Life

13 pages, 3226 KiB

Open AccessBrief Report

Transarterial Embolization for Chronic Postsurgical or Posttraumatic Pain of Musculoskeletal Origin: Clinical Outcomes and Imaging Correlates

by Zi-Rui Huang, Pei-Yi Chen, Neng-Yu Chiu, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Bow Wang, Jui-An Lin and Keng-Wei Liang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081208 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain (CPSP) is a persistent pain condition lasting beyond three months after tissue injury, often associated with neuropathic features and pathological angiogenesis. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of transarterial embolization (TAE) in patients with CPSP [...] Read more.

Chronic postsurgical or posttraumatic pain (CPSP) is a persistent pain condition lasting beyond three months after tissue injury, often associated with neuropathic features and pathological angiogenesis. This study investigated the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of transarterial embolization (TAE) in patients with CPSP arising from prior musculoskeletal surgeries or interventions. Six patients with refractory pain and imaging evidence of abnormal neovascularization were retrospectively reviewed. TAE was performed using imipenem/cilastatin particles to selectively target pathological vasculature. Eleven procedures were conducted, achieving 100% technical and clinical success. Mean Numeric Rating Scale scores improved significantly from 7.8 at baseline to 1.3 at final follow-up (p < 0.001). No major adverse events occurred, and follow-up imaging demonstrated resolution of inflammation in selected cases. These results support the role of TAE as a minimally invasive treatment option for intervention-related CPSP involving the musculoskeletal system, and further prospective studies are warranted. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue A Paradigm Shift in Airway and Pain Management—2nd Edition)

24 pages, 5292 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Drought–Heat Dual Stress Tolerance in Woody Plants and Selection of Stress-Tolerant Species

by Dong-Jin Park, Seong-Hyeon Yong, Do-Hyun Kim, Kwan-Been Park, Seung-A Cha, Ji-Hyeon Lee, Seon-A Kim and Myung-Suk Choi

Life 2025, 15(8), 1207; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081207 (registering DOI) - 29 Jul 2025

Abstract

Sequential drought and heat stress pose a growing threat to forest ecosystems in the context of climate change, yet systematic evaluation methods for woody plants remain limited. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive screening platform for identifying woody plant species tolerant to [...] Read more.

Sequential drought and heat stress pose a growing threat to forest ecosystems in the context of climate change, yet systematic evaluation methods for woody plants remain limited. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive screening platform for identifying woody plant species tolerant to sequential drought and heat stress among 27 native species growing in Korea. A sequential stress protocol was applied: drought stress for 2 weeks, followed by high-temperature exposure at 45 °C. Physiological indicators, including relative water content (RWC) and electrolyte leakage index (ELI), were used for preliminary screening, supported by phenotypic observations, Evans blue staining for cell death, and DAB staining to assess oxidative stress and recovery ability. The results revealed clear differences among species. Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus glauca, and Q. myrsinaefolia exhibited strong tolerance, maintaining high RWC and low ELI values, while Albizia julibrissin was highly susceptible, showing severe membrane damage and low survival. DAB staining successfully distinguished tolerance levels based on oxidative recovery. Additional species such as Camellia sinensis, Q. acuta, Q. phillyraeoides, Q. salicina, and Ternstroemia japonica showed varied responses: Q. phillyraeoides demonstrated high tolerance, T. japonica showed moderate tolerance, and Q. salicina was relatively sensitive. The integrated screening system effectively differentiated tolerant species through multiscale analysis—physiological, cellular, and morphological—demonstrating its robustness and applicability. This study provides a practical and reproducible framework for evaluating sequential drought and heat stress in trees and offers valuable resources for urban forestry, reforestation, and climate-resilient species selection. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 2024)

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9 pages, 464 KiB

Open AccessReview

Photobiomodulation as a Hypothetical Strategy to Reverse Botulinum Toxin Effects: Exploring the Neuroregenerative Mechanisms and Translational Potential

by Rodrigo Álvaro Brandão Lopes-Martins, Francisco Gonzalez-Lima, Sérgio Gomes da Silva, Patrícia Sardinha Leonardo, Cristiane Soncino, Roberto Fernandes Pacheco, Carolina Lúcia de Oliveira e Oliveira and Fabrizio dos Santos Cardoso

Life 2025, 15(8), 1206; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081206 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is widely used in both clinical and aesthetic settings to induce temporary neuromuscular paralysis by inhibiting acetylcholine release. Although generally regarded as safe and effective, complications such as iatrogenic ptosis or facial asymmetry may occur and persist [...] Read more.

