adrian Ionut Nicoara, Iulian Vasile Antoniac, Madalina Oprea and Cristian Bica

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040138 - 13 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1533

Abstract

Implant-associated infections remain a major clinical challenge, often leading to implant failure, revision surgery, and increased healthcare burden. Systemic antibiotic administration is limited by poor local bioavailability and systemic side effects, highlighting the need for localized drug-delivery systems that can simultaneously support tissue [...] Read more.

Implant-associated infections remain a major clinical challenge, often leading to implant failure, revision surgery, and increased healthcare burden. Systemic antibiotic administration is limited by poor local bioavailability and systemic side effects, highlighting the need for localized drug-delivery systems that can simultaneously support tissue integration and prevent bacterial colonization. This study aimed to develop and characterize a novel generation of chitosan membranes loaded with hydroxyapatite–clindamycin phosphate (CS/HA-CLY) for localized infection prevention at implantation sites. The composite membranes’ physicochemical characteristics were analyzed using ATR FT-IR, XPS, SEM, XRD, and contact angle measurements. Furthermore, the in vitro biomineralization potential was assessed employing the Taguchi method, while the in vitro release of clindamycin phosphate was examined through UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The CS/HA-CLY membranes exhibited improved wettability, drug release behavior, and biomineralization ability compared to neat CS. These results suggest that the developed composite membranes could successfully combine antibacterial efficacy and biocompatibility, supporting their potential as multifunctional biomaterials for preventing implant-related infections while promoting tissue integration. These findings provide a promising basis for further biological assays and in vitro evaluation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics Containing Active Molecules for Biomedical Applications)

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11 pages, 2058 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of High-Entropy Composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C System

by Alina Zurnachyan, Abraam Ginosyan, Roman Ivanov, Irina Hussainova and Sofiya Aydinyan

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040137 - 12 Nov 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2120

Abstract

High-entropy materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature structural, magnetic, and electrochemical applications due to their unique combination of compositional complexity, thermal stability, and tailored functionality. In this study, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was employed to fabricate high-entropy composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C [...] Read more.

High-entropy materials have emerged as promising candidates for high-temperature structural, magnetic, and electrochemical applications due to their unique combination of compositional complexity, thermal stability, and tailored functionality. In this study, self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) was employed to fabricate high-entropy composite in a Ti–Cr–Mn–Co–Ni–Al–C multicomponent system with a focus on elucidating the effect of titanium content on the combustion parameters, as well as on the phase and structure formation patterns of the resulting materials. In situ profiling enables evaluating the maximum combustion temperature of 1560 °C, combustion wave propagation velocity ranging from 0.22 to 4.3 mm/s depending on titanium content, and heating and cooling rates of 300–2000 °C/s and 3 °C/s during synthesis. The synthesized powders exhibited a bimodal particle size distribution, with ~90% of particles below 25 μm and a D50 of 5.38 μm. Post-synthesis densification via spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1250 °C under 45 MPa yielded dense bulk samples, which exhibited a high relative density and high Vickers microhardness of 1270 ± 35 HV10 attributed to fine TiC dispersion and secondary carbide formation. Thermogravimetric analysis performed under air flow with a heating rate of 20 °C/min showed enhanced thermal stability for both the powder and the sintered bulk. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of SHS for rapid, energy-efficient fabrication of high-entropy composites and underscore the critical role of composition in tailoring their structural and mechanical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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20 pages, 2673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Shear-Thickening Superplastic Transitions in High-Entropy Oxides

by Salma El-Azab, Sichao Chen, Julie M. Schoenung and Alexander D. Dupuy

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040136 - 10 Nov 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1033

Abstract

Despite significant interest in their functional properties, the mechanical behavior of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) is not well studied, particularly at elevated temperatures. Bulk (Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O (transition metal (TM)-HEO) samples were deformed under compression at applied stresses and temperatures ranging from 5 to 31 MPa [...] Read more.

