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Modelling and Visualization Tools for Resource Decoupling at Meso- and Micro-Levels: Case Study in Poland
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Insights into Awareness and Perceptions of Food Waste and School Catering Practices: A Student-Centered Study in Rezekne City, Latvia
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Photovoltaic Waste Generation in the Context of Sustainable Energy Transition in EU Member States
Journal Description
Resources
Resources
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on natural resources published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), GeoRef, PubAg, AGRIS, RePEc, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Environmental Sciences) / CiteScore - Q1 (Nature and Landscape Conservation)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.6 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the first half of 2025).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
- Journal Clusters of Water Resources: Water, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, Hydrology, Resources, Oceans, Limnological Review, Coasts.
Impact Factor:
3.2 (2024);
5-Year Impact Factor:
3.5 (2024)
Latest Articles
Organic Crop Production in Kazakhstan: Agronomic Solutions and Bioresources
Resources 2025, 14(7), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070108 - 30 Jun 2025
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Crop production in Kazakhstan is characterized by vast resources, including over 200 M hectares of farmland and more than 23 M hectares of arable land located mainly in the arid zone with a short growing season. In 2023, the five most important crops
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Crop production in Kazakhstan is characterized by vast resources, including over 200 M hectares of farmland and more than 23 M hectares of arable land located mainly in the arid zone with a short growing season. In 2023, the five most important crops in the country were spring wheat (12.5 M ha), spring barley (2.42 M ha), sunflower (1.13 M ha), flax (0.73 M ha), and winter wheat (0.59 M ha). Diverse agroecological conditions and low input farming represent good opportunities for the more sustainable use of resources through organic production. However, the area falling under certified organic farming recently varied from 0.1 to 0.3 M ha with wheat, flax, soybean and soybean meal, peas and lentils serving as the main commodities exported to Europe. Several factors limit organic farming development in the country, including the certification system, marketing, and the availability of crops, cultivars, and technologies. The current review summarizes the main organic agronomic practices and bioresources applicable in Kazakhstan into four main themes: crops and cultivars’ diversification; tillage systems for organic crops; crop nutrition; and protection. The technologies developed for organic farming in similar ecologies globally are highly relevant to Kazakhstan and need to be tested and adopted by producers. The lack of targeted cultivars and technology development for organic production in Kazakhstan impedes its progress and requires a longer-term producer-focused framework to extend related research.
Full article
Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Tundish Deskulling Waste as a Source of MgO for Producing Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Based Mortars: Advancing Sustainable Construction Materials
by
Anna Alfocea-Roig, David Vera-Rivera, Sergio Huete-Hernández, Jessica Giro-Paloma and Joan Formosa Mitjans
Resources 2025, 14(7), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070107 - 29 Jun 2025
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Currently, the cement industry stands as one of the sectors with the most significant environmental impact, primarily due to its substantial greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. To mitigate this impact, a roadmap has been followed in recent years, outlining a set of
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Currently, the cement industry stands as one of the sectors with the most significant environmental impact, primarily due to its substantial greenhouse gas emissions and energy consumption. To mitigate this impact, a roadmap has been followed in recent years, outlining a set of objectives aimed at diminishing the environmental footprint of the construction industry. This research focuses on the development of mortars with different water/cement ratios employing an alternative cement, specifically magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) formulated with secondary sources. The goal of this research relays in developing mortars based on MPC by using waste from the metallurgical industry, named tundish deskulling waste (TUN), as an MgO source. The results revealed the optimal water/cement (W/C) ratio for MPC-TUN mortars production through the assessment of various characterization techniques, which was 0.55. This ratio resulted in the highest compressive strength after 28 days of curing and the formation of a stable K-struvite matrix. Furthermore, it demonstrated the effectiveness of aluminum sulphate in preventing efflorescence caused by carbonates. The development of alternative masonry mortars for application in building materials represents a significant stride towards advancing the principles of a circular economy, in alignment with the objectives laid out in the 2030 roadmap.
