Life

17 pages, 622 KB

Open AccessReview

Impact of General Anesthetics on Postoperative Infections—A Narrative Review

by Taylor P. L. Butt, Lynn Jazzar, Palak Watts and Christian Lehmann

Life 2025, 15(11), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111662 - 23 Oct 2025

Postoperative infections represent the most frequent complication after surgery. Anesthetic agents, while essential during surgical procedures to ensure unconsciousness, are becoming increasingly recognized as modulators of immune function. Volatile anesthetics have been identified as being able to attenuate the inflammatory response in diverse [...] Read more.

Postoperative infections represent the most frequent complication after surgery. Anesthetic agents, while essential during surgical procedures to ensure unconsciousness, are becoming increasingly recognized as modulators of immune function. Volatile anesthetics have been identified as being able to attenuate the inflammatory response in diverse experimental models. Propofol, a widely used intravenous anesthetic, has also been described to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory mechanisms. This review synthesizes current cellular, experimental, and clinical evidence on the immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic agents, highlighting their impact on host defense mechanisms and postoperative infections. By exploring mechanistic properties and clinical outcomes, it underscores the importance of anesthetic choice in enhancing immune function and postoperative recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Postoperative Management of Patients After Surgery)

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16 pages, 492 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Genetic and Environmental Factors in White Leg Markings: Prevalence and Heritability Analysis in Pura Raza Española Horses

by Ana Encina, María José Sánchez-Guerrero, Manuel Ligero, Arantxa Rodríguez-Sainz de los Terreros and Mercedes Valera

Life 2025, 15(11), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111661 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

White leg markings in horses are phenotypic traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study analyzed their prevalence, symmetry, and genetic parameters in 38,825 Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses registered in the official studbook. White markings were scored using a binary (affected/unaffected) [...] Read more.

White leg markings in horses are phenotypic traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors. This study analyzed their prevalence, symmetry, and genetic parameters in 38,825 Pura Raza Española (PRE) horses registered in the official studbook. White markings were scored using a binary (affected/unaffected) and a four-level ordinal scale. Most horses (38,341 out of 38,825; 98.8%) had at least one limb without white markings. The prevalence of white markings was higher in the hindlegs (17.9% LH; 14.5% RH) than in the forelegs (5.3% LF; 4.6% RF). Markings were most frequent above the fetlock (≈64%), chestnut horses showed the highest prevalence, whereas black coats showed the lowest. Genetic analyses using Bayesian animal models revealed moderate-to-high heritabilities, ranging from 0.488 for Right hindlegs to 0.574 for Left hindlegs in the multinomial model, which outperformed the dichotomous model (h² = 0.030–0.515 for all legs and left foreleg, respectively). Additive genetic variance was highest in the left hindleg (σ²_u = 7.904). Genetic correlations were high between contralateral homologous limbs (0.991 forelegs; 0.995 hindlegs), confirming strong bilateral genetic control, while diagonal correlations were lower (≈0.886). These findings confirm a substantial genetic component underlying white leg markings in PRE horses and highlight the importance of refined phenotyping and genetic evaluations for breeding strategies, particularly when markings are penalized as in the PRE breeding program. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Equidae Breeding and Genetics)

10 pages, 1454 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Adaptation of Endoluminal Vacuum Therapy via Extra-Luminal Access in the Treatment of a High Pharyngeal Fistula: Technical Feasibility and Outcome

by Bogdan-Mihnea Ciuntu, Daniel Vasile Timofte, Andreea Ludușanu, Mihaela Corlade-Andrei, Roxana Elena Ciuntu, Irina Mihaela Abdulan, Alexandra-Simona Zamfir, Adelina Tanevski, Mădălina Maxim, Gheorghe Balan, Anca Bordianu and Bogdan Cobzeanu

Life 2025, 15(11), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111660 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Perforation of the piriform sinus is a rare but severe clinical event that can lead to cervico-thoracic mediastinitis, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent multidisciplinary intervention. Among its etiologies, accidental ingestion of foreign bodies, including dental prostheses, is uncommon but poses significant risks [...] Read more.

