Resources

28 pages, 2733 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Techno-Economic Optimization and Assessment of Solar Photovoltaic–Battery–Hydrogen Energy Systems with Solar Tracking for Powering ICT Facility

by Olubayo Babatunde, Oluwaseye Adedoja, Oluwaseun Oyebode, Uthman Abiola Kareem, Damilola Babatunde, Toyosi Adedoja, Busola Akintayo, Michael Emezirinwune, Desmond Eseoghene Ighravwe, Olufemi Ogunniran and Olanrewaju Oludolapo

Resources 2025, 14(5), 74; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050074 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper addresses the critical issue of selecting the optimal solar tracking configuration for maximum energy generation, given the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions in information and communication technology (ICT) facilities. The main goal is to thoroughly evaluate and compare seven different [...] Read more.

This paper addresses the critical issue of selecting the optimal solar tracking configuration for maximum energy generation, given the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions in information and communication technology (ICT) facilities. The main goal is to thoroughly evaluate and compare seven different solar tracking configurations across technical, economic, and environmental dimensions: No Tracking (NT), Monthly Adjusted Horizontal Axis (MAHA), Weekly Adjusted Horizontal Axis (WAHA), Daily Adjusted Horizontal Axis (DAHA), Continuously Adjusted Horizontal Axis (CAHA), Continuously Adjusted Vertical Axis (CAVA), and Dual Axis with Continuous Adjustment (DACA). This study utilizes the HOMER simulation program to evaluate its energy and hydrogen production, emissions, and cost-effectiveness performance. Key findings indicate solar tracking improves energy efficiency, with optimal capacity factors of 18.2% and 17.7% for CAHA and DAHA configurations, respectively. Although load-following strategies increase reliability, there is a trade-off between capital costs and energy costs. In addition, an MCDM approach helps to consolidate the evaluation, resulting in CAVA being ranked as the most preferable option. The study contributes to informed decision-making for energy systems in ICT facilities by emphasizing the significance of considering a variety of criteria and evaluation techniques to address complex energy challenges. Full article

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17 pages, 4046 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Ettringite Formation on the Stability of Cement-Treated Sediments

by Inácio Soares Ribeiro, Diego de Freitas Fagundes and Helena Paula Nierwinski

Resources 2025, 14(5), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050073 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study explores the stabilization of dredged sediments classified as lean clay (CL) using hydrated lime, type III Portland cement, and compaction. While quicklime is commonly used in practice, this research explores alternative calcium-based binders with the aim of valorizing sediments for civil [...] Read more.

This study explores the stabilization of dredged sediments classified as lean clay (CL) using hydrated lime, type III Portland cement, and compaction. While quicklime is commonly used in practice, this research explores alternative calcium-based binders with the aim of valorizing sediments for civil engineering applications. The mechanical behavior of the treated materials was evaluated through an Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test campaign, with the results interpreted using the porosity/volumetric cement content (

η / C_{i v}

) index. This relationship assesses the influence of apparent dry density and cement content on the strength improvement of sediments, aiming to evaluate the suitability of the dredged sediments for engineering applications. A key feature of this study is the extended curing period of up to 90 days, which goes beyond the typical 28-day evaluations commonly found in the literature. Interestingly, strength degradation occurred at advanced curing ages compared to shorter curing times. To understand the mechanisms underlying this resistance degradation, the mixtures were subjected to X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These tests identified the presence of the expansive sulfate-based compound ettringite, which is associated with swelling and failure in soils stabilized with calcium-based stabilizers. This research contributes to the field by demonstrating the limitations of calcium-based binders in stabilizing sulfate-bearing dredged materials and emphasizing the importance of long-term curing in assessing the durability of treated sediments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Recycling and Reuse of Industrial By-Products or Waste from Geo-Resource Exploitation)

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19 pages, 935 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing the Growth, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) Microgreens Using Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma

by Prapasiri Ongrak, Nopporn Poolyarat, Suebsak Suksaengpanomrung, Bhornchai Harakotr, Yaowapha Jirakiattikul and Panumart Rithichai

Resources 2025, 14(5), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050072 (registering DOI) - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Enhancing the nutraceutical value of health-promoting foods is a strategy to mitigate non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which pose a global health threat. This study aimed to improve the growth, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant activity of kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) microgreens through the [...] Read more.