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Open AccessArticle
Assessment of the Projects’ Prospects in the Economic and Technological Development of the Oil and Gas Complex in the Republic of Mozambique
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Tatyana Semenova and Nunes Churrana
Resources 2025, 14(7), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070106 - 28 Jun 2025
Abstract
This study is devoted to a comprehensive technical and economic assessment of the prospects for the development of the oil and gas sector in the Republic of Mozambique in the context of the global energy transition. The analysis of key gas projects, including
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This study is devoted to a comprehensive technical and economic assessment of the prospects for the development of the oil and gas sector in the Republic of Mozambique in the context of the global energy transition. The analysis of key gas projects, including Coral South FLNG and Mozambique LNG, focused on their technological features, economic parameters and environmental impact. It is shown that the introduction of floating liquefaction technology reduces capital expenditures, increases operational flexibility, and minimizes infrastructure risks, especially in conditions of geopolitical instability. Based on a comparative analysis of the projects, it was found that the use of modular solutions and the integration of carbon capture and storage (CCS) systems contribute to improving sustainability and investment attractiveness. A patent analysis of technological innovations was carried out, which made it possible to substantiate the prospects for using nanotechnologies and advanced CO2 capture systems for further development of the sector. The results of the study indicate the need to strengthen content localization, develop human capital, and create effective revenue management mechanisms to ensure sustainable growth. The developed strategic development concept is based on the principles of the sixth technological paradigm, which implies an emphasis on environmental standards and technological modernization, including on the basis of nanotechnology. Thus, it is established that the successful implementation of gas projects in Mozambique can become the basis for long-term socio-economic development of the country, provided that technological and institutional innovations are integrated.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)
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Open AccessEditorial
The Importance, Strategies, and Future Prospects of Mine Ecological Restoration
by
Rongkui Su
Resources 2025, 14(7), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070105 - 27 Jun 2025
Abstract
For a long time, mining has been a critical industry, providing essential resources for development and progress [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Ecological Restoration)
Open AccessArticle
Predictability and Impact of Structural Reinforcement on Unplanned Dilution in Sublevel Stoping Operations
by
Thaís Janine Oliveira and Anna Luiza Marques Ayres da Silva
Resources 2025, 14(7), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070104 - 24 Jun 2025
Abstract
Unplanned dilution is a critical challenge in underground mining, directly affecting operating costs, resource recovery, stope stability and operational safety. This study presents an empirical–statistical framework that integrates the Mathews–Potvin stability graph, the Equivalent Linear Overbreak/Slough (ELOS) metric, and a site-specific linear calibration
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Unplanned dilution is a critical challenge in underground mining, directly affecting operating costs, resource recovery, stope stability and operational safety. This study presents an empirical–statistical framework that integrates the Mathews–Potvin stability graph, the Equivalent Linear Overbreak/Slough (ELOS) metric, and a site-specific linear calibration to improve dilution prediction in sublevel stoping operations. A database of more than 65 stopes from a Brazilian underground zinc mine was analyzed and classified as cable-bolted, non-cable-bolted, or self-supported. Planned dilution derived from the Potvin graph was compared with actual ELOS measured by cavity-monitoring surveys. Results show a strong correlation between cable-bolted/supported stopes (r = 0.918), whereas non-cabled/unsupported and self-supported stopes display lower correlations (r = 0.755 and 0.767). Applying a site-specific linear calibration lowered the mean absolute dilution error from 0.126 m to 0.101 m (≈20%), with the largest improvement (≈29%) occurring in self-supported stopes where the unadjusted graph is least reliable. Because the equation can be embedded in routine stability calculations, mines can obtain more realistic forecasts without abandoning established empirical workflows. Beyond geotechnical accuracy, the calibrated forecasts improve grade-control decisions, reduce unnecessary waste haulage, and extend resource life—thereby enhancing both the efficiency and the accessibility of mineral resources. This research delivers the first Brazilian case study that couples Potvin analysis with ELOS back-analysis to generate an operational calibration tool, offering a practical pathway for other sites to refine dilution estimates while retaining the simplicity of empirical design.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2025: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
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Open AccessReview
Offshore Geothermal Energy Perspectives: Hotspots and Challenges
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Paulo H. Gulelmo Souza and Alexandre Szklo
Resources 2025, 14(7), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070103 - 23 Jun 2025
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Geothermal energy is a low-carbon and reliable energy resource capable of generating both heat and electricity from the Earth’s internal thermal energy. While geothermal development has traditionally been focused on onshore sites, offshore geothermal resources are attracting growing interest due to advancements in
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Geothermal energy is a low-carbon and reliable energy resource capable of generating both heat and electricity from the Earth’s internal thermal energy. While geothermal development has traditionally been focused on onshore sites, offshore geothermal resources are attracting growing interest due to advancements in technology, the search for alternative baseload power, and the opportunity to repurpose decommissioned petroleum infrastructure. Recent efforts include utilizing abandoned oil and gas fields to adapt existing infrastructure for geothermal use, as well as exploring high-temperature geothermal zones such as submarine volcanoes and hotspots. Despite these initiatives, research output, scientific publications and patents remain relatively limited, suggesting that offshore geothermal technology is still in its early stages. Countries like Italy, Indonesia and Turkey are actively investigating geothermal resources in volcanic marine areas, while North Sea countries and the USA are assessing the feasibility of converting mature oil and gas fields into geothermal energy sites. These diverse strategies underscore the regional geological and infrastructure conditions in shaping development approaches. Although expertise from the oil and gas industry can accelerate technological progress in marine geothermal energy, economic challenges remain. Therefore, improving cost competitiveness is crucial for offshore geothermal energy.