Background: Perforation of the piriform sinus is a rare but severe clinical event that can lead to cervico-thoracic mediastinitis, a life-threatening condition requiring urgent multidisciplinary intervention. Among its etiologies, accidental ingestion of foreign bodies, including dental prostheses, is uncommon but poses significant risks due to the anatomical vulnerability of the hypopharyngeal structures. Methods: We report a rare case of right piriform sinus perforation secondary to the ingestion of a dental prosthesis, complicated by cervico-mediastinitis, sepsis, tracheostomy, and sacral pressure ulcer. The clinical course required emergency surgical intervention and intensive supportive care. Results: A novel aspect of this case was the use of the Endoscopic Vacuum-Assisted Closure (EVAC) irrigation system as an adjunctive technique in the management of deep cervical drainage. Rather than approaching the fistula from within the lumen, the team created a controlled external drainage system, adaptation of the vacuum-assisted closure therapy directly over the fistulous tract. Conclusions: This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis, high clinical suspicion and coordinated management in the treatment of piriform sinus perforations. It also illustrates the potential applicability of modern technologies such as negative pressure irrigation in the complex management of deep neck infections and mediastinitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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24 pages, 352 KB

Open AccessReview

Sexual Dysfunction in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Narrative Review and Call for Multidisciplinary Framework

by Ioannis Mavroudis, Foivos Petridis, Dimitrios Kazis, Gabriel Dăscălescu, Alin Ciobica, Ciprian Ilea, Sorana Caterina Anton and Emil Anton

Life 2025, 15(11), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111659 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common yet under-recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with significant implications for physical health, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships and social reintegration. Although TBI research has largely focused on cognitive, motor and behavioral outcomes, the impact of [...] Read more.

Background: Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common yet under-recognized consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI), with significant implications for physical health, psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships and social reintegration. Although TBI research has largely focused on cognitive, motor and behavioral outcomes, the impact of SD remains insufficiently addressed in both clinical practice and rehabilitation programs. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize current evidence on the prevalence, mechanisms and management of SD following TBI, while emphasizing the importance of gender-sensitive and multidisciplinary approaches to care. Methods: A narrative review was conducted by searching PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science for English-language articles published between 2000 and 2025 using combinations of the following keywords: traumatic brain injury, sexual dysfunction, neuroendocrine dysfunction, psychological sequelae and rehabilitation. Priority was given to peer-reviewed clinical studies, systematic reviews and expert consensus guidelines that addressed neurological, endocrine, cognitive, psychological and social aspects of SD in TBI survivors. Exclusion criteria included case reports with insufficient clinical detail and non-peer-reviewed sources. Articles were screened for relevance to both pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Results: The etiology of post-TBI SD is multifactorial, involving direct neurological injury, hypothalamic–pituitary dysfunction, emotional and cognitive impairments, as well as psychological challenges such as stigma and relationship strain. Men and women may present distinct symptom profiles; for instance, men more frequently report erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism, whereas women more commonly experience challenges with arousal, lubrication and psychological stress. Effective interventions include pharmacotherapy, hormone replacement therapy, psychotherapy and rehabilitative approaches designed to restore intimacy and quality of life. Optimal outcomes are achieved through multidisciplinary collaboration among neurology, endocrinology, psychiatry, psychology and rehabilitation medicine. Conclusions: Sexual dysfunction should be recognized as a critical component of TBI sequelae rather than a secondary concern. Routine screening, gender-sensitive assessment and the integration of individualized, multidisciplinary care pathways are essential to improving patient outcomes. Advancing clinical awareness and standardization in this area holds the potential to significantly enhance the holistic recovery and reintegration of TBI survivors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

27 pages, 3060 KB

Open AccessReview

Nutrigenomics of Obesity: Integrating Genomics, Epigenetics, and Diet–Microbiome Interactions for Precision Nutrition

by Anam Farzand, Mohd Adzim Khalili Rohin, Sana Javaid Awan, Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad, Hiba Akram, Talha Saleem and Muhammad Mudassar Imran

Life 2025, 15(11), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111658 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Obesity is a highly complex, multifactorial disease influenced by dynamic interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that explicitly position genetics as the core. While advances in multi-omic integration have revolutionized our understanding of adiposity pathways, translation into personalized clinical nutrition remains [...] Read more.

Obesity is a highly complex, multifactorial disease influenced by dynamic interactions among genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that explicitly position genetics as the core. While advances in multi-omic integration have revolutionized our understanding of adiposity pathways, translation into personalized clinical nutrition remains a critical challenge. This review systematically consolidates emerging insights into the molecular and nutrigenomic architecture of obesity by integrating data from large-scale GWAS, functional epigenomics, nutrigenetic interactions, and microbiome-mediated metabolic programming. The primary aim is to systematically organize and synthesize recent genetic and genomic findings in obesity, while also highlighting how these discoveries can be contextualized within precision nutrition frameworks. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to July 2024 using MeSH terms, nutrigenomic-specific queries, and multi-omics filters. Eligible studies were classified into five domains: monogenic obesity, polygenic GWAS findings, epigenomic regulation, nutrigenomic signatures, and gut microbiome contributions. Over 127 candidate genes and 253 QTLs have been implicated in obesity susceptibility. Monogenic variants (e.g., LEP, LEPR, MC4R, POMC, PCSK1) explain rare, early-onset phenotypes, while FTO (polygenic) and MC4R (monogenic mutations as well as common polygenic variants) represent major loci across populations. Epigenetic mechanisms, dietary composition, physical activity, and microbial diversity significantly recalibrate obesity trajectories. Integration of genomics, functional epigenomics, precision nutrigenomics, and microbiome science presents transformative opportunities for personalized obesity interventions. However, translation into evidence-based clinical nutrition remains limited, emphasizing the need for functional validation, cross-ancestry mapping, and AI-driven precision frameworks. Specifically, this review systematically identifies and integrates evidence from genomics, epigenomics, nutrigenomics, and microbiome studies published between 2000 and 2024, applying structured inclusion/exclusion criteria and narrative synthesis to highlight translational pathways for precision nutrition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Personalized Prevention and Treatment in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases)

