Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
7.3
4.3
Journals
Resources
Editor’s Choice
share announcement

Editor’s Choice Articles

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
33 pages, 1713 KB  
Article
Green Finance Energy Transition and Critical Raw Materials: An Integrated Framework for Resource Sustainability
by Nesrine Gafsi and Ines Belgacem
Resources 2026, 15(6), 76; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15060076 - 4 Jun 2026
Viewed by 409
Abstract
The transition toward low-carbon economic systems has increased the strategic importance of green finance while simultaneously intensifying dependence on critical raw materials (CRMs) required for renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems, and electrification infrastructure. Despite the growing relevance of these interconnections, existing research [...] Read more.
The transition toward low-carbon economic systems has increased the strategic importance of green finance while simultaneously intensifying dependence on critical raw materials (CRMs) required for renewable energy technologies, energy storage systems, and electrification infrastructure. Despite the growing relevance of these interconnections, existing research has generally examined green finance, energy transition dynamics, and critical raw material sustainability separately, providing limited evidence on their combined interactions. This study develops an integrated finance–energy–resource framework to investigate the relationships among green finance, energy transition, and CRM sustainability. Using an unbalanced panel dataset covering 32 advanced and emerging economies over the period 2010–2022, the analysis employs the System Generalized Method of Moments (System GMM) estimator to address endogeneity, persistence effects, and unobserved heterogeneity. The empirical framework incorporates indicators of green finance, energy transition, CRM sustainability, and CRM supply risk, together with macroeconomic and institutional control variables. The results indicate that green finance contributes positively to CRM sustainability by supporting sustainable investment, resource efficiency, and environmentally responsible development. At the same time, the expansion of energy transition systems increases demand pressure on critical raw materials and may intensify supply-chain vulnerabilities. The findings further suggest the existence of feedback effects between resource constraints and financial systems through investment risk and capital allocation mechanisms. These results highlight the need for integrated policy approaches that align sustainable finance, energy transition objectives, and critical raw material governance to support long-term sustainability transitions. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 1515 KB  
Article
Probability Assessment of Strategic and Total Rare Earth Element Supply for the EU Under the EU Critical Raw Materials Act
by Melike Yildirim Ayyildiz, Jasemin Ayse Ölmez and Christoph Hilgers
Resources 2026, 15(6), 73; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15060073 - 25 May 2026
Viewed by 855
Abstract
The European Union aims to reduce its dependency on imported critical and strategic raw materials. Therefore, the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act defines benchmarks for strategic raw materials on domestic mining, recycling, refining, and the diversification of import sources to be achieved by [...] Read more.
The European Union aims to reduce its dependency on imported critical and strategic raw materials. Therefore, the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act defines benchmarks for strategic raw materials on domestic mining, recycling, refining, and the diversification of import sources to be achieved by 2030. This study investigates the feasibility of the EU’s Critical Raw Materials Act mining benchmark for strategic rare earth elements, which aims for 10% of the EU’s annual demand to be met through domestic mining. We assess whether domestic rare earth element supply from mining within the EU can meet the projected future demand for 2030 and 2050. The study also examines the extent to which the total demand of rare earth elements for the EU could be met proportionally. An uncertainty estimation with Monte Carlo simulation with consideration of uniform and Gaussian distribution, based on individual project development stages, highlights that reaching the 10% benchmark for strategic rare earth elements is theoretically likely by 2030; however, with an incorporated nine-year lead time, meeting the 2030 benchmark is no longer feasible. Furthermore, obstacles such as social license to operate, mining permits and appeals in practice may additionally prolong procedures. The study concludes that in order to mine domestic rare earth elements and to reduce import dependency, the EU needs to invest in geological exploration and mining. Moreover, establishing a whole rare earth elements supply chain from mining to refining is highly complex and, as illustrated by the Japan–Australia partnership, which required 14 years without including the geological exploration phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate, Resources and Circular Economy (KLIREC)—Interdependencies, Synergies and Tradeoffs)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 824 KB  
Article
Monetary Valuation of Life Cycle Impacts for Lithium Carbonate Extraction Pathways
by Abu Shahadat Md Ibrahim, Shivani Mathur and Roderick G. Eggert
Resources 2026, 15(5), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15050068 - 15 May 2026
Viewed by 732
Abstract
The rapid growth of battery energy storage and electric vehicles has increased lithium demand and intensified the attention given to the environmental performance of alternative extraction pathways. Conventional life cycle assessments (LCA) of lithium production typically report midpoint indicators in physical units, which [...] Read more.
The rapid growth of battery energy storage and electric vehicles has increased lithium demand and intensified the attention given to the environmental performance of alternative extraction pathways. Conventional life cycle assessments (LCA) of lithium production typically report midpoint indicators in physical units, which limits cross-category comparison and reduces their usefulness for economic and policy analysis. This study presents a comparative monetized LCA of lithium carbonate equivalent (LCE) production from three pathways: solar brine evaporation, hard-rock spodumene mining, and geothermal brine recovery. Using the TRACI 2.1 midpoint results reported in a prior LCA, six impact categories—global warming, smog formation, acidification, respiratory effects, carcinogenic toxicity, and non-carcinogenic toxicity—are converted into monetary values through a benefit-transfer, damage-cost approach. Total environmental external costs are estimated at USD 11.85/kg LCE for solar brine evaporation, USD 9.45/kg LCE for spodumene mining, and USD 4.11/kg LCE for geothermal brine recovery (all USD amounts are expressed in $2025 unless otherwise mentioned). Smog formation contributes more than 80% of the total monetized damages across all pathways, while toxicity-related impacts account for a smaller share than implied by the normalized midpoint results. Monetization changes the relative ranking of the solar brine and spodumene pathways, while indicating that geothermal brine recovery has the lowest monetized external cost among the impact categories evaluated. These findings show that monetized LCA can complement conventional midpoint assessment and provide more decision-relevant insights for policy and economic evaluation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Resources and Innovation for a Just and Sustainable Energy Transition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 5280 KB  
Article
Integrated Sustainability Assessment of a Rice Mill Biorefinery: From Waste Valorization to Circular Economy Pathways
by Natalia Salgado-Aristizabal, Juan D. Galvis-Nieto, Danya K. Jurado-Erazo, Carlos A. Cardona-Alzate and Carlos E. Orrego-Alzate
Resources 2026, 15(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15020028 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1564
Abstract
Rice processing generates substantial residual biomass globally—about 170 million tons of husk, 62–71 million tons of bran and 23–39 million tons of broken rice annually—which remains largely underutilized and creates environmental burdens and lost economic opportunities. This study was conducted to address the [...] Read more.
Rice processing generates substantial residual biomass globally—about 170 million tons of husk, 62–71 million tons of bran and 23–39 million tons of broken rice annually—which remains largely underutilized and creates environmental burdens and lost economic opportunities. This study was conducted to address the necessity for integrated sustainability assessments of rice mill biorefineries. The focus of this study is on transitioning from a global context of residual biomass generation to a local-scale application in small and medium mills (100–300 tons/day). We apply a resource-centric framework, combining process simulation, techno-economic analysis, and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA—selected for its capacity to quantify trade-offs and avoid burden-shifting across multiple impact categories) with Social-LCA. Five valorization scenarios are assessed. Results demonstrate that biorefinery pathways fundamentally alter supply provision: husk cogeneration boosts energy self-sufficiency (SGI = 12.54), displacing fossil fuels, while silica and nutrient recovery create new, local material flows, substituting for virgin resources. However, chemically intensive routes increase human toxicity impacts (up to 4.0 × 10−1 kg 1,4-DB eq/kg) despite product diversification. Social analysis reveals a tension between worker preferences for advanced technology and community priorities for low-chemical, employment-generating options. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis identifies a diversified configuration (oil, flour, feed, cogeneration) as most robust, optimizing overall resource productivity and circularity. This work transitions the conceptual model of a rice mill from a linear processor to a multi-output bio-resource hub, offering actionable pathways to enhance regional energy, mineral, and nutrient security through circular economy implementation. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3112 KB  
Article
Achieving Sustainable Development Goals Through Hybrid Energy Supply Systems in Mining: The Case of the Varvarinskoye Copper–Gold Deposit
by Gennady Stroykov, Andrey Lebedev, Aida Belous and Ekaterina Kolganova
Resources 2026, 15(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15020025 - 3 Feb 2026
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2237
Abstract
Many companies in the mining industry include decarbonization of production among their key strategic goals as part of their internal sustainability strategy. This need is driven by a number of factors: stricter regulation in the area of carbon footprint (introduction of carbon taxes, [...] Read more.
Many companies in the mining industry include decarbonization of production among their key strategic goals as part of their internal sustainability strategy. This need is driven by a number of factors: stricter regulation in the area of carbon footprint (introduction of carbon taxes, emissions quotas, reporting requirements); sustained growth in demand for electricity and rising market prices; economic feasibility—the need to optimize operating costs and improve energy efficiency. This study provides a comprehensive technical and economic justification for implementing a hybrid power supply system—combining a solar power plant (SPP) and a gas engine power plant (GPP)—at Solidcore Resources’ Varvarinsky hub in Kazakhstan. The methodology includes modeling the energy balance of the real asset (156.9 GWh of annual energy consumption), calculating the output of a 22.6 MW SPP based on local GHI/PR/η parameters, forming and determining the adaptability coefficient Kₐ (proportion of PV in total monthly electricity generation), conducting an economic assessment (NPV, payback period, sensitivity), and inventorying CO2 emissions under Scope 1–2. The SPP provides approximately 41.3 GWh of electricity generation per year, with an average annual Ka = 0.263; the 40 MW installed capacity of the gas piston power plant covers the residual demand, forming a stable daily and seasonal balance. The project demonstrates a positive NPV (After Tax) = USD 23.65 million with an estimated payback period of 10 years, while the cost of energy in extraction and processing is reduced by almost three times, and the total reduction in CO2 emissions will be 51%. Thus, hybridization of energy supply systems is a practical compromise between reliability and decarbonization. Determining the adaptability coefficient Ka allows the flexibility of the system to be taken into account, shows how effectively the new energy system uses renewable energy sources, and can be used to optimize the operation of the energy system to achieve the company’s internal sustainable development goals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Production Efficiency and Environmental Research for Responsible Mining)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 343 KB  
Article
Assessing the Social Factors Affecting Solar Energy Transition in the Mining Sector
by Josephine Mutwale, Ephraim Zulu, Francis Mulolani and Sambo Lyson Zulu
Resources 2026, 15(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010017 - 21 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1129
Abstract
This study examines the social factors shaping solar energy transitioning in Zambia’s mining sector, a key contributor to the national resource economy. It focuses on how policies, incentive systems, communication channels, training and skills development, and stakeholder engagement and partnership influence the sector’s [...] Read more.
This study examines the social factors shaping solar energy transitioning in Zambia’s mining sector, a key contributor to the national resource economy. It focuses on how policies, incentive systems, communication channels, training and skills development, and stakeholder engagement and partnership influence the sector’s readiness to adopt solar energy and support more reliable operations. A quantitative design was used, with a 5-point Likert-scale questionnaire administered to 192 respondents from mining companies, regulatory bodies, energy suppliers and local authorities. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, reliability tests and hierarchical regression. The results show that stakeholder engagement and partnership and incentive systems are the strongest predictors of transition intentions, underscoring their role in improving energy security and supporting sustainable production. Policies, communication and training had weaker effects, indicating the need for stronger institutional coordination and targeted capacity building. Overall, the findings illustrate how social conditions shape renewable energy adoption and contribute to more resilient mining activities. Full article