Enhancing the nutraceutical value of health-promoting foods is a strategy to mitigate non-communicable diseases (NCDs), which pose a global health threat. This study aimed to improve the growth, bioactive compound content, and antioxidant activity of kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk.) microgreens through the application of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma at different treatment durations. Seeds from two cultivars, Pugun 19 (PG) and Banhann (BH), were treated with DBD plasma for 5 to 20 min, compared to untreated seeds as the control. DBD plasma treatments had no significant effect on the dry weight of BH, whereas a 10 min treatment resulted in the highest dry weight in PG. Principal component analysis exhibited that treating PG seeds with 5 min of DBD plasma increased coumaric acid, total flavonoids, and DPPH and FRAP activities. Meanwhile, exposing BH seeds to 10 min DBD plasma treatment enhanced carotenoids content, as well as ABTS and antiglycation activities. Based on these results, the optimal time for DBD plasma treatment to improve the quality of kangkong microgreens was 5 min for PG and 10 min for BH. These findings indicate that DBD plasma treatment offers potential applications in sustainable agriculture and food biofortification. Full article

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18 pages, 2373 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Yield, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Potential of Twenty-Three Diverse Microgreen Species Grown Under Controlled Conditions

by Bhornchai Harakotr, Lalita Charoensup, Panumart Rithichai, Yaowapha Jirakiattikul and Patlada Suthamwong

Resources 2025, 14(5), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050071 (registering DOI) - 27 Apr 2025

Abstract

Selecting suitable crop species is crucial for optimizing the productivity and nutritional content of microgreens. In this study, twenty-three diverse microgreen species, grown under controlled conditions, were analyzed for yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The microgreens were cultivated on a peat substrate [...] Read more.

Selecting suitable crop species is crucial for optimizing the productivity and nutritional content of microgreens. In this study, twenty-three diverse microgreen species, grown under controlled conditions, were analyzed for yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant activities. The microgreens were cultivated on a peat substrate in a controlled environment, with a growth period of 6 to 20 days from planting to harvest. Conditions were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C, a 16 h photoperiod, CO₂ concentration of 1000 ppm, relative humidity of 60 ± 2%, and the LED light was set at 330 μmol/m²/s PPFD. Results from the analysis revealed that the yield, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant potential differed significantly among the twenty-three microgreen species. Unfortunately, the superior microgreens exhibiting greater values for all studied traits could not be identified. However, the principal component analysis (PCA) clustered red radish, rat-tailed radish, and Chinese kale microgreens, which were high in both yield and bioactive compounds. In contrast, red holy basil and lemon basil microgreens had high levels of these compounds but low yields. Additionally, a high level of anti-tyrosinase activity was observed in garland chrysanthemum, Chinese mustard, and Chinese cabbage microgreens. Therefore, these microgreen species can be utilized individually or in varying ratios to produce bioactive compounds in different concentrations that are suitable for various applications. The information presented in this study provides valuable insights for health-conscious consumers and growers for selecting superior species with functional implications. Full article

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21 pages, 4109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Using Coal Resources with Optimal Bursting Pressure for the Production of High-Quality Metallurgical Coke

by Denis Miroshnichenko, Kateryna Shmeltser, Maryna Kormer, Oleksiy Sytnyk, Iliya Avdeyuk, Mykhailo Miroshnychenko and Mariia Shved

Resources 2025, 14(5), 70; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050070 - 23 Apr 2025

Abstract

When applying advanced technologies and technological methods for the preparation of coal raw materials (technology for coking stamped batch, technology for coking dry or thermally prepared batch), the problem of developing high bursting pressure arises. The aim of this research is to assess [...] Read more.

When applying advanced technologies and technological methods for the preparation of coal raw materials (technology for coking stamped batch, technology for coking dry or thermally prepared batch), the problem of developing high bursting pressure arises. The aim of this research is to assess the possibility of predicting the bursting pressure of coal blends taking into account their technological properties and petrographic characteristics, as well as to study the effect of bursting pressure on the metallurgical properties of coke. Standardized methods were used to study the technological properties of coal and coal blends (determination of technical and petrographic analyses). The qualitative characteristics of coke were studied using physical, mechanical, and thermochemical methods for the study of standardized indicators: crushability (M₂₅), abrasion (M₁₀), reactivity (CRI), and post-reaction strength (CSR). The regression equations for predicting the bursting pressure of coal blends, taking into account the volatile matter in the blend, vitrinite content, and grinding, which are characterized by high correlation coefficients (0.89 and 0.9), were proposed. Their use will make it possible to optimize the composition of coal batches, control the bursting pressure during regrinding, and reduce the number of experimental measurements in a particular coke production. It was also found that an increase in the bursting pressure by 1 kPa can be expected to increase the mechanical strength of coke in terms of crushability M₂₅ by about 2.6% and reduce the abrasion of coke M₁₀ by 1%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2025: Assessment, Mining and Processing)