Background: Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT/A) is widely used in both clinical and aesthetic settings to induce temporary neuromuscular paralysis by inhibiting acetylcholine release. Although generally regarded as safe and effective, complications such as iatrogenic ptosis or facial asymmetry may occur and persist for several weeks or even months, with no standardized method currently available to accelerate recovery. Objective: This article explores the hypothesis that photobiomodulation (PBM)—a non-invasive modality recognized for its neuroregenerative potential—may facilitate the reversal of BoNT/A-induced neuromuscular blockade. Discussion: PBM enhances mitochondrial activity by stimulating cytochrome c oxidase in nerve and muscle tissues, thereby increasing ATP production and modulating intracellular signaling pathways associated with neuroplasticity, cell survival, and synaptogenesis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that PBM can upregulate neurotrophic factors (e.g., BDNF, NGF), enhance SNAP-25 expression, and promote structural remodeling of neurons in both young and aged brains. These mechanisms are biologically consistent with the regenerative processes required for recovery from BoNT/A-induced effects. While controlled clinical trials for this specific application are currently lacking, anecdotal clinical reports suggest that PBM may accelerate functional recovery in cases of BoNT/A-related complications. Conclusions: Although this approach has not yet been tested in clinical trials, we propose that photobiomodulation may hypothetically serve as a supportive strategy to promote neuromuscular recovery in patients experiencing adverse effects from BoNT/A. This hypothesis is grounded in robust preclinical evidence but requires validation through translational and clinical research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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20 pages, 2010 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Comparison of the Effects of Cold-Water Immersion Applied Alone and Combined Therapy on the Recovery of Muscle Fatigue After Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by Junjie Ma, Changfei Guo, Long Luo, Xiaoke Chen, Keying Zhang, Dongxue Liang and Dong Zhang

Life 2025, 15(8), 1205; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081205 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Cold-water immersion (CWI), as a common recovery method, has been widely used in the field of post-exercise fatigue recovery. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluation of the combined effects of cold-water immersion combined with other therapies (CWI [...] Read more.

Cold-water immersion (CWI), as a common recovery method, has been widely used in the field of post-exercise fatigue recovery. However, there is still a lack of comprehensive and systematic scientific evaluation of the combined effects of cold-water immersion combined with other therapies (CWI + Other). The aim of this study was to compare the effects of CWI and CWI + Other in post-exercise fatigue recovery and to explore the potential benefits of CWI + Other. We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and EBSCO databases to include 24 studies (475 subjects in total) and performed a meta-analysis using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The results showed that both CWI + Other (SMD = −0.68, 95% CI: −1.03 to −0.33) and CWI (SMD = −0.37, 95% CI: −0.65 to −0.10) were effective in reducing delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). In subgroup analyses of athletes, both CWI + Other (SMD = −1.13, 95% CI: −1.76 to −0.49) and CWI (SMD = −0.47, 95% CI: −0.87 to −0.08) also demonstrated significant effects. In addition, CWI + Other significantly reduced post-exercise C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (SMD = −0.62, 95% CI: −1.12 to −0.13), and CWI with water temperatures higher than 10 °C also showed a CRP-lowering effect (MD = −0.18, 95% CI: −0.30 to −0.07), suggesting a potential benefit in anti-inflammation. There were no significant differences between the two interventions in the metrics of creatine kinase (CK; CWI: SMD = −0.01, 95% CI: −0.27 to 0.24; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.26, 95% CI: −0.51 to 1.03) or countermovement jump (CMJ; CWI: SMD = 0.22, 95% CI: −0.13 to 0.57; CWI + Other: SMD = 0.07, 95% CI: −0.70 to 0.85). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Focus on Exercise Physiology and Sports Performance: 2nd Edition)

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10 pages, 318 KiB

Open AccessArticle

In-Line Monitoring of Milk Lactose for Evaluating Metabolic and Physiological Status in Early-Lactation Dairy Cows

by Akvilė Girdauskaitė, Samanta Arlauskaitė, Arūnas Rutkauskas, Karina Džermeikaitė, Justina Krištolaitytė, Mindaugas Televičius, Dovilė Malašauskienė, Lina Anskienė, Sigitas Japertas and Ramūnas Antanaitis

Life 2025, 15(8), 1204; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081204 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Milk lactose concentration has been proposed as a noninvasive indicator of metabolic health in dairy cows, particularly during early lactation when metabolic demands are elevated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between milk lactose levels and physiological, biochemical, and behavioral parameters in [...] Read more.