25 pages, 3009 KB  
Article
Participatory Energy Diagnosis for the Design of Sustainable Rural Energy Systems: Evidence from an Indigenous Community in Mexico
by Luis Bernardo López-Sosa, Carlos A. García, Ana Yésica Martínez Villalba and Ricardo González Cárabes
Resources 2026, 15(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010016 - 15 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1055
Abstract
The study of energy needs in rural areas continues to be an active field of research. Although numerous gaps hinder the achievement of a sustainable energy transition in these areas, it is necessary to develop comprehensive strategies that integrate local participation with the [...] Read more.
The study of energy needs in rural areas continues to be an active field of research. Although numerous gaps hinder the achievement of a sustainable energy transition in these areas, it is necessary to develop comprehensive strategies that integrate local participation with the implementation of efficient and appropriate energy technologies. This research analyzes local energy needs using a community participatory approach and considers four main stages, including a participatory diagnosis at the community level to identify energy needs, defining priority energy needs from the community’s viewpoint, estimating a baseline of the identified needs, their economic costs, and environmental impacts, constructing a scenario with a 20-year projection, and the benefits of implementing more efficient technologies. The results show that 98.9% of energy is destined for residential needs, 0.6% for community needs, and 0.5% for productive needs, and the economic expenditure follows the same hierarchy, while total emissions are estimated annually at just over 30,000 tCO2e and 3 tPM2.5. With the proposed scenario, at the end of year 20, a reduction in consumption of just over 200 TJ is estimated, together with present value savings of USD 490,000, and a decrease in emissions of approximately 27,000 tCO2e and 2.7 tPM2.5. This proposal is expected to contribute to encouraging research with broad community participation and to the formulation of strategies that enable a sustainable energy transition in rural contexts. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 4199 KB  
Article
Low-Carbon Green Hydrogen Strategies for Sustainable Development in Senegal: A Wind Energy Perspective
by Astou Sarr, Mamadou Simina Dramé, Serigne Abdoul Aziz Niang, Abdoulkader Ibrahim Idriss, Haitham Saad Mohamed Ramadan, Ali Ahmat Younous, Kharouna Talla, John Robert Bagarino, Marissa Jasper and Ismaila Diallo
Resources 2026, 15(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010009 - 31 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1763
Abstract
This study presents the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of wind-based green hydrogen production across Senegal, a country highly dependent on fossil fuel imports. Using a novel integrated approach combining 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data (1993–2023), turbine performance modeling and electrolyzer comparison, it [...] Read more.
This study presents the first comprehensive techno-economic assessment of wind-based green hydrogen production across Senegal, a country highly dependent on fossil fuel imports. Using a novel integrated approach combining 30 years of ERA5 reanalysis data (1993–2023), turbine performance modeling and electrolyzer comparison, it fills an important gap for renewable hydrogen development in West Africa. Wind resources were analyzed at multiple altitudes, revealing strong potential in both coastal and northeastern regions, particularly during the dry season, with higher wind speeds at higher turbine heights. Four turbines (Vestas_150, Goldwind_155, Vestas_126 and Nordex_N100) and two electrolyzer types (alkaline and PEM) were evaluated. The alkaline system performed best. Vestas_150 and Goldwind_155 achieved the highest hydrogen yields of 241 and 183 tons/year and CO2 reductions of 2951 and 2241 tons/year, generating carbon credits of 0.118 M$ and 0.089 M$, respectively. Their levelized cost of electricity remained low (0.042 and 0.039 $/kWh), while smaller turbines showed higher costs. Vestas_150 also had the shortest payback period of 2.16 years, making it the most competitive option. Sensitivity analyses showed that longer system lifespans and high-performance turbines significantly reduce the levelized cost of hydrogen. Priority investment zones include Saint-Louis, Matam, Louga and Tambacounda, with levelized cost of hydrogen values as low as 3.4 $/kg. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 2991 KB  
Article
Hydro-Meteorological Drought Dynamics in the Lower Mekong River Basin and Their Downstream Impacts on the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (1992–2021)
by Dang Thi Hong Ngoc, Nguyen Van Toan, Nguyen Phuoc Cong, Bui Thi Bich Lien, Nguyen Thanh Tam, Nigel K. Downes, Pankaj Kumar and Huynh Vuong Thu Minh
Resources 2026, 15(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources15010003 - 23 Dec 2025
Viewed by 2854
Abstract
Climate change and river flow alterations in the Mekong River have significantly exacerbated drought conditions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Understanding the temporal dynamics and propagation mechanisms of drought, coupled with the compounded impacts of human activities, is crucial. This study analyzed [...] Read more.
Climate change and river flow alterations in the Mekong River have significantly exacerbated drought conditions in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD). Understanding the temporal dynamics and propagation mechanisms of drought, coupled with the compounded impacts of human activities, is crucial. This study analyzed meteorological (1992–2021) and hydrological (2000–2021) drought trends in the Lower Mekong River Basin (LMB) using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Streamflow Drought Index (SDI), respectively, complemented by Mann–Kendall (MK) trend analysis. The results show an increasing trend of meteorological drought in Cambodia and Lao PDR, with mid-Mekong stations exhibiting a strong positive correlation with downstream discharge, particularly Tan Chau (Pearson r ranging from 0.60 to 0.70). A key finding highlights the complexity of flow regulation by the Tonle Sap system, evidenced by a very strong correlation (r = 0.71) between Phnom Penh and the 12-month SDI lagged by one year. Crucially, the comparison revealed a shift in drought severity since 2010: hydrological drought has exhibited greater severity (reaching severe levels in 2020–2021) compared to meteorological drought, which remained moderate. This escalation is substantiated by a statistically significant discharge reduction (95% confidence level) at the Chau Doc station during the wet season, indicating a decline in peak flow due to upstream dam operations. These findings provide a robust database on the altered hydrological regime, underlining the increasing vulnerability of the VMD and motivating the urgent need for comprehensive, adaptive water resource management strategies. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 379 KB  
Article
Assessing the Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts of Artisanal Gold Mining in Zimbabwe: Pathways Towards Sustainable Development and Community Resilience
by Moses Nyakuwanika and Manoj Panicker
Resources 2025, 14(12), 190; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120190 - 17 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3366
Abstract
While artisanal gold mining (AGM) has been credited as a sector that sustains many households in Zimbabwe, it has at the same time been criticized as the chief driver of ecological degradation and social vulnerability. This study qualitatively examines the environmental and socioeconomic [...] Read more.
While artisanal gold mining (AGM) has been credited as a sector that sustains many households in Zimbabwe, it has at the same time been criticized as the chief driver of ecological degradation and social vulnerability. This study qualitatively examines the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of AGM by conducting in-depth interviews with miners, residents, and policymakers across six central mining districts. The study findings indicate that the use of mercury has resulted in severe contamination of water bodies, while clearing land to pave the way for mining has led to severe deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and declining agricultural productivity due to the loss of fertile soils. It was also found that most AGMs were unregulated, and their unregulated operations have intensified health risks, social inequality, and land-use conflicts with the local community. This study provides an insight into how dependence on AGM has perpetuated a cycle of ecological degradation and poverty among many Zimbabweans. The study, therefore, attempts to combine community narratives with policy analysis, thereby proposing a framework for sustainable AGM in Zimbabwe. This involves advocating for the use of environmentally friendly technologies and promoting participatory environmental governance among all key stakeholders. The study contributes to achieving a balance between economic benefits and environmental management by advancing the discourse on sustainable development and community resilience in resource-dependent economies. Full article
15 pages, 2262 KB  
Article
Economic Efficiency of Natural Resource Use in the Context of ESG Integration and the Circular Economy Transition
by Dinara Mukhiyayeva, Aigul Alibekova, Lyazzat Sembiyeva, Nadiia Shmygol, Bakhytzhamal Zhumatayeva and Dariga Khamitova
Resources 2025, 14(12), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14120186 - 10 Dec 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1560
Abstract
The global shift towards sustainable development and low-carbon growth has intensified the need for efficient management of natural resources. This study proposes an integrated economic assessment framework to evaluate how ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) integration and circular economy strategies influence resource productivity [...] Read more.
The global shift towards sustainable development and low-carbon growth has intensified the need for efficient management of natural resources. This study proposes an integrated economic assessment framework to evaluate how ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) integration and circular economy strategies influence resource productivity and long-term economic performance. The research focuses on the water–energy–land nexus as a critical driver of global economic systems. Using a combination of multi-criteria decision analysis (AHP/TOPSIS), material flow analysis (MFA), life-cycle assessment (LCA), and panel econometric modeling on a broad dataset of countries (2018–2023), we examine the relationship between resource efficiency, ESG adoption, and economic competitiveness. The results indicate that circular business models and strong ESG practices significantly reduce resource intensity, enhance total factor productivity, and strengthen economic resilience. Scenario modeling demonstrates that transitioning from linear to circular resource flows can yield substantial economic and ecological benefits, including a ~1–3% rise in GDP and a ~15–20% drop in resource intensity under a high-circularity scenario. These findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and businesses, emphasizing that sustainable resource governance is not only an environmental necessity but also a key driver of global economic transformation. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1907 KB  
Article
Biomass Valorisation Resources, Opportunities, and Barriers in Ireland: A Case Study of Counties Monaghan and Tipperary
by Nishtha Talwar, Rosanna Kleemann, Egle Gusciute and Fionnuala Murphy
Resources 2025, 14(10), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14100155 - 29 Sep 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2427
Abstract
Agriculture is Ireland’s largest sector with agri-food exports amounting to EUR 15.2B in 2021. However, agriculture is also Ireland’s largest contributor to GHGs, accounting for 37.4% of emissions in 2020. Developing indigenous renewable energy sources is a national objective towards reducing GHG emissions. [...] Read more.
Agriculture is Ireland’s largest sector with agri-food exports amounting to EUR 15.2B in 2021. However, agriculture is also Ireland’s largest contributor to GHGs, accounting for 37.4% of emissions in 2020. Developing indigenous renewable energy sources is a national objective towards reducing GHG emissions. The National Policy Statement on the Bioeconomy of Ireland advises a cascading principle of biomass use, where higher-value applications are derived from biomass before energy generation. This research quantifies and characterises biomass wastes at farms, food production, and forestry settings in counties Monaghan and Tipperary, Ireland. Value chains, along with Sankey diagrams, are presented, which identify biomass that can be exploited for valorisation and show their fates in industry/environment. The quantity of biomass wastes available for valorisation under Business as Usual (BAU) vs. Best-Case Scenario (BCS) models is presented. BCS assumes a co-operative system to increase the feedstock available for valorisation. In Monaghan, 73 t of biomass waste vs. 240 t are available for valorisation under Scenario A vs. Scenario B, respectively. In contrast, in Tipperary, a 7-fold increase in biomass waste is achieved, comparing Scenario A (126 t) against Scenario B (905 t). This highlights the importance of engaging local stakeholders to build co-operative models for biomass valorisation. Not only is this environmentally beneficial, but also socially and economically advantageous. Creating indigenous fertiliser and energy sources is important for the island of Ireland, not only in meeting market demand, but also in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and achieving emission reduction targets. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