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Open AccessFeature PaperReview
Integration of Bioresources for Sustainable Development in Organic Farming: A Comprehensive Review
by
Antigolena Folina, Ioanna Kakabouki, Konstantinos Baginetas and Dimitrios Bilalis
Resources 2025, 14(7), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070102 - 23 Jun 2025
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Organic farming relies on sustainable, eco-friendly practices that promote soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Bioresources—derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms—are pivotal in replacing synthetic inputs with natural alternatives. This review presents an integrated analysis of bioresources, highlighting their classification, functionality, and role
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Organic farming relies on sustainable, eco-friendly practices that promote soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Bioresources—derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms—are pivotal in replacing synthetic inputs with natural alternatives. This review presents an integrated analysis of bioresources, highlighting their classification, functionality, and role in organic systems through biofertilizers, biopesticides, organic amendments, and bioenergy. Despite their potential, challenges such as knowledge gaps, limited scalability, and technical constraints hinder their widespread adoption. The review emphasizes the ecological, economic, and social benefits of bioresource integration while identifying critical barriers and proposing strategic directions for research, policy, and practice. By addressing these gaps, bioresources can enhance nutrient cycling, pest management, and soil regeneration, offering a viable path toward sustainable agriculture. This synthesis supports the development of context-specific, circular, and resilient organic farming systems that align with global sustainability goals.
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Open AccessArticle
FinTech Adoption and Its Influence on Sustainable Mineral Resource Management in the United States
by
Asif Raihan, Syed Masiur Rahman, Mohammad Ridwan and Tapan Sarker
Resources 2025, 14(6), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060101 - 16 Jun 2025
Abstract
Sustainable mineral resource management is critical amid escalating environmental concerns and growing demand for minerals in digital and clean energy technologies. While financial technology (FinTech) has been widely recognized for enhancing financial inclusion and economic efficiency, its role in environmental governance—particularly in the
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Sustainable mineral resource management is critical amid escalating environmental concerns and growing demand for minerals in digital and clean energy technologies. While financial technology (FinTech) has been widely recognized for enhancing financial inclusion and economic efficiency, its role in environmental governance—particularly in the mining sector—remains underexplored, especially within developed economies like the United States. This study addresses this gap by examining how FinTech adoption influences mineral sustainability, using time series data from 1998 to 2023. Four FinTech proxies—mobile cellular subscriptions, Internet usage, fixed broadband access, and financial inclusion—were analyzed alongside environmental compliance and investment in sustainable mining technologies. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and Frequency Domain Causality (FDC) analysis, the results show that greater FinTech adoption significantly reduces mineral depletion rates, indicating improved sustainability. Internet and broadband access exhibit strong long-term impacts, while mobile connectivity and credit access show notable short- and medium-term effects. Investment in sustainable mining technologies further enhances these outcomes. Our findings suggest that FinTech serves as a multidimensional enabler of sustainability through digital inclusion, transparency, and access to green financing. This study provides empirical evidence to guide policymakers in integrating digital financial infrastructure into strategies for sustainable mineral resource governance.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production Efficiency and Environmental Research for Responsible Mining)
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Open AccessReview
Research Progress of Mine Ecological Restoration Technology
by
Yue Xiang, Jiayi Gong, Liyong Zhang, Minghai Zhang, Jia Chen, Hui Liang, Yonghua Chen, Xiaohua Fu, Rongkui Su and Yiting Luo
Resources 2025, 14(6), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060100 - 16 Jun 2025
Abstract
This article provides a systematic review of the current research status and latest progress in the field of mine ecological restoration. Using the SCI literature indexed by the Web of Science database as the data source, the research status and hotspots in the
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This article provides a systematic review of the current research status and latest progress in the field of mine ecological restoration. Using the SCI literature indexed by the Web of Science database as the data source, the research status and hotspots in the field of mine ecological restoration are displayed through the visual analysis of CiteSpace and the progress of mine ecological restoration technology this year is systematically summarized. Through a comprehensive review of existing technological methods, it is found that whether it is physical, chemical, biological restoration, or combined restoration technology, there are respective advantages, disadvantages, and application limitations. Physical remediation is a pretreatment, chemical remediation is prone to secondary pollution, while the sustainability shown by bioremediation makes it dominant in the of mine ecological remediation, but it has a long cycle and there is a risk of heavy metals that are accumulated by plants re-entering the biosphere through the food chain. Combined remediation can integrate the advantages of different restoration technologies and is the trend for the future development of mine ecological restoration. In the future, we should further promote technological innovation, perfect monitoring and evaluation technology, and promote informatization, scientization, and the effective implementation of mine ecological restoration, to achieve the ecological restoration and sustainable development of the mine area.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Ecological Restoration)