Milk lactose concentration has been proposed as a noninvasive indicator of metabolic health in dairy cows, particularly during early lactation when metabolic demands are elevated. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between milk lactose levels and physiological, biochemical, and behavioral parameters in early-lactation Holstein cows. Twenty-eight clinically healthy cows were divided into two groups: Group 1 (milk lactose < 4.70%, n = 14) and Group 2 (milk lactose ≥ 4.70%, n = 14). Both groups were monitored over a 21-day period using the Brolis HerdLine in-line milk analyzer (Brolis Sensor Technology, Vilnius, Lithuania) and SmaXtec intraruminal boluses (SmaXtec Animal Care Technology^®, Graz, Austria). Parameters including milk yield, milk composition (lactose, fat, protein, and fat-to-protein ratio), blood biomarkers, and behavior were recorded. Cows with higher milk lactose concentrations (≥4.70%) produced significantly more milk (+12.76%) and showed increased water intake (+15.44%), as well as elevated levels of urea (+21.63%), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (+22.96%), glucose (+4.75%), magnesium (+8.25%), and iron (+13.41%) compared to cows with lower lactose concentrations (<4.70%). A moderate positive correlation was found between milk lactose and urea levels (r = 0.429, p < 0.01), and low but significant correlations were observed with other indicators. These findings support the use of milk lactose concentration as a practical biomarker for assessing metabolic and physiological status in dairy cows, and highlight the value of integrating real-time monitoring technologies in precision livestock management. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovations in Dairy Cattle Health and Nutrition Management)

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22 pages, 1056 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Disrupting Defenses: Effects of Bisphenol A and Its Analogs on Human Antibody Production In Vitro

by Francesca Carlotta Passoni, Martina Iulini, Valentina Galbiati, Marina Marinovich and Emanuela Corsini

Life 2025, 15(8), 1203; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081203 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogen-like activity, known to impair immune function. BPA may act as a pro-inflammatory agent, reducing immune response efficacy, increasing bacterial load in E. coli infections, and altering immune responses in parasitic infections (Leishmania major, Nippostrongylus [...] Read more.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical with estrogen-like activity, known to impair immune function. BPA may act as a pro-inflammatory agent, reducing immune response efficacy, increasing bacterial load in E. coli infections, and altering immune responses in parasitic infections (Leishmania major, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Toxocara canis) through cytokine and regulatory T-cell modulation. Following its ban in food contact materials in Europe, several analogs have been introduced. This study assessed the immunotoxicity of BPA and six analogs, namely BPAP, BPE, BPP, BPS-MAE, BPZ, and TCBPA, by evaluating in vitro the antibody production. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy male and female donors were exposed to increasing concentrations of each compound for 24 h. After stimulation with rhIL-2 and ODN2006, IgM and IgG secretion were measured on day six. All compounds suppressed antibody production in a concentration-dependent manner, with some sex-related differences. IC₅₀ values showed BPP as the most potent suppressor, and BPE as the weakest. Similarly, IC₂₀ values confirmed these differences in potency, except for BPA being the weakest for IgM in males. Overall, te results do not support the idea that BPA analogs are safer than BPA. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Life Sciences)

24 pages, 1700 KiB

Open AccessReview

Epigenetic Modifications in Osteosarcoma: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies

by Maria A. Katsianou, Dimitrios Andreou, Penelope Korkolopoulou, Eleni-Kyriaki Vetsika and Christina Piperi

Life 2025, 15(8), 1202; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081202 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone cancer of mesenchymal origin in children and young adolescents, remains a challenge due to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. It displays severe aneuploidy and a high mutation frequency which drive tumor initiation and progression; however, recent [...] Read more.

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary bone cancer of mesenchymal origin in children and young adolescents, remains a challenge due to metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. It displays severe aneuploidy and a high mutation frequency which drive tumor initiation and progression; however, recent studies have highlighted the role of epigenetic modifications as a key driver of OS pathogenesis, independent of genetic mutations. DNA and RNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs are among the major epigenetic modifications which can modulate the expression of oncogenes. Abnormal activity of these mechanisms contributes to gene dysregulation, metastasis and immune evasion. Therapeutic targeting against these epigenetic mechanisms, including inhibitors of DNA and RNA methylation as well as regulators of RNA modifications, can enhance tumor suppressor gene activity. In this review, we examine recent studies elucidating the role of epigenetic regulation in OS pathogenesis and discuss emerging drugs or interventions with potential clinical utility. Understanding of tumor- specific epigenetic alterations, coupled with innovative therapeutic strategies and AI-driven biomarker discovery, could pave the way for personalized therapies based on the molecular profile of each tumor and improve the management of patients with OS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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8 pages, 855 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Severe Malaria Due to Plasmodium falciparum in an Immunocompetent Young Adult: Rapid Progression to Multiorgan Failure

by Valeria Sanclemente-Cardoza, Harold Andrés Payán-Salcedo and Jose Luis Estela-Zape