56 pages, 3799 KB  
Review
Unlocking the Potential of Biomass Resources: A Review on Sustainable Process Design and Intensification
by Heriberto Alcocer-García, Eduardo Sánchez-Ramírez, Eduardo García-García, César Ramírez-Márquez and José María Ponce-Ortega
Resources 2025, 14(9), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090143 - 11 Sep 2025
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 9002
Abstract
Biomass is a key renewable resource for advancing sustainable and circular energy systems. In contrast to prior reviews that predominantly emphasized well-established biomass types and conventional conversion technologies, this work offers a comparative synthesis that underscores underutilized feedstocks and emerging valorization pathways, providing [...] Read more.
Biomass is a key renewable resource for advancing sustainable and circular energy systems. In contrast to prior reviews that predominantly emphasized well-established biomass types and conventional conversion technologies, this work offers a comparative synthesis that underscores underutilized feedstocks and emerging valorization pathways, providing a strategic perspective for sustainable process development. This review critically examines the current state of high-value-added bioproducts derived from biomass, focusing on their relevance to climate mitigation and resource efficiency. It explores sustainable process design strategies that enhance the environmental and economic performance of biomass conversion. Particular attention is given to recent advances in process intensification, including novel reactor configurations and heat integration techniques. The integration of sustainability assessment tools and multi-objective optimization approaches is analyzed to support data-driven decision-making. Multi-product biorefineries are discussed as central platforms for valorizing diverse feedstocks, supported by emerging models for supply chain integration. Present limitations such as feedstock heterogeneity, infrastructure constraints, and energy coupling challenges are reviewed, along with new opportunities in digitalization, modularization, and policy support. The novelty of this work lies in its cross-sectional synthesis of technologies, methodologies, and system-level strategies, offering a unified framework to unlock the full potential of biomass as a strategic vector for sustainable process development. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 2365 KB  
Article
Decentralized Model for Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Production from Residual Biomass Gasification in Spain
by Carolina Santamarta Ballesteros, David Bolonio, María-Pilar Martínez-Hernando, David León, Enrique García-Franco and María-Jesús García-Martínez
Resources 2025, 14(9), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14090133 - 22 Aug 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5736
Abstract
Decarbonizing air transport is a major challenge in the global energy transition since electrification is not yet feasible. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is a promising solution because it can reduce CO2 emissions without major infrastructure changes. This study proposes a decentralized model [...] Read more.
Decarbonizing air transport is a major challenge in the global energy transition since electrification is not yet feasible. Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is a promising solution because it can reduce CO2 emissions without major infrastructure changes. This study proposes a decentralized model for producing SAF in Spain through the gasification of residual lignocellulosic biomass followed by a refinement process using Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis. The model uses underexploited agricultural residues such as cereal straw, vine pruning, and olive pruning, converting them into syngas in medium-scale facilities situated near biomass sources. The syngas is then transported to a central upgrading unit to produce SAF compliant with ASTM D7566 standards. The following two configurations were evaluated: one with a single gasification plant and upgrading unit and another with three gasification plants supplying one central FT facility. Energy yields, capital and operational expenditures (CAPEX and OPEX), logistic costs, and the levelized cost of fuel (LCOF) were assessed. Under a conservative scenario using one-third of the available certain types of biomass from three regions of Spain, annual SAF production could reach 517.6 million liters, with unit costs ranging from 1.63 to 1.24 EUR/L and up to 47,060 tonnes of CO2 emissions avoided per year. The findings support the model’s technical and economic viability and its alignment with circular economy principles and climate policy goals. This approach offers a scalable and replicable pathway for decarbonizing the aviation sector using local renewable resources. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1104 KB  
Article
Bio-Waste to Bioenergy: Critical Assessment of Sustainable Energy Supply Chain in Egypt
by Noha Said, Raid Alrowais, Mahmoud M. Abdel-Daiem and Noha A. Mostafa
Resources 2025, 14(8), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14080131 - 21 Aug 2025
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 5436
Abstract
This study analyses the potential electricity output from different bio wastes using various energy conversion technologies to enhance the share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it evaluates the carbon emissions mitigated by replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy, contributing to efforts to reduce environmental pollution. [...] Read more.
This study analyses the potential electricity output from different bio wastes using various energy conversion technologies to enhance the share of renewable energy. Furthermore, it evaluates the carbon emissions mitigated by replacing fossil fuels with bioenergy, contributing to efforts to reduce environmental pollution. The findings reveal that Egypt’s annual biomass waste (BW) could total approximately 80 million tons, with the most significant contributions from agricultural crop residues and municipal solid waste (MSW). MSW incineration and crop residue combustion were found to have the highest power generation compared to other techniques. Additionally, the anaerobic digestion of various biomass types offers the benefits of lower greenhouse gas emissions while still generating significant energy. The electricity generation from different BW sources is approximately 49.14 TWh/year. This energy can be predominantly generated through direct combustion of agricultural crop residues (66%), incineration of MSW (29%), anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge (3%), and animal waste (2%). Furthermore, the reduction in carbon emissions from substituting fossil fuels with bioenergy is estimated at up to 30.47 million tons of CO2 annually, supporting efforts to mitigate climate change and combat global warming. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 1679 KB  
Review
Advancing Circularity in Small-Scale Rural Aquaponics: Potential Routes and Research Needs
by Laura Silva, Francisco Javier Martinez-Cordero, Gösta Baganz, Daniela Baganz, Ariadne Hernández-Pérez, Eva Coronado and Maria Celia Portella
Resources 2025, 14(8), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14080119 - 23 Jul 2025
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 6786
Abstract
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture play a crucial role in securing food, income, and nutrition for millions, especially in the Global South. Rural small-scale aquaculture (SSA) is characterized by limited investment and technical training among farmers, diversification and dispersion of farms over large areas, [...] Read more.
Small-scale fisheries and aquaculture play a crucial role in securing food, income, and nutrition for millions, especially in the Global South. Rural small-scale aquaculture (SSA) is characterized by limited investment and technical training among farmers, diversification and dispersion of farms over large areas, reduced access to competitive markets for inputs and products, and family labor. Small-scale integrated circular aquaponic (ICAq) systems, in which systems’ component outputs are transformed into component inputs, have significant potential to increase circularity and promote economic development, especially in a rural context. We offer an integrated and comprehensive approach centered on aquaponics or aquaponic farming for small-scale aquaculture units. It aims to identify and describe a series of circular processes and causal links that can be implemented based on deep study in SSA and ICAq. Circular processes to treat by-products in ICAq include components like composting, vermicomposting, aerobic and anaerobic digestion, silage, and insect production. These processes can produce ICAq inputs such as seedling substrates, plant fertilizers, bioenergy, or feed ingredients. In addition, the plant component can supply therapeutic compounds. Further research on characterization of aquaponic components outputs and its quantifications, the impact of using circular inputs generated within the ICAq, and the technical feasibility and economic viability of circular processes in the context of SSA is needed. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 12145 KB  
Article
Spatial Optimization of Bioenergy Production by Introducing a Cooperative Manure Management System in Bangladesh
by Zinat Mahal and Helmut Yabar
Resources 2025, 14(7), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070111 - 10 Jul 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3116
Abstract
This study anticipates cooperative manure management as a process for generating bioenergy from livestock manure, thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study’s main objective was to identify clusters for cooperative society development and optimize suitable locations for biogas plant [...] Read more.
This study anticipates cooperative manure management as a process for generating bioenergy from livestock manure, thereby reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in Bangladesh. Therefore, this study’s main objective was to identify clusters for cooperative society development and optimize suitable locations for biogas plant establishment within a cooperative system. Scenarios were explored based on manure types using cluster and network analyses of geographic information systems (GIS). The study observed 13 clusters, which have the potential to produce 6045 million m3 of biogas that can be converted to 9068.64 GWh of electricity yearly. Biogas plants additionally produced 5491.04 kilotons of biofertilizer by reducing GHG emissions estimated to be 10.16 million tons of CO2eq in 2024. This study also optimized 10, 6, and 8 optimum locations for biogas plants according to the scenarios. To implement the findings, this study recommended a coordinated action plan based on the circular economy, which helps to obtain both environmental and economic benefits for a cooperative society. These cooperatives can be implemented for renewable energy production from livestock manure at the community level for sustainable energy generation in Bangladesh. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

