Life

17 pages, 982 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Growth Performance, Carcass Quality and Gut Microbiome of Finishing Stage Pigs Fed Formulated Protein-Energy Nutrients Balanced Diet with Banana Agro-Waste Silage

by Lan-Szu Chou, Chih-Yu Lo, Chien-Jui Huang, Hsien-Juang Huang, Shen-Chang Chang, Brian Bor-Chun Weng and Chia-Wen Hsieh

Life 2025, 15(7), 1033; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071033 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of fermented banana agro-waste silage (BAWS) in finishing diets for KHAPS pigs (Duroc × MeiShan hybrid). BAWS was produced via 30 days of anaerobic fermentation of disqualified banana fruit, pseudostem, and wheat bran, doubling crude protein content and [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the effects of fermented banana agro-waste silage (BAWS) in finishing diets for KHAPS pigs (Duroc × MeiShan hybrid). BAWS was produced via 30 days of anaerobic fermentation of disqualified banana fruit, pseudostem, and wheat bran, doubling crude protein content and generating short-chain fatty acids, as indicated by a satisfactory Flieg’s score. Thirty-six pigs were assigned to control (0%), 5%, or 10% BAWS diets formulated to meet NRC nutritional guidelines. Over a 70-day period, BAWS inclusion caused no detrimental effects on growth performance, carcass traits, or meat quality; a transient decline in early-stage weight gain and feed efficiency occurred in the 10% group, while BAWS-fed pigs demonstrated reduced backfat thickness and increased lean area. Fore gut microbiome analysis revealed reduced Lactobacillus and elevated Clostridium sensu stricto 1, Terrisporobacter, Streptococcus, and Prevotella, suggesting enhanced fiber and carbohydrate fermentation capacity. Predictive COG (clusters of orthologous groups)-based functional profiling showed increased abundance of proteins associated with carbohydrate transport (COG2814, COG0561, COG0765) and stress-response regulation (COG2207). These results support BAWS as a sustainable feed ingredient that maintains production performance and promotes fore gut microbial adaptation, with implications for microbiota-informed nutrition and stress resilience in swine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Science)

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39 pages, 1137 KiB

Open AccessReview

Neuronal and Glial α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Role in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathophysiology

by Kerry Rennie

Life 2025, 15(7), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071032 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cortex and hippocampus play a critical role in cognitive functions, many of which rely on signaling through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). The Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain is characterized by the profound impairment of [...] Read more.

Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cortex and hippocampus play a critical role in cognitive functions, many of which rely on signaling through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). The Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brain is characterized by the profound impairment of the basal forebrain cholinergic system, including alterations in the levels of α7nAChR in various brain areas. In addition, α7nAChR binds with high affinity to beta amyloid (Aβ), suggesting α7nAChR might mediate some of Aβ’s effects in the brain. Under normal physiological conditions, the interaction between Aβ and α7nAChR appears to be beneficial, supporting normal neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and memory functions. However, when levels of Aβ are pathologically elevated, their interaction leads to deleterious effects, implicating α7nAChR in the pathophysiology of AD. In addition to expression in neurons, α7nAChR is expressed in astrocytes and microglia, where it serves as a key component of a cholinergic pathway that regulates neuroinflammation. This review article will cover the role of α7nAChR in neurons, astrocytes and microglia under normal conditions, summarize changes in the expression or function of α7nAChR in neurons and glia in the AD brain, and discuss cell-type specific contributions of α7nAChR to AD pathology with an emphasis on interactions of α7nAChR with Aβ. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ion Channels and Neurological Disease: 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 428 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of the Number of Adjuvant Chemotherapy Cycles Following Cancer Surgery on Taste Alteration, Energy Intake, and Life Quality: 6-Month Follow-Up Study