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Open AccessFeature PaperArticle
Geosystem Services of Erratic Boulders in Selected Regions of Central Poland
by
Maria Górska-Zabielska and Anna Łubek
Resources 2025, 14(6), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060099 - 11 Jun 2025
Abstract
Scandinavian erratic boulders in central Poland represent a significant element of the region’s geodiversity, fulfilling important natural, scientific, and cultural functions. As objects of high perceptual value, they integrate into the landscape and provide a wide range of geosystem services. The main objectives
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Scandinavian erratic boulders in central Poland represent a significant element of the region’s geodiversity, fulfilling important natural, scientific, and cultural functions. As objects of high perceptual value, they integrate into the landscape and provide a wide range of geosystem services. The main objectives of research conducted in two areas of the Małopolska Upland are to determine the concentration of these boulders and identify the geosystem benefits they offer, with particular emphasis on lichen species inhabiting their surfaces. Research has confirmed the currently limited use of geosystem services provided by the 25 erratic boulders studied. However, this may change with growing ecological awareness among local communities, enabling a deeper appreciation of inanimate nature. Erratic boulders have the potential to attract geotourists and thus support economic development (by improving the residents’ quality of life), but this potential requires broader promotion. Although the Central Register of Geosites of Poland is an appropriate platform for their registration, none of the analysed boulders have yet been included. The research findings are also partly directed at local government units to help them recognise the value of erratic boulders for sustainable development, in line with existing legal frameworks and development strategies. The detailed characterisation of 25 boulders may inspire broader initiatives and foster knowledge transfer to support regional development through geotourism. The ability to identify the ecosystem benefits provided by erratic boulders is essential for maintaining ecological balance and sustaining natural processes. However, there is growing evidence of the systematic disappearance of erratic boulders from the landscape, which disrupts geosystem balance and leads to further environmental degradation, negatively affecting human well-being. In light of the lack of effective nature protection measures in the study area, it is proposed that some of these boulders be designated as geological protected features. Such a conservation approach could help maintain ecological balance in the designated area.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geosites as Tools for the Promotion and Conservation of Geoheritage)
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Open AccessReview
Valorization of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Production Chain Waste—A Review of Possible Bioproducts
by
Guilherme Teixeira de Azevedo, Giovana Lima de Souza, Eduardo Leonarski, Kevyn Melo Lotas, Gustavo Henrique Barroso da Silva, Fábio Rodolfo Miguel Batista, Karina Cesca, Débora de Oliveira, Anderson Mathias Pereira and Leiliane do Socorro Sodré Souza
Resources 2025, 14(6), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060098 - 9 Jun 2025
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The Amazon region’s rich biodiversity supports a bioindustry model that utilizes various biological assets from different plant species, and where it will add value to existing production chains, starting to supply bio industrialized products and not just primary products. Guarana (Paullinia cupana
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The Amazon region’s rich biodiversity supports a bioindustry model that utilizes various biological assets from different plant species, and where it will add value to existing production chains, starting to supply bio industrialized products and not just primary products. Guarana (Paullinia cupana) is rich in bioactive compounds that interest the food and pharmaceutical industries. Thus, the main objective of this review is to present ways to add value to the guarana production chain by developing bioproducts using the residues generated in its processing. During processing, various residues are generated, as follows: peel (corresponding to 30% of the total mass of the fruit), and pulp (aryl), shell, and spent seeds, which have potential for application according to their characteristics. These residues were used to obtain bioactive compounds (catechins, theobromine, and caffeine) through different types of extraction (conventional, enzymatic, and pressurized liquid), and, subsequently, encapsulation. They were also applied in biodegradable and active packaging. Due to the high hemicellulose concentration, residual guarana seeds’ characteristics could potentially produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS). Therefore, the concept of biorefinery applied within the guarana production chain provides products that can be studied in the future to determine which processes are viable for expanding and valuing the productive chain of this fruit, in addition to strengthening sustainable development in the Amazon.