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23 pages, 875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial and Physiochemical Profiling of Zarqa River Supplemented with Treated Wastewater: A High-Resolution PCR Analysis

by Raha Alassaf and Alfred P. Blaschke

Resources 2025, 14(5), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050069 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

Background: This study aims to evaluate the quality of treated wastewater flowing in the Zarqa River to determine its suitability for agricultural use. The assessment is based on physicochemical and biological parameters in accordance with Jordanian standards (JS 893:2021), the CCME water quality [...] Read more.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the quality of treated wastewater flowing in the Zarqa River to determine its suitability for agricultural use. The assessment is based on physicochemical and biological parameters in accordance with Jordanian standards (JS 893:2021), the CCME water quality index, and the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI). Additionally, a microbial assessment was conducted to identify the presence of pathogens in the treated wastewater. Methods: A total of 168 water samples were collected from seven different sites along the Zarqa River over a 24-month period. This study focused on microbial assessment and selected parameters from the JS 893:2021, including total dissolved solids (TDSs), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and E. coli levels. Furthermore, data were gathered on additional physicochemical parameters such as pH, mineral content (including Na, Ca, K, Mg, and Cl), salts (HCO₃, SO₄, NO₃, and PO₄), and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Co). The CCME water quality index and weighted arithmetic WQI scores were calculated to determine the water quality from all seven study sites. Results: In terms of Jordanian standards, Site 1 had the lowest TDS and DO values along with E. coli concentration. Further, in terms of minerals and salts, the maximum concentrations found for the sites are given herewith: Site 2 (K⁺ and NO₃), Site 3 (Cl⁻, Na⁺), Site 5 (Ca, HCO₃), and Site 7 (Mg²⁺, PO₄, and SO₄). In terms of pH, all the study sites had pH values within the acceptable range, i.e., between 6 and 9, for irrigation purposes. The concentrations of certain heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), were observed to be negligible. In contrast, Site 6 exhibited the highest concentration of iron (Fe) (0.0178 mg/L), while Site 5 recorded the maximum concentration of copper (Cu) (0.0210 mg/L) among the study locations. Site 1 demonstrated the most favorable water quality among the seven sites evaluated, whereas Site 6 exhibited the poorest water quality. Overall, the water quality from the majority of the sites was deemed suitable for drainage and for irrigating crops classified under the B category. However, based on the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WQI) values, none of the sites achieved a classification of good or excellent water quality, although the water quality at these sites may still be utilized for irrigation purposes. The current study is the first to report the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Zarqa River water samples. Conclusions: The current study outcomes are promising and provide knowledgeable insights in terms of water quality parameters, while public health aspects should be considered when planning the WWTPs in parallel to reclaiming the wastewater for irrigation purposes. Full article

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24 pages, 2988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Positive Energy Communities in Accelerating the Adoption of Renewable Energies: Case Study, Tunisia

by Ikram Ben Belgacem, El Manaa Barhoumi, Issam M. Bahadur and Paul C. Okonkwo

Resources 2025, 14(5), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14050068 - 22 Apr 2025

Abstract

This paper examines the key factors influencing the relationship between domestic energy consumption and renewable energy adoption in Tunisia, based on a survey of 1000 participants from various sectors, including students, teachers, and social media users. The findings reveal that while 65% of [...] Read more.

This paper examines the key factors influencing the relationship between domestic energy consumption and renewable energy adoption in Tunisia, based on a survey of 1000 participants from various sectors, including students, teachers, and social media users. The findings reveal that while 65% of households report high energy consumption, mainly due to heating and air conditioning, only 35% have adopted energy-efficient technologies. Although 80% express concern about climate change, only 45% understand the connection between personal energy use and environmental impact. Additionally, 70% of respondents show a positive attitude toward solar energy, but 60% cite installation costs as a significant barrier. The paper focuses on the potential of positive energy communities (PECs), particularly in rural areas, where 75% of respondents showed interest. The study emphasizes the need for a comprehensive strategy combining education, policy frameworks, and community-driven energy solutions to reduce consumption and increase renewable energy use. Concrete recommendations are provided to support a sustainable energy transition in Tunisia, with a focus on enhancing energy autonomy and environmental preservation through PECs. Full article

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16 pages, 1951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Is Everything Lost? Recreating the Surface Water Temperature of Unmonitored Lakes in Poland

by Mariusz Ptak, Mariusz Sojka, Katarzyna Szyga-Pluta, Muhammad Yousuf Jat Baloch and Teerachai Amnuaylojaroen

Resources 2025, 14(4), 67; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040067 - 18 Apr 2025

Abstract

One of the fundamental features of lakes is water temperature, which determines the functioning of lake ecosystems. However, the overall range of information related to the monitoring of this parameter is quite limited, both in terms of the number of lakes and the [...] Read more.