Life 2025, 15(8), 1201; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081201 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in endemic regions. We report the case of a 21-year-old male with recent travel to an endemic area (Guapi, Colombia), who presented with febrile symptoms, severe respiratory distress, and oxygen saturation [...] Read more.

Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in endemic regions. We report the case of a 21-year-old male with recent travel to an endemic area (Guapi, Colombia), who presented with febrile symptoms, severe respiratory distress, and oxygen saturation below 75%, necessitating orotracheal intubation. During the procedure, he developed pulseless electrical activity cardiac arrest, achieving return of spontaneous circulation after advanced resuscitation. Diagnosis was confirmed by thick blood smear, demonstrating P. falciparum infection. The patient progressed to multiorgan failure, including acute respiratory distress syndrome with capillary leak pulmonary edema, refractory distributive shock, acute kidney injury with severe hyperkalemia, and consumptive thrombocytopenia. Management included invasive mechanical ventilation, vasopressor support, sedation-analgesia, neuromuscular blockade, methylene blue, unsuccessful hemodialysis due to hemorrhagic complications, and platelet transfusions. Despite these interventions, the patient experienced a second cardiac arrest and died. This case highlights the severity and rapid progression of severe malaria with multisystem involvement, underscoring the critical importance of early diagnosis and intensive multidisciplinary management. It also emphasizes the need for preventive strategies for travelers to endemic areas and the development of clinical protocols to improve outcomes in complicated malaria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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12 pages, 1515 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Myofascial Chains to the Polyconnective Network: A Novel Approach to Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Based on Graph Theory

by Daniele Della Posta, Immacolata Belviso, Jacopo Junio Valerio Branca, Ferdinando Paternostro and Carla Stecco

Life 2025, 15(8), 1200; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081200 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

In recent years, the concept of the myofascial network has transformed biomechanical understanding by emphasizing the body as an integrated, multidirectional system. This study advances that paradigm by applying graph theory to model the osteo-myofascial system as an anatomical network, enabling the identification [...] Read more.

In recent years, the concept of the myofascial network has transformed biomechanical understanding by emphasizing the body as an integrated, multidirectional system. This study advances that paradigm by applying graph theory to model the osteo-myofascial system as an anatomical network, enabling the identification of topologically central nodes involved in force transmission, stability, and coordination. Using the aNETomy model and the BIOMECH 3.4 database, we constructed an undirected network of 2208 anatomical nodes and 7377 biomechanical relationships. Centrality analysis (degree, betweenness, and closeness) revealed that structures such as the sacrum and thoracolumbar fascia exhibit high connectivity and strategic importance within the network. These findings, while derived from a theoretical modeling approach, suggest that such key nodes may inform targeted treatment strategies, particularly in complex or compensatory musculoskeletal conditions. The proposed concept of a polyconnective skeleton (PCS) synthesizes the most influential anatomical hubs into a functional core of the system. This framework may support future clinical and technological applications, including integration with imaging modalities, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling for personalized and preventive medicine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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11 pages, 731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Association Between Hypothyroidism and Depression in Individuals with Down Syndrome: A Retrospective Analysis

by Gregory Sabel, Alishah Ahmadi, Dhruba Podder, Olivia Stala, Rahim Hirani and Mill Etienne

Life 2025, 15(8), 1199; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081199 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, often leading to intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and an increased risk of various comorbidities, including thyroid dysfunction and mental health disorders. The relationship between thyroid dysfunction [...] Read more.