46 pages, 2226 KB  
Review
Integration of Bioresources for Sustainable Development in Organic Farming: A Comprehensive Review
by Antigolena Folina, Ioanna Kakabouki, Konstantinos Baginetas and Dimitrios Bilalis
Resources 2025, 14(7), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14070102 - 23 Jun 2025
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6681
Abstract
Organic farming relies on sustainable, eco-friendly practices that promote soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Bioresources—derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms—are pivotal in replacing synthetic inputs with natural alternatives. This review presents an integrated analysis of bioresources, highlighting their classification, functionality, and role [...] Read more.
Organic farming relies on sustainable, eco-friendly practices that promote soil health, biodiversity, and climate resilience. Bioresources—derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms—are pivotal in replacing synthetic inputs with natural alternatives. This review presents an integrated analysis of bioresources, highlighting their classification, functionality, and role in organic systems through biofertilizers, biopesticides, organic amendments, and bioenergy. Despite their potential, challenges such as knowledge gaps, limited scalability, and technical constraints hinder their widespread adoption. The review emphasizes the ecological, economic, and social benefits of bioresource integration while identifying critical barriers and proposing strategic directions for research, policy, and practice. By addressing these gaps, bioresources can enhance nutrient cycling, pest management, and soil regeneration, offering a viable path toward sustainable agriculture. This synthesis supports the development of context-specific, circular, and resilient organic farming systems that align with global sustainability goals. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1473 KB  
Article
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Greywater Treatment and Rainwater Harvesting for Decentralized Water Reuse in Brazil and Germany
by Hugo Henrique de Simone Souza, Carlo Gottardo Morandi, Marc Árpád Boncz, Paula Loureiro Paulo and Heidrun Steinmetz
Resources 2025, 14(6), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14060096 - 4 Jun 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4863
Abstract
Urban water management faces growing pressure from population growth, pollution, and climate variability, demanding innovative strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This study applies the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) across four case studies in Brazil and Germany, evaluating integrated systems that combine constructed [...] Read more.
Urban water management faces growing pressure from population growth, pollution, and climate variability, demanding innovative strategies to ensure long-term sustainability. This study applies the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) across four case studies in Brazil and Germany, evaluating integrated systems that combine constructed wetlands for greywater treatment with rainwater harvesting for non-potable use. The scenarios include a single-family household, a high-rise residential building, a rural residence, and worker housing. A multi-criteria analysis was conducted to derive consolidated sustainability indicators, and sensitivity analysis explored the influence of dimension weighting. Results showed that water reuse scenarios consistently outperformed conventional counterparts across environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) revealed notable reductions in global warming potential, terrestrial acidification, and eutrophication. Life Cycle Costing (LCC) confirmed financial feasibility when externalities were considered, especially in large-scale systems. Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) highlighted the perceived benefits in terms of health, safety, and sustainability engagement. Integrated water reuse systems achieved overall sustainability scores up to 4.8 times higher than their baseline equivalents. These findings underscore the effectiveness of decentralized water reuse as a complementary and robust alternative to conventional supply and treatment models, supporting climate resilience and sustainable development goals. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 5892 KB  
Article
Photovoltaic Waste Generation in the Context of Sustainable Energy Transition in EU Member States
by María Beatriz Nieto Morone, Félix García Rosillo, Miguel Ángel Muñoz-García and Maria del Carmen Alonso-García
Resources 2025, 14(3), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14030037 - 26 Feb 2025
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 4994
Abstract
The European Union (EU) is witnessing an expansion in solar capacity, aligning with its commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. However, deploying solar capacity introduces significant environmental complexities, such as managing photovoltaic waste when the modules reach their end of life. This [...] Read more.
The European Union (EU) is witnessing an expansion in solar capacity, aligning with its commitment to achieving climate neutrality by 2050. However, deploying solar capacity introduces significant environmental complexities, such as managing photovoltaic waste when the modules reach their end of life. This study presents an assessment of PV waste mass generation, integrating the latest data from the revised targets of the National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of EU Member States presented in December 2023. Annual and cumulative PV waste mass is presented, analyzing the results in terms of the PV capacity deployment in each country and their recycling needs to face the treatment of the generated PV waste. According to the reviewed targets, the analysis reveals significant variations in PV waste mass generation across EU countries. The revisions show a substantial increase in the amount of waste generated in Europe. Lithuania and Ireland are anticipated to face substantial challenges, particularly under the early-loss scenario, whereas Germany, Italy, France, and Spain continue to be the countries that will generate the most PV waste mass in Europe. These findings emphasize the necessity for formulating and implementing effective waste management strategies to address the increasing generation of PV waste and mitigate its environmental impact. Furthermore, the study underscores the need to reassess projections to accommodate evolving energy policies and targets, ensuring alignment with sustainability objectives in this dynamic field. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 3106 KB  
Communication
Global Overview of the Lithium Market and Opportunities for Chile
by Mauricio Mura, Ignacio Castillo, David Torres, Felipe M. Galleguillos Madrid, Edelmira Gálvez, Sandra Gallegos, Jonathan Castillo, Marinka Varas, Ingrid Jamett and Norman Toro
Resources 2025, 14(2), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020033 - 19 Feb 2025
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 14662
Abstract
Lithium is a metal with a highly promising outlook for future global demand. Its industrial processing relies on two primary methods: production from brines through solar evaporation ponds and production from rock sources via flotation, roasting, and subsequent leaching. Chile is currently the [...] Read more.
Lithium is a metal with a highly promising outlook for future global demand. Its industrial processing relies on two primary methods: production from brines through solar evaporation ponds and production from rock sources via flotation, roasting, and subsequent leaching. Chile is currently the world’s second-largest producer of lithium, surpassed only by Australia. However, Chile’s lithium production process is significantly advantaged by the exceptionally high lithium concentration in the Salar de Atacama—the highest in the world—and the region’s high solar radiation, which enables the most cost-effective solar evaporation process globally. Despite these comparative advantages, Chile’s lithium production has stagnated in recent years. This stagnation can be attributed to the need for more flexible legislation surrounding the lithium industry or an increase in the number of CEOLs (Lithium Exploitation Contracts) to regain its position as the leading global producer of lithium. Furthermore, increased investment in national universities and research centers is essential to foster the development and implementation of new, clean technologies for future projects. By addressing these challenges, Chile has the potential to solidify its role as a key player in the global lithium market while promoting sustainable industrial practices. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 7164 KB  
Article
Evaluating Policy Frameworks and Their Role in the Sustainable Growth of Distributed Photovoltaic Generation
by Annelys Machado Schetinger and André Frossard Pereira de Lucena
Resources 2025, 14(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020028 - 3 Feb 2025
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5078
Abstract
In response to the growing photovoltaic distributed generation market, this study investigates the evolution of energy policies and mechanisms driving the growth of photovoltaic distributed generation (DGPV). Analyzing the top ten countries in photovoltaic installations, it examines historical trends in capacity growth, installation [...] Read more.
In response to the growing photovoltaic distributed generation market, this study investigates the evolution of energy policies and mechanisms driving the growth of photovoltaic distributed generation (DGPV). Analyzing the top ten countries in photovoltaic installations, it examines historical trends in capacity growth, installation costs, and stakeholder engagement to evaluate policy effectiveness. Eight policy categories are identified as follows: direct financial incentives, energy market regulation, government management, production incentives, performance-based feed-in tariffs, renewable energy obligations, research and development initiatives, and agreements and commitments. The research results emphasize the crucial influence of government management policies, direct financial incentives, and energy market regulation on promoting the growth of DGPV. Political will and effective governance are identified as key drivers in advancing technology and market development. Policies reducing installation costs and encouraging investment support the transition of photovoltaic systems from early adoption to market maturity. Despite these advances, disparities in policy implementation highlight the need for adaptable frameworks tailored to local contexts. By leveraging solar energy, an abundant and universally accessible resource, nations can enhance energy equity through effective policies and accelerate the shift toward sustainable energy systems. This analysis offers valuable insights for policymakers seeking to promote DGPV as a central strategy in combating climate change. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Enabling Strategies and Policies Toward a Sustainable Environment, 2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2112 KB  
Review
Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies
by Jeongbeen Park, Juwon Lee, In-Tae Shim, Eunju Kim, Sook-Hyun Nam, Jae-Wuk Koo and Tae-Mun Hwang
Resources 2025, 14(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020027 - 3 Feb 2025
Cited by 31 | Viewed by 12691
Abstract
The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) markets for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage has exponentially increased lithium demand, driving research into sustainable extraction methods. Traditional lithium recovery from brine using evaporation ponds is resource intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and [...] Read more.
The rapid expansion of lithium-ion battery (LIB) markets for electric vehicles and renewable energy storage has exponentially increased lithium demand, driving research into sustainable extraction methods. Traditional lithium recovery from brine using evaporation ponds is resource intensive, consuming vast amounts of water and causing severe environmental issues. In response, Direct Lithium Extraction (DLE) technologies have emerged as more efficient, eco-friendly alternatives. This review explores two promising electrochemical DLE methods: Electrodialysis (ED) and Capacitive Deionization (CDI). ED employs ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), such as cation exchange membranes, to selectively transport lithium ions from sources like brine and seawater and achieves high recovery rates. IEMs utilize chemical and structural properties to enhance the selectivity of Li+ over competing ions like Mg2+ and Na+. However, ED faces challenges such as high energy consumption, membrane fouling, and reduced efficiency in ion-rich solutions. CDI uses electrostatic forces to adsorb lithium ions onto electrodes, offering low energy consumption and adaptability to varying lithium concentrations. Advanced variants, such as Membrane Capacitive Deionization (MCDI) and Flow Capacitive Deionization (FCDI), enhance ion selectivity and enable continuous operation. MCDI incorporates IEMs to reduce co-ion interference effects, while FCDI utilizes liquid electrodes to enhance scalability and operational flexibility. Advancements in electrode materials remain crucial to enhance selectivity and efficiency. Validating these methods at the pilot scale is crucial for assessing performance, scalability, and economic feasibility under real-world conditions. Future research should focus on reducing operational costs, developing more durable and selective electrodes, and creating integrated systems to enhance overall efficiency. By addressing these challenges, DLE technologies can provide sustainable solutions for lithium resource management, minimize environmental impact, and support a low-carbon future. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

49 pages, 53912 KB  
Article
Assessing the Relationship Between Production and Land Transformation for Chilean Copper Mines Using Satellite and Operational Data
by Junbin Xiao, Tim T. Werner, Takeshi Komai and Kazuyo Matsubae
Resources 2025, 14(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020025 - 30 Jan 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5034
Abstract
Mining may cause devastating environmental impacts through large-scale land transformations. However, mining-induced land transformations are poorly understood relative to a mine’s productivity or life cycle. We integrated satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GISs), and mine site production data (ore, concentration, and waste) to [...] Read more.
Mining may cause devastating environmental impacts through large-scale land transformations. However, mining-induced land transformations are poorly understood relative to a mine’s productivity or life cycle. We integrated satellite imagery, geographic information systems (GISs), and mine site production data (ore, concentration, and waste) to conduct a detailed spatiotemporal analysis of 15 open-pit copper mines in Chile, distinguishing six types of features. Although the occupied area (9.90 to 149.61 km2 in 2020) and composition vary across mines, facilities for waste storage occupy the largest proportion (>50%) of the transformed land area, emphasizing the need for proper waste management. The analysis of land transformation factors (the transformed land area per unit production) showed high variation (0.006178 to 0.372798 m2/kg-Cu) between mines over time. This reveals a significant problem in the historical practice of using averages from life cycle assessment (LCA) databases. This research reveals the significance of geospatial analyses in assessing mining-induced land transformation, and it provides geospatial data for land-related LCA. Mining companies are encouraged to disclose GIS information regarding land transformation to foster transparency and social responsibility, as well as to promote responsible and sustainable mining. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 1367 KB  
Article
Competitive Potential of Stable Biomass in Poland Compared to the European Union in the Aspect of Sustainability
by Rafał Wyszomierski, Piotr Bórawski, Lisa Holden, Aneta Bełdycka-Bórawska, Tomasz Rokicki and Andrzej Parzonko
Resources 2025, 14(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources14020019 - 21 Jan 2025
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 4479
Abstract
Biomass is the primary source of renewable energy in Poland. Its share in renewable energy production in Poland has decreased in recent years, but it still maintains a nearly 70% share. Poland has extensive forest and straw resources, such as pellets, which can [...] Read more.
Biomass is the primary source of renewable energy in Poland. Its share in renewable energy production in Poland has decreased in recent years, but it still maintains a nearly 70% share. Poland has extensive forest and straw resources, such as pellets, which can be used for stable biomass production. The main objective of this research was to understand the potential of plant biomass production for energy purposes in Poland and other European Union (EU) countries in terms of sustainable development. The period of analysis covered 2000–2022. Secondary data from Statistical Poland and Eurostat were used. The primary research method was the Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) test, which aimed to check the stationarity of stable biomass. Moreover, we calculated the Vector Auto-Regressive (VAR) model, which was used to develop the forecast. The indigenous production of solid biomass in 2022 decreased to 363,195 TJ, while in 2018, it was 384,914 TJ. Our prognosis confirms that biomass will increase. The prognosis based on the VAR model shows an increase from 365,395 TJ in 2023 to 379,795 (TJ) in 2032. Such countries as France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Sweden, and Finland have a bigger potential for solid biomass production from forests because of their higher area. As a result, Poland’s biomass production competitiveness is varied when compared to other EU nations; it is lower for nations with a large forest share and greater for those with a low forest cover. The two main benefits of producing solid biomass are its easy storage and carbon dioxide (CO2) neutrality. The main advantage is that solid biomass preserves biodiversity, maintains soil fertility, and improves soil quality while lowering greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollutants. The ability to leave added value locally and generate new jobs, particularly in troubled areas, is the largest social advantage of sustained biomass production. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

