Agronomy

18 pages, 5042 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Overexpression of an EnvZ-like Protein Improves the Symbiotic Performance of Mesorhizobia

by José Rodrigo da-Silva, Esther Menéndez, Solange Oliveira and Ana Alexandre

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1235; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051235 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 574

The two-component signal transduction system EnvZ/OmpR is described to mediate response to osmotic stress, although it regulates genes involved in other processes such as virulence, fatty acid uptake, exopolysaccharide production, peptide transportation, and flagella production. Considering that some of these processes [...] Read more.

The two-component signal transduction system EnvZ/OmpR is described to mediate response to osmotic stress, although it regulates genes involved in other processes such as virulence, fatty acid uptake, exopolysaccharide production, peptide transportation, and flagella production. Considering that some of these processes are known to be important for a successful symbiosis, the present study addresses the effects of extra envZ-like gene copies in the Mesorhizobium–chickpea symbiosis. Five Mesorhizobium-transformed strains, expressing the envZ-like gene from M. mediterraneum UPM-Ca36T, were evaluated in terms of symbiotic performance. Chickpea plants inoculated with envZ-transformed strains (PMI6envZ⁺ and EE7envZ⁺) showed a significantly higher symbiotic effectiveness as compared to the corresponding control. In plants inoculated with PMI6envZ+, a higher number of infection threads was observed, and nodules were visible 4 days earlier. Overall, our results showed that the overexpression of Env-like protein may influence the symbiotic process at different stages, leading to strain-dependent effects. This study contributes to elucidating the role of an EnvZ-like protein in the rhizobia–legume symbioses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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25 pages, 4506 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Cropping Systems Using Biochar for Wheat Production Across Contrasting Seasons in Ethiopian Highland Agroecology

by Desalew Fentie, Fekremariam Asargew Mihretie, Yudai Kohira, Solomon Addisu Legesse, Mekuanint Lewoyehu, Tassapak Wutisirirattanachai and Shinjiro Sato

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1227; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051227 - 18 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 823

Abstract

Biochar has recently emerged as a promising resource for enhancing crop productivity by improving the soil quality. However, there is limited understanding of how varying application rates of biochar combined with inorganic fertilizers impact crop productivity across diverse biophysical contexts. This study investigated [...] Read more.

Biochar has recently emerged as a promising resource for enhancing crop productivity by improving the soil quality. However, there is limited understanding of how varying application rates of biochar combined with inorganic fertilizers impact crop productivity across diverse biophysical contexts. This study investigated the effects of different rates of water hyacinth-derived biochar and fertilizer application on wheat production during the rainy and dry seasons. Four biochar rates (0, 5, 10, and 20 t ha⁻¹), three NPS fertilizer rates (0, 100, and 200 kg ha⁻¹), and two irrigation levels (50% and 100%; for the dry season only) were evaluated for wheat yield and profitability with a randomized complete block design. Soil amendment with both biochar and fertilizer improved wheat grain yield by 6.4% in the dry season and by 173% in the rainy season. Optimal grain yields were achieved with 10 t ha⁻¹ of biochar and 200 kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer in the rainy season, whereas in the dry season, the highest yield was observed with 20 t ha⁻¹ of biochar and 200 kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer under the full water requirement. Specifically, for the dry season, plant height, leaf area, soil plant analysis development (SPAD) of leaf value, dry biomass, spike length, spikelet number, and grain number significantly improved due to biochar and fertilizer application. Furthermore, reducing irrigation to 50% did not significantly affect growth and yield components when the soil was amended with biochar. The highest net return (5351 and 3084 USD ha⁻¹) was achieved with 10 t ha⁻¹ of biochar and 200 kg ha⁻¹ of fertilizer during the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. This study suggests that maximum yield improvement and economic benefits can be obtained through the combination of biochar application, appropriate fertilizer rates, and water management strategies in rainfed and irrigated cropping systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Crops in Sustainable Agriculture)

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22 pages, 1821 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Comparative Nutrient Study of Raphanus sativus L. Sprouts Microgreens, and Roots

by Dominika Kajszczak, Dorota Sosnowska, Radosław Bonikowski, Kamil Szymczak, Barbara Frąszczak, Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska and Anna Podsędek

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1216; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051216 - 17 May 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1245

Abstract

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Four red radish cultivars (Carmen, Jutrzenka, Saxa 2, and Warta) were evaluated for their macronutrients (protein, fat, available carbohydrates), as well as ash, and dietary fiber at the sprout, microgreen, and mature [...] Read more.

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable crop worldwide. Four red radish cultivars (Carmen, Jutrzenka, Saxa 2, and Warta) were evaluated for their macronutrients (protein, fat, available carbohydrates), as well as ash, and dietary fiber at the sprout, microgreen, and mature (root) stages. Fatty acids, organic acids, and sugars were also profiled by using chromatographic methods. Radish roots are characterized by a good chemical composition due to a lower fat content, lower energy value, and higher available carbohydrate content compared to sprouts and microgreens. Microgreens outperformed other forms of radish in terms of organic acids, ash, and soluble dietary fiber, while sprouts contained the most protein. Both immature forms of radish proved to be better sources of fiber than their mature roots. In all radish samples analyzed, glucose, oxalic acid, and oleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid were the dominant sugar, organic acid, and fatty acid, respectively. The results indicate a diverse composition of radish sprouts, microgreens, and roots, and confirm the validity of using red radishes in various forms as valuable components of our diet. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

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15 pages, 739 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advancing Research on Overlooked Invertebrates in Biological Control: A Case Study of Local Hoverflies and Wolf Spiders

by Rosemary A. Knapp, Robert McDougall and Paul A. Umina

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051203 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 708

Abstract

Preserving natural enemies in agricultural landscapes is a cornerstone of biological pest control, and avoiding insecticides and miticides that harm non-target species is a key strategy to support naturally occurring populations in the field. Current research on the impacts of these chemicals is [...] Read more.

Preserving natural enemies in agricultural landscapes is a cornerstone of biological pest control, and avoiding insecticides and miticides that harm non-target species is a key strategy to support naturally occurring populations in the field. Current research on the impacts of these chemicals is often biased toward a small number of commercially cultured species, leaving important knowledge gaps for those groups that naturally occur at local scales. Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and wolf spiders (Araneae: Lycosidae), both globally important invertebrates in agricultural systems, have been under-researched due to challenges in the field collection and laboratory cultivation of local species. This study helps to address these gaps by evaluating the effects of several widely used chemicals on Australian hoverflies (Melangyna sp.) and wolf spiders (Venatrix spp.) as case study species, with detailed descriptions of laboratory rearing and testing methodologies. The results from standardised chemical toxicity testing showed Venatrix spp. were relatively tolerant to various chemicals, highlighting their potential role in Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that combine chemical and biological control methods. In contrast, Melangyna sp. was sensitive to numerous chemicals tested, including some that are widely regarded as safe for non-target species. These findings emphasise the need to expand research on underrepresented natural enemy groups to effectively support biological control efforts at local scales. Specifically, the methodologies developed in this study can be adapted to facilitate further research on locally occurring hoverfly and spider species in other regions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Beneficial Insects Research for Conservation Biological Control)

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15 pages, 1588 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Bacterial Community Dynamics in Oil-Contaminated Soils in the Hyper-Arid Arava Valley

by Varsik Martirosyan, Ilan Stavi, Tirza Doniger, Itaii Applebaum, Chen Sherman, May Levi and Yosef Steinberger

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051198 - 15 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 654

Abstract

Petroleum pollution has become a substantial challenge in soil ecology. The soil bacterial consortia play a major role in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The main objective of this study was to assess changes in bacterial composition and diversity in oil-contaminated dryland soils. [...] Read more.

Petroleum pollution has become a substantial challenge in soil ecology. The soil bacterial consortia play a major role in the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. The main objective of this study was to assess changes in bacterial composition and diversity in oil-contaminated dryland soils. The Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique was used to study the bacterial diversity and structural change in hyper-arid oil-contaminated soil in the Arava Valley of Israel. The diversity and abundance of soil bacteria declined significantly following oil pollution. The dominant phyla in the petroleum-contaminated soils were Proteobacteria (~33% higher vs. control soil) and Patescibacteria (~2.5% higher vs. control soil), which are oil-associated and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. An opposite trend was found for the Actinobacteria (~8%), Chloroflexi (12%), Gemmatimonadetes (3%), and Planctomycetes (2%) phyla, with the lower abundances in contaminated soil vs. control soil. Investigation of long-term contaminated sites revealed significant genus-level taxonomic restructuring in soil bacterial communities. The most evident changes were observed in Mycobacterium, Alkanindiges, and uncultured bacterium-145, which showed marked abundance shifts between spill and control soils across decades. Particularly, hydrocarbon-degrading genera such as Pseudoxanthomonas demonstrated persistent dominance in contaminated sites. While some genera (e.g., Frigoribacterium, Leifsonia) declined over time, others—particularly Nocardioides and Streptomyces—exhibited substantial increases by 2014, suggesting potential ecological succession or adaptive selection. Minor but consistent changes were also detected in stress-tolerant genera like Blastococcus and Quadrisphaera. The effect of oil contamination on species diversity was greater at the 1975 site compared to the 2014 site. These patterns highlight the dynamic response of bacterial communities to chronic contamination, with implications for bioremediation and ecosystem recovery. The study results provide new insights into oil contamination-induced changes in soil bacterial community and may assist in designing appropriate biodegradation strategies to alleviate the impacts of oil contamination in drylands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations and Obstacles: Microbial Communities in the Journey of Soil Remediation)

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29 pages, 1701 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Microbially Enhanced Biofertilizers: Technologies, Mechanisms of Action, and Agricultural Applications

by Sylwia Figiel, Piotr Rusek, Urszula Ryszko and Marzena Sylwia Brodowska

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051191 - 15 May 2025

Viewed by 2397

Abstract

Intensive research has been conducted for many years to develop environmentally friendly techniques for plant cultivation that optimize the fertilization process. One of the most promising areas within the fertilizer industry is using microbiologically enriched fertilizers, which incorporate beneficial bacteria or fungi. Biofertilizers [...] Read more.

Intensive research has been conducted for many years to develop environmentally friendly techniques for plant cultivation that optimize the fertilization process. One of the most promising areas within the fertilizer industry is using microbiologically enriched fertilizers, which incorporate beneficial bacteria or fungi. Biofertilizers are the focus of studies on both their production technologies and their effects on crop growth and yield, presenting a potential alternative to conventional mineral fertilizers. The prolonged and improper use of mineral fertilizers, along with inadequate plant protection, a lack of organic fertilization, and poor crop rotation practices, negatively impact soil health, disrupting microbial populations and ultimately diminishing yield quality and quantity. Microorganisms, particularly specific groups known as plant growth -promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and beneficial fungi, are estimated to make up 85% of the total soil biomass and play a crucial role in soil fertility by mineralizing organic matter, suppressing pests and pathogens, forming humus, and maintaining proper soil structure. They also provide optimal conditions for plant growth. Soil microorganisms can be categorized as either autochthonous, naturally present in the soil, or zymogenic, which develop when easily assimilable organic matter is added. Key microorganisms such as Micrococcus, Bacillus, Azotobacter, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium significantly contribute to soil health and plant growth. Microbially enhanced fertilizers not only supply essential macro- and micronutrients but also improve soil quality, enhance nutrient use efficiency, protect plants against pathogens, and restore natural soil fertility, fostering a balanced biological environment for sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Biosystem and Biological Engineering)

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24 pages, 4094 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Much Longer Can We Tolerate Further Loss of Farmland Without Proper Planning? The Agrivoltaic Case in the Apulia Region (Italy)

by Anna Rita Bernadette Cammerino, Michela Ingaramo, Lorenzo Piacquadio and Massimo Monteleone

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1177; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051177 - 13 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 972

Abstract

The energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources is a key goal for the European Union, among others. Despite significant progress, Italy lags far behind the EU’s target of generating 55% of its electricity from renewables by 2030. The Apulia region in [...] Read more.

The energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable sources is a key goal for the European Union, among others. Despite significant progress, Italy lags far behind the EU’s target of generating 55% of its electricity from renewables by 2030. The Apulia region in Italy needs to achieve an additional 7.4 GW of installed renewable energy capacity compared to 2021. Renewable energy installations, particularly photovoltaic systems, require land that may compete with other uses like agriculture. This can lead to land-use changes that disrupt agricultural activities. Agrivoltaics (AV) offer a possible solution by allowing energy production and food growing on the same land, which can help alleviate conflicts between energy and food needs, although concerns about landscape impact remain. This study emphasizes the need for effective spatial planning to manage these risks of land use changes and quantify possible agricultural land occupation. A GIS-based analysis was conducted in Apulia using a three-step approach to assess land use and potential AV opportunities: (a) the land protection system identified by the Apulian Landscape Plan was used to obtain a Constraint Map; (b) the agricultural land use and capability classification together with land slope and exposure was used to obtain the AV Availability Map; and (c) agricultural land conversion scenarios were developed to quantify the potential capacity of future AV installations. The results showed that a 0.25% occupation of utilized agricultural land would allow a regional installed AV capacity of 1.3 GW, while doubling this percentage would double the installed capacity to 2.6 GW. The areas potentially involved by AV installations would be 3.25 and 6.50 thousand hectares, reaching 17.5% and 35.0% of the 2030 total renewable energy target. These figures should be considered a reasonable range of AV development in the region, which can contribute both to the energy transition and the support of the agricultural sector, especially in marginal areas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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20 pages, 2222 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Exploring the Impact of Improved Maize Seeds on Productivity of Tanzanian Family Farms: A Maize Seed Stochastic Simulation (MaizeSim) Approach

by Ibrahim L. Kadigi, Eliaza Mkuna and Stefan Sieber

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1167; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051167 - 11 May 2025

Viewed by 1574

Abstract

Investment in modern agricultural practices (MAPs) is crucial for improving crop productivity and household food availability in developing countries like Tanzania, where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy. This study assesses the impact of improved maize seeds on productivity across Tanzania’s agroecological [...] Read more.

Investment in modern agricultural practices (MAPs) is crucial for improving crop productivity and household food availability in developing countries like Tanzania, where agriculture forms the backbone of the economy. This study assesses the impact of improved maize seeds on productivity across Tanzania’s agroecological zones using data from the Tanzanian National Panel Survey (NPS) Wave 5. A stochastic simulation model (a non-parametric model, “MaizeSim”) was employed to account for the inherent variability and uncertainty considerations in maize yields, offering a more accurate representation of outcomes for both improved seed users and non-users. The results reveal that farmers who used improved seeds had a 33% probability of achieving yields above 2 t/ha, compared to only 11% for those using local varieties. Conversely, non-users faced a 65% probability of harvesting below 1 t/ha, while this probability dropped to 38% for improved seed users. Regionally, the highest productivity gains were observed in the Central, Southern Highlands, and Northern Highlands zones, whereas the Eastern Coastal, Southern, and Lake zones experienced minimal benefits. The findings underscore the critical importance of encouraging the adoption of improved seed varieties as a pathway to enhance maize productivity, particularly in regions with favorable agroecological conditions. This study provides valuable insights for the development of the Tanzanian Seed Sector Development Strategy 2030, advocating for policies that promote increased investment in improved maize seeds. The results suggest that sustained application of these seeds, alongside complementary interventions such as agronomic training and improved access to inputs, is essential for improving the productivity and food availability of Tanzanian smallholder farmers. By addressing regional disparities and promoting tailored seed varieties, this strategy could significantly enhance the resilience and productivity of the country’s maize sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Crop Production for Mitigating Environmental Impact and Increasing Yield)

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15 pages, 1817 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Amendments, Physicochemical Properties, and Metal Accumulation in Soils and Vegetables of Volcanic and Non-Volcanic Regions in Ecuador

by Lourdes Carrera-Beltrán, Irene Gavilanes-Terán, Julio Idrovo-Novillo, Cristina Ramos, Víctor Hugo Valverde, Verónica Bravo-Basantes, Steven Ramos-Romero, Concepción Paredes, Francisca Hernández, Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina and Antonio J. Signes-Pastor

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1166; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051166 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 843

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils threatens food security and public health, especially in volcanic regions where ash alters soil properties. This study evaluates the effects of soil amendments on physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and heavy metal accumulation in ash-affected (Mocha) and non-affected [...] Read more.

Heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils threatens food security and public health, especially in volcanic regions where ash alters soil properties. This study evaluates the effects of soil amendments on physicochemical properties, nutrient availability, and heavy metal accumulation in ash-affected (Mocha) and non-affected (Puyo) soils in Ecuador. A field experiment tested compost, poultry manure, inorganic fertilizer, and a control on onion (Allium fistulosum) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum). Soil analyses assessed the bulk density, texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nutrients, metals, and metalloid concentrations of the soils and crops. Mocha soils exhibited volcanic Andisol characteristics, while Puyo soils resembled eastern Ecuadorian soils, both showing high nitrogen but deficiencies in phosphorus, potassium, and calcium. Arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) levels in soils varied between regions but not among treatments. In Mocha, As bioavailability decreased with poultry manure and compost, while other metals remained stable except in fertilized soils. In Puyo, organic amendments reduced Hg, Pb, Ni, and Cr but increased them in fertilized soils. All treatments met Ecuadorian limits for As, Cd, Pb, and Ni but exceeded those for Hg and Cr. Organic amendments improved soil quality, reduced metal mobility, and supported sustainable agriculture, with Mocha soils appearing more suitable for cultivation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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15 pages, 13649 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Point Cloud Completion of Occluded Corn with a 3D Positional Gated Multilayer Perceptron and Prior Shape Encoder

by Yuliang Gao, Zhen Li, Tao Liu, Bin Li and Lifeng Zhang

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1155; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051155 - 9 May 2025

Viewed by 628

Abstract

To obtain the complete shape and pose of corn under occlusion, this study proposes a point cloud completion algorithm for completing the fragmented corn point cloud after segmentation. Considering that this work focuses on a single-class crop—corn—the proposals mainly focus on the deep [...] Read more.

To obtain the complete shape and pose of corn under occlusion, this study proposes a point cloud completion algorithm for completing the fragmented corn point cloud after segmentation. Considering that this work focuses on a single-class crop—corn—the proposals mainly focus on the deep learning model size and the completion of the overall shape of the corn. In this work, the 3D corn models derived from segmentation are employed to systematically output the fragmented point cloud data in batches. The Shape Coding PointAttN (SCPAN) algorithm is also proposed, which is based on PointAttN. The model’s structure is simplified to output sparse point clouds and minimize computational complexity, and a gated multilayer perceptron (MLP) containing 3D position coding is introduced to enhance the model’s spatial awareness. In addition, the prior shape encoder module is initially trained and subsequently integrated into the model to enhance its focus on shape characteristics. Compared to the original model, PointAttN, SCPAN achieves a 34.2% reduction in the number of parameters, and the inference time is reduced by 30 ms while maintaining comparable accuracy. The experimental results show that the proposed method can complete the corn point cloud more effectively, using a small model to help estimate the pose and dimensions of corn accurately. This work supports the precise phenotypic analysis of corn and similar crops, such as citrus and tomatoes, and promotes the development of smart agricultural technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intelligent Detection and Classification of External Traits in Crop Plants, Fruits, and Vegetables)

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15 pages, 2156 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Essential Oil Components on the Growth Inhibition of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum During Potato Storage

by Martin Kmoch, Věra Loubová, Renata Švecová and Barbora Jílková

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1126; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051126 - 2 May 2025

Viewed by 986

Abstract

Fusarium dry rot of potato may be caused by several species of the genus Fusarium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oil (EO) components (α-pinene, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, D-carvone, eucalyptol, L-linalool, L-menthol, L-menthone, (R)-(+)-limonene and thymol) on the growth [...] Read more.

Fusarium dry rot of potato may be caused by several species of the genus Fusarium. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of essential oil (EO) components (α-pinene, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, D-carvone, eucalyptol, L-linalool, L-menthol, L-menthone, (R)-(+)-limonene and thymol) on the growth of Fusarium solani var. coeruleum using in vitro and in vivo experiments. All the evaluated EO components had a significant effect on the pathogen growth inhibition. Under in vitro conditions, the strongest inhibitory effect on mycelial growth was recorded for carvacrol, thymol, L-menthol and cinnamaldehyde. In vivo experiments confirmed the efficacy of selected EO components. The application of EO components was done by tuber dressing and fumigation. After treating tubers with EO components by dressing and fumigation, a statistically highly significant reduction in tuber infection with the pathogen was observed. Dressing usually had a stronger effect on the reduction in pathogen tuber infection (56.07–81.44%) compared to fumigation (40.03–69.63%). EO components did not have any significant effect on the organoleptic characteristics of cooked tubers; however, during tasting, a deteriorated quality of EO component-dressed tubers was found due to the off-odor and taste of the applied EO components. EO components have a high potential for ecological tuber protection against F. solani var. coeruleum during storage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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20 pages, 6353 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effects of Wood Ash Fertilizer on Element Dynamics in Soil Solution and Crop Uptake

by Chuanzhen Jian, Toru Hamamoto, Chihiro Inoue, Mei-Fang Chien, Hiroshi Naganuma, Takehito Mori, Akihiro Sawada, Masafumi Hidaka, Hiroyuki Setoyama and Tomoyuki Makino

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1097; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051097 - 30 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2554

Abstract

Wood ash, a byproduct of woody biomass power generation, has potential as an alternative K fertilizer due to its high K content and pH-raising properties. However, concerns remain about heavy metal contaminants like Cr and the limited understanding of element dynamics in soil–solution–crop [...] Read more.

Wood ash, a byproduct of woody biomass power generation, has potential as an alternative K fertilizer due to its high K content and pH-raising properties. However, concerns remain about heavy metal contaminants like Cr and the limited understanding of element dynamics in soil–solution–crop systems after wood ash’s application. This study examined the effects of 1% (w/w) wood ash on element dynamics and komatsuna (Brassica rapa var. perviridis) uptake in low-K soil through a pot experiment. XRD was used to analyze mineral composition, SEM-EDS to observe surface and elemental properties, and XANES to examine Cr speciation in wood ash. Soil solution analysis covered macro- and micronutrients, heavy metals, anions, pH, and DOC, while crop element concentrations and aboveground dry weight were also quantified. The chemical speciation of Cu and Cr in a soil solution was modeled using Visual MINTEQ. Wood ash significantly increased K concentrations (from 17 mg/L to 650 mg/L) in the soil solution, along with Ca, Mg, P, and Mo, while reducing Ni, Mn, Zn, and Cd levels. Komatsuna K uptake surged from 123 mg/kg to 559 mg/kg, leading to a 3.31-fold biomass increase. Notably, the Cd concentration in the crops dropped significantly from 0.709 to 0.057 mg/kg, well below the Codex standard of 0.2 mg/kg. Although Cu and Cr concentrations rose in the soil solution, crop uptake remained low due to >99% complexation with fulvic acid, as confirmed by Visual MINTEQ modeling. This study confirms that wood ash is an effective K fertilizer, but emphasizes the need for risk mitigation strategies to ensure safe and sustainable agricultural application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Heavy Metal Pollution and Prevention in Agricultural Soils)

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20 pages, 2167 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Amino Acid Profile of Must and Aromatic Potential of 30 Minor Grape Varieties Grown in Alcalá de Henares (Spain)

by Francisco Emmanuel Espinosa-Roldán, M. Esperanza Valdés Sánchez, Raquel Pavo Rico, Daniel Moreno Cardona, Fernando Martínez de Toda and Gregorio Muñoz-Organero

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1111; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051111 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 813

Abstract

Amino acid composition and nitrogen quantification in grape must are of great importance given their usefulness for varietal characterization, influence on fermentation processes and identification of the aromatic potential of musts. The objective of this work was to determinate the amino acid and [...] Read more.