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Open AccessSystematic Review
Integrating Sustainability and Resilience Objectives for Energy Decisions: A Systematic Review
by
Olaoluwa Paul Aasa, Sarah Phoya, Rehema Joseph Monko and Innocent Musonda
Resources 2025, 14(6), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060097 - 5 Jun 2025
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There is a need for simultaneous attention to sustainability and resilience objectives while making energy decisions because of the need to address disruptions or shocks that can result from system-wide changes due to transitioning and existing threats to system performance. Owing to this
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There is a need for simultaneous attention to sustainability and resilience objectives while making energy decisions because of the need to address disruptions or shocks that can result from system-wide changes due to transitioning and existing threats to system performance. Owing to this emerging research area, this systematic review used the Scopus database to address the central question: What are the trends and practices that can enhance the integration of sustainability and resilience for energy decisions? The articles used are peer-reviewed, empirical research in the energy field and written in English. Articles that did not explicitly address energy systems (or any of the value chains) and gray literature were excluded from the study. The final screening of records resulted in the selection of 75 articles that effectively addressed the decision objective, context, and implementation (D-OCI), a classification scheme that supports 18 specific questions to identify practices for integrating the sustainability and resilience objectives. The highlighted practices are advantageous for decision evaluation and can provide valuable insights for formulating energy policies. This is particularly relevant because energy-related decisions affect households, organizations, and both national and international development. The study proposes ideas for future research based on the highlighted practices.
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Open AccessArticle
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Greywater Treatment and Rainwater Harvesting for Decentralized Water Reuse in Brazil and Germany
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Hugo Henrique de Simone Souza, Carlo Gottardo Morandi, Marc Árpád Boncz, Paula Loureiro Paulo and Heidrun Steinmetz
Resources 2025, 14(6), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060096 - 4 Jun 2025
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Urban water management faces growing pressure from population growth, pollution, and climate variability, demanding innovative strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This study applies the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) across four case studies in Brazil and Germany, evaluating integrated systems that combine constructed
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Urban water management faces growing pressure from population growth, pollution, and climate variability, demanding innovative strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This study applies the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) across four case studies in Brazil and Germany, evaluating integrated systems that combine constructed wetlands for greywater treatment with rainwater harvesting for non-potable use. The scenarios include a single-family household, a high-rise residential building, a rural residence, and worker housing. A multi-criteria analysis was conducted to derive consolidated sustainability indicators, and sensitivity analysis explored the influence of dimension weighting. Results showed that water reuse scenarios consistently outperformed conventional counterparts across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) revealed notable reductions in global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, and eutrophication. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) confirmed financial feasibility when externalities were considered, especially in large-scale systems. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) highlighted the perceived benefits in terms of health, safety, and sustainability engagement. Integrated water reuse systems achieved overall sustainability scores up to 4.8 times higher than their baseline equivalents. These findings underscore the effectiveness of decentralized water reuse as a complementary and robust alternative to conventional supply and treatment models, supporting climate resilience and sustainable development goals.