by Can Selim Yilmaz, Hilal Caliskan İzgi and Perim Fatma Türker

Life 2025, 15(7), 1031; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071031 (registering DOI) - 28 Jun 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the number of adjuvant chemotherapy cycles on taste alteration, energy intake, and life quality. This study was conducted with 87 adult patients with newly diagnosed early-stage cancer, treated by surgery and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (two [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the number of adjuvant chemotherapy cycles on taste alteration, energy intake, and life quality. This study was conducted with 87 adult patients with newly diagnosed early-stage cancer, treated by surgery and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy (two groups received <4 and ≥4 cycles). Taste alteration was assessed with the Chemotherapy-induced Taste Alteration Scale, and life quality with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy. Patients who received ≥4 cycles showed significantly higher “Decline in Basic Taste”, “Phantogeusia and Parageusia”, and “General Taste Alterations” subscale scores at the end of treatment (d = 0.945, d = 1.200, d = 0.928, respectively; p < 0.001) and 3 months later (d = 0.515, d = 0.605, d = 0.985, respectively; p < 0.05). Quality of life scale total score and “physical well-being” and “functional well-being” subscale scores were significantly lower in patients received ≥4 cycle at the end of treatment (d = 0.590, d = 0.500, d = 0.621, respectively; p < 0.05) and 3 months later (d = 0.500, d = 0.516, d = 0.562, respectively; p < 0.05) but improved within 6 months. Significant correlations were found between taste alterations and recent weight loss, affordability of energy requirements, and decreased quality of life. A higher number of adjuvant chemotherapy cycles was associated with greater taste alterations, nutritional challenges and lower quality of life, especially in the early post-treatment. These changes are often transient and tend to return to baseline levels within 3–6 months after treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects of Drugs in Cancer—2nd Edition)

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14 pages, 1045 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Biodex Balance on Improving Coordination and Static Balance in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy

by Kristo Xhardo, Elona Xhardo, Mircea Bratu, Alin Pandea, Mariana Cordun, Ana-Maria Vasiliu, Dan-Eugen Costin, George Sebastian Iacob, Marjan Mihajlov, Ilie Onu and Daniel-Andrei Iordan

Life 2025, 15(7), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071030 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), significantly impairs postural control and increases fall risk due to sensory and motor nerve dysfunction. While conventional rehabilitation is widely used, the effectiveness of technology-assisted balance training remains underexplored. This [...] Read more.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), significantly impairs postural control and increases fall risk due to sensory and motor nerve dysfunction. While conventional rehabilitation is widely used, the effectiveness of technology-assisted balance training remains underexplored. This quasi-experimental study aimed to compare the impact of Biodex Balance System (BBS)-based training versus traditional exercises on balance and coordination in patients with DPN. Thirty patients with T2DM and clinically confirmed DPN were allocated into two groups (n = 15 per group): the intervention group (BBS training) and the control group (traditional exercises). Both groups trained for 8 weeks. Static balance was assessed using stability indices and clinical balance tests. Statistical analysis included paired and independent t-tests, Shapiro–Wilk tests for normality, and Cohen’s d for effect size. The BBS group demonstrated statistically significant improvements across all balance measures compared to the control group. For the most challenging condition (unstable surface, eyes closed), the mean balance index improved by 0.66° (p < 0.001; Cohen’s d = 14.25). Substantial improvements were also observed for the stable surface (eyes open: Δ = 0.34°, p < 0.001, d = 4.01) and unstable surface (eyes open: Δ = 0.23°, p < 0.001, d = 7.46). Control group gains were modest and less consistent. Balance training using the Biodex Balance System significantly enhances static balance and postural control in patients with diabetic neuropathy, outperforming traditional rehabilitation methods. These findings support integrating the BBS into structured diabetic care programs to reduce fall risk and improve functional stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Physiotherapy for Musculoskeletal)

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11 pages, 1353 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

The First Case Report of a Primary Mast Cell Tumor Originating from the Inguinal Lymph Node in a Nine-Year-Old Female Maltese Dog and a Comparative Literature Review in Humans

by Nuri Lee, Gibum Kwon and Kyuhyung Choi

Life 2025, 15(7), 1029; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071029 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Here, the authors report the first case of a primary mast cell tumor originating from the inguinal lymph node in a nine-year-old intact female Maltese dog that had undergone a left ureteral stent, ureterotomy and splenectomy, and left-side mastectomy, including inguinal lymph node [...] Read more.