Amino acid composition and nitrogen quantification in grape must are of great importance given their usefulness for varietal characterization, influence on fermentation processes and identification of the aromatic potential of musts. The objective of this work was to determinate the amino acid and nitrogen compound profiles of 30 minority varieties of potential use in winemaking, all grown in the same ampelographic collection in Alcalá de Henares. The concentrations of 31 amino acids in must were identified and quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) during four seasons (2020 to 2023), and the average values of total free amino acids (TAN), yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN) and aromatic precursor nitrogen (APN) were calculated for each variety. ‘Tazazonal’, a minority red grape variety, was found to exhibit high concentrations of yeast assimilable nitrogen (YAN), total amino nitrogen (TAN) and ammonia nitrogen (APN), comparable to those observed in ‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Garnacha Tinta’. These two cultivars are representative of traditional Spanish red grapevine varieties and are among the most widely cultivated in the country. In the case of white varieties, ‘Albillo del Pozo’, ‘Pintada’ and ‘Verdejo Serrano’ showed higher concentrations of these parameters than ‘Malvar’ and ‘Airén’, which are also widely grown in Spain. The results revealed distinct amino acid profiles for each variety, enabling their classification and supporting the identification of variants within the autochthonous germplasm. This approach aimed to highlight minority varieties of potential interest for future studies, given their relevance to both regional and national viticulture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Viticulture and Winemaking: Adapting to a Changing Climate)

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17 pages, 2053 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Phytoplankton Biomass on the Growth and Development of Agricultural Plants

by Jurga Jankauskienė, Kornelija Janušaitienė, Jūratė Karosienė, Ričardas Paškauskas, Sigita Jurkonienė and Rima Mockevičiūtė

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1120; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051120 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 552

Abstract

The agricultural sector plays one of the pivotal roles in fulfilling the objectives set forth by the EU Green Deal. However, the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers has contributed to nutrient over-enrichment in aquatic ecosystems, promoting eutrophication due to excess nitrogen inputs from [...] Read more.

The agricultural sector plays one of the pivotal roles in fulfilling the objectives set forth by the EU Green Deal. However, the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers has contributed to nutrient over-enrichment in aquatic ecosystems, promoting eutrophication due to excess nitrogen inputs from fertilizers. This phenomenon is a key driver of rapid and excessive algal blooms in rivers, lakes, and seas. In this study, three globally cultivated crop species—oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and pea (Pisum sativum L.)—were selected for experimental analysis, including the assessment of biochemical parameters such as proline content, lipid peroxidation levels, hydrogen peroxide production, total phenol content, and antioxidant activity, which were evaluated to determine the potential of phytoplankton biomass as a substitute for synthetic fertilizers. Various quantities of lyophilized phytoplankton biomass, collected from the Curonian Lagoon, a biologically productive and ecologically sensitive brackish water body in the southeastern Baltic region, were incorporated into the growth substrates of the studied plants. The findings indicate that utilizing excess phytoplankton biomass can serve not only as a plant growth biostimulant but also as a sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers, thereby contributing to improved water quality and more environmentally responsible agricultural practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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19 pages, 3179 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Impact of Spring Wheat Varieties and Legume Species Intercropping on Organic Wheat Production

by Petra Hlásná Čepková, Trong Nghia Hoang, Petr Konvalina, Gabriela Mühlbachová, Ivana Capouchová, Pavel Svoboda, Tomáš Čermák and Dagmar Janovská

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1096; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051096 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 836

Abstract

Intercropping, the cultivation of two or more crops in the same field, is known to have numerous environmental and economic benefits. The success of such systems depends on geographical location, climatic conditions, and the choice of crop varieties, especially in organic systems. This [...] Read more.

Intercropping, the cultivation of two or more crops in the same field, is known to have numerous environmental and economic benefits. The success of such systems depends on geographical location, climatic conditions, and the choice of crop varieties, especially in organic systems. This study aimed to assess the effect of the sowing method, wheat variety, legume species on wheat grain yield and quality, and macro-elements of soil and plants. A three-year field experiment in intercropping spring wheat and legume species was performed at an organic-certified field of Czech Agrifood Research Center, Prague. Three spring wheat varieties (Alicia, Hystrix, and Toccata), two legume species (pea and faba bean), and two sowing methods (mixed and row-by-row) were used. Although the intercropping of wheat variety and legume species did not improve wheat yield, wheat grain quality and soil and plant nutrition content were enhanced in wheat and legume mixtures compared to monoculture wheat. Notably, the mixed cropping method resulted in significantly higher yields than the row-by-row method. Furthermore, the baking quality of wheat grains from intercropping systems was superior to that of monoculture wheat. The results highlight the potential of tailored intercropping systems to optimize agricultural efficiency and sustainability, especially in the face of changes in climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Innovative Cropping Systems)

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12 pages, 2848 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Residue Management: Influence on Soil Chemical Properties Across Different Application Technologies

by Urte Mecione, Modupe Olufemi Doyeni and Vita Tilvikiene

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1121; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051121 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 761

Abstract

The use of crop residues is increasing across farming systems as part of climate change mitigation efforts and agricultural management practices to improve soil health. Hemp residues offer valuable potential in these efforts due to their rich nutrient composition. However, the complex chemical [...] Read more.

The use of crop residues is increasing across farming systems as part of climate change mitigation efforts and agricultural management practices to improve soil health. Hemp residues offer valuable potential in these efforts due to their rich nutrient composition. However, the complex chemical composition of hemp residue could pose a significant challenge by slowing the decomposition rate if not adequately managed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of different timings of hemp residue incorporation, soil tillage practices, and mode of application on the rate of mineralization and soil chemical parameters. A complete randomized design field trial was conducted on hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) residue incorporation across different seasonal periods and modes of application. The results showed that the fastest mineralization occurred when hemp residue was incorporated in autumn, while the slowest mineralization was observed when the residue was left on the surface of the soil as mulch. The application of hemp residues over three years led to a slight increase in soil pH from an initial value of 4.9; however, this change was not statistically significant. Similarly, nitrogen content did not change significantly between the different periods after applying hemp residues. In contrast, hemp residues contributed to an increase in soil carbon content. Overall, this study emphasizes the need to optimize hemp residue management to maximize its benefits for enhancing soil chemical properties and promoting sustainable agriculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Health and Properties in a Changing Environment)

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12 pages, 2844 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

End-to-End Deep Learning Approach to Automated Phenotyping of Greenhouse-Grown Plant Shoots

by Evgeny Gladilin, Narendra Narisetti, Kerstin Neumann and Thomas Altmann

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1117; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051117 - 30 Apr 2025

Viewed by 511

Abstract

High-throughput image analysis is a key tool for the efficient assessment of quantitative plant phenotypes. A typical approach to the computation of quantitative plant traits from image data consists of two major steps including (i) image segmentation followed by (ii) calculation of quantitative [...] Read more.

High-throughput image analysis is a key tool for the efficient assessment of quantitative plant phenotypes. A typical approach to the computation of quantitative plant traits from image data consists of two major steps including (i) image segmentation followed by (ii) calculation of quantitative traits of segmented plant structures. Despite substantial advancements in deep learning-based segmentation techniques, minor artifacts of image segmentation cannot be completely avoided. For several commonly used traits including plant width, height, convex hull, etc., even small inaccuracies in image segmentation can lead to large errors. Ad hoc approaches to cleaning ’small noisy structures’ are, in general, data-dependent and may lead to substantial loss of relevant small plant structures and, consequently, falsified phenotypic traits. Here, we present a straightforward end-to-end approach to direct computation of phenotypic traits from image data using a deep learning regression model. Our experimental results show that image-to-trait regression models outperform a conventional segmentation-based approach for a number of commonly sought plant traits of plant morphology and health including shoot area, linear dimensions and color fingerprints. Since segmentation is missing in predictions of regression models, visualization of activation layer maps can still be used as a blueprint to model explainability. Although end-to-end models have a number of limitations compared to more complex network architectures, they can still be of interest for multiple phenotyping scenarios with fixed optical setups (such as high-throughput greenhouse screenings), where the accuracy of routine trait predictions and not necessarily the generalizability is the primary goal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Approaches to Phenotyping in Plant Research)

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19 pages, 5766 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tree-to-Me: Standards-Driven Traceability for Farm-Level Visibility

by Ya Cho, Arbind Agrahari Baniya and Kieran Murphy

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1074; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051074 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 819

Abstract

Traditional horticultural information systems lack fine-grained, transparent on-farm event traceability, often providing only high-level post-harvest summaries. These systems also fail to standardise and integrate diverse data sources, ensure data privacy, and scale effectively to meet the demands of modern agriculture. Concurrently, rising requirements [...] Read more.

Traditional horticultural information systems lack fine-grained, transparent on-farm event traceability, often providing only high-level post-harvest summaries. These systems also fail to standardise and integrate diverse data sources, ensure data privacy, and scale effectively to meet the demands of modern agriculture. Concurrently, rising requirements for global environmental, social, and governance (ESG) compliance, notably Scope 3 emissions reporting, are driving the need for farm-level visibility. To address these gaps, this study proposes a novel traceability framework tailored to horticulture, leveraging global data standards. The system captures key on-farm events (e.g., irrigation, harvesting, and chemical applications) at varied resolutions, using decentralised identification, secure data-sharing protocols, and farmer-controlled access. Built on a progressive Web application with microservice-enabled cloud infrastructure, the platform integrates dynamic APIs and digital links to connect on-farm operations and external supply chains, resolving farm-level data bottlenecks. Initial testing on Victorian farms demonstrates its scalability potential. Pilot studies further validate its on-farm interoperability and support for sustainability claims through digitally verifiable credentials for an international horticultural export case study. The system also provides a tested baseline for integrating data to and from emerging technologies, such as farm robotics and digital twins, with potential for broader application across agricultural commodities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Precision and Digital Agriculture)

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14 pages, 2952 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Optimizing Maize Agronomic Performance Through Adaptive Management Systems in the Mid-Atlantic United States

by Unius Arinaitwe, Wade Thomason, William Hunter Frame, Mark S. Reiter and David Langston

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1059; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051059 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 564

Abstract

Maize (corn) (Zea mays L.) yield is influenced by complex factors, including abiotic and biotic stress and inconsistent nutrient use efficiency, which challenge optimal yield. Standard management recommendations often fall short, prompting interest in intensive management strategies within an Adaptive Maize Management [...] Read more.