One of the fundamental features of lakes is water temperature, which determines the functioning of lake ecosystems. However, the overall range of information related to the monitoring of this parameter is quite limited, both in terms of the number of lakes and the duration of measurements. This study addresses this gap by reconstructing the lake surface water temperature (LSWT) of six lakes in Poland from 1994 to 2023, where direct measurements were discontinued. The reconstruction is based on the Air2Water model, which establishes a statistical relationship between LSWT and air temperature. Model validation using historical observations demonstrated high predictive accuracy, with a Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency exceeding 0.92 and root mean squared error ranging from 0.97 °C to 2.13 °C across the lakes. A trend analysis using the Mann–Kendall test and Sen’s slope estimator indicated a statistically significant warming trend in all lakes, with an average increase of 0.35 °C per decade. Monthly trends were most pronounced in June, September, and November, exceeding 0.50 °C per decade in some cases. The direction, pace, and scale of these changes are crucial for managing individual lakes, both from an ecological and economic perspective. Full article

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20 pages, 1495 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Modelling and Visualization Tools for Resource Decoupling at Meso- and Micro-Levels: Case Study in Poland

by Ewa Kopeć and Joanna Kulczycka

Resources 2025, 14(4), 66; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040066 - 16 Apr 2025

Abstract

The monitoring and transition toward a circular economy, along with resource and economic decoupling, can be supported by an assessment and visualization system for material use. While resource productivity indicators and macro-level decoupling are well established, significant challenges remain at the meso-level. In [...] Read more.

The monitoring and transition toward a circular economy, along with resource and economic decoupling, can be supported by an assessment and visualization system for material use. While resource productivity indicators and macro-level decoupling are well established, significant challenges remain at the meso-level. In particular, identifying and comparing industry branches is hindered by data access constraints and visualization limitations. To identify and visualize resource decoupling across different industrial divisions, data were collected for Poland from the Central Statistical Office. A combination of three statistical methods offers a multidimensional perspective on this research challenge. The Osanna Triangle illustrates the proportions of resources used across different manufacturing divisions, while Ward’s method identifies similarities between industrial divisions. Meanwhile, correlation analysis determines the strength and direction of relationships between resource utilization and production value. This study aims to analyze resource consumption patterns across various industrial processing divisions and visualize these connections. The results can support the formulation of effective industrial policies, including targeted support for low-emission technologies in specific industrial divisions. This approach aims to optimize resource utilization, promote sustainable development, and achieve resource decoupling. Full article

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16 pages, 1605 KiB

Open AccessArticle

By-Products from Five Grape Varieties Grown in Northwest Mexico Are Sources of Bioaccessible and Bioavailable Phenolic Compounds in a Simulated Digestion

by Norma Julieta Salazar-López, Rosario Maribel Robles-Sánchez, Julio Cesar Armenta-Gorosave, J. Abraham Domínguez-Avila, Gustavo A. González-Aguilar and Elisa Magaña-Barajas

Resources 2025, 14(4), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040065 - 14 Apr 2025

Abstract

The inclusion of by-products or discarded fruit in a second value chain can be a strategy to contribute to sustainable food production and consumption, with a focus on following a circular economy model, since certain by-products may be a source of nutrients and [...] Read more.