Here, the authors report the first case of a primary mast cell tumor originating from the inguinal lymph node in a nine-year-old intact female Maltese dog that had undergone a left ureteral stent, ureterotomy and splenectomy, and left-side mastectomy, including inguinal lymph node removal and ovariohysterectomy, in South Korea in May 2024. The splenic mass, mammary gland mass, and inguinal lymph node underwent histopathological examination, resulting in the diagnosis of nodular hyperplasia, grade 1 mammary complex carcinoma, and a mast cell tumor (MCT), respectively. To clarify the origin of the MCT from the inguinal lymph node, a computed tomography (CT) scan was performed. In addition, through a blood smear test, mast cell leukemia was ruled out. After CT scanning by veterinary radiologists and a biopsy of all possible masses, it was finally concluded that the MCT primarily originated from lymph nodes, which is extremely rare in dogs. The patient is recovering well as of February 2025, just 7 months after the first diagnosis, following surgery and 16 weeks of chemotherapy with a combination of prednisolone and vinblastine, considering the C-kit PCR results of the left inguinal lymph node after the surgical removal of the MCT. This report is significant for two reasons, firstly because of the rarity of MCTs originating from lymph nodes other than the skin and gastrointestinal organs, and secondly because the authors propose a hypothesis for the rarity of primary lymph node mast cell tumors and the correlation between mammary gland tumors and mast cell tumor growth based on a comparative literature review in humans, focusing on molecular mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Pathology and Veterinary Anatomy: 3rd Edition)

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14 pages, 1171 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Abundance and Diversity of Endolithic Fungal Assemblages in Granite and Sandstone from Victoria Land, Antarctica

by Gerardo A. Stoppiello, Carmen Del Franco, Lucia Muggia, Caterina Ripa and Laura Selbmann

Life 2025, 15(7), 1028; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071028 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

The Antarctic continent hosts highly specialized microbial ecosystems, particularly within endolithic habitats, where microorganisms colonize the interior of rocks in order to withstand conditions that otherwise cannot support life. Previous studies have characterized the composition and abundance of these communities, as well as [...] Read more.

The Antarctic continent hosts highly specialized microbial ecosystems, particularly within endolithic habitats, where microorganisms colonize the interior of rocks in order to withstand conditions that otherwise cannot support life. Previous studies have characterized the composition and abundance of these communities, as well as their different degrees of stress power; furthermore, the effect of different lithic substrates in shaping their associated bacterial assemblages has been extensively investigated. By contrast, how rock typology exerts fungal endolithic colonization still remains unexplored. In this study, we have considered and compared fungal communities inhabiting granite and sandstone rocks collected across Victoria Land, Antarctica, using high-throughput sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region. Our analyses revealed that both rock types were dominated by Ascomycota, with a marked prevalence of lichen-forming fungi, particularly within the class Lecanoromycetes. However, granite-supported communities exhibited significantly higher species richness, likely driven by the structural heterogeneity of the substrate and the presence of fissures enabling chasmoendolithic colonization. In contrast, sandstone communities were more specialized and dominated by strict cryptoendolithic taxa capable of surviving within the rock’s pore spaces. Differential abundance analysis identified key species associated with each substrate, including the lichen Buellia frigida in granite and the black fungus Friedmanniomyces endolithicus in sandstone, two endemic species in Antarctica. Moreover, the use of presence/absence- versus abundance-based diversity metrics revealed contrasting ecological patterns; substrate type had a stronger influence on species presence, whereas geographic location more significantly shaped abundance profiles, highlighting the complex interplay between both factors in determining fungal community composition. Additionally, alpha diversity analyses showed significantly higher species richness in granite compared to sandstone, suggesting that structural heterogeneity and chasmoendolithism may promote a more diverse fungal assemblage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Biodiversity and Ecology of Fungi in Terrestrial and Marine Ecosystems)

11 pages, 3302 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physiological and Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Effect of ABA on Promoting Persimmon Fruit Postharvest Deastringency

by Han Zhou, Jiao-Jiao Nie, Meng-Lin Ren, Yu-Duan Ding, Ya-Xiu Xu and Qing-Gang Zhu