Despite significant interest in their functional properties, the mechanical behavior of high-entropy oxides (HEOs) is not well studied, particularly at elevated temperatures. Bulk (Co,Cu,Mg,Ni,Zn)O (transition metal (TM)-HEO) samples were deformed under compression at applied stresses and temperatures ranging from 5 to 31 MPa and 600 to 850 °C, respectively. All of the deformation conditions result in creep stress exponents of n < 3, indicating that TM-HEO exhibits superplastic deformation. A transition from structural to solution-precipitation-based superplasticity is observed during deformation above 650 °C. Additionally, TM-HEO exhibits shear-thickening behavior when deformed at stresses above 9 MPa. The formation and behavior of a Cu-rich tenorite secondary phase during deformation is identified as a key factor underpinning the deformation mechanisms. The microstructure and phase state of TM-HEO before deformation also influenced the behavior, with finer grain sizes and increasing concentrations of Cu-rich tenorite, resulting in the increased prevalence of solution-precipitation deformation. While complex, the results of this study indicate that TM-HEO deforms through known superplastic deformation mechanisms. Superplasticity is a highly efficient manufacturing method and could prove to be a valuable strategy for forming HEO ceramics into complex geometries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanical Behavior and Reliability of Engineering Ceramics)

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12 pages, 2980 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Investigation of the Mechanical Characteristics of Four CAD-CAM Monolithic Zirconia Materials

by Layla A. Abu-Naba’a, Saleh N. Almohammed and Tareq A. Ziyad

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040135 - 10 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1222

Abstract

Transparent CAD/CAM monolithic ceramics are increasingly used in dentistry due to their combination of high strength, esthetics, and durability, achieved through high yttria content and multilayered systems. This study evaluates the mechanical behavior of four widely used CAD/CAM ceramics, correlating their performance with [...] Read more.

Transparent CAD/CAM monolithic ceramics are increasingly used in dentistry due to their combination of high strength, esthetics, and durability, achieved through high yttria content and multilayered systems. This study evaluates the mechanical behavior of four widely used CAD/CAM ceramics, correlating their performance with microstructural characteristics. Bar-shaped specimens (n = 10 per material, for each test) of ZOLID^® FX ML (ZF), IPS E.MAX^® CAD (MC), E.MAX^® ZIRCAD (ZM), and KAT-ANA^® STML (KS) (all A2 shade) were prepared and sintered according to manufacturers’ protocols. Flexural strength and elastic modulus were measured using three-point bending, and Vickers hardness was determined separately. Statistical normality was confirmed with the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Flexural strength ranged from 252.8 ± 39.8 MPa (MC) to 547.6 ± 125.7 MPa (ZM), elastic modulus from 65.8 ± 6.5 GPa (MC) to 94.1 ± 5.8 GPa (KS), and hardness from 4.2 ± 0.2 GPa (MC) to 9.6 ± 0.6 GPa (ZF). High-elastic-modulus materials (KS, ZM) can better resist deformation under occlusal loads, improving long-term stability of posterior crowns, bridges, and implant-supported restorations. High hardness (ZF) provides superior wear resistance and preserves occlusal anatomy over time, making it suitable for thin-shell restorations and high-stress functional surfaces. Materials with lower modulus and hardness (MC) are more suitable for intra-coronal restorations or thin veneers where stress shielding and material compliance are advantageous. These findings support material selection based on mechanical demands, and further clinical studies are needed to confirm long-term performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Application of Transparent Ceramics)

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13 pages, 7221 KB

Open AccessArticle

Optimisation of Magnesium Oxide and Silica Fume Blend for Sulphate Soil Stabilisation

by Jonathan Oti, Mansour Ebailila, Khaled Ehwailat and John Kinuthia

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040134 - 6 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1069

Abstract

The utilisation of magnesium oxide-based binders (M) as an alternative to hydrated calcium silicate materials is a promising avenue for binding methodologies. However, the efficacy of using silica fume (S) as a co-binder with magnesium oxide in sulphate soil stabilisation, along with their [...] Read more.

The utilisation of magnesium oxide-based binders (M) as an alternative to hydrated calcium silicate materials is a promising avenue for binding methodologies. However, the efficacy of using silica fume (S) as a co-binder with magnesium oxide in sulphate soil stabilisation, along with their ideal blending ratio, has yet to be unveiled. Therefore, an array of artificial sulphate soil specimens was fabricated, each featuring varying combinations of magnesium oxide and silica fume. These specimens were subsequently subjected to comprehensive testing, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, linear expansion test, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The outcomes demonstrated that the co-utilisation of silica fume and magnesium oxide significantly improves the compressive strength and linear expansion of sulphate soil, and such an improvement was more efficacious at a stoichiometric amount of 5% magnesium oxide and 5% silica fume (5M5S). This outperforming threshold, characterised by the highest UCS (1834 kN/m²) and minimal expansion (0.2%), occurred through the consumption of surplus brucite and the formation of further magnesium silicate hydrate. Full article

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14 pages, 3017 KB

Open AccessArticle

Swelling Behaviour of Sulfate Soil Treated with Lime–Metakaolin at Different Curing Ages

by Mansour Ebailila, Khaled Ehwailat and Jonathan Oti

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040133 - 6 Nov 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1089

Abstract

Sulfate soil stabilisation, while offering technical benefits for infrastructure, is a challenging process, complicated by the nucleation of ettringite, an expansive mineral that can cause soil deterioration. This study was undertaken to elucidate the synergistic effect of lime and metakaolin on the physico-mechanical [...] Read more.