The inclusion of by-products or discarded fruit in a second value chain can be a strategy to contribute to sustainable food production and consumption, with a focus on following a circular economy model, since certain by-products may be a source of nutrients and compounds with biological potential. The objective of this research was to evaluate the content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of by-products from five non-marketable grape varieties, as well as the bioaccessibility and absorption of their phenolic compounds during a simulated digestion, in order to support their potential use as sources of health-promoting compounds of interest. By-products of five grape varieties grown in northwest Mexico were evaluated. They were manually divided into two fractions, skin and pulp + seed, and subjected to a simulated digestion. Grape skin had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity. Catechin exhibited the highest bioaccessibility and absorption, although 40% of this compound was compromised during simulated digestion. Catechin, quercetin, and protocatechuic acid contained in grape by-products make them attractive for insertion into a second value chain with potential uses, such as applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Additional research is required to evaluate potential applications, ensuring that these alternative uses are profitable and sustainable. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Extraction from Agricultural Products/Waste: 2nd Edition)

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42 pages, 3043 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Theoretical Substantiation of Risk Assessment Directions in the Development of Fields with Hard-to-Recover Hydrocarbon Reserves

by Tatyana Semenova and Iaroslav Sokolov

Resources 2025, 14(4), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040064 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

This article presents a methodology for risk assessment and management in the development of hard-to-recover hydrocarbon reserves. The proposed methodology integrates Monte Carlo simulation and fuzzy logic methods, which allows for the consideration of both quantitative stochastic risks (e.g., fluctuations in oil prices, [...] Read more.

This article presents a methodology for risk assessment and management in the development of hard-to-recover hydrocarbon reserves. The proposed methodology integrates Monte Carlo simulation and fuzzy logic methods, which allows for the consideration of both quantitative stochastic risks (e.g., fluctuations in oil prices, variability in costs, and production volumes) and qualitative uncertainties (e.g., environmental, social, and technological risks) that are traditionally difficult to formalize. The approach facilitates the incorporation of uncertainties associated with complex field developments and aims to improve managerial decisions through comprehensive risk assessment. The article elaborates on the theoretical aspects of the proposed methodology, including risk identification stages, the formalization of qualitative data using fuzzy logic, and the application of the Monte Carlo method for integrating various risk categories. The results confirm the potential of this methodology as a tool to enhance the resilience and economic efficiency of projects involving the development of hard-to-recover hydrocarbon reserves. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production Efficiency and Environmental Research for Responsible Mining)

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41 pages, 11437 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Decision Support System for Managed Aquifer Recharge Through Non-Conventional Waters in the South of the Mediterranean

by Rym Hadded, Mongi Ben Zaied, Fatma Elkmali, Giulio Castelli, Fethi Abdelli, Zouhaier Khabir, Khaled Ben Zaied, Elena Bresci and Mohamed Ouessar

Resources 2025, 14(4), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040063 - 11 Apr 2025

Abstract

Water management in arid regions faces significant challenges due to limited water resources and increasing competition among sectors. Climate change (CC) exacerbates these issues, highlighting the need for advanced modeling tools to predict trends and guide sustainable resource management. This study employs Water [...] Read more.

Water management in arid regions faces significant challenges due to limited water resources and increasing competition among sectors. Climate change (CC) exacerbates these issues, highlighting the need for advanced modeling tools to predict trends and guide sustainable resource management. This study employs Water Evaluation And Planning (WEAP) software to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) to evaluate the impact of climate change and water management strategies on the Triassic aquifer of “Sahel El Ababsa” in southeast Tunisia up to 2050. The reference scenario (SC0) assumes constant climatic and socio-economic conditions as of 2020. CC is modeled under RCP4.5 (SC1.0) and RCP8.5 (SC2.0). Additional scenarios include Seawater Desalination Plants (SDPs) (SC3.0 and SC4.0), water harvesting techniques (SC5.0) to highlight their impact on the recharge, and irrigation management strategies (SC6.0). All these scenarios were further developed under the “SC1.0” scenario to assess the impact of moderate CC. The initial aquifer storage is estimated at 100 Million cubic meters (Mm³). Under (SC0), storage would decrease by 76%, leaving only 23.7 Mm³ by 2050. CC scenarios (SC1.0, SC2.0) predict about a 98% reduction. The implementation of the Zarat SDP (SC3.0) would lead to a 45% improvement compared to reference conditions by the end of the simulation period, while its extension (SC4.0) would result in a 69.5% improvement. Under moderate CC, these improvements would be reduced, with SC3.1 showing a 59% decline and SC4.1 a 35% decline compared to the reference scenario. The WHT scenario (SC5.0) demonstrated a 104% improvement in Triassic aquifer storage by 2050 compared to the reference scenario. However, under CC (SC5.1), this improvement would be partially offset, leading to a 29% decline in aquifer storage. The scenario maintaining stable agricultural demand from the Triassic aquifer under CC (SC6.1) projected an 83% decrease in storage. Conversely, the total “Irrigation Cancellation” scenario (SC7.1) under CC showed a significant increase in aquifer storage, reaching 59.3 Mm³ by 2050—an improvement of 250% compared to the reference scenario. The study underscores the critical need for alternative water sources for irrigation and integrated management strategies to mitigate future water scarcity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Water and Soil Management Towards Climate Change Adaptation)