Life 2025, 15(7), 1027; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071027 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit can accumulate proanthocyanidins (tannins) during development, which causes astringency and affects consumption. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported to play a key role in fruit ripening and softening. However, the effect of ABA on postharvest [...] Read more.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit can accumulate proanthocyanidins (tannins) during development, which causes astringency and affects consumption. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported to play a key role in fruit ripening and softening. However, the effect of ABA on postharvest persimmon fruit deastringency remains unclear. In this study, we found that 300 mg/L ABA treatment could decrease the content of soluble tannins, thus leading removal of persimmon fruit astringency. The contents of acetaldehyde and ethanol did not increase during the storage time, indicating that ABA treatment-promoted persimmon fruit deastringency was not due to the acetaldehyde interaction with soluble tannins. Furthermore, the transcriptome analysis showed that 6713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and the WGCNA (weighted gene co-expression network analysis) showed that one module, which comprises 575 DEGs, significantly correlated with the contents of soluble and resoluble tannins. The analysis based on the carbohydrate metabolism pathway indicated that 37 differentially expressed structural genes involved in acetaldehyde metabolism were upregulated by ABA. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that the previously reported key genes, including structural genes and transcription factors, were all upregulated by ABA treatment. The obtained results indicate that ABA treatment, promoting persimmon fruit astringency removal, may occur through gel polymerization of cell wall materials with soluble tannins. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Postharvest Softening, Flavor and Quality of Fruits: Molecular Mechanisms and Regulatory Approaches)

13 pages, 342 KiB

Open AccessReview

Psoriasiform Dermatitis: From Pathogenesis to New Therapeutic Opportunities

by Eugenia Veronica Di Brizzi, Stefano Caccavale, Caterina Mariarosaria Giorgio, Giuseppe Argenziano and Anna Balato

Life 2025, 15(7), 1026; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071026 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Psoriasiform dermatitis refers to a spectrum of inflammatory skin disorders that resemble psoriasis both clinically and histologically. These conditions can occur idiopathically or as paradoxical reactions to biologic or targeted therapies, particularly in patients with atopic or autoimmune backgrounds. Histologic features often include [...] Read more.

Psoriasiform dermatitis refers to a spectrum of inflammatory skin disorders that resemble psoriasis both clinically and histologically. These conditions can occur idiopathically or as paradoxical reactions to biologic or targeted therapies, particularly in patients with atopic or autoimmune backgrounds. Histologic features often include acanthosis, parakeratosis, and lymphocytic infiltrates, but without the full molecular signature of classical psoriasis. This review provides an overview of psoriasiform dermatitis with a focus on its clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and the immune pathways involved. Drug-induced forms, especially those triggered by anti-TNF agents, IL-4/IL-13 blockers, and JAK inhibitors, are highlighted due to their growing clinical relevance. We also summarize the main topical and systemic treatments, including corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, PDE4 inhibitors, and JAK-STAT- or IL-23-targeted therapies. A better understanding of psoriasiform dermatitis is crucial to improve diagnosis and to guide treatment, especially in complex or refractory cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Biomarkers in Inflammatory Disease)

10 pages, 1063 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Overcoming Mohs Limitations in Treating DFSP: Retrospective Analysis of a Novel Excision Technique

by Rami Shoufani, Ariel Berl, Ofir Shir-az, Deborah Kidron, Din Mann, Noam Castel and Avshalom Shalom

Life 2025, 15(7), 1025; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071025 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, soft-tissue sarcoma characterized by dermal, finger-like projections and high local recurrence rates. Complete surgical excision is the primary treatment goal and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the accepted approach for achieving disease-free margins. Despite the effectiveness of [...] Read more.

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare, soft-tissue sarcoma characterized by dermal, finger-like projections and high local recurrence rates. Complete surgical excision is the primary treatment goal and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the accepted approach for achieving disease-free margins. Despite the effectiveness of MMS, it has limitations when treating DFSP, with documented local recurrences. This paper presents our experience and treatment modality for DFSP, using MMS with an additional “safety margin”. This technique seeks to ensure free surgical margins and potentially lower recurrence rates. This is a retrospective analysis of patients treated for DFSP over a 10-year period. All patients underwent MMS, followed by an additional, circumferential excision of 2–5 mm. Twenty-two patients were treated surgically for DFSP from 2014 to 2023. The median age at presentation was 42.5 years. Four patients (18%) had positive disease margins on the additional safety marginal excision, two had negative MMS slides, and the other two were positive for DFSP. The mean follow-up time was 27 months, and no local recurrences were observed during that time. The surgical method presented here includes an additional excision of the surrounding margins following MMS for DFSP. This technique provides a tool to overcome the limitations of MMS in treating this tumor, aiming to reduce local recurrence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Skin-Related Disease: Pathogenesis and Novel Therapeutic Strategies)

18 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Urinary Glyphosate Concentrations and Serum Sex Hormones in a Nationally Representative U.S. Sample: NHANES 2017–2018

by Wen-Yang Wu, Du-Sheng Wang, Hsuan-Cheng Lin, Chikang Wang and Chien-Yu Lin

Life 2025, 15(7), 1024; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071024 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHS) are the most widely used herbicides worldwide, yet their potential endocrine-disrupting effects in humans remain inadequately studied. We analyzed data from 1532 participants aged ≥6 years in the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum sex [...] Read more.

Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHS) are the most widely used herbicides worldwide, yet their potential endocrine-disrupting effects in humans remain inadequately studied. We analyzed data from 1532 participants aged ≥6 years in the 2017–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Serum sex hormones assessed included follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), androstenedione, estrone, estradiol, estrone sulfate, 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, progesterone, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). We found that higher urinary glyphosate levels were significantly associated with lower concentrations of AMH (β = −0.140, p < 0.05), androstenedione (β = −0.134, p < 0.001), estradiol (β = −0.185, p < 0.05), estrone (β = −0.132, p < 0.05), estrone sulfate (β = −0.196, p < 0.001), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (β = −0.097, p < 0.05), and progesterone (β = −0.212, p < 0.05). SHBG was positively associated (β = 0.080, p < 0.05). FSH and LH showed no significant associations. These associations were generally linear and showed modification by age. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger negative associations in adult males, while SHBG increased in females. In conclusion, we observed that higher urinary glyphosate levels were significantly associated with alterations in multiple serum sex hormones. Although the cross-sectional design precludes causal inference, these findings underscore the need for longitudinal research to determine temporal relationships and underlying mechanisms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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22 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessReview

Next-Generation Approaches in Sports Medicine: The Role of Genetics, Omics, and Digital Health in Optimizing Athlete Performance and Longevity—A Narrative Review

by Alen Juginović, Adrijana Kekić, Ivan Aranza, Valentina Biloš and Mirko Armanda

Life 2025, 15(7), 1023; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071023 (registering DOI) - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for implementing precision sports medicine, integrating genetics, pharmacogenomics, digital health solutions, and multi-omics data. Literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (January 2018–April 2024), focusing on precision medicine [...] Read more.

This review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for implementing precision sports medicine, integrating genetics, pharmacogenomics, digital health solutions, and multi-omics data. Literature review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases (January 2018–April 2024), focusing on precision medicine applications in sports medicine, utilizing key terms including “precision medicine”, “sports medicine”, “genetics”, and “multi-omics”, with forward and backward citation tracking. The review identified key gene variants affecting athletic performance: endurance (AMPD1, PPARGC1A), power (ACTN3, NOS3), strength (PPARG), and injury susceptibility (COL5A1, MMP3), while also examining inherited conditions like cardiomyopathies (MYH7, MYBPC3). Pharmacogenomic guidelines were established for optimizing common sports medications, including NSAIDs (CYP2C9), opioids (CYP2D6), and cardiovascular drugs (SLCO1B1, CYP2C19). Digital health technologies, including wearables and predictive analytics, showed potential for enhanced athlete monitoring and injury prevention, while multi-omics approaches integrated various molecular data to understand exercise capacity and injury predisposition, enabling personalized assessments, training regimens, and therapeutic interventions based on individual biomolecular profiles. This review provides sports medicine professionals with a framework to deliver personalized care tailored to each athlete’s unique profile, promising optimized performance, reduced injury risks, and improved recovery outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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21 pages, 1021 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Hidden Price of Plenty: Oxidative Stress and Calorie-Induced Cardiometabolic Dysfunction

by Luka Komic, Marko Kumric, Jelena Komic, Marion Tomicic, Tina Ticinovic Kurir, Marko Grahovac, Marin Mornar, Doris Rusic, Josipa Bukic and Josko Bozic

Life 2025, 15(7), 1022; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071022 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

Overnutrition is a predominant issue in contemporary society, increasing rapidly despite considerable progress in our comprehension of nutrition, the health consequences of different food categories, and the dangers linked to excessive calorie consumption. The pathways connecting obesity to associated disorders are intricate, although [...] Read more.