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9 pages, 525 KB

Open AccessArticle

High-Dose 8 mg Aflibercept for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Who Is Being Treated with This New Agent?

by Caspar Liesenhoff, Carolin Meyrl, Daniel Krause, Franziska Eckardt, Anna Lorger, Viktoria Deiters, Johannes Schiefelbein, Julian Elias Klaas, Benedikt Schworm, Siegfried G. Priglinger and Jakob Siedlecki

Life 2025, 15(11), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111657 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Purpose: To describe the indication spectrum for high-dose 8 mg aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world cohort in a tertiary referral center. Methods: The database of the University Eye Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians-University was screened for eyes with nAMD [...] Read more.

Purpose: To describe the indication spectrum for high-dose 8 mg aflibercept for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) in a real-world cohort in a tertiary referral center. Methods: The database of the University Eye Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilians-University was screened for eyes with nAMD treated with 8 mg aflibercept. Demographic data, multimodal imaging and treatment parameters were recorded. Reasons for treatment with 8 mg aflibercept were analyzed. Results: Thirty-four consecutive eyes of 31 patients (mean age 78.6 ± 8.9 years) were identified. There were 22 women (70.1%) and 9 men (29.9%). In all eyes (100%), 8 mg Aflibercept was applied as switching therapy. Prior to switching, the mean anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment duration for nAMD was 3.9 ± 2.9 years, pretreatment amounted to a mean of 34.5 ± 26.3 injections, equaling 9.2 ± 2.4 injections/year, and the mean visual acuity (VA) was 0.4 ± 0.4 logMAR. The last treatment before switching was 2 mg aflibercept in 76%, faricimab in 18%, ranibizumab in 3% and bevacizumab in 3% of cases. Reasons for switching included (A) recalcitrant nAMD with persistent fluid despite q4w dosing (17 eyes, 50%), (B) the wish for interval extension (15 eyes, 44%) and (C) macular hemorrhage (2 eyes, 6%). In group B, two-thirds of eyes (10/15, 66.7%) were maintained at ≤q6w prior to switching. Conclusions: In this study, high-dose 8 mg aflibercept was exclusively used as a switch therapy. Most eyes (76%) switched were from pretreatment with 2 mg aflibercept. The main reasons for switching were recalcitrant nAMD with persistent fluid despite q4w dosing (50%) or the wish for treatment extension beyond 6 weeks (32%). In the future, these data will aid in the design of prospective real-world studies comparing the efficacy of high-dose 8 mg aflibercept with older generation treatment options, especially 2 mg aflibercept. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Diagnostic and Therapeutic Developments in Eye and Systemic Diseases)

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22 pages, 1642 KB

Open AccessReview

The Multifaceted Role of Platelets in Atherosclerosis and Ischemic Disease: Pathogenesis, Inflammation, and Therapeutic Opportunities

by Sophia Strukel, Betelhem Teshome and Vikrant Rai

Life 2025, 15(11), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111656 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the plaque-induced thickening of medium-sized and large arterial walls. Chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and endothelial dysfunction play a critical role in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Along with immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Atherosclerosis is a complex chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the plaque-induced thickening of medium-sized and large arterial walls. Chronic inflammation, lipid accumulation, and endothelial dysfunction play a critical role in pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Along with immune cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, and platelets play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Targeting platelet-related molecular mechanisms has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in treating atherosclerosis. However, potential targets are not clearly understood. This review discusses the multifaceted role of platelets in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and ischemic disease followed by the potential of targeting platelets. (2) Methods: Articles related to the role of platelets in atherosclerosis and underlying molecular mechanisms were searched from PubMed and Google Scholar using search terms atherosclerosis, platelets, therapeutics, targets; alone or in combination; (3) Results: Current research suggest that platelet-related molecular mechanisms play a critical role in plaque development, progression, and rupture. The mediators involved may serve as therapeutic targets; (4) Conclusions: Targeting platelets can attenuate atherosclerosis by interfering with platelet functions beyond blood clotting, such as promoting vascular inflammation and platelet adhesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Biology and Functions of Platelets: Emerging Challenges)