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by an extra copy of chromosome 21, often leading to intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, and an increased risk of various comorbidities, including thyroid dysfunction and mental health disorders. The relationship between thyroid dysfunction and mood disorders, particularly depression in DS populations, requires further investigation. Objective: This study aims to investigate the presence of a correlative relationship between hypothyroidism and depression in 178,840 individuals with DS, utilizing data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) to determine if those with comorbid hypothyroidism exhibit higher rates of depression compared to their counterparts without hypothyroidism. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the 2016–2019 NIS dataset was conducted, focusing on patients with DS, hypothyroidism, and depression diagnoses. The diagnoses were determined and labeled based on ICD-10 codes associated with NIS datapoints. Survey-weighted linear regression analyses were employed to assess the association between hypothyroidism and depression within the DS cohort, adjusting for demographic factors such as age, gender, and race. Results: This study found that individuals with DS exhibit a significantly higher prevalence of hypothyroidism (29.88%) compared to the general population (10.28%). Additionally, individuals with DS and comorbid hypothyroidism demonstrated a higher prevalence of depression (8.67%) compared to those without hypothyroidism (3.00%). These findings suggest a significant association between hypothyroidism and increased depression risk among individuals with DS. However, the overall prevalence of depression in DS (4.69%) remains substantially lower than in the general population (12.27%). Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of considering hypothyroidism as a potential contributor to depression in individuals with DS. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms of this association and potential screening and management strategies to address thyroid dysfunction and its potential psychiatric implications in DS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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20 pages, 300 KiB

Open AccessReview

Nighttime Primary Headaches in Children: Beyond Hypnic Headache, a Comprehensive Review

by Beatrice Baldo, Ilaria Bonemazzi, Antonella Morea, Roberta Rossi, Alessandro Ferretti, Vittorio Sciruicchio, Alessia Raffagnato, Vincenzo Raieli, Antonia Versace and Irene Toldo

Life 2025, 15(8), 1198; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081198 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Many headaches at night arise due to primary headache disorders, which occur independently of other symptoms and are not caused by another medical condition. Primary headache disorders with nighttime attacks can include tension-type headaches, migraines, hypnic headaches, and cluster headaches. A hypnic headache [...] Read more.

Many headaches at night arise due to primary headache disorders, which occur independently of other symptoms and are not caused by another medical condition. Primary headache disorders with nighttime attacks can include tension-type headaches, migraines, hypnic headaches, and cluster headaches. A hypnic headache is sometimes called an “alarm clock headache” because symptoms tend to arise at the same time of night. Apart from considering primary headaches, secondary causes of nighttime headaches should be considered and ruled out, in particular headaches secondary to intracranial hypertension, temporomandibular joint issues (like bruxism) and sleep apnea. Treatments vary based on headache type but often include a combination of medications and prevention strategies. This review article covers the basics of nighttime primary headaches in children, including pathophysiology, etiology, clinical features of the different forms and their treatment. It will also discuss the differences in headache features between children and adults. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

16 pages, 3274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cometabolic Biodegradation of Hydrazine by Chlorella vulgaris–Bacillus Extremophilic Consortia: Synergistic Potential for Space and Industry

by Yael Kinel-Tahan, Reut Sorek-Abramovich, Rivka Alexander-Shani, Irit Shoval, Hagit Hauschner, Chen Corsia, Ariel Z. Kedar, Igor Derzy, Itsik Sapir, Yitzhak Mastai, Ashraf Al Ashhab and Yaron Yehoshua

Life 2025, 15(8), 1197; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081197 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Hydrazine, a highly toxic and reactive compound widely used as rocket fuel, poses significant environmental and health risks, particularly in long-term space missions. This study investigates the cometabolic capacity of Chlorella vulgaris and seven extremophilic Bacillus spp. strains—isolated from the arid Dead Sea [...] Read more.

Hydrazine, a highly toxic and reactive compound widely used as rocket fuel, poses significant environmental and health risks, particularly in long-term space missions. This study investigates the cometabolic capacity of Chlorella vulgaris and seven extremophilic Bacillus spp. strains—isolated from the arid Dead Sea region—to tolerate and degrade hydrazine at concentrations up to 25 ppm. The microalga C. vulgaris reduced hydrazine levels by 81% within 24 h at 20 ppm, while the Bacillus isolates achieved an average reduction of 45% over 120 h. Identified strains included B. licheniformis, B. cereus, and B. atrophaeus. Co-culture experiments demonstrated that C. vulgaris and B. cereus (isolate ISO-36) stably coexisted without antagonistic effects, suggesting a synergistic detoxification interaction. Flow cytometry revealed that most bacteria transitioned into spores under stress, highlighting a survival adaptation. Titanium, representing a biocompatible material common in aerospace hardware, did not inhibit microbial growth or hydrazine degradation. These findings underscore the potential of Dead Sea-derived microbial consortia for cometabolic hydrazine detoxification and support the feasibility of converting spacecraft components into functional photobioreactors. This approach offers dual-use benefits for space missions and industrial wastewater treatment. Future studies should investigate degradation pathways, stress resilience, and bioreactor scale-up. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microalgae and Their Biotechnological Potential)

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19 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multifactorial Refractory Acne in Women: Insights from a Case Series Involving Hormonal-, Metabolic-, and Corticosteroid-Related Triggers

by Alexa Florina Bungau, Ruxandra Cristina Marin, Delia Mirela Tit, Gabriela Bungau, Ada Radu, Daciana Elena Branisteanu and Laura Maria Endres

Life 2025, 15(8), 1196; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081196 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and may signal underlying systemic dysfunction, particularly in adult women with treatment-resistant or atypical presentations. This case series presents three clinically and etiologically distinct examples of persistent acne in [...] Read more.

Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder that significantly impairs quality of life and may signal underlying systemic dysfunction, particularly in adult women with treatment-resistant or atypical presentations. This case series presents three clinically and etiologically distinct examples of persistent acne in female patients, each associated with different contributing factors: long-term topical corticosteroid misuse, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and metabolic syndrome with autoimmune thyroiditis. All cases underwent comprehensive dermatologic evaluation, endocrine/metabolic assessments, and personalized therapeutic interventions, ranging from corticosteroid withdrawal and barrier repair to hormonal modulation and insulin-sensitizing therapy. Clinical progression was monitored for up to six months, revealing favorable responses in all cases, with substantial lesion clearance and improved skin quality. These real-world cases highlight the importance of an integrative, interdisciplinary diagnostic approach in refractory acne and support the need for individualized, long-term management strategies tailored to underlying systemic contributors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin-Related Disease: Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategies)

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11 pages, 343 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Beneficial Effects of Water-Based Exercise Alone and in Combination with Cognitive Training on Cardiovascular Fitness and Arterial Stiffness in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial

by Patcharee Kooncumchoo, Sutaya Meekum, Somrudee Harnmanop, Nongnuch Luangpon and Kornanong Yuenyongchaiwat

Life 2025, 15(8), 1195; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081195 - 28 Jul 2025

Abstract

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the transitional stage between normal cognition and dementia and is associated with arterial stiffness, which may lead to cardiovascular disease. A water-based exercise (W) presents a low-impact activity for the joints and increases resistance compared to exercises performed [...] Read more.

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is the transitional stage between normal cognition and dementia and is associated with arterial stiffness, which may lead to cardiovascular disease. A water-based exercise (W) presents a low-impact activity for the joints and increases resistance compared to exercises performed in the air, which benefits older adults. However, little evidence has been found regarding the effect of W on promoting cognitive and physical performance in older individuals with MCI. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare the post-training effects of W alone and in combination with cognitive training on cognitive function, cardiovascular fitness, and arterial stiffness in older adults with MCI. Forty-six adults with MCI, aged 65 years or older, were enrolled. Participants were divided into two groups: a W group and a water-based exercise combined with cognitive training (W-COG) group. Both groups performed an aerobic exercise program in water for 60 min per/day, 3 day/week, for 12 weeks. Participants in the W-COG group simultaneously performed aerobic exercise and cognitive training in water. Cognitive performance, cardiovascular fitness, and arterial stiffness were examined before and after the intervention. The results revealed improvements in cognitive performance and cardiovascular fitness in both the W and W-COG groups after 12 weeks of intervention. However, there were no significant differences in cognitive and cardiovascular fitness changes between the two groups. Neither the W nor the W-COG groups showed a decrease in brachial pulse wave velocity. Therefore, W interventions have the potential to enhance cognitive function, restore cognition, and improve cardiovascular fitness in older adults with MCI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Functional Interventions on Musculoskeletal Health)

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20 pages, 4051 KiB

Open AccessReview

Right Heart Evaluation: A Tough Challenge for Clinicians

by Martina Pucci, Luca Maria Capece, Mariateresa Pontoriero, Daniele Paoletta, Marina Iacono, Francesca La Rocca, Roberto Luise and Roberta Esposito

Life 2025, 15(8), 1194; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081194 - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

The right heart–pulmonary circulation unit (RH-PCU) constitutes an integrated anatomo-functional system characterized by high-volume blood flow, low intravascular pressure, and minimal pulmonary vascular resistance. The RH-PCU dysfunction is a challenge for clinicians, as it can result from numerous pathological conditions, each with different [...] Read more.