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Open AccessArticle
Green Coffee Bean Extracts: An Alternative to Improve the Microbial and Oxidative Stability of Ground Beef
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Wendy Alejandra Atondo-Echeagaray, Brisa del Mar Torres-Martínez, Rey David Vargas-Sánchez, Gastón Ramón Torrescano-Urrutia, Nelson Huerta-Leidenz and Armida Sánchez-Escalante
Resources 2025, 14(6), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060095 - 4 Jun 2025
Abstract
Green coffee bean extracts (GCBEs) represent a promising alternative to improve ground beef’s microbial and oxidative stability. This study evaluated the content of bioactive metabolites, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from GCBE with different solvents (W, water; E, ethanol; WE,
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Green coffee bean extracts (GCBEs) represent a promising alternative to improve ground beef’s microbial and oxidative stability. This study evaluated the content of bioactive metabolites, the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from GCBE with different solvents (W, water; E, ethanol; WE, water–ethanol), in comparison to textured soy protein extract (TSPE), and their effect on the microbial and antioxidant stability of meat homogenates. The results showed that the extraction solvent significantly affected the yield and metabolite content (p < 0.05), with GCBE-W and TSPE-WE as the highest performers (>20% by both). GCBE-E presented the highest (p < 0.05) tannin value (19.13 mg/100 g), while GCBE-W and GCBE-WE showed the highest (p < 0.05) flavonoids and chlorogenic acid content (1.19 and 11.20 mg/100 g, respectively). Regarding antimicrobial activity, GCBE-WE showed the highest (p < 0.05) inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (31.11% and 41.94% of inhibition, respectively). In comparison, GCBE-E and GCBE-WE were significantly effective (p < 0.05) against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium (44.79% and 31.25% of inhibition by both, respectively). Regarding antioxidant activity, GCBE-E and GCBE-WE presented the highest (p < 0.05) DPPH inhibition (92.79% by both), as well as the highest reducing power values (1.40 abs and 173.28 mg Fe2+/g by both). GCBE-WE significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the microbial load after heating in meat (1.21 log10 CFU/g), while GCBE-E and ASC showed the lowest (p < 0.05) pH values (5.74 by both). Furthermore, incorporating the extracts GCBE-E, GCBE-WE, and TSPE significantly reduced (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation (40, 45.71, and 48.57%), and affected (p < 0.05) color parameters. These findings suggest the potential of GCBEs as natural additives in the meat industry.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Extraction from Agricultural Products/Waste: 2nd Edition)
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Open AccessArticle
Valorization of the Invasive Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans L.) as a Natural and Promising Source of Bioactive Hydrolysates with Antioxidant and Metal-Chelating Properties
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Luis Chel-Guerrero, David Betancur-Ancona, Yasser Alejandro Chim-Chi, Valentino Mukthar Sandoval-Peraza and Santiago Gallegos Tintoré
Resources 2025, 14(6), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060094 - 3 Jun 2025
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Lionfish is a predatory invasive species that endangers native species in the areas it colonizes. Hunting it is necessary to prevent this natural devastation while taking advantage of this unconventional natural source. The objective of this research was to utilize lionfish muscle to
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Lionfish is a predatory invasive species that endangers native species in the areas it colonizes. Hunting it is necessary to prevent this natural devastation while taking advantage of this unconventional natural source. The objective of this research was to utilize lionfish muscle to obtain hydrolysates with biological activities (antioxidant and chelating properties). The methodology of this study involved the obtention of hydrolysates with Alcalase® at 30 (H30), 60 (H60), and 90 (H90) min. Degree of hydrolysis (DH), amino acid, electrophoretic profile, and antioxidant and chelating activities were determined for the hydrolysates obtained. The amino acid composition showed a high nutritional value since all the hydrolysates fulfilled the requirements proposed by the FAO (except tryptophan) for children, adolescents, and adults. The DH was >30% at 60 and 90 min. In the electrophoretic analysis, protein and polypeptides were identified. DPPH radical scavenging was 27.78% at 30 min. Iron-chelating activity was 64.23% at 90 min, and copper-chelating capacity remained at >90% in all hydrolysates. Lionfish are an invasive and unexploited source of hydrolysates with potential applications in the feed and food industries.