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7 pages, 471 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Acute Sulcal FLAIR Hyperintensity in Severe Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Potential Prognostic Marker

by Vincent Böhm, Bogdan-Andrei Ianosi, Caterina Kulyk, Franz Gruber, Maria Lorenz, Thomas Mitterling, Amadeus Hauser, Stephan Eger, Ulrike Köhl, Serge Weis, Sibylle Wimmer, Michael Sonnberger and Raimund Helbok

Life 2025, 15(11), 1655; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111655 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

(1) Background: To report two cases of severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in elderly patients presenting with a previously undescribed subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on repeated MRI examinations, which may serve as an early imaging biomarker of disease severity. (2) Methods: Two unvaccinated 82-year-old patients [...] Read more.

(1) Background: To report two cases of severe tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in elderly patients presenting with a previously undescribed subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity on repeated MRI examinations, which may serve as an early imaging biomarker of disease severity. (2) Methods: Two unvaccinated 82-year-old patients (one male and one female) presented with acute encephalitis and required intensive care. Serial brain MRI, EEG, CSF analysis, and neurophysiological assessments were performed. (3) Results: Both patients showed rapid progressive neurological deterioration in the context of TBE, confirmed by elevated serum and CSF IgM and IgG titers. Early follow-up MRI revealed striking sulcal hyperintensities on T2/FLAIR sequences, interpreted as protein-rich subarachnoid inflammatory changes. These changes paralleled clinical worsening and resolved on follow-up imaging. The male patient developed meningoencephalomyeloradiculitis, remained comatose, and died from respiratory failure (the brain and spinal cord were examined postmortem). The female patient had meningoencephaloradiculitis with severe dysphagia and was discharged with a modified Rankin Scale score of four. Both patients demonstrated epileptiform EEG activity. The CSF analysis revealed markedly elevated total protein, lactate, tau protein, and CXCL13, as evidence of blood–brain barrier disruption and inflammatory neurodegeneration. (4) Conclusions: We describe acute subarachnoid T2/FLAIR hyperintensity in TBE as an imaging feature that may correlate with severe systemic inflammation and a poor prognosis. This radiological finding could serve as a potential early prognostic marker in TBE. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Encephalitis: From Molecular Pathophysiology to Therapy)

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18 pages, 1591 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Virtual Reality-Based Therapy Improves Balance, Quality of Life, and Mitigates Pain and Fear of Falling in Women with Bone Mineral Density Loss: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Irene Cortés-Pérez, Ángeles Díaz-Fernández, María Catalina Osuna-Pérez, Héctor García-López, Raúl Romero-Del-Rey and Esteban Obrero-Gaitán

Life 2025, 15(11), 1654; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111654 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Performing therapeutic exercises using video games via virtual reality devices can be effective for preventing or mitigating bone mineral density (BMD) loss. The objective of this paper is to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality-based therapy (VRBT) in improving BMD, postural [...] Read more.

Background/Objectives: Performing therapeutic exercises using video games via virtual reality devices can be effective for preventing or mitigating bone mineral density (BMD) loss. The objective of this paper is to determine the effectiveness of virtual reality-based therapy (VRBT) in improving BMD, postural balance, fear of falling, pain intensity, and quality of life (QoL) in women with BMD loss. Methods: A systematic review with meta-analysis (SRMA), after searching in PubMed Medline, WOS, Scopus, CINAHL, and PEDro up to July 2025, was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including women with BMD loss, in which VRBT was compared to conventional approaches for the management of BMD loss, were included. Methodological quality and quality of evidence were assessed using the PEDro scale and the GRADE statement, respectively. Effect size was estimated through standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: Seven RCTs, involving 299 women with BMD loss (mean age: 60.5 ± 7.7 years), were included in this SRMA. All VRBT employed non-immersive virtual reality (NIVR) devices.Significant effectiveness on BMD loss (SMD = 0.92; p = 0.002), functional (SMD = 1.7; p < 0.001) and dynamic balance or functional mobility (SMD = −1.7; p = 0.01), fear of falling (SMD = −0.5; p = 0.009), pain intensity (SMD = −2.7; p = 0.039) and QoL (SMD = 3.9; p = 0.002) was reported favors VRBT in women with BMD loss. Conclusions: This SRMA demonstrates that VRBT (especially NIVR) can be effective at improving BMD, postural balance, functional mobility, and QoL, while simultaneously reducing pain intensity and the fear of falling in these women. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal)