The right heart–pulmonary circulation unit (RH-PCU) constitutes an integrated anatomo-functional system characterized by high-volume blood flow, low intravascular pressure, and minimal pulmonary vascular resistance. The RH-PCU dysfunction is a challenge for clinicians, as it can result from numerous pathological conditions, each with different clinical presentations. The pathophysiological changes underlying the hemodynamic alterations in the pressure and volume affecting the right ventricle can lead the patient to present with the primary symptom: dyspnea. We review the clinical presentation, the laboratory test, and the role of multimodality imaging in the evaluation of the disfunction of the RHPCU, including echocardiography, stress echocardiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, nuclear imaging, and invasive pressure measurement through catheterization. We therefore aimed to describe the various diagnostic options available to clinicians, evaluating their effectiveness and limitations of use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment: 3rd Edition)

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17 pages, 1525 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Clonidine Protects Endothelial Cells from Angiotensin II-Induced Injury via Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms

by Bekir Sıtkı Said Ulusoy, Mehmet Cudi Tuncer and İlhan Özdemir

Life 2025, 15(8), 1193; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081193 - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

Background: Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is a focal or diffuse pathological dilation of the cerebral arterial wall that arises due to various etiological factors. It represents a serious vascular condition, particularly affecting the elderly, and carries a high risk of rupture and neurological morbidity. [...] Read more.

Background: Cerebral aneurysm (CA) is a focal or diffuse pathological dilation of the cerebral arterial wall that arises due to various etiological factors. It represents a serious vascular condition, particularly affecting the elderly, and carries a high risk of rupture and neurological morbidity. Clonidine (CL), an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist, has been reported to suppress aneurysm progression; however, its underlying molecular mechanisms, especially in relation to cerebral endothelial dysfunction, remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential of CL to mitigate CA development by modulating apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in an Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced endothelial injury model. Methods: Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) were used to establish an in vitro model of endothelial dysfunction by treating cells with 1 µM Ang II for 48 h. CL was administered 2 h prior to Ang II exposure at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 µM. Cell viability was assessed using the MTT assay. Oxidative stress markers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Nitric Oxide (NO), were measured using 2′,7′–dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFDA). Gene expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were quantified using RT-qPCR. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ); were measured using commercial ELISA kits. Results: Ang II significantly increased ROS production and reduced NO levels, accompanied by heightened proinflammatory cytokine release and endothelial dysfunction. MTT assay revealed a marked decrease in cell viability following Ang II treatment (34.18%), whereas CL preserved cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner: 44.24% at 0.1 µM, 66.56% at 1 µM, and 81.74% at 10 µM. CL treatment also significantly attenuated ROS generation and inflammatory cytokine levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expression of VEGF, HMGB1, NF-κB, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was significantly downregulated in response to CL. Conclusions: CL exerts a protective effect on endothelial cells by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing proinflammatory signaling pathways in Ang II-induced injury. These results support the potential of CL to mitigate endothelial injury in vitro, though further in vivo studies are required to confirm its translational relevance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Science)

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14 pages, 2027 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Involvement of Gonolabis distincta in the Control of Root Maggots in Garlic Fields

by Caihong Tian, Junpeng Li, Yan Zhang, Junyi Zhang, Xinju Gao, Xinming Yin, Lirong Yang and Hongqiang Feng

Life 2025, 15(8), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081192 - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

Garlic root maggots are the main pest of garlic in Qi County, Henan Province, China, which has become an important factor restricting the development of the garlic industry. Earwigs play an important role in controlling root maggots because of their similar ecological niches. [...] Read more.

Garlic root maggots are the main pest of garlic in Qi County, Henan Province, China, which has become an important factor restricting the development of the garlic industry. Earwigs play an important role in controlling root maggots because of their similar ecological niches. In this study, through DNA barcoding and morphological identification, the following root maggots and main earwigs species from Qi County were quickly identified: Delia platura (Meigen), Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang, Delia antiqua (Meigen), Muscina angustifrons (Loew), Lucilia sericata (Meigan), and the main species of earwigs was Gonolabis marginalis (Dohrn). D. platura was the dominant species and accounted for 98% among all garlic root maggots. The predation ability for each stage of G. distincta on the larvae and pupae of D. platura showed that G. distincta at different developmental stages preyed on both the the larvae and the entire pupae of D. platura. Among them, female adults had the strongest predation ability and the largest daily predation on first instar larvae of gray D. platura (71.25 ± 0.66). First instar nymphs of G. distincta also had a certain predation ability with the daily predation of first instar larvae being (1.85 ± 0.13). The predation ability of G. distincta at different instars on the larvae of the same instar of D. platura increased with the increasing of the instar. For the first to second instar larvae of D. platura, the female adult of G. distincta had the strongest predation ability, followed by the male adult of G. distincta, and then the fifth instar nymph of G. distincta. There was no significant difference in the predation ability between the male and female adults of G. distincta, but the adults’ predation capacities were significantly higher than that of the fifth instar nymph of G. distincta. The capacity of the fifth instar nymph of G. distincta was significantly higher than the fourth instar nymph of G. distincta, the fourth instar nymph of G. distincta was significantly higher than the first to third instar nymphs, and there was no significant difference in the predation amount among the first to third instar nymphs. The predation selection experiment indicated that the fifth instar nymphs and the male and female adults of G. distincta showed a positive preference for the first to third instar larvae of D. platura and a negative preference for the pupae of D. platura. Our study provided a preliminary scientific basis for green prevention and control of garlic root maggot. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Arthropod Biodiversity: Ecological and Functional Aspects, 2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1543 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Inspiratory Muscle Training Improves Respiratory Muscle Strength and Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation in Obese Young Men