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16 pages, 2489 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade and Its Interlinkages with the Sustainable Development Goals

by Laila A. Al-Khatib and Ahmad M. AlHanaktah

Resources 2025, 14(4), 62; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040062 - 8 Apr 2025

Abstract

In the face of acute water scarcity and sanitation challenges emblematic of arid and semi-arid regions (ASARs), this study investigated the transformative upgrade of the Aqaba Conventional Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant (CAS-AWWTP) in Jordan. The project, expanding capacity to 40,000 m³ [...] Read more.

In the face of acute water scarcity and sanitation challenges emblematic of arid and semi-arid regions (ASARs), this study investigated the transformative upgrade of the Aqaba Conventional Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant (CAS-AWWTP) in Jordan. The project, expanding capacity to 40,000 m³/day, integrated sustainable features including renewable energy and repurposed natural treatment ponds functioning as artificial wetlands. The plant’s treatment performance, byproduct valorization, and alignment with sustainable development goals (SDGs) were assessed. Comparative analysis revealed that the upgraded CAS-AWWTP consistently outperforms the previous natural and extended activated sludge systems. CAS-AWWTP average removal efficiencies of BOD₅, COD, TSS, and T-N were 99.1%, 96.6%, 98.7%, and 95.1%, respectively, achieving stringent reuse standards and supplying approximately 30% of Aqaba Governorate’s annual water budget, thus conserving freshwater for domestic use. Furthermore, the plant achieved 44% electrical self-sufficiency through renewable energy integration, significantly reducing its carbon footprint. The creation of artificial wetlands transformed the site into a vital ecological habitat, attracting over 270 bird species and becoming a popular destination for birdwatching enthusiasts, drawing over 10,000 visitors annually. This transformation underscores the plant’s dual role in wastewater treatment and environmental conservation. The AWWTP upgrade exemplifies a holistic approach to sustainable development, impacting multiple SDGs. Beyond improving sanitation (SDG 6), it enhances water reuse for agriculture and industry (SDG 6.4, 9.4), promotes renewable energy (SDG 7), stimulates economic growth (SDG 8), strengthens urban sustainability (SDG 11), fosters resource efficiency (SDG 12), and supports biodiversity (SDG 14/15). The project’s success, facilitated by multi-stakeholder partnerships (SDG 17), provides a replicable model for water-scarce regions seeking sustainable wastewater management solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Water Resources)

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20 pages, 3028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multitemporal Analysis Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Monitor Wetlands Changes and Degradation in the Central Andes of Ecuador (Period 1986–2022)

by Juan Carlos Carrasco Baquero, Daisy Carolina Carrasco López, Jorge Daniel Córdova Lliquín, Adriana Catalina Guzmán Guaraca, David Alejandro León Gualán, Vicente Javier Parra León and Verónica Lucía Caballero Serrano

Resources 2025, 14(4), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040061 - 4 Apr 2025

Abstract

Wetlands are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems that provide various ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in wetlands in the Chimborazo Wildlife Reserve (CR) in the period 1986–2022 using geographic information systems (GISs), multitemporal satellite [...] Read more.

Wetlands are transitional lands between terrestrial and aquatic systems that provide various ecosystem services. The objective of this study was to evaluate the change in wetlands in the Chimborazo Wildlife Reserve (CR) in the period 1986–2022 using geographic information systems (GISs), multitemporal satellite data, and field data from the 16 wetlands of the reserve. Images from Landsat satellite collections (five from Thematic Mapper, seven from Enhanced Thematic Mapper, and eight from Operational Land Imager and Thermal Infrared Sensor) were used. Image analysis and processing was performed, and the resulting maps were evaluated in a GIS environment to determine the land cover change and growth rate of hydrophilic opportunistic vegetation (HOV) according to hillside orientation. The results show that there are negative annual anomalies in the water-covered areas, which coincide with the increase in HOV. This shows that the constancy or increase in the rate of increase in HOV, which varies between 0.0018 and 0.0028, causes the disappearance of these ecosystems. The importance of the study lies in its potential contribution to the decision-making process in the management of the CR. Full article

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28 pages, 6885 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Set of Analysis Tools Integrated with the Energy Gap Method for Energy Accounting Center Diagnosis in Polymer Production

by Omar Augusto Estrada-Ramírez, Nicolás Andrés Muñoz-Realpe, Julián Alberto Patiño-Murillo and Farid Chejne

Resources 2025, 14(4), 60; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040060 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

Energy and production efficiency are critical for achieving sustainability and competitiveness in polymer processing plants. A system with high energy efficiency and performance enhances productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) methodologies are widely used for energy control in [...] Read more.