Maize (corn) (Zea mays L.) yield is influenced by complex factors, including abiotic and biotic stress and inconsistent nutrient use efficiency, which challenge optimal yield. Standard management recommendations often fall short, prompting interest in intensive management strategies within an Adaptive Maize Management System (ACMS). To investigate this, we employed an addition/omission technique within a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to compare standard maize management recommendations with an intensive management protocol aimed at identifying yield-limiting factors. Our intensive management approach combined early-season biostimulant applications with mid-season supplementation of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and nitrogen (N) at the V7 stage, followed by foliar fungicides and additional foliar N at the R1 stage. Field trials spanned five Virginia locations over 2022 and 2023 under both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, yielding ten site-years of data. Analysis via ANOVA in JMP^® Version 18 with Dunnett’s test revealed that the intensive management approach significantly increased grain yield in 3 of 10 experiments. Under non-irrigated conditions, the intensive management practices averaged 5.9% higher yield than the standard management check. We observed a higher response to irrigation in standard management check (34%) than in intensive management check (8.9%). Site-specific irrigation impacts ranged from 14% to 61%. Results emphasize site-specific input recommendations for yield enhancement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Efficient Strategies for the Utilization of Water Resources and Nutrients and Crop Production)

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10 pages, 226 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Enhancing Agroecosystem Sustainability by Means of Cover Crops in the Era of Climate Change

by Ioannis Gazoulis, Panagiotis Kanatas, Dimitra Petraki, Nikolaos Antonopoulos, Metaxia Kokkini, Marios Danaskos and Ilias Travlos

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1051; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051051 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 816

Abstract

Climate change has become one of the biggest challenges for farmers, advisors, researchers, and policymakers in recent years. Concerns about food security and the economic future have led these groups to search for methods to adapt to and mitigate climate change. In this [...] Read more.

Climate change has become one of the biggest challenges for farmers, advisors, researchers, and policymakers in recent years. Concerns about food security and the economic future have led these groups to search for methods to adapt to and mitigate climate change. In this context, cover crops have emerged as an important tool to improve soil health, prevent nitrate leaching, and increase crop productivity. The main objective of this review is to explore the multiple benefits of cover crops, including their role in improving soil health, sequestering CO₂, fixing N₂, and enhancing gas exchange, all of which contribute to the sustainability of agricultural systems under climate change conditions. One of the key findings of this research is that cover crop cultivation must be carefully tailored to the specific site, farm, intended purpose, and top priority, taking into account factors such as species selection, crop duration, and termination methods. Certain cover crop species have the potential to mitigate important climate change factors, such as soil erosion and nitrogen leaching, while increasing soil organic matter. However, many studies often focus on only one aspect of cover crops, overlooking the full range of ecosystem services they provide. In addition, future research must also address the economic challenges associated with cover crops. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroclimatology and Crop Production: Adapting to Climate Change)

26 pages, 1641 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

How Weed Flora Evolves in Cereal Fields in Relation to the Agricultural Environment and Farming Practices in Different Sub-Regions of Eastern Hungary

by Erzsébet Tóth, Zita Dorner, János György Nagy and Mihály Zalai

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051033 - 25 Apr 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 600

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between abiotic factors, farming practices, and weed growth in winter wheat fields in Eastern Hungary. It examines the order of weed dominance and the influence of soil, environmental, and agricultural variables on weed composition and diversity before herbicide [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between abiotic factors, farming practices, and weed growth in winter wheat fields in Eastern Hungary. It examines the order of weed dominance and the influence of soil, environmental, and agricultural variables on weed composition and diversity before herbicide application. The research was conducted across four sub-regions in the Great Hungarian Plain, each with distinct soil, hydrological, and geographical conditions. Between 2018 and 2021, 103 fields were surveyed and weed species cover was recorded using EPPO-based identification and quadrat sampling. Soil properties, environmental conditions, and farming practices were documented through soil analysis, geographical data, and farmer interviews. Statistical analyses were preformed including ANCOVA, redundancy analysis, and Shannon diversity index calculations. The results show that common weed species include Veronica hederifolia, Stellaria media, and Apera spica-venti, with winter annuals dominating. Soil compaction and salinity affected weed diversity, while increased copper and zinc concentrations had minor effects on weed coverage. Farming practices, particularly tillage systems and fertilizer use, had a significant effect on species richness and diversity. Different regional and annual weed distributions were observed, with correlation between certain tillage systems and specific weed species. The results emphasize the need for climate-conscious farming practices, and we recommend prioritising shallow cultivation and deep loosening over ploughing in order to manage weed populations effectively. These insights contribute to sustainable weed management strategies in cereal production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Ecology, Evolution and Management)

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20 pages, 5504 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Influence of Light Intensity and Nutrient Concentration on Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Seedling Growth

by Kiet Anh Huynh, Márton Jolánkai, Mária Katalin Kassai, Gergő Péter Kovács, Csaba Gyuricza and László Balázs

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1037; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051037 - 25 Apr 2025

Viewed by 821

Abstract

Light and nutrient availability are critical factors of plant growth and development, particularly at the early stages, where they significantly influence the establishment and survival of young seedlings. The morphological parameters and the biomass accumulation of soybean were measured in a hydroponic vertical [...] Read more.

Light and nutrient availability are critical factors of plant growth and development, particularly at the early stages, where they significantly influence the establishment and survival of young seedlings. The morphological parameters and the biomass accumulation of soybean were measured in a hydroponic vertical farm in the first 14 days of seedling growth in two successive experiments under two types of lighting environments and at three nutrient concentration levels. The lighting conditions were set by two parallel variable-spectrum linear luminaires positioned above the lower and upper edges of the cultivation trays. In the first lighting environment, seedlings were exposed to a constant photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) with red and blue photon irradiance ratio (R/B) varying in broad range from the lower to the upper end of the cultivation trays. In the second environment, the spatial R/B distribution was uniform, and the PPFD varied between two maxima at the edges and a minimum in the middle of the trays. The R/B ratio within the 0.6–6 interval had little or no effect on plant development. We report the dependence of growth traits as a function of PPFD in the range of 30–290 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in full-strength, half-strength, and blank nutrient solutions. The light response for shoot height and the first internode length was mainly influenced by blue light. We observed a rapid decline in growth between 6–20 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ blue photon irradiance. The shoot height and first internode length did not change significantly at higher blue light intensities. The lengths of the first internode and the root dry mass did depend on the nutrient solution strength. All other growth traits, including stem diameter, leaf size, shoot mass, root mass, and SPAD readings, showed a linear correlation with PPFD and electrical conductivity. The leaf mass and root mass ratios indicated that soybeans adopt a nutrient search strategy by giving preference for root growth while increasing shoot height at the expense of the shoot diameter in conditions of low nutrient availability and low light intensity. The functional relationships determined in the experiments provide valuable inputs to plant growth models. The methodology we employed could also be used to study other plant species and to investigate the interactive effects of specific nutrients and lighting conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) Automation and Crop Management)

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11 pages, 1209 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Influence of Management on the Content of Macro- and Microelements in Plant Shoots of a Meadow Sward of an Arrhenatheretalia Plant Community

by Daniel Pruchniewicz, Zbigniew Łobas, Agnieszka Dradrach and Ludwik Żołnierz

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051020 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 459

Abstract

The concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in meadow swards should be influenced by habitat factors and by different meadow and pasture management methods. Therefore, the aim of the study was to learn about the ranges of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in selected species [...] Read more.

The concentrations of macro- and micro-nutrients in meadow swards should be influenced by habitat factors and by different meadow and pasture management methods. Therefore, the aim of the study was to learn about the ranges of macro- and micro-nutrient contents in selected species characteristic of mesic meadows, their sward and dead organic matter in relation to the concentrations in mountain soils and to different management methods. The study was conducted in the Central Sudetes (SW Poland) within meadow phytocoenoses representing the Arrhenatheretalia order managed in a mowing, mowing-pasture and fallowing manner. The studied species of dicotyledon herbs and grasses showed differences in the uptake of nutrients between those two plant groups, regarding such elements as phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and manganese. The comparison between forbs, grasses and the entire meadow sward revealed the highest contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper were recorded in forbs, and the lowest in the sward. In the case of manganese, the inverse relationship was observed. The management methods did not have a strong influence on element concentrations in studied plant species and sward. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Biology and Ecology: Importance to Integrated Weed Management)

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17 pages, 1818 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Tuber Growth and Nutritional Traits in Deficit Irrigated Potatoes

by Rosario Paolo Mauro and Anita Ierna

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051019 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 614

Abstract

Knowledge of tuber growth and nutritional traits response of early potatoes to dynamic deficit irrigation is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate, over two growing seasons and using two potato cultivars (Arinda and Timate), the effects of five irrigation regimes on mean tuber [...] Read more.

Knowledge of tuber growth and nutritional traits response of early potatoes to dynamic deficit irrigation is lacking. This study aimed to evaluate, over two growing seasons and using two potato cultivars (Arinda and Timate), the effects of five irrigation regimes on mean tuber weight and nutritional profile (starch, dry matter, protein, reducing sugars, and ash content) during tuber growth and at final harvest. The irrigation treatments included I₀ (dry control), I₁₀₀ (100% ETm from tuber initiation to the end of tuber growth), I_100-0 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then no irrigation), I_100-50 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then 50% ETm), and I_100-75 (100% ETm until 50% of tuber growth, then 75% ETm). Regardless of cultivars and seasons, I_100-50 led to higher starch content and comparable mean tuber weight, dry matter, protein, reducing sugars, and ash contents compared to I₁₀₀, with a saving of irrigation water of about 800 m³ ha⁻¹ per season. Moreover, I_100-0 did not substantially modify mean tuber weight compared to I₁₀₀ but improved tubers’ nutritional profile by higher starch and dry matter contents and comparable values of reducing sugars and ash, providing a water saving of about 1500 m³ ha⁻¹ per season. The studied cultivars behaved similarly with respect to the irrigation regimes. In conclusion, it was possible to effectively apply dynamic deficit irrigation to save irrigation water without compromising tuber weight and nutritional traits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Response Mechanism of Plants to Water in Efficient Water-Saving Irrigation Technologies)

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24 pages, 305 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Determination of the Effect of Organic Matter Addition to Mineral Soil on Nickel Detoxification in Radish, Its Yield, Nitrogen Metabolism and Chloroplast Pigments

by Kamil Misiak, Maciej Bosiacki and Magda Formela-Luboińska

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051018 - 24 Apr 2025

Viewed by 708

Abstract

Understanding soil properties that govern physicochemical and biological processes is essential for achieving high crop quality and yield. Organic matter is an important element of soil fertility and fertility in vegetable cultivation. In the process of decomposition of organic matter in the soil, [...] Read more.

Understanding soil properties that govern physicochemical and biological processes is essential for achieving high crop quality and yield. Organic matter is an important element of soil fertility and fertility in vegetable cultivation. In the process of decomposition of organic matter in the soil, humus of various quality is formed. The quality of humus depends on the content of individual acids (fulvic, humic and hymatomalanic acids) in it, which can affect the binding–chelation of heavy metals, limiting their availability to plants. The conducted studies determined the effect of adding organic matter (high peat, brown coal and wheat straw) to mineral soil on nickel detoxification in radish, its yield, nitrogen management and chloroplast pigments. The studies were conducted for three years in a greenhouse in a container system. The tested substrates were contaminated with nickel in the amount of 50, 75 and 100 mg dm⁻³. It was found that introducing organic matter into mineral soil can affect the reduction as well as the increase in nickel content in edible parts of radish. The type of organic material introduced into mineral soil as a source of organic matter has a significant impact on nickel content in radish. It was shown that nitrate reductase activity (NR) depends to a large extent on the substrate in which the plants are grown as well as on the applied dose of nickel. A similar relationship was demonstrated in the case of changes in the level of chloroplast pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

13 pages, 843 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Life Cycle of the Dagger Nematode Xiphinema israeliae and the Host Suitability of Olive and Fig for X. israeliae and X. italiae

by Emmanuel A. Tzortzakakis, Juan E. Palomares-Rius, Ana García-Velázquez, Rosana Salazar-García, Pablo Castillo and Antonio Archidona-Yuste

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1013; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051013 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 611

Abstract

Xiphinema israeliae has been reported in the rhizosphere of olives in Crete, Greece. Attempts were made to culture this nematode in pots planted with olive and fig seedlings, using Xiphinema index as a control. In these conditions, X. index showed a high reproduction [...] Read more.