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Open AccessArticle
Novel Rap-Landslide Method for Assessing Agroforestry Sustainability in Landslide-Prone Areas
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Euthalia Hanggari Sittadewi, Iwan Gunawan Tejakusuma, Titin Handayani, Arif Dwi Santoso, Adrin Tohari, Asep Mulyono, Zufialdi Zakaria, Evensius Bayu Budiman, Hilmi El Hafidz Fatahillah and Riski Fitriani
Resources 2025, 14(6), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060093 - 1 Jun 2025
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Landslides are becoming increasingly frequent, intensified by extreme rainfall and human activities, and threaten ecosystems and livelihoods. In Nyomplong, West Java, they have displaced residents and damaged land, which is now repurposed for agroforestry. Sustainable agroforestry management is crucial for reducing landslide risks
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Landslides are becoming increasingly frequent, intensified by extreme rainfall and human activities, and threaten ecosystems and livelihoods. In Nyomplong, West Java, they have displaced residents and damaged land, which is now repurposed for agroforestry. Sustainable agroforestry management is crucial for reducing landslide risks and enhancing farmer livelihoods, and a comprehensive assessment is required. This study presents Rapid Appraisal for Landslide (Rap-Landslide), a novel method for assessing agroforestry sustainability. Multidimensional Scaling evaluates economic, environmental, social, technological, and institutional dimensions, focusing on key factors in landslide mitigation, land conservation, and productivity enhancement. The approach includes data collection, sustainability evaluation, leverage factor analysis, and validity testing. This study indicates that the sustainability index of agroforestry in Nyomplong ranges from 40.66% to 62.82%, with an average of 56.16%, classifying it as moderately sustainable. Monte Carlo analysis confirms that this study maintains a stable sustainability status with high confidence. Furthermore, Rap-Landslide leverage analysis identifies 15 key attributes significantly influencing sustainability. Key strategies for improvement include more substantial government support in agroforestry policies, farmer group empowerment, the adoption of conservation technologies such as terracing and soil biotechnology, the use of organic fertilizers, appropriate crop selection, and improved market access. Rap-Landslide can be applied to other landslide-prone areas, offering a systematic approach to evaluating sustainability and guiding effective land management strategies.
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Open AccessArticle
Hydrothermal Valorization of Peapods and Coffee Cherry Waste: Comparative Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Acid Catalysis and Evaluation of Biomass’ Influence on Catalytic Efficiency
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Alejandra Sophia Lozano Pérez, Valentina Romero Mahecha and Carlos Alberto Guerrero Fajardo
Resources 2025, 14(6), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060092 - 29 May 2025
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Hydrothermal processing has emerged as a promising clean technology for managing the substantial amounts of agro-industrial waste generated worldwide. This study aims to introduce a clean technology approach to biomass valorization processes by exploring the hydrothermal conversion of two distinct biomass feedstocks, peapods
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Hydrothermal processing has emerged as a promising clean technology for managing the substantial amounts of agro-industrial waste generated worldwide. This study aims to introduce a clean technology approach to biomass valorization processes by exploring the hydrothermal conversion of two distinct biomass feedstocks, peapods and coffee cherries, into valuable platform chemicals through the use of homogeneous acid catalysts. The hydrothermal valorization experiments were conducted in a 500 mL reactor at 180 °C for 1 h with a 1:20 biomass–acid solution ratio, utilizing a set of organic and inorganic acids as catalysts. The chemical compositions of the biomass feedstocks were analyzed, revealing significant differences in their cellulose (20.2 wt% in peapods; 27.6 wt% in coffee cherries), hemicellulose (17.4 wt% in peapods; 12.5 wt% in coffee cherries), and lignin (5.0 wt% in peapods; 13.7 wt% in coffee cherries) contents. Without the use of catalysts, peapods yielded 45.128 wt% platform chemicals, outperforming coffee cherries, which produced 32.598 wt%. The introduction of various acid catalysts influenced the yields and selectivity of platform chemicals. Sulfuric acid enhanced sugar production, yielding 62.936 wt% from peapods and 51.236 wt% from coffee cherries. Hydrochloric acid selectively favored sugar production but resulted in decreased overall yields. Nitric acid facilitated the conversion of both biomass types, yielding 35.223 wt% from coffee cherries and 40.315 wt% from peapods. Adipic acid achieved the highest overall yields, with 53.668 wt% for coffee cherries and 65.165 wt% for peapods, while also increasing levulinic acid production. Acetic acid significantly increased sugar yields, which reached 50.427 wt% with peapods. The findings highlight the potential of hydrothermal valorization as a clean technology for biomass conversion and underscores the importance of tailoring catalyst selection and process conditions to optimize the valorization of biomass feedstocks.