Energy and production efficiency are critical for achieving sustainability and competitiveness in polymer processing plants. A system with high energy efficiency and performance enhances productivity while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. While Monitoring and Targeting (M&T) methodologies are widely used for energy control in Energy Accounting Centers (EACs), they do not provide a diagnostic framework. The Energy Gap Method (EGM), introduced in 2018, addresses this gap by identifying the origin and magnitude of energy inefficiencies through a hierarchical model that defines six levels of specific energy consumption (SEC). Inspired by M&T strategies, the EGM has led to the development of diagnostic tools, including the Performance Characteristic Line for Diagnostics (PCLD), the Activity-Based Target from Diagnostics (ABTD), and the Performance Characteristic Curve for Diagnostics (PCCD). These tools enable manufacturers to determine optimal production batch sizes, establish minimum productivity requirements, identify molds and product references requiring intervention, and support the design of energy-efficient components. By integrating these tools, manufacturers can optimize energy consumption, achieve cost savings, and enhance environmental sustainability. This paper presents the methodology and two case studies demonstrating the analytical capabilities of the developed tools in improving energy efficiency within polymer production processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)

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46 pages, 8252 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into Awareness and Perceptions of Food Waste and School Catering Practices: A Student-Centered Study in Rezekne City, Latvia

by Juta Deksne, Jelena Lonska, Sergejs Kodors, Lienite Litavniece, Anda Zvaigzne, Inese Silicka and Inta Kotane

Resources 2025, 14(4), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040059 - 2 Apr 2025

Abstract

A fundamental step to foster a sustainable future is enhancing students’ awareness of responsible food consumption. The present research study assessed students’ awareness of food waste (FW) issues, attitudes towards school catering and lunch management, and the reasons for plate waste (PW) in [...] Read more.

A fundamental step to foster a sustainable future is enhancing students’ awareness of responsible food consumption. The present research study assessed students’ awareness of food waste (FW) issues, attitudes towards school catering and lunch management, and the reasons for plate waste (PW) in Rezekne city schools, Latvia. A survey was conducted in April 2024 involving 944 students in grades 2 to 7 across four selected schools (S1, S2, S3, and S4), provided with state and municipality-funded free lunches. Statistical analysis methods (Mean ± SD, Kruskal–Wallis H test, Mann–Whitney U post hoc test, and Spearman’s correlation analysis) were used to analyze the results. The findings revealed limited awareness and knowledge of students about FW issues, and generally indifferent attitude towards FW and school meals. In addition, significant dissatisfaction with the sensory qualities of meals was observed, yet sensory satisfaction did not correlate with FW levels, pointing to broader issues within the catering model. The restrictive pre-served portion system was found ineffective in reducing FW and fostering responsible consumption. A sustainable catering model should empower students to independently choose the type and quantity of food, combining their abilities and motivation with practical actions. These findings provide a basis for strategies aimed at reducing FW and promoting responsible and sustainable food consumption in Latvian schools. Full article

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23 pages, 7483 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Migration Potential of Printed Plastic Films into the Aquatic Environment

by Edyta Łaskawiec

Resources 2025, 14(4), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040058 - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of contamination of water matrices (deionised water, spring water, tap water) in a 14-week experiment using film samples from commercial bags printed with water- and solvent-based inks. The effect of different lighting conditions on leaching and [...] Read more.