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24 pages, 2099 KB

Open AccessArticle

Phenolic Compounds with Antimicrobial Properties in Mushrooms Frequently Encountered in Temperate Deciduous Forests

by Aida Puia, Stanca-Lucia Pandrea, Jeanine Cruceru, Ion Cosmin Puia, Veronica Sanda Chedea, Călina Ciont, Oana Lelia Pop, Loredana Florina Leopold, Floricuța Ranga, Adriana Cristina Urcan, Alexandru Nicolescu, Otilia Bobis, Ioana Corina Bocsan, Sebastian Armean, Anca Dana Buzoianu and Raluca Maria Pop

Life 2025, 15(11), 1653; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111653 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Mushrooms have long been recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, that possess important antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties, including activity against drug-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated total phenolic profile and content, total flavonoids content, the antioxidant activities, antimicrobial and [...] Read more.

Mushrooms have long been recognized as a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolics, that possess important antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antibacterial properties, including activity against drug-resistant bacteria. This study evaluated total phenolic profile and content, total flavonoids content, the antioxidant activities, antimicrobial and antibacterial activities, of water extracts of edible mushrooms from Romanian deciduous forests, including Cantharellus cibarius, Russula virescens, Lactarius piperatus, and Boletus edulis. The extracts were characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH radical-scavenging activity and ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Antimicrobial and antibacterial activities were tested using standard strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae following diffusion testing and time-killing assay, respectively. The HPLC-MS results indicated that major compounds in all the mushrooms belonged to the subclass of hydroxybenzoic acids. Trans-cinnamic acid and hydroxybenzoic acids, particularly gallic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and gentisic acid, were the predominant compounds detected in BEE and CCE. Their concentrations were measured as follows: 24 μg/mL, 63 μg/mL, 56 μg/mL, and 14 μg/mL, respectively, for BEE, and 26 μg/mL, 42 μg/mL, 7 μg/mL, and 5 μg/mL, respectively, for CCE. Among phenolic compounds, 2-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, p-anisaldehyde, and gentisic acid were positively correlated with both DPPH (45% and 21% inhibition rate for BEE and CCE, respectively) and ABTS (64 and 31% inhibition rate for BEE and CCE, respectively) antioxidant activities. The FTIR analysis revealed the presence of lipids, proteins, and polysaccharides, extracted in different ratios in the water extract. All mushroom extracts showed a dose-dependent response with higher antimicrobial and antibacterial activities at the highest concentration (26.3 µg phenolics BEE, 12.7 µg pphenolics CCE, 28.3 µg phenolics LPE, and 14.5 µg phenolics RVE per well for antimicrobial activity and 175.2 µg phenolics/mL BEE, 84.4 µg phenolics/mL CCE, and 188.9 µg phenolics/mL LPE for antibacterial activity). These species demonstrate potential for the development of alternative antimicrobial formulations, particularly relevant in the context of antibiotic resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Progress of Cultivation of Edible Fungi: 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 1220 KB

Open AccessArticle

Integration of Postbiotics into Adult Diapers: In Vitro Evaluation of Biocompatibility and Effect on Skin Microbiota

by Oznur Ozlem Ibrahimoglu, Leyla Tarhan Celebi, Dilan Ece Dikbiyik, Halise Betul Gokce, Bekir Cakici, Zafer Türkoğlu, Ayse Nilhan Atsu and Ismail Aslan

Life 2025, 15(11), 1652; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111652 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Postbiotics are bioactive microbial metabolites recognized for their potential to support skin health and balance the microbiota. In this study, nonwoven fabrics and adult diaper prototypes, with and without postbiotic incorporation, were evaluated for their effects on skin microbiota, epidermal integrity, and cytotoxicity. [...] Read more.

Postbiotics are bioactive microbial metabolites recognized for their potential to support skin health and balance the microbiota. In this study, nonwoven fabrics and adult diaper prototypes, with and without postbiotic incorporation, were evaluated for their effects on skin microbiota, epidermal integrity, and cytotoxicity. In vitro assays using reconstructed human epidermis and keratinocyte cell lines demonstrated that postbiotic-containing samples maintained high tissue and cell viability. Microbiota diversity analyses confirmed that postbiotic formulations maintained a favorable ratio of Staphylococcus epidermidis to Staphylococcus aureus. Collectively, these findings indicate that ATA-coded postbiotic-embedded nonwoven and adult diaper prototypes are skin microbiota-friendly, safe for epidermal contact, and stable in their bioactive compound content. These results underscore the potential of postbiotics as functional agents in personal hygiene products to promote skin health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postbiotics—Bioactive Microbial Compounds as Health-Promoting Agents)