Sulfate soil stabilisation, while offering technical benefits for infrastructure, is a challenging process, complicated by the nucleation of ettringite, an expansive mineral that can cause soil deterioration. This study was undertaken to elucidate the synergistic effect of lime and metakaolin on the physico-mechanical performance of high-sulfate-bearing soil. The binder content in the stabilised specimens was fixed at 20 wt%, and metakaolin was used to partially substitute lime at different substitution levels. The physico-mechanical investigation revealed that supplementation of lime with metakaolin had a promotional effect on the unconfined compressive strength and swelling potential. The threshold of this effect was obtained by a binary blend of 7.5L–12.5MK, where the UCS was increased fourfold, while the swelling potential was reduced to a near-zero magnitude of 0.33%. This superior performance is due to the fineness and high reactivity of metakaolin, as both limit the nucleation of ettringite and promote the neoformation of further hydrated compounds, thus yielding a denser interlocked system and increasing its resistance to water soaking. Full article

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22 pages, 29749 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phase Formation Study of Solid-State LLZNO and LLZTO via Structural, Thermal, and Morphological Analyses

by Chengjian Li, Frank Kern, Lianmeng Liu, Christopher Parr, Andreas Börger and Chunfeng Liu

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040132 - 28 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2414

Abstract

Garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) is a solid electrolyte candidate for ASSLBs, owing to its wide electrochemical window and intrinsic safety. Yet phase-pure LLZO remains difficult because secondary phases form, and the transition towards the tetragonal phase, aliovalent [...] Read more.

Garnet-type Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) is a solid electrolyte candidate for ASSLBs, owing to its wide electrochemical window and intrinsic safety. Yet phase-pure LLZO remains difficult because secondary phases form, and the transition towards the tetragonal phase, aliovalent doping, mitigates these issues. Still, the phase formation pathway is not fully understood. Here, we present comparative in situ and ex situ studies of Nb- and Ta-doped LLZO (LLZNO and LLZTO) that were synthesized by a solid-state reaction. In situ/ex situ XRD reveals that the lithium precursor dictates the reaction path: differing decomposition temperatures of the lithium precursor define reaction windows that control cubic-phase purity and particle morphology. In air, limited Li diffusion favors oxycarbonates and pyrochlore, necessitating 950–1050 °C to achieve phase-pure cubic LLZO. Under N₂, faster Li availability and diffusion enable uniform nucleation and a route to cubic LLZO without detectable secondary phases. These findings demonstrate the coupled effects of temperature, precursor, dopant, and atmosphere, guiding process optimization and scalable production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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21 pages, 9821 KB

Open AccessArticle

Tapping into the Past: First Approach to a Diachronic Material Characterization of Mayapán Pottery

by Miguel Pérez, Oscar G. de Lucio, Alejandro Mitrani, Carlos Peraza Lope, Wilberth Cruz Alvarado, Hugo Sobral, Ciro Márquez Herrera and Soledad Ortiz Ruiz

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040131 - 27 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1286

Abstract

The great city of Mayapan has experienced a technological change in pottery making, and our results confirm a shift in the raw materials and possibly the potters’ knowledge about them. The dynamics of change during the Postclassic period in the Maya area are [...] Read more.

The great city of Mayapan has experienced a technological change in pottery making, and our results confirm a shift in the raw materials and possibly the potters’ knowledge about them. The dynamics of change during the Postclassic period in the Maya area are reflected in the material changes used to make pottery. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on a collection of 248 pottery items from the archaeological site of Mayapán in Yucatán, Mexico, dating from the Middle Preclassic to Postclassic periods (700 BC–1500 CE). Non-invasive methods were used for the entire pottery set, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and fiber-optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS). Additionally, for a representative subset, minimally invasive techniques such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) were employed. The resulting data enabled the identification of materials used in the pottery’s manufacture. The elemental composition of the objects was determined, revealing correlations between elements such as Si with Al that yield a

R^{2}

factor of 0.94. The results indicate the presence of smectite clays, carbonates, and iron oxides. The results show that a higher proportion of carbonates was found in the pieces from the Postclassic period compared to those from the Preclassic period, which may be associated with a change in the manufacturing process. Likewise, the Postclassic pieces are distinguished by a greater contribution of the Mg-OH signal, unlike the Preclassic and Classic, which show a greater contribution of the Al-OH group. The implications for the technological knowledge of the potters suggest the use of different technologies across various periods and material changes driven by shifts in political and economic relations in the city and the northern plains. Full article