Xiphinema israeliae has been reported in the rhizosphere of olives in Crete, Greece. Attempts were made to culture this nematode in pots planted with olive and fig seedlings, using Xiphinema index as a control. In these conditions, X. index showed a high reproduction rate on fig in a few months and none on olive. The experiments with X. israeliae indicated that olive and fig are suitable hosts for this dagger nematode, since juveniles of various life stages were found in plants inoculated exclusively with females, although the rate of nematode reproduction was low. Xiphinema israeliae was proved to have a parthenogenetic reproduction and a long life cycle, from female to female, taking more than nine months at a 24–26 °C temperature to complete. Therefore, a quite long period, even a few years, may be necessary to obtain a high number of nematodes in pots under experimental conditions. In contrast, Xiphinema italiae did not reproduce on olive and fig after a seven-month period. Accordingly, to our knowledge, this study increases the host range and knowledge about the culturing of these species, as only seven species of Xiphinema have been successfully cultured in pots till now. The potential of fig and olive for culturing X. israeliae gives an opportunity for further studies of its biology and host range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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33 pages, 2644 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Bioaerosols in Agriculture: A Comprehensive Approach for Sustainable Crop Health and Environmental Balance

by Njomza Gashi, Zsombor Szőke, Péter Fauszt, Péter Dávid, Maja Mikolás, Ferenc Gál, László Stündl, Judit Remenyik and Melinda Paholcsek

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1003; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051003 - 22 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1357

Abstract

Bioaerosols have risen as pivotal constituents of airborne particles. Closely intertwined with the agricultural domain, these particles exert a significant influence on crops through the dissemination of various microorganisms that modulate crop growth dynamics, adaptive responses to environmental stimuli, and the nutritional profile [...] Read more.

Bioaerosols have risen as pivotal constituents of airborne particles. Closely intertwined with the agricultural domain, these particles exert a significant influence on crops through the dissemination of various microorganisms that modulate crop growth dynamics, adaptive responses to environmental stimuli, and the nutritional profile of agricultural products. As the main vector, airborne particles are at the forefront in the transmission of plant pathogens. Therefore, this review explains the main factors influencing their composition in agricultural settings and their spreading. Furthermore, it elucidates the complex bioaerosol-based communication networks, including bacteria–bacteria, bacteria–plant, and plant–plant interactions, mediated by specialized volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by plants and bacterial volatile compounds (BVCs) produced by bacteria. These compounds play a crucial role in synchronizing stress responses and facilitating adaptive processes. They serve as a pathway for influencing and regulating the behavior of both plants and microorganisms. Delving into their origin and dispersion, we assess the key methods for their collection and analysis while also comparing the strengths and weaknesses of various sampling techniques. The discussion also extends to delineating the roles of such particles in the formation of biodiversity. Central to this discourse is an in-depth exploration of their role in the agricultural context, particularly focusing on their potential utility in forecasting pathogen transmission and subsequent plant diseases. This review also highlights the importance of applying bioaerosol-based strategies in the promotion of sustainable agricultural practices, thus contributing to the advancement of ecological balance and food security, which remains a neglected area in scientific research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exploring the Diversity of Endophytic Microorganisms: From Microbial Ecology to Agronomic Applications)

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24 pages, 3411 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Virus–Host Interactions and Genetic Exchange in Mixed Infections of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV), Tomato Leaf Curl New Delhi Virus (ToLCNDV), and Tomato Chlorosis Virus (ToCV)

by Isabel M. Fortes, Luis Díaz-Martínez, Enrique Moriones and Ana Grande-Pérez

Agronomy 2025, 15(5), 1006; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15051006 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1180

Abstract

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are emerging viruses that cause significant damage to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). TYLCV and ToLCNDV are single-stranded DNA viruses from the genus Begomovirus, [...] Read more.

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), and tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) are emerging viruses that cause significant damage to tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). TYLCV and ToLCNDV are single-stranded DNA viruses from the genus Begomovirus, family Geminiviridae, while ToCV is an RNA virus from the genus Crinivirus (family Closteroviridae). These viruses share overlapping geographic ranges, vectors (the whitefly Bemisia tabaci), and host plants, making mixed infections common. This study investigated interactions between TYLCV and ToLCNDV and between ToLCNDV and ToCV in mixed infections of susceptible and TYLCV-resistant tomato genotypes. We evaluated infection, disease development, trans-replication of genome components, and genetic exchange. Our results showed no significant synergistic or antagonistic interactions, complementation, or interference between the viruses. TYLCV resistance in tomato genotypes remained stable. The DNA-B component of ToLCNDV exhibited impaired functionality and was not complemented by TYLCV. No evidence was found that the crinivirus tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) enhances ToLCNDV infection, suggesting limited interactions despite shared vectors. Genetic exchange was detected in defective DNA (def-DNA) molecules using high-throughput sequencing (HTS), indicating potential genetic interactions between these viruses. These findings suggest that mixed infections do not pose immediate concerns for increased pathogenicity but highlight the ecological implications of genetic exchange, warranting further study of the evolutionary consequences of such interactions in mixed-virus environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Role of RNA and ssDNA Viruses in Plant–Virus/Viroid Interactions)

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13 pages, 1119 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Long-Term Low-Rate Biochar Application Enhances Soil Organic Carbon Without Affecting Sorghum Yield in a Calcaric Cambisol

by Qiuxia Liu, Jinsong Wang, Anqi Sun, Erwei Dong, Yuan Wang, Xiaolei Huang, Hang-Wei Hu and Xiaoyan Jiao

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 995; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040995 - 21 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 829

Abstract

Biochar has gained significant attention for its potential in carbon sequestration, soil health improvement, and crop production sustainability. However, the existing studies predominantly focus on short-term experiments conducted in acidic or neutral soils. This study investigates the long-term effects of biochar application in [...] Read more.

Biochar has gained significant attention for its potential in carbon sequestration, soil health improvement, and crop production sustainability. However, the existing studies predominantly focus on short-term experiments conducted in acidic or neutral soils. This study investigates the long-term effects of biochar application in a calcaric cambisol in a field experiment with four treatments: CK (no fertilizer or biochar), B (only biochar), NPK (chemical fertilizer), and NPKB (combination of chemical fertilizer and biochar). This study assessed soil organic carbon (SOC), sorghum yield, soil bacteria, plant nutrient accumulation in 2020 and 2022, and soil chemical properties after 12 years of consecutive application in 2022. The results revealed a significant increase in SOC due to biochar application in both 2020 and 2022 compared to the treatments without biochar. The 12-year biochar application also significantly enhanced soil total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), and available potassium (K), irrespective of chemical fertilizer application. Notably, sorghum plant N and P accumulation remained unaffected by biochar, and plant N accumulation induced by NPKB was even lower than that of the NPK treatment in 2022. Furthermore, soil bacterial diversity and composition, as well as sorghum yield, showed no significant alterations due to biochar application in both years, despite increased soil nutrient content. These findings affirmed the benefits of carbon accumulation through long-term biochar application in calcaric cambisols, but the positive effects on crop production were found to be negligible. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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27 pages, 7356 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Garlic Extracts Nanoliposome as an Enhancer of Bioavailability of ABA and Thiamine Content and as an Antifungal Agent Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi Infecting Pisum sativum

by Barbara Kutasy, Géza Hegedűs, Márta Kiniczky, József Péter Pallos, Ágnes Nagy, István Pócsi, Klaudia Pákozdi, Máté Kállai, Csaba Weingart, Katalin Andor, Bettina Kovács and Eszter Virág

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 991; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040991 - 21 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1166

Abstract

Fusarium infections in Pisum sativum L. crops present a major constraint to cultivation, leading to substantial yield losses. However, effective disease management strategies, particularly the implementation of biological control methods, offer promising approaches for mitigating infection severity and limiting pathogen spread. In P. [...] Read more.

Fusarium infections in Pisum sativum L. crops present a major constraint to cultivation, leading to substantial yield losses. However, effective disease management strategies, particularly the implementation of biological control methods, offer promising approaches for mitigating infection severity and limiting pathogen spread. In P. sativum cultivation, pathogen control is particularly challenging due to the limited penetration of pesticides into the leaves. This is attributed to the dense crystalline plate structure within the leaf cuticle, which acts as a barrier, reducing the efficacy of conventional chemical treatments. Therefore, optimizing the formulation of biopesticides and plant conditioning agents is essential to improve the absorption and bioavailability of active ingredients, ensuring more effective disease management in P. sativum cultivation. This study examined the exogenous effects of garlic extracts in different formulations, including EliceVakcina (liposomal formulation), Garlic-lipo (liposomal formulation), and Garlic-oil (oil-based formulation), which contained high concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA) at 6.3, 81, and 80.4 µg g⁻¹, respectively. Transcriptomic profiling, including the identification of Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and KEGG pathway analysis of EliceVakcina-treated field samples, revealed a significant upregulation of stress- and defence-related genes, as well as pathways associated with thiamine metabolism and ABA signalling. Notably, key defence genes, including pathogenesis-related (PR1, PR2, PR4, PR5) and SnRK2, were overexpressed, indicating an enhanced stress response. HPLC-DAD analytical investigations confirmed the activation of the thiamine biosynthesis pathway, demonstrating a 14.3% increase in vitamin B1 content. Furthermore, the absence of Fusarium infection in the treated small-plot field cultures suggests that the tested garlic extracts formulation functions as a promising preventive biostimulant against plant fungal diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Agricultural Practices: Novel Nature-Derived Plant Growth Stimulators)

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16 pages, 1775 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluating Directed Acyclic Graphs with DAGMetrics: Insights from Tuber and Soil Microbiome Data

by Pavel Averin, Ifigeneia Mellidou, Maria Ganopoulou, Aliki Xanthopoulou and Theodoros Moysiadis

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 987; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040987 - 20 Apr 2025

Viewed by 657

Abstract

Understanding and evaluating directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) is crucial for causal discovery, particularly in high-dimensional and small-sample datasets such as microbial abundance data. This study introduces DAGMetrics, an R package designed to comprehensively evaluate and compare DAGs. The package provides descriptive and comparative [...] Read more.

Understanding and evaluating directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) is crucial for causal discovery, particularly in high-dimensional and small-sample datasets such as microbial abundance data. This study introduces DAGMetrics, an R package designed to comprehensively evaluate and compare DAGs. The package provides descriptive and comparative metrics, streamlining the assessment of outputs from various structure learning algorithms. It was applied to datasets generated for potato tubers and soils from different terroirs (continental and island) and stages (at harvest and post-harvest). Using a comprehensive set of descriptive and comparative metrics, DAGMetrics facilitated model selection by identifying balanced and robust DAGs. The PC algorithm with Spearman correlation produced DAGs with moderate complexity and high stability across scaling and transformation setups. Additionally, the package enabled detailed exploration of the Markov blanket space, revealing small Markov blankets (up to seven nodes) and numerous isolated nodes. Identified matching edges between Markov blankets across different terroirs and stages aligned with known microbial interactions, highlighting the package’s utility in facilitating the discovery of biologically meaningful relationships. This study illustrates the utility of DAGMetrics in providing objective and reproducible tools for DAG evaluation along with its potential application in agronomic and other domains involving complex structured data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Machine Learning in Agriculture)

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20 pages, 2807 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Morphological Diversity and Crop Mimicry Strategies of Weedy Rice Under the Transplanting Cultivation System

by Yi-Ting Hsu, Yuan-Chun Wang, Pei-Rong Du, Charng-Pei Li and Dong-Hong Wu

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 984; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040984 - 19 Apr 2025

Viewed by 584

Abstract

The continued emergence of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan poses serious challenges to seed purity and commercial rice cultivation, particularly under transplanting systems. These off-type individuals, often marked by a red pericarp, reduce varietal integrity and complicate seed propagation. This [...] Read more.