24 pages, 1173 KB  
Review
From Vineyard to Value: A Circular Economy Approach to Viticulture Waste
by Mariagrazia Provenzano, Francesco Pacchera, Cecilia Silvestri and Alessandro Ruggieri
Resources 2024, 13(12), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13120172 - 17 Dec 2024
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6342
Abstract
Due to its significant environmental impact, the wine industry is one of the most analyzed agri-food sectors in terms of sustainability. These include waste emission, intensive land use, and high transport-related carbon footprint. The circular economy represents an opportunity to mitigate these impacts [...] Read more.
Due to its significant environmental impact, the wine industry is one of the most analyzed agri-food sectors in terms of sustainability. These include waste emission, intensive land use, and high transport-related carbon footprint. The circular economy represents an opportunity to mitigate these impacts by promoting the valorization of wine waste. Through a systematic literature review, this research provides an overview of studies from 2018 to 2024 that deal with the transformation of wine waste, in particular vinification residues, into resources. The research covers the commodity sectors in which wine waste is reused, such as Food, Agriculture, and Energy. The analysis of the sample reveals that the countries in which the issue of valorization of wine waste is most studied are Italy, Spain, and Portugal. The study encourages a better integration of waste in the wine sector into business practices by assessing the environmental and economic impact. From a management point of view, the aim is to inform companies about effective waste management practices in order to promote the development of a more sustainable wine industry. Future research will focus on evaluating the effectiveness of these valorization pathways, also through case studies of good practice in implementing a circular business model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 3844 KB  
Article
Apple Pomace Integrated Biorefinery for Biofuels Production: A Techno-Economic and Environmental Sustainability Analysis
by Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva, Sofía Estévez, Diógenes Hernández, Gumersindo Feijoo, María Teresa Moreira and Sara González-García
Resources 2024, 13(11), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13110156 - 7 Nov 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4772
Abstract
The combination of techno-economic process modelling and life cycle assessment is an integrated methodology that addresses quantitative operational data, and evaluates the emissions associated with any process under development. In particular, the valorisation of waste streams within the context of the circular economy [...] Read more.
The combination of techno-economic process modelling and life cycle assessment is an integrated methodology that addresses quantitative operational data, and evaluates the emissions associated with any process under development. In particular, the valorisation of waste streams within the context of the circular economy could be considered a valid and promising approach, especially regarding techno-economic and environmental indicators. This manuscript aims to evaluate the integral valorisation of apple pomace from the processing industry into bioethanol, and vinasses (a byproduct of the distillation process) into biogas and digestate as biofertiliser. In addition to biogas production, lagooning and composting were considered as strategies for vinasse management. After the conceptual design of the process options was completed, the environmental profile of bioethanol production was estimated across different scenarios. When biogas production was integrated to reduce the biorefinery’s energy demand, the carbon footprint was 1.13 kg CO2eq∙kg−1. This footprint increased to values around four when lagooning and composting were used as vinasse management strategies. Although the economic dimension posed a significant limitation due to high investment costs, the eco-efficiency analysis showed that the scenario of the co-production of bioethanol and biogas is the best alternative. Despite the promising results, further research is needed to explore the recovery of additional co-products to develop a high-potential strategy for apple pomace. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 859 KB  
Review
Review of Lithium as a Strategic Resource for Electric Vehicle Battery Production: Availability, Extraction, and Future Prospects
by Victor Osvaldo Vega-Muratalla, César Ramírez-Márquez, Luis Fernando Lira-Barragán and José María Ponce-Ortega
Resources 2024, 13(11), 148; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13110148 - 23 Oct 2024
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 19534
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive review of lithium as a strategic resource, specifically in the production of batteries for electric vehicles. This study examines global lithium reserves, extraction sources, purification processes, and emerging technologies such as direct lithium extraction methods. This paper also [...] Read more.
This article presents a comprehensive review of lithium as a strategic resource, specifically in the production of batteries for electric vehicles. This study examines global lithium reserves, extraction sources, purification processes, and emerging technologies such as direct lithium extraction methods. This paper also explores the environmental and social impacts of lithium extraction, emphasizing the need for sustainable and ethical practices within the supply chain. As electric vehicles are projected to account for over 60% of new car sales by 2030, the demand for high-performance batteries will persist, with lithium playing a key role in this transition, even with the development of alternatives to lithium-ion batteries, such as sodium and ammonium-based technologies. However, there is an urgent need for technological advancements to reduce the environmental impact of lithium production and lithium-ion battery manufacturing. Additionally, ensuring the safety of LiBs during both use and recycling stages is critical to sustainable EV adoption. This study concludes that advancements in battery recycling and the development of new technologies are essential to improving safety, reducing costs, and minimizing environmental impacts, thereby securing a sustainable lithium supply and supporting the future of electric mobility. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 6410 KB  
Review
Solar Energy Resource and Power Generation in Morocco: Current Situation, Potential, and Future Perspective
by Rania Benbba, Majd Barhdadi, Antonio Ficarella, Giovanni Manente, Maria Pia Romano, Nizar El Hachemi, Abdelfettah Barhdadi, Ahmed Al-Salaymeh and Abdelkader Outzourhit
Resources 2024, 13(10), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13100140 - 11 Oct 2024
Cited by 57 | Viewed by 27096
Abstract
The world’s attention is currently focused on the energy transition to sustainable energy. The drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit global warming, energy security, and the generalization of access to energy have contributed to the adoption of the Moroccan [...] Read more.
The world’s attention is currently focused on the energy transition to sustainable energy. The drive to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit global warming, energy security, and the generalization of access to energy have contributed to the adoption of the Moroccan Energy Strategy, with a strong focus on renewable energy (RE). Morocco is notoriously poor in conventional primary fossil energy resources, with energy dependence on the order of 90%. In addition, the energy crisis that resulted from the COVID-19 pandemic and geopolitical conflicts, compounded with steady increase in demand, has heavily affected the security and stability of the country’s energy situation. The transition to RE by strongly engaging in the implementation of several solar, wind, and hydro energy projects has made the country the leader in RE in Africa. These projects benefit from the country’s excellent solar and wind energy potential. As a consequence, by 2030, the share of RE in the installed capacity is expected to reach 52%. An overview of the current situation of RE (particularly solar energy) in Morocco is provided, including the potentials, obstacles, challenges, and future perspectives. Thanks to its high solar potential, it is predictable that Morocco’s effort will be focused on this field: the Erasmus plus INNOMED project is a virtuous example of international cooperation, aiming at promoting solar energy through capacity building and the creation of solar energy networks, in synergy with EU Partners. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 1634 KB  
Article
Evaluating the Global Processability of Anthropogenic Metals from Mining Waste
by Qudsia Kanwal, Muhammad Saqib Akhtar and Sami G. Al-Ghamdi
Resources 2024, 13(9), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13090126 - 13 Sep 2024
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2845
Abstract
Natural resource depletion and increased mining waste pose significant challenges to global sustainability efforts. This study investigates the processability of mining waste during the metal recovery stage to evaluate its potential contribution to anthropogenic circularity. The mining industry, abundant in valuable metals that [...] Read more.
Natural resource depletion and increased mining waste pose significant challenges to global sustainability efforts. This study investigates the processability of mining waste during the metal recovery stage to evaluate its potential contribution to anthropogenic circularity. The mining industry, abundant in valuable metals that are crucial for a carbon-neutral economy, plays a pivotal role in this context. We determine the grades of metals by looking at their chemical makeup, and then we use statistical entropy to model how easy it is to process certain waste materials. This provides us with processability measures that range from 0.19 bit to 1.18 bit. Our findings highlight that while some waste contains “abundant” metals, its complexity may diminish its economic value, raising concerns about its environmental impacts and resource availability at the end-of-life stages. Estimating potential revenue involves multiplying processed amounts by commodity prices, revealing a maximum value of 8.73 USD/metric ton for processed waste. This assessment underscores the importance of integrating circular economy principles, aiming to mitigate environmental damage and promote industrial ecology. By advancing our understanding of mining waste management through rigorous scientific inquiry, this study contributes to sustainable resource utilization strategies that are essential for future industrial practices and environmental stewardship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 17996 KB  
Article
Critical Raw Materials Supply: Challenges and Potentialities to Exploit Rare Earth Elements from Siliceous Stones and Extractive Waste
by Xinyuan Zhao, Faten Khelifi, Marco Casale, Alessandro Cavallo, Elio Padoan, Ke Yang and Giovanna Antonella Dino
Resources 2024, 13(7), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070097 - 15 Jul 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5922
Abstract
Critical raw materials (CRMs) supply is a challenge that EU countries have to face, with many thinking about domestic procurement from natural ore deposits and anthropogenic deposits (landfills and extractive waste facilities). The present research focuses on the possibilities linked to the supply [...] Read more.
Critical raw materials (CRMs) supply is a challenge that EU countries have to face, with many thinking about domestic procurement from natural ore deposits and anthropogenic deposits (landfills and extractive waste facilities). The present research focuses on the possibilities linked to the supply of CRMs and the potential for exploiting rare earth elements (REEs), investigating a large variety of extractive waste and siliceous rocks in the Piedmont region (Northern Italy). Indeed, the recovery of REEs from the extractive waste (EW) of siliceous quarries and other siliceous ore deposits can be a valuable way to reduce supply chain risks. Starting with a review of the literature on mining activities in Piedmont and continuing with the sampling and geochemical, mineralogical, petrographic, and environmental characterization of EW facilities connected to siliceous dimension stones, of kaolinitic gneiss ore deposits, and of soils present near the investigated areas, this study shows that the degree of REEs enrichment differs depending on the sampling area (soil or EW) and lithology. The concentration of REEs in the EW at some sampling sites fulfils the indicators of industrial-grade and industrial recovery; the high cumulative production and potential market values of EW and the positive recovery effects through proven methodologies indicate a viable prospect of REE recovery from EW. However, REE recovery industrialization faces challenges such as the difficulty in achieving efficient large-scale recovery due to large regional differences in REE abundance, the mismatch between potential market value and waste annual production, etc. Nonetheless, in the future, EW from dimension stone quarries could be differentially studied and reused based on the enrichment and distribution characteristics of trace elements. The present paper shows investigation procedures undertaken to determine both CRMs potentialities and environmental issues (on the basis of literature data employed to select the more-promising areas and on sampling and characterization activities in the selected areas), together with procedures to determine the waste quantities and tentative economic values of REEs present in the investigated areas. This approach, tested on a large area (Piedmont region), is replicable and applicable to other similar case studies (at EU and non-EU levels) and offers decision makers the possibility to acquire a general overview of the potential available resources in order to decide whether and where to concentrate efforts (including economic ones) in a more detailed study to evaluate the exploitable anthropogenic deposits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Sustainable Recycling and Reuse of Industrial By-Products or Waste from Geo-Resource Exploitation)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 887 KB  
Systematic Review
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Factors Influencing Water Use Behaviour and the Efficiency of Agricultural Production in South Africa
by Heinrich C. Kotze, Mlibo S. M. A. Qotoyi, Yonas T. Bahta, Henry Jordaan and Markus A. Monteiro
Resources 2024, 13(7), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13070094 - 1 Jul 2024
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 6783
Abstract
Water use behaviour and efficiency are essential topics regarding water scarcity. Water is a life-sustaining resource used for various activities within the three primary sectors: agricultural, industrial, and domestic. Increasing competition among these sectors could affect the availability and sustainability of water use. [...] Read more.
Water use behaviour and efficiency are essential topics regarding water scarcity. Water is a life-sustaining resource used for various activities within the three primary sectors: agricultural, industrial, and domestic. Increasing competition among these sectors could affect the availability and sustainability of water use. The higher demand for agricultural-related commodities emphasizes the efficient and productive use of water. Still, to achieve this, the behaviour of consumers regarding water use needs to be changed. This systematic review paper aims to highlight the factors affecting water use behaviour and efficiency for agricultural production in South Africa. It further aims to determine how agricultural producers change their behaviour to improve their water use efficiency. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were used as a reporting framework and guidelines to identify the articles included in the review. The review only included articles focussing on agricultural water use behaviour and efficiency and articles written in English and excluded articles from web pages, blogs, magazines, etc. The databases used for the review were Google Scholar and Web of Science. The articles were reviewed by the five authors to avoid the risk of bias, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The final review included 30 peer-reviewed articles. A word frequency table was developed using the NVivo 14 software to conduct a thematic analysis for the review. The main factors which played a role in the water use behaviour and efficiency of farmers were (i) climate and adaptation strategies, (ii) policy and water pricing, and (iii) agricultural production and management. Each category elaborated on how water use could be improved and the different measures adopted to incorporate sustainable farm water use. This could be a guideline for farmers, stakeholders, and policymakers to improve and enhance water use behaviour and efficiency in Sub-Saharan Africa, particularly South Africa. This could ultimately assist in efficiently using the water while enhancing sustainability within the agricultural sector and attaining Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) six, which is to increase water use efficiency. The limitation of this study was that it was only narrowed down to the geographical context of South Africa. This review was funded by the Water Research Commission (WRC) of South Africa (Project Number: C20222023-00798). This review was not registered. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 2878 KB  
Article
Contemporary and Future Secondary Copper Reserves of Vietnam
by Thi Van Le, Ryota Yamamoto, Sebastien Michael Rene Dente and Seiji Hashimoto
Resources 2024, 13(6), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060082 - 14 Jun 2024
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5791
Abstract
As ASEAN countries, including Vietnam, approach the living standards of developed countries, their copper demand is set to rise. This study investigates Vietnam’s copper stock and flow from 1995 to 2050, employing dynamic material flow analysis and five socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSPs). Based [...] Read more.
As ASEAN countries, including Vietnam, approach the living standards of developed countries, their copper demand is set to rise. This study investigates Vietnam’s copper stock and flow from 1995 to 2050, employing dynamic material flow analysis and five socioeconomic pathway scenarios (SSPs). Based on this, the secondary copper reserves of Vietnam were assessed. The results showed that the domestic copper demand is expected to grow to 526–1062 kt, resulting in a rapid increase in scrap generation. In 2022, Vietnam’s secondary copper reserves stood at 2.2 Mt and are projected to reach 6.8–8.6 Mt by 2050 under the SSP2 scenario. This corresponds to 3.6–4.6 times the 1.8 Mt primary copper reserve of Vietnam. However, these primary and secondary reserves cannot meet the cumulated demand by 2050. On the other hand, a large amount of copper, 8.9 Mt to 10 Mt, will become difficult-to-recover resources, such as waste in landfill sites, dissipated materials, or mixed metal loss. To promote the sustainable use of copper in Vietnam, we recommend increased geological expedition and mining investment, and improved waste management systems related to secondary resources. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mineral Resource Management 2023: Assessment, Mining and Processing)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 3181 KB  
Article
From Linear to Circular Economy: Embracing Digital Innovations for Sustainable Agri-Food Waste Management among Farmers and Retailers
by Siraphat Padthar, Phaninee Naruetharadhol, Wutthiya Aekthanate Srisathan and Chavis Ketkaew
Resources 2024, 13(6), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060079 - 7 Jun 2024
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 6356
Abstract
Food waste is an issue throughout the food supply chain from production to consumption, especially in the later stages, such as retailing and final consumption. For the future of the developing world, changes in farming and retail practices are crucial. This study introduces [...] Read more.
Food waste is an issue throughout the food supply chain from production to consumption, especially in the later stages, such as retailing and final consumption. For the future of the developing world, changes in farming and retail practices are crucial. This study introduces a digital system for managing agricultural waste in Thailand that aims to encourage farmers and food retailers to sell their excess agricultural materials. The study’s objectives are as follows: (1) to explore factors that affect users’ behavioral intention to utilize an agriculture waste trading platform; (2) to compare the behavioral differences between farmers and retailers regarding their intention to use a digital platform for sustainable agriculture. Data were gathered from 570 fruit and vegetable sellers and farmers across five provinces in the northeastern region of Thailand. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the relationships between constructs based on the modified Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT2), and multigroup analysis (MGA) was employed to analyze differences in path coefficients across groups. The key findings revealed that social influence (SI) had a more significant impact on retailers compared to farmers, while facilitating conditions (FC), habits (HB), and privacy (PR) were necessary for both groups. Unlike retailers, farmers were also motivated by hedonic motivation (HM) from using the platform. Explicitly, retailers’ behavioral intentions were influenced by a more significant number of factors than those of farmers. This research suggests that policymakers should develop targeted marketing campaigns leveraging social influence for retailers, improve platform usability and security, and create incentives for habitual use to enhance platform adoption. Additionally, policymakers should promote engaging features for farmers, provide comprehensive education and training, and advocate for supportive policies and financial incentives. Strategic actions to facilitate the transition toward a circular economy will improve the environmental sustainability and economic resilience of the agri-food sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Management, Environment, Energy and Sustainability under a Circular Economy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