Overnutrition is a predominant issue in contemporary society, increasing rapidly despite considerable progress in our comprehension of nutrition, the health consequences of different food categories, and the dangers linked to excessive calorie consumption. The pathways connecting obesity to associated disorders are intricate, although research has consistently identified oxidative stress as a principal facilitator of the progression of many diseases. In this paper, the synthesis of various reactive species at the molecular level is studied, and the influence of diet on their production is assessed, with a thorough examination of the cellular mechanisms involved. Furthermore, the correlation between oxidative stress and the development of cardiometabolic diseases is explored, highlighting the most recent and relevant research in the field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutritional Supplements and Cardiovascular Function in Athletes and Sedentary People)

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20 pages, 864 KiB

Open AccessReview

Refractory Nausea and Vomiting Due to Central Nervous System Injury: A Focused Review

by Stefan Stoica, Christopher Hogge and Brett James Theeler

Life 2025, 15(7), 1021; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071021 - 27 Jun 2025

Abstract

The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ (CVO) at the base of the fourth ventricle. It has a crucial role in regulating nausea and vomiting due to its unique blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeability and extensive neural connectivity. Here, we present two cases of [...] Read more.

The area postrema (AP) is a circumventricular organ (CVO) at the base of the fourth ventricle. It has a crucial role in regulating nausea and vomiting due to its unique blood–brain barrier (BBB)-permeability and extensive neural connectivity. Here, we present two cases of area postrema syndrome (APS), a rare condition of intractable nausea and vomiting resulting from direct AP injury. Our cases each occurred in the context of infratentorial neoplasms or their treatment. Using these cases as a framework, we review the literature on central emetic pathways and propose a treatment algorithm for managing refractory nausea and vomiting of central origin. We also highlight other targets beyond conventional serotonergic, dopaminergic, or histaminergic blockade and their roles in central hyperemesis. Our literature review suggests that APS is due to the disruption of the baseline inhibitory tone of outgoing AP signals. When other options fail, our algorithm culminates in the off-label use of combined serotonergic and neurokinin-1 blockade, which is otherwise used to manage chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). We believe multimodal CNS receptor blockade is efficacious in APS because it addresses the underlying central neural dysregulation, rather than solely targeting peripheral emetic triggers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Physiology and Pathology)

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11 pages, 1731 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prognostic Impact of Right Ventricular Damage Markers on CT in Patients Undergoing TAVI

by Veysel Özgür Barış, Özkan Karaca, Murat Harman, Fatih Poyraz, Fatma Köksal, Alperen Öztürk, Emin Erdem Kaya, Murat Kaya, Mehmet Ballı and Mehmet Ali Kobat

Life 2025, 15(7), 1020; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071020 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: In patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic valve stenosis (AS), the presence of right ventricular damage markers (RVDMs) determined by echocardiography is a poor prognostic indicator. However, such data is not available in patient groups who have undergone [...] Read more.

Background: In patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement due to severe aortic valve stenosis (AS), the presence of right ventricular damage markers (RVDMs) determined by echocardiography is a poor prognostic indicator. However, such data is not available in patient groups who have undergone transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI). The aim of this study is to investigate the prognostic value of RVDM determined by computed tomography (CT) in a patient group undergoing TAVI. Material and Method: This multicentre, prospective study included 184 patients who underwent TAVI. In basal CT, the pulmonary artery (PA) diameter and right ventricular outflow tract myocardial thickness (RVOTMT) in mid-systole and maximal right and left ventricular diameter (RVD/LVD) ratios in mid-diastole were measured as indicators of RVDM before the TAVI procedure. The primary endpoint of the study was 1-year mortality. Results: The primary endpoint of the study was observed in 42 patients (22%). Among the CT parameters, the PA diameter, RVOTMT, and maximal RVD/LVD ratio were observed to be higher in the mortality group (p < 0.001). In the ROC analysis, a PA diameter of 30.5 and above had a 78% sensitivity and 82% specificity (AUC: 0.87 95% CI 0.82–0.93, p < 0.001), an RVOTMT of 4 mm and above had 90% sensitivity and 87% specificity (AUC: 0.93 95% CI 0.87–0.99, p < 0.001), and a maximal RVD/LVD ratio of 0.91 and above showed 90% sensitivity and 92% specificity (AUC: 0.94 95% CI 0.89–0.99, p < 0.001) to predict one-year mortality. In the Cox regression analysis, the RVOTMT and maximal RVD/ LVD ratios were found to be the best independent parameters showing 1-year mortality. Conclusion: This study showed that RVDMs determined by CT are strong predictors of 1-year mortality in severe AS patients treated with TAVI. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinarity in Cardiovascular Diseases: From Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment: 3rd Edition)