The continued emergence of weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Taiwan poses serious challenges to seed purity and commercial rice cultivation, particularly under transplanting systems. These off-type individuals, often marked by a red pericarp, reduce varietal integrity and complicate seed propagation. This study evaluated the morphological variation among 117 Taiwan weedy rice (TWR) accessions and 55 control cultivars, which include 24 temperate japonica cultivars (TEJ), 24 indica cultivars, and seven U.S. weedy rice (UWR) types. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that TWR shares vegetative traits with modern cultivars but exhibits grain morphology resembling indica landraces—indicating weak artificial selection pressure on grain traits during nursery propagation. TWR was also found to possess a suite of adaptive weedy traits, including semi-dwarfism, delayed heading, high shattering, and superior seed storability, facilitating its persistence in field conditions. These findings provide critical insights for integrated weed management and cultivar purity strategies, emphasizing the importance of certified seed use, stringent field hygiene, and disruption of weedy rice reproductive cycles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Biology and Ecology: Importance to Integrated Weed Management)

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19 pages, 691 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceReview

Biofumigation with Brassica Species and Their Derivatives: A Comprehensive Review of an Innovative Pest Control Strategy Targeting Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

by Luka Batistič, Tanja Bohinc and Stanislav Trdan

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 967; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040967 - 16 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1354

Abstract

Biofumigation is an eco-friendly agronomic technique that utilizes bioactive compounds from Brassica species to manage soil-borne pests. In our review, we explore it as a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigation, focusing on its potential for controlling wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). By analyzing existing studies, [...] Read more.

Biofumigation is an eco-friendly agronomic technique that utilizes bioactive compounds from Brassica species to manage soil-borne pests. In our review, we explore it as a sustainable alternative to chemical fumigation, focusing on its potential for controlling wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae). By analyzing existing studies, we assess the efficacy of biofumigation using Brassica plants, with a detailed focus on Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. (Indian mustard) and Brassica carinata A. Braun (Ethiopian mustard), which are rich in glucosinolates (Glns). We also examine glucosinolate decomposition mechanisms, where enzymatic hydrolysis releases isothiocyanates (IsoTs) and other bioactive compounds with pesticidal properties. Our review synthesizes findings from laboratory bioassays, semi-field experiments, and long-term field trials to evaluate the impact of these biofumigants on wireworms, soil health, and broader pest management strategies. Additionally, we discuss how biofumigation may disrupt wireworm feeding behavior while improving soil structure and microbial activity. Despite its promise, several challenges may influence the effectiveness and adoption of biofumigation, including the variability in field efficacy, soil interactions, and barriers to large-scale adoption. We emphasize the need for future research to refine biofumigation applications, enhance IsoT stability, and integrate this method with other pest control strategies to ensure its sustainability in wireworm management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Arthropod Pests in Agriculture)

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16 pages, 3632 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Effect of Lighting Type on the Nitrates Concentration, Selective Bioactive Compounds and Yield of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) in Hydroponic Production

by Małgorzata Mirgos, Anna Geszprych, Jarosław L. Przybył, Monika Niedzińska, Marzena Sujkowska-Rybkowska, Janina Gajc-Wolska and Katarzyna Kowalczyk

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 966; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040966 - 16 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1036

Abstract

The effect of lighting basil with LED DR/B LB (Light Emitting Diode deep red/blue low blue) lamps throughout the cultivation cycle or for only 7 days before harvest, after the period of using HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps, was studied in comparison with [...] Read more.

The effect of lighting basil with LED DR/B LB (Light Emitting Diode deep red/blue low blue) lamps throughout the cultivation cycle or for only 7 days before harvest, after the period of using HPS (High Pressure Sodium) lamps, was studied in comparison with the use of HPS lamps only, at the same light intensity. Plants of two Genovese type basil cultivars, recommended for pot and hydroponic cultivation, were used for the experiment. Plant growth observations were made and herb and leaf yields, dry matter, nitrates, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, total sugars, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, and carotenoids were determined. Plants of both tested basil cultivars grown under LED lighting were characterized by a higher content of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, and sugars and a lower content of nitrates than those grown under HPS lights. In plants grown under LED lighting only, nitrate content was on average 31% lower than under HPS lamps. The use of LEDs for the last 7 days of cultivation resulted in a significant reduction in nitrate content in only one of the studied cultivars. Further research on the effect of lighting type on sweet basil yield and quality, depending on other factors, both genetic and environmental, is recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Hydroponics Technology for Vegetable Production: New Opportunities and Challenges)

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14 pages, 799 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Chemotactic Responses of Slug-Parasitic Nematodes to Potato-Tuber-Emitted Volatile Organic Compounds

by Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan and Mohammad Yonesi

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 951; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040951 - 14 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 455

Abstract

Parasitic nematodes play a vital role in soil ecosystems, contributing to natural pest suppression. Among them, slug-parasitic species such as Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Schneider) Andrassy, Oscheius myriophilus (Poinar), and Oscheius onirici Torrini et al. are promising biological control agents against mollusk pests. These nematodes [...] Read more.

Parasitic nematodes play a vital role in soil ecosystems, contributing to natural pest suppression. Among them, slug-parasitic species such as Phasmarhabditis papillosa (Schneider) Andrassy, Oscheius myriophilus (Poinar), and Oscheius onirici Torrini et al. are promising biological control agents against mollusk pests. These nematodes rely on plant-emitted volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for host location, yet their chemotactic responses to specific VOCs remain unclear. This study assessed the responses of P. papillosa, O. myriophilus, and O. onirici to VOCs emitted by potato (S. tuberosum) tubers under varying temperature (18 °C, 22 °C) and concentration conditions (pure compound, 0.03 ppm). The results indicate that octanal was the strongest attractant, particularly for O. myriophilus, while nonanal exhibited species-dependent effects. Hydrocarbons such as undecane and 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene had minimal or repellent effects, whereas 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one showed moderate attraction. Chemotactic responses were stronger at 18 °C, and attraction increased with higher VOC concentrations, suggesting a threshold-dependent response. These findings enhance our understanding of plant–nematode interactions and suggest that octanal and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one could improve nematode-based slug control strategies. However, environmental factors such as soil composition and microbial activity may influence VOC diffusion and nematode recruitment. Future research should focus on optimizing VOC formulations, assessing field applicability, and integrating these findings into sustainable pest management programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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15 pages, 3644 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Genome-Wide Analysis of Wound-Induced Polypeptide Genes in Glycine max and Their Expression Dynamics During Cyst Nematode Infection

by Wenshu Kang, Zicheng Sun, Jiayao Xu, Nawei Qi and Piao Lei

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 957; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040957 - 14 Apr 2025

Viewed by 664

Abstract

Plant small peptides are critical regulators of various biological processes, including development and stress responses. Polypeptides within the DUF3774 family, known as wound-induced polypeptides (WIPs), have been identified as key players in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis. In this [...] Read more.

Plant small peptides are critical regulators of various biological processes, including development and stress responses. Polypeptides within the DUF3774 family, known as wound-induced polypeptides (WIPs), have been identified as key players in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and defense mechanisms in Arabidopsis. In this study, the genome-wide identification of WIP genes in Glycine max was performed, followed by gene structure correction and validation using second-generation and full-length RNA sequencing data. A total of 31 GmWIP genes were identified and validated, mapped to chromosomes Gm06, Gm12, Gm13, and Gm06_scaffold_301. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these genes into five distinct clusters, with tandem duplication emerging as the primary mechanism for their expansion in the soybean genome. qRT-PCR analysis revealed dynamic and significant changes in GmWIP expression during soybean cyst nematode (SCN) infection in a susceptible soybean cultivar. Remarkably, 90% of the GmWIP genes were downregulated at the early stage of SCN infection (1 dpi), and further corroborated by the pGmWIPs::GUS reporter system. These findings suggest that GmWIP genes may act as regulators in the defense responses of susceptible soybean cultivars, providing a foundation for future functional studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pest and Disease Management)

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17 pages, 6107 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Heat Stress Downregulates Photosystem I Redox State on Leaf Photosynthesis in Grapevine

by Qian Qiu, Yanli Sun, Dinghan Guo, Lei Wang, Vinay Pagay and Shiping Wang

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 948; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040948 - 14 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1176

Abstract

Semi-arid viticultural regions globally are experiencing severe and frequent growing-season heat waves that negatively impact grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) physiological performance and productivity. At the leaf level, heat stress can photodamage both Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). In order to [...] Read more.

Semi-arid viticultural regions globally are experiencing severe and frequent growing-season heat waves that negatively impact grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) physiological performance and productivity. At the leaf level, heat stress can photodamage both Photosystem I (PSI) and Photosystem II (PSII). In order to study the self-protection mechanism of grapevine leaves, in this study, 3-year-old potted ‘Merlot’ and ‘Muscat Hamburg’ grapevines were exposed to a 5-day simulated heatwave (45/25 °C day/night) and compared to vines maintained at 25/18 °C. After heat exposure, ‘Merlot’ demonstrated superior thermotolerance and superior physiological performance as measured by gas exchange, oxidative parameters, chlorophyll loss, and photoinhibition of PSI and PSII. Additionally, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) dissipated the excess light energy in the form of heat. Y(NPQ) progressively rose from 0 to 0.6, signaling the start of the grapevine leaves’ self-defense against temperature stress. Furthermore, the stimulation of cyclic electron flow (CEF) under high temperatures contributed to the energy balance of PSI. The CEF of ‘Muscat Hamburg’ under high light intensities increased dramatically from 1 to 4. NAD(P)H dehydrogenase-dependent CEF around PSI increased markedly, suggesting its role in self-protection. These results demonstrate that both NPQ and CEF play key photoprotective roles by generating a proton gradient under heat stress. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecophysiology and Management of Grapevines Under Changing Climatic Conditions—2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 4576 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Distribution, Soil Biological Characteristics, and Winter Wheat Yields Under Different Tillage Practices in Long-Term Field Experiment

by Gabriela Mühlbachová, Helena Kusá, Pavel Růžek, Radek Vavera and Martin Káš

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 947; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040947 - 13 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1065

Abstract

The organic carbon content of soil (SOC) is considered a key factor for soil health and plays an important role in climate change. Conservation tillage systems promote carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A long-term field experiment with different soil tillage practices [...] Read more.