29 pages, 1547 KB  
Systematic Review
Systematic Literature Review of Land Use Conflicts in Northern Sweden—Lessons Learned and Ways Forward
by Jerbelle Elomina and Ivana Živojinović
Resources 2024, 13(6), 77; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13060077 - 6 Jun 2024
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 4307
Abstract
Land use conflicts are intensifying in Northern Sweden due to the increasing global demand for resources coupled with the green transition. In line with this, a thorough understanding of land use conflicts in the area is becoming necessary as economic activities expand and [...] Read more.
Land use conflicts are intensifying in Northern Sweden due to the increasing global demand for resources coupled with the green transition. In line with this, a thorough understanding of land use conflicts in the area is becoming necessary as economic activities expand and newer ones are developed. Hence, this paper aims to provide a systematic literature review of research on land use conflicts specific to Northern Sweden, focusing on various economic activities such as forestry, mining, tourism, energy sector and reindeer husbandry. Additionally, we aim to determine lessons learned and suggested ways forward based on a systematic review. We used Scopus and Web of Science on June 2023 and through descriptive statistical analysis of 33 articles, we summarized research trends and gaps. We found three main typologies of conflicts and five main themes of suggested ways forward. Recommendations agree that there should be a broader understanding of the underlying interests of the stakeholders; and there should be an inclusive, more participatory approach to discussing potential solutions, not to create an agreement but to come to an understanding. Beyond academic insights, the findings hold practical relevance for shaping effective land use policies. This paper offers valuable lessons that extend beyond the local context, informing broader discussions and policy considerations for sustainable land management in the larger Arctic setting, where similar challenges and resource demands are unfolding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Minerals and Land-Use Planning: Sustainable Narratives and Practices)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

13 pages, 2591 KB  
Article
Environmental and Economic Life Cycle Assessment of Enzymatic Hydrolysis-Based Fish Protein and Oil Extraction
by Bashir Bashiri, Janna Cropotova, Kristine Kvangarsnes, Olga Gavrilova and Raivo Vilu
Resources 2024, 13(5), 61; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13050061 - 24 Apr 2024
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 4927
Abstract
As global fish consumption rises, a large amount of waste is generated that is generally neglected. Considering the value embedded in these resources, sustainable methods become more important in extracting valuable ingredients from fish processing residues. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a fast and easily [...] Read more.
As global fish consumption rises, a large amount of waste is generated that is generally neglected. Considering the value embedded in these resources, sustainable methods become more important in extracting valuable ingredients from fish processing residues. Enzymatic hydrolysis is a fast and easily reproducible method for recovering protein ingredients and obtaining valuable by-products. To confirm its advantages, an environmental and economic impact assessment is essential. This study overviewed the sustainability and economic viability of extracting protein compounds and oil from Atlantic mackerel processing residues using enzymatic hydrolysis. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) methods were employed. It was found that the climate change impact of the whole process was 0.073 kg CO2-eq per 1 g of fish protein hydrolysate (FPH). As the process produces FPH as the main product and fish oil as the by-product, economic allocation was used to distribute the impacts of FPH and fish oil. The findings of the LCCA showed that producing 1 g of FPH costs EUR 3.68. The contribution analysis indicated the crucial role of electricity and fish in environmental impacts. To ensure the accuracy of the calculation, the results of an LCA study published previously were recalculated. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were susceptible to the region and source of electricity production. This research provides valuable insights into the sustainability and economic aspects of using enzymatic hydrolysis for extracting protein ingredients and oils from Atlantic mackerel. This can inform future investigations of environmentally friendly and economically viable solutions for extracting fish ingredients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Life Cycle Sustainability Analysis of Resource Recovery from Waste Management Systems in the Context of Circular Models of the Economy and the Bioeconomy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