by Zhe Ren, Zeyu Zhou, Jikai Yang, Dongyue Wei and Hao Wu

Life 2025, 15(8), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081191 - 27 Jul 2025

Abstract

Objective: To investigate the effect of an 8-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) intervention on respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men. Methods: The study included 36 obese young men who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly [...] Read more.

Objective: To investigate the effect of an 8-week inspiratory muscle training (IMT) intervention on respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men. Methods: The study included 36 obese young men who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the IG (inspiratory muscle training group, n = 17), which underwent high-intensity IMT intervention for 8 weeks, 5 times a week, and the CG (control group, n = 18), which was not given any additional intervention. Assessed parameters included maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP), maximum expiratory pressure (MEP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR), as well as heart rate variability metrics such as the standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), standard deviation of successive differences (SDSD), low-frequency power component (LF), high-frequency power component (HF), and LF/HF ratio. These measurements were taken both at baseline and following the completion of the 8-week intervention period. Results: After 8 weeks of IMT, the MIP and MEP of the IG increased by 31.8% and 26.5%, respectively (p < 0.01). In addition, SBP, DBP, and HR decreased by 2.2%, 3.2%, and 2.1%, respectively (p < 0.01). In the HRV time domain, SDNN and RMSSD increased by 54.1% and 33.5%, respectively (p < 0.01), and there was no significant improvement in SDSD (p > 0.05); in the HRV frequency domain, LF decreased by 40.5%, HF increased by 59.4% (p < 0.01), and the LF/HF ratio decreased by 58.2% (p < 0.05). Conclusion: An 8-week 80%MIP IMT intervention significantly improves respiratory muscle strength and cardiovascular autonomic regulation in obese young men, suggesting that IMT is a promising non-pharmacological strategy for mitigating obesity-related cardiovascular risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effects of Exercise and Functional Interventions on Musculoskeletal Health)

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35 pages, 1078 KiB

Open AccessReview

Postbiotics: A Promising Approach to Combat Age-Related Diseases

by Adel Hamdi, Charmaine Lloyd, Rajaraman Eri and Thi Thu Hao Van

Life 2025, 15(8), 1190; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15081190 - 26 Jul 2025

Abstract

Dietary patterns have been identified as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for several non-communicable diseases, inextricably linked to the health span of older people. Poor dietary choices may act as triggers for immune responses such as aggravated inflammatory reactions and [...] Read more.

Dietary patterns have been identified as one of the most important modifiable risk factors for several non-communicable diseases, inextricably linked to the health span of older people. Poor dietary choices may act as triggers for immune responses such as aggravated inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress contributing to the pathophysiology of several ageing hallmarks. Novel dietary interventions are being explored to restore gut microbiota balance and promote overall health in ageing populations. Probiotics and, most recently, postbiotics, which are products of probiotic fermentation, have been reported to modulate different signalling biomolecules involved in immunity, metabolism, inflammation, and oxidation pathways. This review presents evidence-based literature on the effects of postbiotics in promoting healthy ageing and mitigating various age-related diseases. The development of postbiotic-based therapeutics and diet-based interventions within a personalised microbiota-targeted approach is proposed as a possible direction for improving health in the elderly population. Despite growing evidence, the data regarding their exact mechanistic pathways for antioxidant and immunomodulating activities remain largely unexplored. Expanding our understanding of the mechanistic and chemical determinants of postbiotics could contribute to disease management approaches, as well as the development of and optimisation of biotherapeutics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postbiotics—Bioactive Microbial Compounds as Health-Promoting Agents)

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