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26 pages, 6992 KB

Open AccessReview

Endovascular Repair of Thoracic Aortic Atresia in Adults: A Narrative Review of a Rare Entity and Emerging Technique

by Claudiu Florin Rășinar, Petru Liuba, Alina Diduța Brie, Alexandru Tîrziu, Cristian Mornoș, Daniel Miron Brie, Dan Ion Gaiță and Constantin Tudor Luca

Life 2025, 15(11), 1651; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111651 - 23 Oct 2025

Abstract

Thoracic aortic atresia in adults represents a rare and extreme manifestation of aortic coarctation, marked by complete luminal occlusion and frequently compensated by extensive collateral circulation. This narrative review critically evaluates existing literature and institutional experience concerning surgical and endovascular repair strategies for [...] Read more.

Thoracic aortic atresia in adults represents a rare and extreme manifestation of aortic coarctation, marked by complete luminal occlusion and frequently compensated by extensive collateral circulation. This narrative review critically evaluates existing literature and institutional experience concerning surgical and endovascular repair strategies for aortic atresia, synthesizing evidence from related aortic arch pathologies due to the absence of direct comparative studies. Both treatment modalities—open surgical repair and catheter-based recanalization with stenting—have evolved significantly, presenting distinct advantages and limitations influenced by patient anatomy, age, and comorbidities. While surgical repair remains the standard for neonates, infants, and complex cases due to superior long-term durability and blood pressure control, endovascular procedures using chronic total occlusion technique and covered stents offer less invasive alternatives with rapid recovery, particularly in adults with suitable anatomic characteristics. The review highlights procedural considerations, including technical approaches, stent selection, and potential complications such as restenosis, hypertension, and vascular injury. Individualized, multidisciplinary decision-making remains essential, with shared consensus guiding therapy in the absence of randomized trials. The article identifies critical gaps in knowledge, emphasizing the need for multicenter, long-term studies and technological advances—including hybrid and personalized strategies for optimal management and for improving outcomes in this challenging congenital condition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Precision Medicine in Cardiovascular Diseases)

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6 pages, 176 KB

Open AccessOpinion

Who Decides What Is Prebiotically Plausible? The Risks of Premature Constraints in Origin-of-Life Research

by Simon H. J. Eiby and Tue Hassenkam

Life 2025, 15(11), 1650; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111650 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

The origin of life is the ultimate scientific puzzle. The leap in complexity from inanimate matter to even the simplest known organisms is overwhelming, and the transition from simple chemistry to life is best viewed as a long, directionless pathway. So, how did [...] Read more.

The origin of life is the ultimate scientific puzzle. The leap in complexity from inanimate matter to even the simplest known organisms is overwhelming, and the transition from simple chemistry to life is best viewed as a long, directionless pathway. So, how did life arise de novo from simple chemical molecules? The chemical space of potential reactants, catalysts and inhibiting agents is vast, while our knowledge of prebiotic conditions is limited. This makes it difficult to assess whether reaction pathways are prebiotically plausible. Origin-of-life research is therefore inherently speculative and shaped by competing schools of thought. Prebiotic plausibility should inform discussion and exploration, but not impose undue constraints based on personal preferences. Genuine progress is achieved through openness to diverse approaches and scenarios, ensuring that a broad spectrum of studies and their underlying rationales, assumptions, and methodologies are visible and explored. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Trends in Prebiotic Chemistry)

17 pages, 3782 KB

Open AccessArticle

Familial von Hippel–Lindau Disease: A Case Series of Cerebral Hemangioblastomas with MRI, Histopathological, and Genetic Correlations

by Claudiu Matei, Ioana Boeras, Dan Orga Dumitriu, Cosmin Mutu, Adriana Popescu, Mihai Gabriel Cucu, Alexandru Calota-Dobrescu, Bogdan Fetica and Diter Atasie

Life 2025, 15(11), 1649; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111649 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the VHL gene on chromosome 3. The disease is associated with increased incidence of neoplasia. The most common manifestations of the disease are hemangioblastomas of the CNS and spinal cord, followed [...] Read more.

Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the VHL gene on chromosome 3. The disease is associated with increased incidence of neoplasia. The most common manifestations of the disease are hemangioblastomas of the CNS and spinal cord, followed by renal cell carcinomas (RCC), pancreatic tumors, pheocromocytomas, endolymphatic sac tumors, and broad ligament or epididymal cystadenomas. Due to low incidence of the disease, information about its manifestation and genetic makeup has been slow to be gathered. Herein, we present three patients suffering from VHL, all part of the same family: patient one is the father; patient two is the daughter; and patient three is the nephew of the father, cousin to the daughter. Patients and their samples were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging, immunohistochemistry and genetic testing. Results show a tumor process in the left cerebellar hemisphere of the first patient which was successfully removed. The second patient presents with cervical medullary hemangioblastoma which was also successfully removed. The third patient had a tumor formation located at the craniospinal junction, at the level of the posterior bulb which was also treated. Genetic analysis showed patients one and two presented mutations in the VHL gene, confirming the VHL diagnosis. While the cases presented here follow the general lines for VHL disease, patients are related to each other, present tumors of the nervous system and mutations in the VHL gene, their particularities of presentation and manifestation bring new insights into this rare genetic disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

25 pages, 4737 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Fine Structure of Genome Statistics—The Frequency and Size

by Piotr H. Pawłowski and Piotr Zielenkiewicz

Life 2025, 15(11), 1648; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111648 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

A determination and mathematical analysis of the statistics of gene numbers in genomes was proposed. It establishes sampling ranges and provides an analytical description of the probability density function, which represents the likelihood of the number of genes in sequenced genomes falling within [...] Read more.

A determination and mathematical analysis of the statistics of gene numbers in genomes was proposed. It establishes sampling ranges and provides an analytical description of the probability density function, which represents the likelihood of the number of genes in sequenced genomes falling within a specific range of values. The components of the developed statistical multi-Poissonian model revealed the fundamental mechanisms underlying the evolution of life and identified the specific ranges of their dominant influence. The quantitative relations between the statistics of the number of genes and the genome size were shown. A mathematical model of genome size evolution was proposed, identifying subpopulations of intensive and extensive genes associated with protein-coding genes, pseudogenes, and non-coding genes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Synthetic Biology and Systems Biology 2025)

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16 pages, 391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hidradenitis Suppurativa: Higher Tobacco Pack-Years in Patients with Metabolic Comorbidities

by Yannik Haven, Nessr Abu Rached, Charlotte Michel, Daniel Myszkowski, Lennart Ocker, Ioannis A. Zeglis, Eggert Stockfleth and Falk G. Bechara

Life 2025, 15(11), 1647; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111647 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory dermatosis with substantial quality-of-life impact. HS frequently co-exists with obesity and metabolic comorbidities. Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent and has been linked to heightened inflammatory activity and impaired wound healing. The role of [...] Read more.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory dermatosis with substantial quality-of-life impact. HS frequently co-exists with obesity and metabolic comorbidities. Cigarette smoking is highly prevalent and has been linked to heightened inflammatory activity and impaired wound healing. The role of cumulative tobacco exposure (packyears) in relation to metabolic comorbidities in HS is less well defined. We therefore investigated whether lifetime pack-years relate to laboratory parameters and the presence of comorbidities in HS. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, single-center study involving 131 patients with HS. We collected clinical data, including disease severity scores and quality of life indices, along with laboratory markers such as complete blood count and C-reactive protein. Smoking status and cumulative exposure (pack-years) were assessed based on patient history. To compare laboratory parameters between smoking subgroups, we used Mann–Whitney U tests. Additionally, we performed logistic regression analyses to evaluate the association between cumulative cigarette exposure and the presence of comorbidities. Results: Among the cohort, 63.4% were active smokers with a median of 15 pack-years. Smokers had significantly higher leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts, indicating elevated systemic inflammation. Hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin were also significantly higher in smokers, while C-reactive protein levels did not differ notably between groups. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia had significantly more pack-years than those without these conditions. These comorbidities, components of metabolic syndrome, were strongly associated with higher lifetime tobacco exposure in HS patients. Conclusions: Smoking contributes not only to heightened inflammatory activity in HS but is also significantly associated with the presence of metabolic comorbidities. These findings underscore the importance of early interdisciplinary intervention and structured smoking cessation programs to improve outcomes in HS patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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18 pages, 7787 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial and Chemical Stability of Unpreserved Atropine Sulfate 0.01% w/w Eye Drops—A Pilot Study on the Impact of Dispenser Type and Storage Temperature over 12 Weeks of Daily Use After Compounding

by Victoria Klang, Stefan Brenner, Johanna Grabner, Philip Unzeitig, My Vanessa Nguyen Hoang, Maria Lummerstorfer, Roman Pichler, Katja Steiner and Richard D. Harvey

Life 2025, 15(11), 1646; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111646 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Progressive myopia in children is a highly prevalent condition in societies worldwide and is often treated with compounded low-dose atropine sulfate (AS) eye drops without preserving agents to avoid irritation/sensitisation. Surprisingly, there is a lack of data regarding the in-use stability of contamination-free [...] Read more.