This study aimed to evaluate the degree of contamination of water matrices (deionised water, spring water, tap water) in a 14-week experiment using film samples from commercial bags printed with water- and solvent-based inks. The effect of different lighting conditions on leaching and ecotoxicity was also investigated. Samples were exposed for 24 h to natural sunlight and to no light in a darkroom. A significant increase in contaminants in the aqueous matrices was observed in regard to the 12-week leaching potential of the components from the films in regard to all the lighting variants and aqueous matrices analysed: an increase in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total organic carbon (TOC), and total suspended solids (TSS). Based on the procedures carried out, the relationship between the lighting conditions and the amount of the constituents released into the aqueous matrices was not confirmed. The concentration of total organic carbon in all the samples peaked between weeks 6 and 9 of the study, followed by a gradual reduction in leaching. This phenomenon could be linked to the gradual depletion of the substances present in the samples or to the achievement of a concentration equilibrium between the aqueous matrix and the sample and/or to the formation of deposits on the surface of the films, which hindered the migration of the substances into the solutions. Ecotoxicity tests performed between 7 and 14 weeks showed most samples’ toxic and highly toxic effects on the growth of Lemna minor fronds and Sinapis alba/Lepidium sativum roots. In contrast, no toxic effects were observed in regard to most of the samples during screening mortality tests on Daphnia magna and Artemia salina. This study highlights the need for further research into the effects of plastic pollution on the aquatic environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment of Water Resources)

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20 pages, 2654 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Potential Use of Solid Waste and Mine Water for Land Rehabilitation of the Coal Mine-Affected Area in Slovenia

by Angelika Więckol-Ryk, Alicja Krzemień, Łukasz Pierzchała and Matjaž Kamenik

Resources 2025, 14(4), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040057 - 31 Mar 2025

Abstract

The rehabilitation of post-mining sites is crucial due to the severe environmental impacts of mining, including land degradation, heavy metal pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Effective reclamation strategies are essential to reverse these impacts and enable sustainable land use. This study presents the [...] Read more.

The rehabilitation of post-mining sites is crucial due to the severe environmental impacts of mining, including land degradation, heavy metal pollution, and loss of biodiversity. Effective reclamation strategies are essential to reverse these impacts and enable sustainable land use. This study presents the possibility of the rehabilitation of a post-mining area in Velenje, Slovenia, using artificial soils made from combustion by-products amended with lignite and organic compost, and explores the potential of lignite mine water for irrigation. This approach introduces an innovative solution that differs from the traditional methods of rehabilitating degraded areas. Physicochemical and phytotoxicity tests were conducted to determine the quality of the soil substitutes. The analysis revealed that the pH, salinity, and chemical composition of soils positively impacted Sinapis alba growth as a test plant, with the most promising compositions containing 20–30% of lignite by weight as a replacement for organic compost. Irrigation water quality parameters, such as electrical conductivity (0.87 dS/m), the sodium absorption ratio (2.09 meq/L), and boron content (0.05 mg/L), indicated a low soil dispersion risk, while the residual sodium carbonate (3.02 meq/L) suggested a medium risk. Although, the concentration of toxic elements did not exceed the threshold limits; the long-term irrigation with mine water requires the monitoring of the molybdenum levels. These results suggest the potential for using artificial soils and mine water in post-mining land reclamation but highlight the need for the monitoring of their quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mine Ecological Restoration)

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18 pages, 3030 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Struvite Precipitation from Centrate—Identifying the Best Balance Between Effectiveness and Resource Efficiency

by Andreas Kolb, Tim Gebhardt and Thomas Dockhorn

Resources 2025, 14(4), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14040056 - 28 Mar 2025

Abstract

In the context of struvite precipitation, the most significant gap pertains to the transfer of knowledge from scientific research to practical applications. The primary objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to identify the most critical process parameters influencing struvite precipitation and, secondly, [...] Read more.

In the context of struvite precipitation, the most significant gap pertains to the transfer of knowledge from scientific research to practical applications. The primary objective of this study is twofold: firstly, to identify the most critical process parameters influencing struvite precipitation and, secondly, to translate these parameters into a pragmatic tool for real-world applications. This study investigates the precipitation of struvite from digestion centrate to obtain information on the appropriate precipitation conditions for different initial chemical compositions. We carried out 24 lab-scale experiments to investigate the effect of varying pH value (7.0–8.5), temperature (5 °C and 33 °C) and initial phosphate concentrations (353; 165; 68 mg/L) on struvite precipitation. Varying the pH had the strongest influence on precipitation efficiencies. Adjusting pH from 7 to 8.5 increased PO₄-P removal from 1.4% to 98.8%, whereas temperature had little impact on PO₄-P removal. Furthermore, we found that a saturation index of at least 1.7 is imperative to precipitate at least 90% of the available PO₄-P. Based on the results, we developed a nomogram showing the resulting saturation index and the associated PO₄-P removal efficiency for variable initial PO₄-P and pH levels. The tool developed in this study enables users to directly identify the so-called ‘sweet spot’, which is the optimal balance between process effectiveness and resource efficiency, for each centrate. Full article

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