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12 pages, 1184 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Does Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation-Based Hamstring Stretching Influence Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Endurance?

by Altay Kosova and Omer Osman Pala

Life 2025, 15(7), 1019; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071019 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Aim: To assess the acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), stretching was applied to the hamstring muscles to evaluate deep cervical flexor endurance. Potential variables correlating with endurance adaptations were examined. Methods: This randomized controlled trial performed between September 2023 and June [...] Read more.

Aim: To assess the acute effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF), stretching was applied to the hamstring muscles to evaluate deep cervical flexor endurance. Potential variables correlating with endurance adaptations were examined. Methods: This randomized controlled trial performed between September 2023 and June 2024 included healthy female university students aged 18–25 years. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control or the PNF group. Variables included age, height, weight, body mass index, Beighton score, hamstring flexibility, and deep cervical flexor muscle endurance; correlations between changes in hamstring flexibility and DCF endurance were explored. Hamstring flexibility was assessed using the Passive Knee Extension Test, and deep cervical flexor endurance was assessed using the Cranio-Cervical Flexion Test. The PNF group received hold–relax exercises while controls did not receive any intervention. Results: The study included 32 control participants and 32 individuals in the PNF group. The PNF group was marginally but significantly older than the control group [22 (21–23) vs. 21 (21–22); p = 0.038]. At baseline, the PNF group showed greater hamstring flexibility (p = 0.010). Both groups showed significant improvements in hamstring flexibility (p < 0.001 for both), but the improvement in the PNF recipients was far greater (p < 0.001). Regarding deep neck flexor endurance, no significant difference was observed between the groups at baseline (p = 0.958) or in final measurements (p = 0.244), although both groups showed significant improvements from baseline (p < 0.001 for both). There were no significant correlations between the change in deep neck flexor endurance and any of the examined variables. Conclusions: Our study found that a single session of PNF stretching significantly improved hamstring flexibility but did not immediately enhance deep neck flexor endurance. This emphasizes the need for further research into longer-term interventions to assess whether interventions on hamstring flexibility can improve cervical function. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Paper in Physiology and Pathology: 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 7547 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Is Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Feasible in Multicentric Breast Cancer? A Case Report and Literature Review

by Mihaela Camelia Tîrnovanu, Elena Cojocaru, Vlad Gabriel Tîrnovanu, Elena Țarcă, Loredana Toma, Bogdan Florin Toma, Sorana Anton, Ștefan Dragoș Tîrnovanu, Roxana Ana Covali, Cipriana Ștefănescu and Irena Cristina Grierosu

Life 2025, 15(7), 1018; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071018 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Accurate lymph node staging is crucial for both prognosis (in the event of early-stage disease) and treatment (for local control of disease) in patients with breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been studied in numerous international trials, showing that it allows [...] Read more.

Accurate lymph node staging is crucial for both prognosis (in the event of early-stage disease) and treatment (for local control of disease) in patients with breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has been studied in numerous international trials, showing that it allows about 70% of axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) to be avoided and thus significantly reduces the morbidity associated with ALND. SLNB represents a necessary step in the diagnostic algorithm for breast neoplasms because the surgical treatment for breast cancer has become progressively less invasive. We present a case of a 70-year-old woman with multicentric breast cancer (MBC) treated by surgery at “Cuza Vodă” Women’s University Hospital, Iassy, Romania. In this case, only the ultrasonography established the diagnosis of left MBC with certainty. Conclusion: The detection of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) for MBC must be indicated. In this type of cancer, SLNB is accurate and practical, with sufficient quality control and interdisciplinary collaboration between surgical, nuclear medicine, and pathology units. Lymphoscintigraphy allows the patient to avoid axillary clearance surgery if the sentinel node is negative for metastatic disease. The variability of Ki67, PR, HER2, and ER status supports the idea that all individual foci should be tested in MBC cases to provide the best management and prognosis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)