38 pages, 4244 KB  
Review
A Review on the Recovery and Separation of Gallium and Indium from Waste
by Joanna Kluczka
Resources 2024, 13(3), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13030035 - 1 Mar 2024
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 17121
Abstract
Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two [...] Read more.
Gallium and indium are crucial metals in various industries, such as the medical and telecommunication industries. They can find applications as pure metals, alloys and alloy admixtures, oxides, organometallic compounds, and compounds with elements such as nitrogen or arsenic. Recovery of these two metals from waste is an important issue for two main reasons. First, gallium and indium are scattered in the Earth’s crust and their minerals are too rare to serve as a primary source. Second, e-waste contributes to the rapidly growing problem of Earth littering, as its amount increased significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is essential to develop and implement procedures that will enable the recovery of valuable elements from waste and limit the emission of harmful substances into the environment. This paper discusses technological operations and methods that are currently used or may be used to produce pure gallium and indium or their oxides from waste. The first step was described—waste pretreatment, including disassembly and sorting in several stages. Then, mechanical treatment as well as physical, chemical, and physicochemical separations were discussed. The greatest emphasis was placed on the hydrometallurgical methods of gallium and indium recovery, to be more precise on the extraction and various sorption methods following the leaching stage. Methods of obtaining pure metals or metal oxides and their refining processes were also mentioned. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Resource Conservation, Reuse and Recycling)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3237 KB  
Article
The Bioenergetic Potential from Coffee Processing Residues: Towards an Industrial Symbiosis
by Lorena Torres Albarracin, Irina Ramirez Mas, Lucas Tadeu Fuess, Renata Piacentini Rodriguez, Maria Paula Cardeal Volpi and Bruna de Souza Moraes
Resources 2024, 13(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13020021 - 31 Jan 2024
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6491
Abstract
Coffee processing generates a large amount of organic waste, which has the potential for energy use through biogas production. Although Brazil dominates world coffee production, treating its residue with biogas technology is not a practice, especially due to this product’s seasonality, which hampers [...] Read more.
Coffee processing generates a large amount of organic waste, which has the potential for energy use through biogas production. Although Brazil dominates world coffee production, treating its residue with biogas technology is not a practice, especially due to this product’s seasonality, which hampers continuous digester operation. The implementation of biogas production from coffee residues in a concept of industrial symbiosis could overcome this. This work evaluates the biogas energy potential from the main liquid residues of coffee processing (i.e., mucilage and wash water) and their integration with glycerin and cattle manure. Around 2773 m3 biogas day−1 would be produced (75% CH4), used as biomethane (734 thousand m3 year−1), or thermal energy (23,000,000 MJ year−1), or electricity (2718 MWh year−1), which could supply, respectively, all the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and diesel demands of the farm, all the thermal energy demands of the grain drying process, as well as electricity for 30 residences. Considering the short coffee season, the results have a broader context for the application of biogas production on coffee processing farms, envisaging that the Agroindustrial Eco-Park concept has the potential to integrate various agroindustrial sectors for energy production, residue exchange, and water recirculation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Waste-to-Energy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 247 KB  
Article
Groundwater Ecosystem Services: Redefining and Operationalizing the Concept
by Vasileios G. Iliopoulos and Dimitris Damigos
Resources 2024, 13(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13010013 - 16 Jan 2024
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5711
Abstract
In the last decade, the publication of research studies in the field of groundwater ecosystem services and their classification has increased dramatically. Several academic and other institutions have developed ecosystem service classification systems for use in environmental policy research. However, the existing classification [...] Read more.
In the last decade, the publication of research studies in the field of groundwater ecosystem services and their classification has increased dramatically. Several academic and other institutions have developed ecosystem service classification systems for use in environmental policy research. However, the existing classification systems need to be optimized in the following areas: (a) the weak correlation between concepts and the definitions assigned, which creates double counting in economic valuation, (b) the absence of correlation of the concept of use value with the ecosystem service, (c) the non-categorization of final and intermediate services, and (d) the overlapping of wetland, soil, and groundwater regulating ecosystem services. Our research aims, through the results of a literature analysis and the synthesis of the results of an expert consultation process, to develop a unified categorization system for groundwater ecosystem services. In the context of the conceptualization of groundwater ecosystem services, this research implemented an expert judging elicitation process where subject discussions and targeted interviews were performed, combined with a literature review analysis. Through the completion of a specific questionnaire and expert interviews, a new groundwater ecosystem services classification system, namely GROUNDWES, was established. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members' Collection Series: Water Resources)
33 pages, 5042 KB  
Review
Synthesis Methods, Properties, and Modifications of Biochar-Based Materials for Wastewater Treatment: A Review
by Bryan Díaz, Alicia Sommer-Márquez, Paola E. Ordoñez, Ernesto Bastardo-González, Marvin Ricaurte and Carlos Navas-Cárdenas
Resources 2024, 13(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources13010008 - 5 Jan 2024
Cited by 96 | Viewed by 23040
Abstract
The global impact of water and soil contamination has become a serious issue that affects the world and all living beings. In this sense, multiple treatment alternatives have been developed at different scales to improve quality. Among them, biochar has become a suitable [...] Read more.
The global impact of water and soil contamination has become a serious issue that affects the world and all living beings. In this sense, multiple treatment alternatives have been developed at different scales to improve quality. Among them, biochar has become a suitable alternative for environmental remediation due to its high efficiency and low cost, and the raw material used for its production comes from residual biomass. A biochar is a carbonaceous material with interesting physicochemical properties (e.g., high surface area, porosity, and functional surface groups), which can be prepared by different synthesis methods using agricultural wastes (branches of banana rachis, cocoa shells, cane bagasse, among others) as feedstock. This state-of-the-art review is based on a general description of biochar for environmental remediation. Biochar’s production, synthesis, and multiple uses have also been analyzed. In addition, this work shows some alternatives used to improve the biochar properties and thus its efficiency for several applications, like removing heavy metals, oil, dyes, and other toxic pollutants. Physical and chemical modifications, precursors, dopants, and promoting agents (e.g., Fe and N species) have been discussed. Finally, the primary uses of biochar and the corresponding mechanism to improve water and soil quality (via adsorption, heterogeneous photocatalysis, and advanced oxidation processes) have been described, both at laboratory and medium and large scales. Considering all the advantages, synthesis methods, and applications, biochar is a promising alternative with a high potential to mitigate environmental problems by improving water and soil quality, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and promoting the circular economy through residual biomass, generating value-added products for several uses. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 3341 KB  
Review
Waste Management in the Smart City: Current Practices and Future Directions
by Danuta Szpilko, Antonio de la Torre Gallegos, Felix Jimenez Naharro, Agnieszka Rzepka and Angelika Remiszewska
Resources 2023, 12(10), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12100115 - 26 Sep 2023
Cited by 134 | Viewed by 35732
Abstract
The discourse surrounding sustainability, particularly in the urban environment, has gained considerable momentum in recent years. The concept of a smart city epitomises the integration of innovative technological solutions with community-centred approaches, thereby laying the groundwork for a sustainable lifestyle. One of the [...] Read more.
The discourse surrounding sustainability, particularly in the urban environment, has gained considerable momentum in recent years. The concept of a smart city epitomises the integration of innovative technological solutions with community-centred approaches, thereby laying the groundwork for a sustainable lifestyle. One of the crucial components of this integration is the effective and innovative management of waste. The aim of this article was to classify scientific research pertaining to waste management within the context of smart city issues, and to identify emerging directions for future research. A systematic literature review, based on a bibliometric analysis of articles included in the Scopus and Web of Science databases, was conducted for this study. The purpose of such a systematic review is to identify, integrate, and evaluate research on a selected topic, using clearly defined criteria. The research query included: TITLE-ABS-KEY (“smart city” AND (waste OR garbage OR trash OR rubbish)) in the case of Scopus, and TS = (“smart city” AND (waste OR garbage OR trash OR rubbish)) in the case of the Web of Science database. A total of 1768 publication records qualified for the analysis. This study presents an investigation into the current and forthcoming directions of waste management in smart cities, synthesising the latest advancements and methods. The findings outline specific future research directions encompassing technological advancement, special waste challenges, digitisation, energy recovery, transportation, community engagement, policy development, security, novel frameworks, economic and environmental impact assessment, and global implications. These insights reflect a multifaceted approach, advocating a technology-driven perspective that is integral to urban sustainability and quality of life. The study’s findings provide practical avenues for cities to enhance waste management through modern technologies, promoting efficient systems and contributing to sustainable urban living and the circular economy. The insights are vital for policymakers and industry leaders globally, supporting the creation of universal standards and policies, thereby fostering comprehensive waste management systems aligned with global sustainability objectives. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 4018 KB  
Article
Assessment of Energy and Heat Consumption Trends and Forecasting in the Small Consumer Sector in Poland Based on Historical Data
by Bożena Gajdzik, Magdalena Jaciow, Radosław Wolniak, Robert Wolny and Wieslaw Wes Grebski
Resources 2023, 12(9), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12090111 - 20 Sep 2023
Cited by 33 | Viewed by 10078
Abstract
The paper outlines the methodology employed for desk-based research, which involved gathering and analyzing empirical data on energy and heating consumption in the Polish small consumer sector. Secondary sources, including reports, documents, scientific publications, and public statistics, were utilized to ensure a comprehensive [...] Read more.
The paper outlines the methodology employed for desk-based research, which involved gathering and analyzing empirical data on energy and heating consumption in the Polish small consumer sector. Secondary sources, including reports, documents, scientific publications, and public statistics, were utilized to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. The research methodology ensured the acquisition and examination of reliable and extensive data regarding energy and heat consumption among small consumers in Poland. The study investigated consumption trends of hard coal, electricity, and natural gas in Polish households from 2006 to 2021. The findings revealed an increasing pattern in electricity and natural gas consumption, alongside a simultaneous decline in the usage of hard coal. Future consumption was estimated using trend models, and factors contributing to changes in energy consumption patterns were examined, with forecasts to 2027. To achieve decarbonization and address climate objectives, the study underscores the need to increase the proportion of renewable energy sources and boost energy efficiency. The significance of reducing household energy consumption through enhanced insulation, smart energy management systems, and low-carbon alternatives is emphasized. Additionally, the study addresses Poland’s future energy plans as a proactive step toward decarbonizing the national economy. In summary, the study furnishes valuable insights into energy consumption trends and their determinants in the Polish small consumer sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Assessment and Optimization of Energy Efficiency)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 3284 KB  
Article
Development of Wind Energy in EU Countries as an Alternative Resource to Fossil Fuels in the Years 2016–2022
by Radosław Wolniak and Bożena Skotnicka-Zasadzień
Resources 2023, 12(8), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12080096 - 17 Aug 2023
Cited by 43 | Viewed by 8461
Abstract
The aim of this article is to present solutions related to wind energy in EU countries as an alternative to fossil fuels. This article is based on secondary information and statistical data regarding the development of wind power engineering in EU countries for [...] Read more.
The aim of this article is to present solutions related to wind energy in EU countries as an alternative to fossil fuels. This article is based on secondary information and statistical data regarding the development of wind power engineering in EU countries for the years 2016–2022. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze of the relations between the development of wind energy in European Union countries and GPD (gross domestic product) per capita and selected factors. The following hypotheses were formulated: H1—There is a statistically significant correlation between GDP per capita and the use of wind energy in European Union countries. H2—There is a relationship between the length of the coastline and the use of wind energy in European Union countries. H3—There is a statistically significant correlation between the attitude to uncertainty of the inhabitants of a given country and the use of wind energy in said country. The presented research results support all these hypotheses. The results of the research regarding H2 are as follows: in the case of northern European countries (Ireland and Finland) and the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the development of wind power engineering in the study period was faster than could be inferred from the length of the coastline in these countries. Regarding hypothesis H1, it was concluded on the basis of the analysis that the involvement of countries in the development of wind power engineering is correlated with their wealth. The novelty of this paper emerges from its innovative approach to analyzing wind power engineering, its incorporation of cultural factors, its quantitative assessment of correlations, and its actionable policy recommendations. These elements collectively contribute to a comprehensive and impactful study that advances our understanding of wind energy adoption in the European Union. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series – Energy Resources: Past, Present and Future Role in a Circular Economy)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 7462 KB  
Article
New Bioretention Drainage Channel as One of the Low-Impact Development Solutions: A Case Study from Poland
by Agnieszka Stec and Daniel Słyś
Resources 2023, 12(7), 82; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12070082 - 10 Jul 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 5126
Abstract
In recent years, as a result of intensive urbanisation, a significant increase in the surface of impermeable areas has been observed, which results in changes in the hydrological cycle of catchments. In order to counteract these changes, low-impact development (LID) solutions are increasingly [...] Read more.
In recent years, as a result of intensive urbanisation, a significant increase in the surface of impermeable areas has been observed, which results in changes in the hydrological cycle of catchments. In order to counteract these changes, low-impact development (LID) solutions are increasingly being implemented in urban catchments, including bioretention systems. Taking this into account, a new bioretention drainage channel (BRC) was designed, whose main task is retention, infiltration, and pre-treatment of rainwater. The pilot laboratory tests carried out on two BRC prototypes (K1 and K2) showed that the average rate of reduction of mineral-suspended solids from rainwater was 69% and 57%, respectively, for K1 and K2. Analysing the results of the research, it was found that the bioretention drainage channel is characterised by very high efficiency in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from rainwater, and the reduction rate of these pollutants for both the K1 and K2 channels was close to 100%. In turn, hydrodynamic studies carried out on the model of the urban catchment showed that the implementation of BRCs will reduce the peak runoff by more than 82%, and the maximum flow in the sewage network by 83%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alternative Water and Energy Systems in the Buildings)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1084 KB  
Article
Sustainable Valorisation of Peach and Apricot Waste Using Green Extraction Technique with Conventional and Deep Eutectic Solvents
by Marina Stramarkou, Vasiliki Oikonomopoulou, Margarita Panagiotopoulou, Sofia Papadaki and Magdalini Krokida
Resources 2023, 12(6), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12060072 - 12 Jun 2023
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 4921
Abstract
Worldwide, fruit processing industries reject high volumes of fruit waste, which represent rich sources of phenolic compounds and can be valorised through extraction, and then be reused for food, nutraceutical or cosmetic applications. In the present work, the optimisation of the recovery of [...] Read more.
Worldwide, fruit processing industries reject high volumes of fruit waste, which represent rich sources of phenolic compounds and can be valorised through extraction, and then be reused for food, nutraceutical or cosmetic applications. In the present work, the optimisation of the recovery of phenolic compounds from apricot kernels and pulp, as well as peach pulp, through the green method of ultrasound and microwave assisted extraction (UMAE) is performed. Prior to extraction, a drying step of the pulps is conducted using freeze, vacuum and hot air drying. Except for the conventional extraction solvents of water and ethanol:water, a deep eutectic solvent (DES) formed by choline chloride/urea, and a natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES) from choline chloride with lactic acid, are used, something that presentsecological benefits. With the aim of discovering the optimum extraction conditions, different values of the parameters of extraction time, utrasonic power and solvent/dry solid ratio are examined, and a mathematical model is developed to correlate them to the extraction yield (EY). The phenolic compounds and the antioxidant activity are determined through UV-Vis spectroscopy and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results of the study demonstrated that the most effective solvent in the extraction of apricot kernels is ethanol: water; DES is more efficient in the extraction of apricot pulp and NaDES in the extraction of peach pulps, reaching EYs of 25.65, 26.83 and 17.13%, respectively. In conclusion, both types of fruit waste are proved to have a significant content of valuable compounds, and the use of DES in fruit by-product extraction is effective and seems to be a promising alternative. Thus, the unexploited amounts of waste can be valorised through simple techniques and innovative solvents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Resource Extraction from Agricultural Products/Waste)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