The organic carbon content of soil (SOC) is considered a key factor for soil health and plays an important role in climate change. Conservation tillage systems promote carbon sequestration and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A long-term field experiment with different soil tillage practices (conventional tillage—CT; reduced tillage—RT; and no tillage—NT) has been conducted in Prague-Ruzyně (Czech Republic) since 1995. The soil’s organic carbon content, microbial biomass (C_mic), and enzymatic characteristics were evaluated in four-year crop rotation periods from 2005 to 2024. The crop rotation was as follows: winter oil seed rape, winter wheat, pea, and winter wheat. The following soil layers were studied: 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm. Crop residues remained in the field and were incorporated into the soil according to the used tillage—completely under CT, partly under RT, and the remaining mulch under NT. Under RT and NT, the SOC, C_mic, and enzymatic activity were concentrated in the top soil layer and decreased in deeper layers, whereas all these characteristics were evenly distributed across the soil layers under the CT practice. The SOC content increased gradually in the whole soil profile (0–30 cm) from 51.0 t ha⁻¹ on average in 2005–2008 to 56.0 t ha⁻¹ in 2021–2024 under CT. An SOC increase from 57.4 to 63.1 t ha⁻¹ under RT and from 61.1 to 65.7 t ha⁻¹ under NT was noted in 2017–2020, after which the stagnation in SOC content was observed in the years of 2021–2024. Similarly, a lower C_mic and enzymatic activity were found in the same period. The highest C sequestration was found under NT; an increase of 571 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ was recorded from the establishment of the experiment in 1995 to 2024. This was followed by the RT and CT practices (462 and 221 kg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively). The average winter wheat yields and nitrogen content in grain were higher under CT (8.67 t ha⁻¹, 2.16% N) and RT (8.97 t ha⁻¹, 2.13% N) than under NT (8.23 t ha⁻¹, 2.03% N). The weather conditions during the year (abundance of precipitation) influenced crop yields significantly more than the tillage practices. Conservation tillage practices increase the organic carbon and microbial activity in soils, but climate change associated with higher average temperatures can affect these processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Soil and Plant Nutrition)

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25 pages, 6488 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Cultivation of Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Tunb.)) in a Temperate Climate: Agronomic Strategies and Phytochemical Composition

by Deividas Burdulis, Aida Kašėtaitė, Sonata Trumbeckaitė, Raimondas Benetis, Jurgita Daukšienė, Kristina Burdulienė and Lina Raudonė

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040933 - 11 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1470

Abstract

This study investigates the phytochemical composition and cultivation strategies for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) in Lithuania’s temperate climate, focusing on its biological activity. Employing innovative grafting techniques and clear plastic film mulching, we successfully countered fusarium wilt while promoting growth and bioactive [...] Read more.

This study investigates the phytochemical composition and cultivation strategies for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) in Lithuania’s temperate climate, focusing on its biological activity. Employing innovative grafting techniques and clear plastic film mulching, we successfully countered fusarium wilt while promoting growth and bioactive compound accumulation. Our analysis showed significant cultivar-dependent variations in total phenolic content (ranging from 94.34 ± 8.12 to 327.42 ± 9.14 mg GAE/kg fw in pulps and from 120.46 ± 7.52 to 364.27 ± 6.85 mg GAE/kg fw in rinds), lycopene (ranging from 1.15 ± 0.42 to 103.60 ± 1.69 mg/kg fw in pulps), sugar, and nitrate levels, revealing the influence of genetics and environment on the fruit’s phytochemical profile. Moreover, several Lithuanian watermelon cultivars exhibited comparable or superior levels of key bioactive compounds relative to imported varieties. These findings underscore the potential of watermelon rind and pulp as valuable sources of antioxidants and other bioactive phytochemicals, relevant for nutritional enhancement and medicinal applications. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of watermelon cultivation in Lithuania and highlight opportunities for optimizing agricultural practices to enhance the health benefits associated with this important fruit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

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29 pages, 88315 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Monitoring the Progression of Downy Mildew on Vineyards Using Multi-Temporal Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Multispectral Data

by Fernando Portela, Joaquim J. Sousa, Cláudio Araújo-Paredes, Emanuel Peres, Raul Morais and Luís Pádua

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 934; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040934 - 11 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1585

Abstract

Monitoring vineyard diseases such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is important for viticulture, enabling an early intervention and optimized disease management. This is crucial for disease monitoring, and the use of high-spatial-resolution multispectral data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can allow [...] Read more.

Monitoring vineyard diseases such as downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) is important for viticulture, enabling an early intervention and optimized disease management. This is crucial for disease monitoring, and the use of high-spatial-resolution multispectral data from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can allow to for a better understanding of disease progression. This study explores the application of UAV-based multispectral data for monitoring downy mildew infection in vineyards through multi-temporal analysis. This study was conducted in a vineyard plot in the Vinho Verde region (Portugal), where 84 grapevines were monitored, half of which received phytosanitary treatments while the other half were left untreated in this way during the growing season. Seven UAV flights were performed across different phenological stages to assess the effects of infection using spectral bands, vegetation indices, and morphometric parameters. The results indicate that downy mildew affects canopy area, height, and volume, restricting the vegetative growth. Spectral analysis reveals that infected grapevines show increased reflectance in the visible and red-edge bands and a progressive decline in near-infrared (NIR) reflectance. Several vegetation indices demonstrated a suitable response to the infection, with some of them being capable of detecting early-stage symptoms, while vegetation indices using red edge and NIR allowed us to track disease progression. These results highlight the potential of UAV-based multi-temporal remote sensing as a tool for vineyard disease monitoring, supporting precision viticulture and the assessment of phytosanitary treatment effectiveness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Viticulture for Vineyard Management)

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15 pages, 914 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preliminary Results on the Application of Phosphorus and Silicon to Improve the Post-Transplantation Growth of High-Density Nursery Seedlings

by Hisashi Nasukawa and Ryosuke Tajima

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 937; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040937 - 11 Apr 2025

Viewed by 578

Abstract

Transplanting high-density nursery (HDN) seedlings reduces seedling raising costs by increasing the sowing density compared to regular seedlings and shortens the seedling growth period. However, there is a concern that the poor early growth of HDN seedlings hinders rice production in cold regions, [...] Read more.

Transplanting high-density nursery (HDN) seedlings reduces seedling raising costs by increasing the sowing density compared to regular seedlings and shortens the seedling growth period. However, there is a concern that the poor early growth of HDN seedlings hinders rice production in cold regions, such as northern Japan. This study conducted a growth comparison test using a combination of phosphorus (P) and silicon (Si), which stabilizes early rice growth. The results showed that the application of P or Si alone increased the shoot dry weight at the heading stage. The application of 60 mg kg⁻¹ or more P fertilizer increased the HDN shoot dry weight, while 2 g kg⁻¹ Si was effective in increasing the shoot dry weight. However, the joint application of P and Si did not increase plant height or stem number or synergistically increase the shoot dry weight compared to the application of P or Si alone. As the P concentration in the soil increased owing to the P treatment, Si suppressed the excessive uptake of inorganic P and maintained its concentration at an appropriate level. The application of P and Si is important to increase the shoot dry weight of rice. In addition, Si may play a role in regulating the appropriate level of P uptake by HDN. The application of P and Si stabilized the initial growth of the HDN. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Agrotechnical Factors and Farming Systems on Soil Properties and Plant Productivity)

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12 pages, 766 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Regenerative Agronomic Approaches: Technological, Biochemical and Rheological Characterization of Four Perennial Wheat Lines Grown in Italy

by Elena Galassi, Chiara Natale, Francesca Nocente, Federica Taddei, Giovanna Visioli, Salvatore Ceccarelli, Gianni Galaverna and Laura Gazza

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 939; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040939 - 11 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 676

Abstract

Cereals are the basis of the human diet, and among them, after rice and corn, wheat is the most cultivated in the world. Drought, conflicts, and high prices affect food security in many countries. The CHANGE-UP project funded by the PRIMA program aims [...] Read more.

Cereals are the basis of the human diet, and among them, after rice and corn, wheat is the most cultivated in the world. Drought, conflicts, and high prices affect food security in many countries. The CHANGE-UP project funded by the PRIMA program aims at redesigning agricultural systems for the Mediterranean area to make them more resilient to climate change, and includes, among other agronomic innovations, the cultivation and characterization of perennial wheat genotypes. In this study, four perennial wheat lines, 235a, 20238, OK72, and 11955, grown in Italy, were examined for their technological and chemical composition and rheological properties and compared with the perennial species Thinopyrum intemedium (Kernza^®) and to a modern durum wheat variety, used as controls. On average, all the perennial genotypes presented very small kernels along with high protein content, total antioxidant capacity, and mineral content, and genotypes OK72 and 11955 presented good test weight values. Line 235a had the best gluten quality, whereas line 20238 reported the worst values for bread-making aptitude. Results indicate that perennial grains could adapt to the Italian environment and manifest their nutritional and technological potential, constituting promising raw materials for enhancing diversification in nutrition by sustainable agriculture based on agroecological principles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Agroecological Strategies for Improving Nutritional Quality of Cereal Crops)

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19 pages, 2613 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Biochar and Mulch: Hydrologic, Erosive, and Phytotoxic Responses Across Different Application Strategies and Agricultural Soils

by João N. G. V. Canedo, Luísa Coelho, Livian Castro, Frank G. A. Verheijen and Sergio Prats

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 926; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040926 - 10 Apr 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1142

Abstract

Agricultural intensification often contributes to soil degradation. Mulch and biochar help reduce erosion and runoff while improving organic matter and crop habitat. However, optimal application strategies and the combined advantages of mulch and biochar remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate how biochar [...] Read more.

Agricultural intensification often contributes to soil degradation. Mulch and biochar help reduce erosion and runoff while improving organic matter and crop habitat. However, optimal application strategies and the combined advantages of mulch and biochar remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate how biochar and mulch affect soil hydrology, erosion, and phytotoxicity, under mixed and layered application strategies: (i) biochar mix (2.8% by weight); (ii) biochar layer (surface application of 10 Mg ha⁻¹); (iii) mulch layer (2 Mg ha⁻¹ of straw mulch); and (iv) mulch + biochar layer (a straw mulch layer of 2 Mg ha⁻¹ on top of a biochar layer of 10 Mg ha⁻¹). Thirty-minute rainfall simulations (at 85.6 mm h⁻¹) on sandy loam soils of a vineyard and olive orchard tested treatment effects on soil hydrology and erosion. The leachate collected from the simulations was used to test treatments phytotoxicity, using Lactuca sativa L. Runoff and interrill erosion decreased by 52–91% and 55–81%, respectively, with the greatest reductions in the treatments that included a mulch layer. Biochar increased root length (29–45%), while mulch had no significant effect. The mulch + biochar treatment performed best, highlighting the products’ complementary benefits in reducing soil degradation and improving soil habitat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Agroecology Innovation: Achieving System Resilience)

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30 pages, 5258 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Evaluation of Chemical Weed-Control Strategies for Common Vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and Sweet White Lupine (Lupinus albus L.) Under Field Conditions

by Csaba Juhász, Nóra Mendler-Drienyovszki, Katalin Magyar-Tábori and László Zsombik

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040916 - 8 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1032

Abstract

Seed production of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and sweet white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is risky due to weed infestation as few herbicides are permitted for use in crops. Our aim was to test herbicides in these crops in order [...] Read more.

Seed production of common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and sweet white lupine (Lupinus albus L.) is risky due to weed infestation as few herbicides are permitted for use in crops. Our aim was to test herbicides in these crops in order to expand the list of available herbicides. Various pre- and post-emergence herbicides were tested for their phytotoxicity and weed-control activity in field cultures of the common vetch (cv. Emma) and sweet white lupine (cv. Nelly). After the application of herbicides, phytotoxicity was monitored visually. Data collection involved the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), the plant height, the number of weeds, yield, and its contamination. Additionally, 1000-seed-weight measurements were taken for lupine. Summarizing the phytotoxicity and efficacy results in common vetch, the agents S-metolachlor, flumioxazin, and clomazone can be recommended for further pre-emergence testing, while metazachlor + quinmerac, chlorotoluron, and flumioxazin can be recommended for further post-emergence testing. In sweet white lupine, pre-emergence applications of flumioxazin, pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, pethoxamid, clomazone, metobromuron, and diflufenican were found to be effective without any significant phytotoxicity. Further post-emergence testing of flumioxazin, chlorotoluron, carfentrazone-ethyl, and diflufenican can also be recommended, as well as the application of halauxifen-methyl and sulfosulfuron at low doses (0.4 L ha⁻¹; 13.0 g ha⁻¹). Additional evaluations of these treatments are recommended, including in different soil and weather conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Weed Management and Herbicide Efficacy Based on Future Climates)

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27 pages, 17931 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Changes in Soil Microbiome Composition and Tomato Plant’s Physiological Response to Water Deficit and Excess

by Martina Galaverni, Jasmine Hadj Saadoun, Tommaso Ganino, Alessia Levante, Margherita Rodolfi, Ilaria Marchioni, Luca Bettera, Deborah Beghè and Camilla Lazzi

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 915; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040915 - 8 Apr 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1183

Abstract

Water stress is a major limiting factor in agriculture, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where climate change exacerbates drought conditions. Soil microbiome composition plays a crucial role in plant resilience to environmental stressors, particularly water scarcity and excess. This study examines the impact [...] Read more.