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17 pages, 6220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Erbium Orthoniobate-Tantalates: Structural, Luminescent and Mechanical Properties of ErNb_xTa_1−xO₄ Ceramics and Bactericidal Properties of ErNbO₄ Powder

by Mikhail Palatnikov, Olga Shcherbina, Nadezhda Fokina, Maxim Smirnov, Elena Zelenina, Sofja Masloboeva and Diana Manukovskaya

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040130 - 22 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1335

Abstract

Fine powders of erbium niobate-tantalates ErNb_xTa_1−xO₄ (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1) have been synthesized by the liquid-phase method in this study. Ceramic samples have been prepared using conventional sintering from these powders. Rietveld refinement [...] Read more.

Fine powders of erbium niobate-tantalates ErNb_xTa_1−xO₄ (x = 0; 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7; 0.9; 1) have been synthesized by the liquid-phase method in this study. Ceramic samples have been prepared using conventional sintering from these powders. Rietveld refinement of XRD patterns of polycrystals determined the phase composition and clarified the parameters of the phase structure of ErNb_xTa_1−xO₄ solid solutions depending on the Nb/Ta ratio. The morphological features of the microstructure of erbium niobate-tantalate ceramics have been studied. Their mechanical properties, strength characteristics (Young’s modulus, microhardness) and critical stress intensity factor of the first kind K_IC have been estimated. The photoluminescent properties of ceramic solid solutions of erbium niobate-tantalates depending on the composition have been studied. Dark and photoinduced toxicity of finely dispersed ErNbO₄ powders have been studied in relation to Gram-positive, Gram-negative and spore-forming microorganisms. The best indicators of antibacterial activity of ErNbO₄ have been demonstrated in relation to Gram-positive cells of Micrococcus sp. The discovered properties open up the possibility of not only traditional use as functional materials, but also the use of these materials for disinfection of surfaces, water and biological tissues. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic High Performance Ceramic Functional Materials)

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23 pages, 1371 KB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Advances in Calcium Phosphate for Maxillomandibular Bone Regeneration: From Bench to Bedside

by Seyed Ali Mostafavi Moghaddam, Hamid Mojtahedi, Amirhossein Bahador, Lotfollah Kamali Hakim and Hamid Tebyaniyan

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040129 - 21 Oct 2025

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2726

Abstract

Background: Maxillomandibular bone defects present a complex challenge in regenerative medicine due to anatomical and functional intricacies. Calcium phosphate (CP)-based biomaterials have emerged as promising bone graft substitutes due to their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity. Aim: This Review highlights recent clinical and experimental [...] Read more.

Background: Maxillomandibular bone defects present a complex challenge in regenerative medicine due to anatomical and functional intricacies. Calcium phosphate (CP)-based biomaterials have emerged as promising bone graft substitutes due to their biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity. Aim: This Review highlights recent clinical and experimental advancements in CP-based biomaterials for maxillomandibular bone regeneration, bridging the gap from bench to bedside. Method: An in vitro, in vivo, and clinical literature review was conducted to evaluate the performance of CP ceramics, including hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), biphasic ceramics, and novel composites with polymers, growth factors, and nanoparticles. Results: Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials demonstrate excellent bone regeneration potential, with Beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) and HA being the most widely utilized. Composite scaffolds and 3-dimensional (3D)-printed constructs show enhanced mechanical properties and biological integration. Clinical trials have confirmed the safety and efficacy of CP-based materials, yielding promising outcomes in osteoconduction and defect healing. However, limitations persist regarding mechanical strength and long-term degradation profiles. Conclusions: CP-based biomaterials offer significant clinical promise for maxillomandibular bone regeneration. Continued advancements in scaffold design and biofunctionalization are crucial for overcoming current limitations and fully realizing their therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Research on Bioceramics for Bone Regeneration)

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10 pages, 13588 KB

Open AccessArticle

Densification and Conductivity of Li-Doped NiO Targets for Hole-Transport Layer of Perovskite Solar Cells

by Juan Li, Jiwen Xu, Guisheng Zhu, Xianjie Zhou, Fei Shang and Huarui Xu

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040128 - 18 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1615

Abstract

NiO-based hole-transport layers are crucial for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. An industrial deposition method of NiO films is magnetron sputtering using ceramic targets. NiO targets doped with Li contents at 1%, 3%, and 5% were designed, and the doping contents and sintering temperatures [...] Read more.