26 pages, 11844 KB  
Article
A New Geosite as a Contribution to the Sustainable Development of Urban Geotourism in a Tourist Peripheral Region—Central Poland
by Maria Górska-Zabielska
Resources 2023, 12(6), 71; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12060071 - 5 Jun 2023
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3886
Abstract
The article presents a new geosite in a small provincial town in central Poland. It contains twelve Scandinavian erratic boulders from the area, deposited by the Pleistocene ice sheet about 130,000 years ago. The geotrail is equipped with three informative boards, a folder, [...] Read more.
The article presents a new geosite in a small provincial town in central Poland. It contains twelve Scandinavian erratic boulders from the area, deposited by the Pleistocene ice sheet about 130,000 years ago. The geotrail is equipped with three informative boards, a folder, and each boulder has its own identifier. The article also draws attention to petrographic types and types of erratic boulders among the collected boulders. Their basic dimensions, age, and source area are given. Specific features of rock morphology are discussed. Records of sub/inglacial processes, periglacial processes affecting the forefield of the melting ice sheet, and contemporary morphogenetic processes are also analyzed. The recipient/beneficiary of such information can be anyone who is sensitive to the beauty of abiotic nature, feels heir to the geological past of his region, or wants to broaden his horizons with knowledge from the ice age. The recognized and disseminated heritage of abiotic objects in nature through the transfer of expert knowledge has great potential to become an effective generator of sustainable socio-economic development of peripheral tourist areas. The paper presents in detail expert knowledge and specific examples of improving the quality of life with the creation of this geosite. The tool to be used here is geotourism; it deals with the study of geodiversity and the development of elements of abiotic nature to perform tourist functions in accordance with the principles of nature protection. It protects the geological heritage by effectively securing geosites, widely disseminating geological sciences, and promoting their educational and tourist functions. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2513 KB  
Article
Quality Assessment and Classification of Feedstock for Bioenergy Applications Considering ISO 17225 Standard on Solid Biofuels
by Giuseppe Toscano, Carmine De Francesco, Thomas Gasperini, Sara Fabrizi, Daniele Duca and Alessio Ilari
Resources 2023, 12(6), 69; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12060069 - 29 May 2023
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6100
Abstract
Biomass materials play a key role in the renewable energy market as they can serve as a suitable alternative to fossil fuels. However, the quality of the material entering bioenergy plants is often a cause of technical concern. Biomass quality assessment is crucial [...] Read more.
Biomass materials play a key role in the renewable energy market as they can serve as a suitable alternative to fossil fuels. However, the quality of the material entering bioenergy plants is often a cause of technical concern. Biomass quality assessment is crucial not only for energy characterization but also for environmental and operational aspects. The goal of this study is to characterize and classify the biomasses used by Italian power plants with reference to the quality classes stated by the ISO standard 17225:2021. A further objective is to verify the ability of the standard to classify heterogeneous and specific biomasses. In this study, more than 900 biomass samples were analyzed. The samples were collected from several Italian power plants with >5 MWe between 2010 and 2020, and the most important physical and chemical parameters were analyzed according to the international standards of reference. The results of the analyses were collected in a large dataset used for subsequent statistical analyses. Statistical analyses applied are Principal Component Analysis and Pearson correlation maps, which showed that the ash content is a fundamental and ideal parameter to assess the biomass quality. Results obtained demonstrate that herbaceous biomasses are of low quality mainly due to the high ash content; a relatively low ash content was found for woody biomasses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomass Energy Resources: Feedstock Quality and Bioenergy Sustainability—2nd Edition)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

26 pages, 9659 KB  
Article
Identifying Optimal Cell Size for Geodiversity Quantitative Assessment with Richness, Diversity and Evenness Indices
by Catarina Lopes, Zara Teixeira, Diamantino I. Pereira and Paulo Pereira
Resources 2023, 12(6), 65; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12060065 - 26 May 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4192
Abstract
The importance of quantitatively assessing the spatial patterns of geodiversity, and their intrinsic relationship with biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided to society, has been signalized by several authors, due to the relevance of this information in territorial management, the planning of environmental [...] Read more.
The importance of quantitatively assessing the spatial patterns of geodiversity, and their intrinsic relationship with biodiversity and the ecosystem services provided to society, has been signalized by several authors, due to the relevance of this information in territorial management, the planning of environmental and conservation strategies. Within geodiversity method assessments, the grid system is the most widely used GIS spatial approach to calculate a geodiversity index. Preferred for its simplicity, it implies the fundamental decision of choosing the scale of the analysis, defined by the selection of cell size, determinant for the accuracy and correctness of the final maps. Although this topic has been occasionally approached by some authors within geodiversity assessments, there is no formal procedure for cell size selection. This is a key issue, and, in the scope of the present work, an empirical procedure to select optimal cell size(s) was tested on the national scale in Portugal, in lithology and geomorphology datasets. The quantitative method based on geodiversity indices was applied, using richness, diversity and evenness indices, in a hexagonal analytical grid, through eight cell dimensions. Several descriptive statistical parameters were analyzed, with particular emphasis on dispersion statistical measures. Optimal cell size corresponded to the minimum cell size, once dispersion values were significatively reduced or stabilized, and distributions from evenness and diversity indices were closer to symmetry, which provided more accurate results and higher spatial differentiation, although the final decision should always consider the main purposes of the analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geodiversity Assessment: What, Why and How?)
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

28 pages, 5073 KB  
Article
Quantifying Geodiversity at the Continental Scale: Limitations and Prospects
by Paweł Wolniewicz
Resources 2023, 12(5), 59; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12050059 - 17 May 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 4807
Abstract
Geodiversity, defined as the natural range of geological, geomorphological, hydrological, and soil features, has been explored in a growing number of studies at different spatial scales. However, most research efforts have been directed at analysing geodiversity at a fine-scale. Here, an estimation of [...] Read more.
Geodiversity, defined as the natural range of geological, geomorphological, hydrological, and soil features, has been explored in a growing number of studies at different spatial scales. However, most research efforts have been directed at analysing geodiversity at a fine-scale. Here, an estimation of the geodiversity of the European subcontinent is performed using six available high-resolution global data sets that describe the diversity of selected features of the abiotic environment. Six maps representing geomorphological, geological, hydrological, hydrogeological, soil, and topographical diversity are compiled using the methods of centroid analysis and kernel density estimation. The present contribution identifies areas with high values of most geodiversity variables which were not previously studied, nor are included in the network of international geoparks. The study also shows that, although remote sensing images and digital elevation models allow one to grasp a significant understanding of geodiversity on the continental scale, fine-resolution and process-oriented geological data sets are required to further enhance the quality of large-scale geodiversity assessments. To ensure interoperability between studies, a consensus is necessary regarding the analytical methods, classification rules, standardised indices and dictionaries. Without this, comparisons of geodiversity evaluations across different scales and between distant study areas remain difficult. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geodiversity Assessment: What, Why and How?)
►▼ Show Figures

Graphical abstract

15 pages, 1187 KB  
Review
Geosite Assessment and Communication: A Review
by Federico Pasquaré Mariotto, Kyriaki Drymoni, Fabio L. Bonali, Alessandro Tibaldi, Noemi Corti and Paolo Oppizzi
Resources 2023, 12(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/resources12020029 - 13 Feb 2023
Cited by 42 | Viewed by 7629
Abstract
This work is aimed at reviewing the current state of the art in geosite selection, assessment, and communication. We first highlight the main papers that have defined paramount concepts such as geodiversity, geoheritage, and geosites. We then delve into the theoretical principles and [...] Read more.
This work is aimed at reviewing the current state of the art in geosite selection, assessment, and communication. We first highlight the main papers that have defined paramount concepts such as geodiversity, geoheritage, and geosites. We then delve into the theoretical principles and guidelines that have been proposed over the last twenty years by researchers who have thoroughly illustrated how to individuate and assess geosites. In doing so, we illustrate notable field examples of applications of qualitative and quantitative assessments of geosites in places such as Serbia, India, Iceland, Ecuador, Sardinia (Italy), Egypt, Tasmania (Australia), and Brazil. The third part of this work is dedicated to illustrating a list (by no means exhaustive) of works that have tried to come up with innovative tools, strategies, and solutions to promote and communicate geosites. From our work, it appears that geosites can be extremely effective as fully fledged outreach tools capable of bridging the gap between Earth science and the lay public. Full article
►▼ Show Figures

Figure 1

Show export options expand_more Show export options expand_less
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
 
Displaying article 1-50 on page 1 of 2.
Go to page     1 2 chevron_right
Back to TopTop