Water stress is a major limiting factor in agriculture, particularly in the Mediterranean region, where climate change exacerbates drought conditions. Soil microbiome composition plays a crucial role in plant resilience to environmental stressors, particularly water scarcity and excess. This study examines the impact of different irrigation regimes (optimal, severe deficit, and excess) on tomato soil microbiome composition and plant physiology in a Mediterranean context. Metataxonomic profiling revealed significant shifts in microbial community structure: Proteobacteria dominated under optimal irrigation (WO), Acidobacteria under water deficit (WD), and Actinobacteria under both water deficit and excess (WE). Functional analysis indicated irrigation-induced alterations in microbial metabolic pathways, influencing nutrient cycling. Soil respiration varied, peaking in the WE condition. Plant physiological responses, including gas exchange and Proline content, were significantly affected by water stress. An inverse correlation was observed between microbial diversity and chlorophyll content, suggesting a link between plant stress responses and soil microbial composition. This study underscores for the first time the intricate relationship between water availability and microbial community dynamics, emphasizing the importance of microbiome-driven soil and plant resilience, thus showing this be a key factor in agricultural sustainability under changing climatic conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Agrotechnical Factors and Farming Systems on Soil Properties and Plant Productivity)

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21 pages, 8448 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Abilities of the Newly Introduced Apple Cultivars (Malus × domestica Borkh.) ‘Eden’ and ‘Fryd’ to Promote Pollen Tube Growth and Fruit Set with Different Combinations of Pollinations

by Radosav Cerović, Milica Fotirić Akšić, Marko Kitanović and Mekjell Meland

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 909; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040909 - 7 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1239

Abstract

Apple production in Western Norway faces challenges due to climatic constraints and varying phenology. It is essential for cultivars to adapt to regional ecological factors, while suitable pollinators are necessary for successful cultivation. This study examined the reproductive biology of two newly introduced [...] Read more.

Apple production in Western Norway faces challenges due to climatic constraints and varying phenology. It is essential for cultivars to adapt to regional ecological factors, while suitable pollinators are necessary for successful cultivation. This study examined the reproductive biology of two newly introduced apple cultivars, ‘Eden’ (Wursixo) and ‘Fryd’ (Wuranda), over two years (2022–2023). Key qualitative and quantitative parameters of reproductive biology were analyzed, including in vitro pollen germination, pollen tube growth within the style and ovary locules, flowering overlap time, and fruit set. The study involved cross-pollination between the pollen recipient cultivars ‘Eden’ and ‘Fryd’, with various pollenizers: ‘Rubinstep’, ‘Red Aroma’, ‘Elstar’, ‘Asfari’ and ‘Professor Sprenger’, as well as self-pollination and open pollination. According to the results from the progamic phase of fertilization and fruit set, the cultivars ‘Rubinstep’, ‘Asfari’, and ‘Fryd’ were the best pollenizers for ‘Eden’. In contrast, ‘Rubinstep’, ‘Eden’, and ‘Elstar’ were the best pollenizers for ‘Fryd’. Looking only at the overlapping of the flowering time between pollen recipient and pollen donor, ‘Professor Sprenger’ and ‘Fryd’ were the best pollenizers for ‘Eden’, while ‘Professor Sprenger’ and ‘Eden’ were good pollenizers for ‘Fryd’. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant-Crop Biology and Biochemistry)

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18 pages, 1229 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Interactions Between Seasonal Temperature Changes, Activities of Selected Genes and Fruit Quality in Malus domestica Borkh.

by Sylwia Keller-Przybyłkowicz, Mariusz Lewandowski, Anita Kuras, Krystyna Strączyńska, Renata Czarnecka, Bogusława Idczak, Krzysztof P. Rutkowski and Anna Skorupinska

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 908; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040908 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 581

Abstract

Temperature changes strongly affect apple development and quality. In this study, we analyze the relationships between the main factors modulating both of the aforementioned processes in the fruits of four apple cultivars. We assessed three-dimensional data concerning the expression profile (fold change) of [...] Read more.

Temperature changes strongly affect apple development and quality. In this study, we analyze the relationships between the main factors modulating both of the aforementioned processes in the fruits of four apple cultivars. We assessed three-dimensional data concerning the expression profile (fold change) of eight genes related to fruit ripeness regulation (involved in the cell respiration process and sorbitol metabolism as well as encoding cell kinase receptors) and fruit parameters such as fruit weight, ethylene concentration, concentration of soluble solids and acidity, which are affected by seasonal temperature variations (2018–2020). We observed that low temperatures (before the apple ripening phase) promoted an increase in gene activity and improved the fruit quality of the following cultivars: early-flowering/mid-ripening ‘Pink Braeburn’ and ‘Pinokio’, early-flowering/late-ripening ‘Ligol’ and late-flowering/late-ripening ‘Ligolina’. We confirmed the positive effect of low temperatures on the activity of the AAAA1, AALA1, StG and AAXA genes and on the evaluated fruit quality parameters, and we confirmed their dependence on the genotype of the studied cultivars. The obtained results shed light on the complexity of the variability mechanism in fruit features and fruit harvest dates. This knowledge may improve breeding programs for the production of better-quality apples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Breeding and Genetics)

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20 pages, 4317 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Advancing Sustainability in Pelargonium Nursery Management: Scientific Exploration of an Innovative Prolonged Cold Storage System for Cuttings

by Bożena Szewczyk-Taranek, Marcin Rapacz, Sylwester Smoleń, Joanna Pitala, Paweł Marcinkowski and Tomasz Wojewodzic

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 907; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040907 - 6 Apr 2025

Viewed by 744

Abstract

Cold storage of pelargonium cuttings addresses the issue of nonoverlapping production seasons in Central Europe, where cuttings are harvested from stock plants in December, but rooting begins in mid-February/March. Here, we show an innovative system for cuttings storage using nature-based solutions. We compared [...] Read more.

Cold storage of pelargonium cuttings addresses the issue of nonoverlapping production seasons in Central Europe, where cuttings are harvested from stock plants in December, but rooting begins in mid-February/March. Here, we show an innovative system for cuttings storage using nature-based solutions. We compared post-delivery storage of unrooted cuttings in paperpots maintained in greenhouses (8/6 °C day/night) to standard rooting immediately after delivery. Key factors included genotype (Pelargonium zonale, P. peltatum, and hybrids), four delivery weeks (48–51), two growing seasons (2021 and 2022), and storage duration (up to 4 weeks). Genotype strongly influenced cold storage tolerance, with P. peltatum enduring storage for up to 4 weeks without significant loss of rooting efficiency, unlike P. zonale. The success of storage depended on stock plants’ quality and nutritional status: higher nitrogen content in 2022 cuttings compared to 2021 was associated with reduced rooting in P. zonale and hybrids. Neither delivery timing nor residual ethephon affected rooting outcomes after storage. This study demonstrates that storing pelargonium cuttings for up to two weeks using this method preserves quality while optimizing production efficiency by reducing nursery space, water, fertilizer, and pesticide use. This shift in production practices reduces per-unit costs and enhances the economic viability of bedding young plant producers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Horticultural and Floricultural Crops)

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18 pages, 6586 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Efficacy and Economics of Different Soil Sampling Grid Sizes for Site-Specific Nutrient Management in Southeastern USA

by Simerjeet Virk, Matthew Tucker, Glendon Harris, Amanda Smith, Matthew Levi and Jason Lessl

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 903; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040903 - 4 Apr 2025

Viewed by 798

Abstract

Precision soil sampling on larger grid sizes (≥2.0 ha) is a common practice to reduce the number of soil samples and associated sampling costs. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different grid sizes on the depiction of spatial nutrient variability [...] Read more.

Precision soil sampling on larger grid sizes (≥2.0 ha) is a common practice to reduce the number of soil samples and associated sampling costs. A study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different grid sizes on the depiction of spatial nutrient variability and their influence on the accuracy of variable-rate fertilizer application and total application costs. Soil sampling was conducted in nine agricultural fields using grid sizes of 0.4, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 ha, and the resulting variable-rate prescription maps for lime, P, and K were spatially analyzed and compared with a reference map (generated from high-density soil sampling; approximately 2.5 samples per hectare) to determine the amount of under-, on-target, and over-application that would occur within each field. An economic analysis was conducted including the soil sampling costs, soil analysis costs, and nutrient costs to determine the effect of grid size on total application costs. Soil sampling on a 0.4 ha grid size had the best performance in depicting the spatial variability of soil pH, P, and K within the fields, and exhibited the highest application accuracy for the variable-rate prescription maps. The general trend was that the application accuracy decreased with an increase in grid size, with the potential for the under- and over-application of nutrients significantly increasing at the larger grid sizes of ≥2.0 ha. The total application cost varied among the fields as it was largely influenced by the amount of under- and over-application associated with each grid size. In most fields, the total application costs for a 0.4 ha grid size were lower or comparable to other grid sizes. In some fields, the larger grid sizes exhibited lower application costs but at the expense of reduced application accuracy. Overall, the results suggest that the smaller grid sizes of ≤1.0 ha are optimal for soil sampling in agricultural fields to ensure accurate and cost-effective variable-rate applications for site-specific nutrient management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fertility Management for Higher Crop Productivity)

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17 pages, 2851 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

The Effect of Complexed, Nanosized, and Conventional Zinc Sources Applied at Varying Rates to an Acidic Mediterranean Soil on Two Successive Lettuce Crops

by Marina de Francisco, Raquel Ortiz, Ana Obrador, Demetrio Gonzalez, Gabriel Gascó and Patricia Almendros

Agronomy 2025, 15(4), 896; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15040896 - 3 Apr 2025

Viewed by 660

Abstract

This study investigates the current application and ageing effects of various Zn sources on acidic Mediterranean soil. Two successive lettuce crops were grown in soil fertilised with 0, 15, 30, 60, and 140 mg Zn kg⁻¹ using commercial ZnO nanoparticles, Zn complex, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the current application and ageing effects of various Zn sources on acidic Mediterranean soil. Two successive lettuce crops were grown in soil fertilised with 0, 15, 30, 60, and 140 mg Zn kg⁻¹ using commercial ZnO nanoparticles, Zn complex, and Zn sulphate. Plant growth, Zn biofortification, dietary implications, human health, and the soil Zn status were evaluated. Zinc bioavailability was influenced by the source, application rate, and chemical ageing. The bioavailability of Zn in the soil increased from 4.60 to 66.7 compared to the control treatment. Zinc applied in the form of ZnSO₄ was the most bioavailable form in the first year of cultivation. Advanced specialty fertilisers such as ZnO nanoparticles and Zn-lignosulfonate, along with the conventional fertiliser ZnSO₄, demonstrated a residual effect allowing effective Zn uptake by plants in the second crop. Zn concentrations in lettuce leaves were 3.33–34.6 times higher than the control treatment. Application of 30 mg Zn kg⁻¹ and higher of commercial ZnO nanoparticles, Zn complex, and Zn sulphate heptahydrate resulted in some toxicity. Higher application rates of these sources may pose a potential risk to the population, as indicated by the health risk index. These Zn sources represent a promising alternative for enhancing plant growth and providing a sustained release of Zn in several successive crops, making them a potential alternative to conventional fertilisers. Their unique properties can optimise nutrient management strategies and promote sustainable crop production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Sustainable Fertilization: Efficiency and Environmental Challenges)

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