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11 pages, 2332 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immediate Breast Reconstruction with Fat-Graft-Augmented ICAP Flaps

by Francesco Klinger, Mattia Federico Cavallero, Andrea Vittorio Emanuele Lisa, Fernando Rosatti, Barbara Catania, Marco Klinger, Riccardo Di Giuli, Simone Furlan, Roberta Comunian, Stefano Vaccari and Valeriano Vinci

Life 2025, 15(7), 1017; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071017 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: Intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flaps are a reliable option for volume replacement in breast-conserving surgery (BCS), particularly for lower pole defects. However, limited flap volume may reduce their applicability in selected patients. Autologous fat grafting has been proposed to enhance both volume [...] Read more.

Background: Intercostal artery perforator (ICAP) flaps are a reliable option for volume replacement in breast-conserving surgery (BCS), particularly for lower pole defects. However, limited flap volume may reduce their applicability in selected patients. Autologous fat grafting has been proposed to enhance both volume and aesthetic outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 10 patients undergoing BCS with immediate reconstruction using fat-graft-augmented ICAP flaps. Nine anterior ICAP (AICAP) flaps and one lateral ICAP (LICAP) flap were employed. The outcomes included flap viability, complications, and aesthetic results over a 6-month follow-up. Results: Partial flap resorption occurred in 2 patients (20%), both of whom were active smokers. No cases of skin necrosis were observed. Fat grafting volumes ranged from 20 to 60 cc. Aesthetic outcomes were satisfactory, with good restoration of the breast contour and stable integration of the flap and grafted fat. Conclusions: The combined use of ICAP flaps and autologous fat grafting is a feasible and effective technique for immediate reconstruction after BCS. It allows volume enhancement, maintains natural contour, and shows low complication rates in properly selected patients. Smoking remains a significant risk factor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Breast Cancer: Current Controversies and Future Perspectives)

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2 pages, 143 KiB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ssengonzi et al. Inhibitor of DNA Binding Protein 2 (ID2) Mediates the Anti-Proliferative and Pro-Differentiation Effects of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). Life 2024, 14, 1663

by Rebecca Ssengonzi, Yuye Wang, Jiayi Zhou, Yukako Kayashima, W. H. Davin Townley-Tilson, Balaji Rao, Qing Ma, Nobuyo Maeda-Smithies and Feng Li

Life 2025, 15(7), 1016; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071016 - 26 Jun 2025

Abstract

In the original publication [...] Full article

22 pages, 691 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Indocyanine Green as a Photosensitizer in Periodontitis Treatment: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

by Rafał Wiench, Jakub Fiegler-Rudol, Katarzyna Latusek, Katarzyna Brus-Sawczuk, Hanna Fiegler, Jacek Kasperski and Dariusz Skaba

Life 2025, 15(7), 1015; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15071015 - 25 Jun 2025

Abstract

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using indocyanine green (ICG) has gained attention as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to penetrate deep periodontal tissues via near-infrared light activation. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological [...] Read more.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using indocyanine green (ICG) has gained attention as an adjunctive treatment for periodontitis due to its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to penetrate deep periodontal tissues via near-infrared light activation. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacy of ICG-mediated PDT as an adjunct to conventional periodontal therapy in patients with periodontitis based on data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library was conducted to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exclusively investigating ICG-PDT in periodontitis based on predefined eligibility criteria. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and methodological quality was assessed using a 14-point scoring system. Data were extracted on clinical outcomes (e.g., probing depth, clinical attachment level) and microbiological changes. Sixteen RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Most studies reported improvements in probing depth, clinical attachment level, and microbial reduction following ICG-aPDT; however, some trials found no significant differences compared to control groups. These discrepancies may be attributable to variations in laser settings, ICG concentration, treatment frequency, or initial disease severity. Microbiological benefits included significant reductions in key periodontal pathogens. The therapy was well tolerated, with no adverse effects reported. However, variability in treatment protocols and limited long-term follow-up restricted the ability to draw definitive conclusions. ICG-mediated PDT is a promising, safe, and effective adjunct in periodontal therapy. Future trials should aim for protocol standardization and long-term outcome assessment to strengthen clinical guidance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)

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