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Open AccessArticle
Study of Road Bitumen Operational Properties Modified with Phenol–Cresol–Formaldehyde Resin
by
Yuriy Demchuk, Volodymyr Gunka, Iurii Sidun, Bohdan Korchak, Myroslava Donchenko, Iryna Drapak, Ihor Poliuzhyn and Serhiy Pyshyev
Resources 2025, 14(6), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060091 - 28 May 2025
Cited by 1
Abstract
Using a relatively inexpensive method, phenol–cresol–formaldehyde resin (PhCR-F) was produced utilizing the byproducts of coal coking. It is shown that petroleum road bitumens, to which 1.0 wt.% PhCR-F is added, in terms of basic physical and mechanical parameters, comply with the requirements of
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Using a relatively inexpensive method, phenol–cresol–formaldehyde resin (PhCR-F) was produced utilizing the byproducts of coal coking. It is shown that petroleum road bitumens, to which 1.0 wt.% PhCR-F is added, in terms of basic physical and mechanical parameters, comply with the requirements of the regulatory document for bitumens modified with adhesive additives. Research on the operational properties of these modified bitumens as a binding material for asphalt concrete is described. It has been proven that modified bitumen can store stable properties during its application (resistance to aging). The interaction of bitumens modified by PhCR-F with the surfaces of mineral materials, which occurs during the creation of asphalt concrete coatings, was studied. It was shown that adding 1.0 wt.% PhCR-F to road bitumen significantly improves the adhesion of the binder to the mineral material and increases the hydrophobicity of such a coating. The production of effective bitumen modifiers from non-target coking products of coal will not only make it possible to use new resources in road construction but will also increase the depth of decarbonization of the coking industry.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)
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Open AccessArticle
Future Development of Raw Material Policy Based on Statistical Data Analysis
by
Lucia Domaracká, Damiana Šaffová, Katarína Čulková, Marcela Taušová, Barbara Kowal and Simona Matušková
Resources 2025, 14(6), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060090 - 27 May 2025
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For the European Union in the field of raw material policy, it is primarily important to ensure reliable, seamless, and unrestricted access to raw materials in all EU countries. An important aspect in assessing the European Union’s raw material policy is a detailed
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For the European Union in the field of raw material policy, it is primarily important to ensure reliable, seamless, and unrestricted access to raw materials in all EU countries. An important aspect in assessing the European Union’s raw material policy is a detailed analysis of selected significant raw materials. This paper focuses on raw material policy within the European Union (EU). Specifically, it examines five types of raw materials: critical raw materials, metal ores, non-metallic minerals, fossil energy materials, and biomass. The research is oriented to analyzing the materials from the perspectives of consumption, mining, export, and import. The objective is to assess the European Union’s (EU) raw material policy by employing specific tools and statistical methodologies to analyze individual data. We aimed to assess the European Union (EU) raw material policy using selected statistical methods such as regression and correlation analysis, multivariate analysis, and pairwise correlation to reveal and describe the relationships between variables. Based on the examination of import and export data, it is evident that imports are on the rise while exports are declining. This trend underscores the EU’s continued reliance on raw materials sourced from other global regions. The results show that domestic production and consumption are sufficient; on the other hand, the EU remains dependent on imports of critical raw materials. The results are useful for the development of future EU raw material policy.
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Open AccessArticle
Optimization of Blighia sapida Seed Oil Biodiesel Production: A Sustainable Approach to Renewable Biofuels
by
Oyetola Ogunkunle and Christopher C. Enweremadu
Resources 2025, 14(6), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060089 - 26 May 2025
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This study aims to optimize the production of biodiesel from Blighia sapida (Ackee) seed oil, a non-edible and underutilized feedstock, as a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil-based diesel fuels. The transesterification of Blighia sapida seed oil was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
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This study aims to optimize the production of biodiesel from Blighia sapida (Ackee) seed oil, a non-edible and underutilized feedstock, as a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil-based diesel fuels. The transesterification of Blighia sapida seed oil was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with a Box–Behnken experimental design. Three process variables, reaction time, temperature, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio, were selected for modeling biodiesel yield. The resulting biodiesel was characterized by physicochemical properties in accordance with ASTM D6751 standards. The optimal transesterification conditions were found to be 60 min, 60 °C, and a methanol-to-oil ratio of 3:1, yielding 98.36% biodiesel. This represents an improvement over the unoptimized yield of 94.3% at a 6:1 molar ratio. Experimental validation produced an average yield of 97.49%, confirming the model’s reliability. The produced biodiesel exhibited a kinematic viscosity of 4.02 mm2/s, cetane number of 54.6, flash point of 138 °C, and acid value of 0.421 mg KOH/g, which are all within the ASTM D6751 standard limits. This work is among the first to systematically optimize Blighia sapida biodiesel production using RSM. The results demonstrate its viability as a clean-burning, high-quality biodiesel fuel with promising fuel properties and environmental benefits. Its high cetane number and low methanol requirement enhance its combustion performance and production efficiency, positioning Blighia sapida as a competitive feedstock for sustainable biofuel development.
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