Progressive myopia in children is a highly prevalent condition in societies worldwide and is often treated with compounded low-dose atropine sulfate (AS) eye drops without preserving agents to avoid irritation/sensitisation. Surprisingly, there is a lack of data regarding the in-use stability of contamination-free LDPE dispenser units (CFDs) for this compounded multidose product, which causes uncertainty among prescribers and patients in Europe. Thus, our aim was to compare the effect of different dispenser types on the chemical and microbial stability of unpreserved AS eye drops (0.01% w/w). A dripping simulation was performed to obtain information on microbial stability over 4 weeks through plating and separately over 12 weeks through direct inoculation, HPLC and pH analysis. For CFDs, no contamination was found after 4, 8 or 12 weeks of use when stored at 23 or 4 °C as opposed to the control. AS content remained within 0.01 ± 0.0002% w/w after 12 weeks, with higher chemical stability at 4 °C despite decreasing pH. A stress test confirmed the validity of the CFD system. In conclusion, using CFDs and refrigerated storage was found to be safe for compounded unpreserved AS eye drops over 12 weeks of use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dive into Myopia)

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26 pages, 1006 KB

Open AccessReview

Adaptive Strategies to Biotic Stress in Qatar’s Native Flora

by Bassam Taha Yasseen and Roda Fahad Al-Thani

Life 2025, 15(11), 1645; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111645 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Qatar’s arid and semi-arid landscapes subject native plants to severe abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, intense solar radiation, and high temperatures, along with biotic challenges such as herbivory, microbial pathogens, and competition. The ways in which plants coordinate responses to these simultaneous pressures [...] Read more.

Qatar’s arid and semi-arid landscapes subject native plants to severe abiotic stresses, including salinity, drought, intense solar radiation, and high temperatures, along with biotic challenges such as herbivory, microbial pathogens, and competition. The ways in which plants coordinate responses to these simultaneous pressures remain insufficiently understood, creating a knowledge gap in desert persistence strategies. This study investigates the integrated defence mechanisms that enable survival under dual stress conditions. We analyse chemical responses such as the synthesis of antimicrobial and phenolic compounds, structural adaptations including thickened cuticles, trichomes, and reinforced cell walls, and physiological trade-offs affecting water-use efficiency and gas exchange. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory role of abscisic acid, which links abiotic stress responses to enhanced pathogen resistance through interconnected biochemical pathways. The study also evaluates the benefits and costs of these structural and biochemical defences. Our findings reveal that native desert species employ adaptive strategies that integrate structural, physiological, and biochemical processes to withstand simultaneous abiotic and biotic pressures. These coordinated mechanisms enhance plant persistence under extreme conditions and play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, ecological resilience, and the long-term stability of Qatar’s fragile desert ecosystems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms of Plants to Stress)

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9 pages, 716 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Off-Label Sildenafil Citrate as a Rescue Therapy for Areolar Venous Congestion Post–Breast Reduction: Case Series and Outcomes

by Stefana Catalina Bilha, Eloi Ramelli, Charline Huttin, Simona Mihaela Hogas, Patrick Ringenbach, Dumitru D. Branisteanu, Ileana Katerina Ioniuc, Ionut-Raducu Popescu, Mihaela Elena Nastasa and Mihai Hogas

Life 2025, 15(11), 1644; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15111644 - 22 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The nipple–areolar complex (NAC) necrosis is a rare yet significant complication following breast reduction surgery, primarily linked to compromised vascularization of the NAC, particularly in nipple-sparing techniques. While multiple therapeutic strategies have been described in the postoperative setting, their application remains limited [...] Read more.

Background: The nipple–areolar complex (NAC) necrosis is a rare yet significant complication following breast reduction surgery, primarily linked to compromised vascularization of the NAC, particularly in nipple-sparing techniques. While multiple therapeutic strategies have been described in the postoperative setting, their application remains limited in clinical practice. Case series: We report on three patients that developed early NAC venous distress following bilateral breast reduction. Following discussion of therapeutic options—ranging from conventional methods such as scarification and local heparin therapy to off-label pharmacologic treatment—all three patients received oral sildenafil citrate (20 mg every 6 h), after excluding contraindications and obtaining informed consent. In two patients, sildenafil alone was sufficient to restore venous outflow and salvage the NAC. In one case, adjunct scarification and heparin therapy were necessary due to partial response. No arterial damage or major adverse effects related to sildenafil were observed during the postoperative period. Conclusions: This small series supports the potential use of off-label sildenafil citrate as a valuable, non-invasive pharmacologic option for treating postoperative areolar venous congestion. Its favorable safety profile, widespread hospital availability, and mechanism of enhancing microvascular circulation make it a promising adjunct in managing this complication. Further studies are warranted to standardize its use and determine its place within a broader postoperative management spectrum of compromised vascularization in breast surgery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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