NiO-based hole-transport layers are crucial for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. An industrial deposition method of NiO films is magnetron sputtering using ceramic targets. NiO targets doped with Li contents at 1%, 3%, and 5% were designed, and the doping contents and sintering temperatures were investigated. All the targets have a face-centered cubic phase, dense microstructure, and an average size of a few microns. The NLO targets sintered at an optimal temperature of 1400 °C exhibited high relative density (>98%) and low resistivity (<6 Ω∙cm). These results pave the way for depositing NiO-based hole-transport layer by magnetron sputtering. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 5806 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrothermal Synthesis Optimization of High-Aspect Ratio α-Al₂O₃ Microfibers for Thermally Conductive Soft Composites

by Omar Zahhaf, Giulia D’Ambrogio, François Grasland, Guilhem Rival, Minh-Quyen Le, Pierre-Jean Cottinet and Jean-Fabien Capsal

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040127 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 1713

Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis and application of Al₂O₃ fibers derived from an ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursor. Through a hydrothermal route, the influence of critical synthesis parameters, including aluminum nitrate and urea concentrations, reaction [...] Read more.

This work presents a comprehensive study on the synthesis and application of Al₂O₃ fibers derived from an ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH) precursor. Through a hydrothermal route, the influence of critical synthesis parameters, including aluminum nitrate and urea concentrations, reaction temperature and time, and stirring conditions, on fiber morphology and aspect ratio was systematically investigated. The as-synthesized AACH fibers were subsequently converted into thermodynamically stable α-alumina fibers via controlled annealing. These high-aspect ratio alumina fibers were incorporated into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to produce electrically insulating, thermally conductive composites. The thermal performance of fiber-filled composites was benchmarked against that of particle-filled counterparts, with the former exhibiting significantly enhanced thermal conductivity. Furthermore, the dielectrophoretic alignment of alumina fibers led to an additional increase in thermal conductivity, underlining the importance of high-aspect ratio fillers. This study uniquely combines the controlled synthesis of alumina fibers with their incorporation and alignment in a polymer matrix, presenting a novel and effective approach for engineering anisotropic, thermally conductive, and electrically insulating composite materials. Dielectrophoretic alignment of α-Al₂O₃ fibers synthesized through optimized hydrothermal conditions and incorporated into PDMS composites deliver over 95 % higher thermal conductivity than spherical fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ceramics, 3rd Edition)

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19 pages, 7802 KB

Open AccessArticle

Barium Strontium Titanate: Comparison of Material Properties Obtained via Solid-State and Sol–Gel Synthesis

by Thomas Hanemann, Martin Ade, Emine Cimen, Julia Schoenfelder, Kirsten Honnef, Matthias Wapler and Ines Ketterer

Ceramics 2025, 8(4), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/ceramics8040126 - 4 Oct 2025

Viewed by 5496

Abstract

Barium strontium titanates (Ba_1−xSr_xTiO₃, BST) with varying barium-to-strontium ratios were synthesized by the solid-state route (SSR) as well as by the sol–gel process (SGP). In the case of the SSR, the strontium amount x was varied from [...] Read more.

Barium strontium titanates (Ba_1−xSr_xTiO₃, BST) with varying barium-to-strontium ratios were synthesized by the solid-state route (SSR) as well as by the sol–gel process (SGP). In the case of the SSR, the strontium amount x was varied from 0.0 to 0.25 in 0.05 steps, due to the enhanced synthetic effort, and in the case of the SGP, x was set only to 0.05, 0.15, and 0.25. The resulting properties after synthesis, calcination, and sintering, like particle size distribution, specific surface area, particle morphology, and crystalline phase were characterized. The expected tetragonal phase, free from any remarkable impurity, was found in all cases, and irrespective of the selected synthesis method. Pressed pellets were used for the measurement of the temperature and frequency-dependent relative permittivity enabling the estimation of the Curie temperatures of all synthesized BSTs. Irrespective of the selected synthesis method, the obtained Curie temperature drops with increasing strontium content to almost identical values, e.g., in the case of x = 0.15, a Curie temperature range 95–105 °C was measured. Thin BST films could be deposited on different substrate materials applying electrophoretic deposition in a good and reliable quality according to the Hamaker equation. The properties of the BSTs obtained by the simpler solid-state route are almost identical to the ones yielded by the more complex sol–gel process. In future, this result allows for a possible wider usage of BST perovskites for ferroelectric and piezoelectric devices due to the easy synthetic access by the solid-state route. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Electronic Ceramics, 2nd Edition)

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