MDPI - Publisher of Open Access Journals

9 pages, 4266 KiB

Open AccessProtocol

Protocol for the Systematic Quantitative Ultrastructural Analysis of Mitochondria in Cardiac Tissue

by Rebecca Schönmehl, Lina Winter, Daniel H. Mendelsohn, Wing-Hoi Cheung, Ronald Man Yeung Wong, Steffen Pabel, Samuel Sossalla and Christoph Brochhausen

Methods Protoc. 2025, 8(4), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/mps8040087 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Mitochondria play a crucial role in adapting to fluctuating energy demands, particularly in various heart diseases. In addition to functional analyses such as the measurement of ROS or ATP, analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure can be used to draw further conclusions about their functions [...] Read more.

Mitochondria play a crucial role in adapting to fluctuating energy demands, particularly in various heart diseases. In addition to functional analyses such as the measurement of ROS or ATP, analysis of mitochondrial ultrastructure can be used to draw further conclusions about their functions and effects in tissue. In this protocol, we introduce a set of measurements to compare the ultrastructural and functional characteristics of human left ventricular mitochondria, using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Measured parameters included mean size in µm², elongation, count, percental mitochondrial area in the measuring frame, and a conglomeration score. We also introduce a novel method of defining hydropic mitochondria as a comparable evaluation standard. With this cluster of measurement parameters, we aim to contribute a protocol for studying human mitochondrial morphology, distribution, and functionality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomedical Sciences and Physiology)

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13 pages, 1296 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Autoclaving on the Dimensional Stability of 3D-Printed Surgical Guides for Aesthetic Crown Lengthening

by Albert González-Barnadas, Anna Ribas-Garcia, Adrià Jorba-García, Rui Figueiredo, Eduard Valmaseda-Castellón and Octavi Camps-Font

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(8), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16080284 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autoclaving on the dimensional stability of surgical guides (SGs) for aesthetic crown lengthening (ACL) using different resins/printing methods. Fifty SGs for ACL were printed using five different resin/printer combinations (FL, SR, ND, [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of autoclaving on the dimensional stability of surgical guides (SGs) for aesthetic crown lengthening (ACL) using different resins/printing methods. Fifty SGs for ACL were printed using five different resin/printer combinations (FL, SR, ND, KS and VC). All the SGs were scanned before (T0) and after (T1) sterilization. Autoclaving was conducted at 134 °C during 4 min. The STL files of each SG at T0 and T1 were compared with the original design (TR). Dimensional stability was measured using trueness and precision. Deviations from TR to T1 were calculated in the three space axes and by measuring the area between three reference landmarks. At T0, the FL group showed the best trueness and precision, while the SR group performed significantly worse than the other groups. At T1, all the groups except VC exhibited significant dimensional alterations compared with T0. Also, VC showed the best trueness and precision values. All the groups had a significant deviation in at least one space axis, while only the SR group exhibited significant variations from T1 to TR in the area between the reference landmarks. Most of the evaluated resin/3D printer combinations suffered significant dimensional alterations after autoclaving. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials in Dentistry: Current Status and Advances)

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19 pages, 1159 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Biased–Randomized Iterated Local Search with Round-Robin for the Periodic Vehicle Routing Problem

by Juan F. Gomez, Antonio R. Uguina, Javier Panadero and Angel A. Juan

Mathematics 2025, 13(15), 2488; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13152488 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is a well-known challenge in real-life logistics, requiring the planning of vehicle routes over multiple days while enforcing visitation frequency constraints. Although numerous metaheuristic and exact methods have tackled various PVRP extensions, real-world settings call for additional [...] Read more.

The periodic vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is a well-known challenge in real-life logistics, requiring the planning of vehicle routes over multiple days while enforcing visitation frequency constraints. Although numerous metaheuristic and exact methods have tackled various PVRP extensions, real-world settings call for additional features such as depot configurations, tight visitation frequency constraints, and heterogeneous fleets. In this paper, we present a two-phase biased–randomized algorithm that addresses these complexities. In the first phase, a round-robin assignment quickly generates feasible and promising solutions, ensuring each customer’s frequency requirement is met across the multi-day horizon. The second phase refines these assignments via an iterative search procedure, improving route efficiency and reducing total operational costs. Extensive experimentation on standard PVRP benchmarks shows that our approach is able to generate solutions of comparable quality to established state-of-the-art algorithms in relatively low computational times and stands out in many instances, making it a practical choice for real life multi-day vehicle routing applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Optimization Algorithms for Operations Research and Scheduling Problems)

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46 pages, 2160 KiB

Open AccessReview

Potential of Plant-Based Oil Processing Wastes/By-Products as an Alternative Source of Bioactive Compounds in the Food Industry

by Elifsu Nemli, Deniz Günal-Köroğlu, Resat Apak and Esra Capanoglu

Foods 2025, 14(15), 2718; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14152718 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The plant-based oil industry contributes significantly to food waste/by-products in the form of underutilized biomass, including oil pomace, cake/meal, seeds, peels, wastewater, etc. These waste/by-products contain a significant quantity of nutritious and bioactive compounds (phenolics, lignans, flavonoids, dietary fiber, proteins, and essential minerals) [...] Read more.

The plant-based oil industry contributes significantly to food waste/by-products in the form of underutilized biomass, including oil pomace, cake/meal, seeds, peels, wastewater, etc. These waste/by-products contain a significant quantity of nutritious and bioactive compounds (phenolics, lignans, flavonoids, dietary fiber, proteins, and essential minerals) with proven health-promoting effects. The utilization of them as natural, cost-effective, and food-grade functional ingredients in novel food formulations holds considerable potential. This review highlights the potential of waste/by-products generated during plant-based oil processing as a promising source of bioactive compounds and covers systematic research, including recent studies focusing on innovative extraction and processing techniques. It also sheds light on their promising potential for valorization as food ingredients, with a focus on specific examples of food fortification. Furthermore, the potential for value creation in the food industry is emphasized, taking into account associated challenges and limitations, as well as future perspectives. Overall, the current information suggests that the valorization of plant-based oil industry waste and by-products for use in the food industry could substantially reduce malnutrition and poverty, generate favorable health outcomes, mitigate environmental concerns, and enhance economic profit in a sustainable way by developing health-promoting, environmentally sustainable food systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Waste as Ingredients in Functional Food Development: Sources, Extractions and Functionality)

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20 pages, 462 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Chromatographic and Chemometric Characterization of the Two Wild Edible Mushrooms Fistulina hepatica and Clitocybe nuda: Insights into Nutritional, Phenolic, and Antioxidant Profiles

by Ana Saldanha, Mikel Añibarro-Ortega, Adriana K. Molina, José Pinela, Maria Inês Dias and Carla Pereira

Separations 2025, 12(8), 204; https://doi.org/10.3390/separations12080204 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. and Clitocybe nuda (Bull.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm. are wild edible mushrooms with nutritional and functional potential that remain insufficiently characterized. This study provides the first comparative assessment of their nutritional profiles, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity, using [...] Read more.

Fistulina hepatica (Schaeff.) With. and Clitocybe nuda (Bull.) H.E. Bigelow & A.H. Sm. are wild edible mushrooms with nutritional and functional potential that remain insufficiently characterized. This study provides the first comparative assessment of their nutritional profiles, phenolic composition, and antioxidant activity, using specimens collected from Montesinho Natural Park (Portugal). Proximate composition, organic and phenolic acids, free sugars, and fatty acids were analyzed by chromatographic methods, and antioxidant capacity was assessed through OxHLIA and TBARS assays. F. hepatica showed higher carbohydrates (9.3 ± 0.2 g/100 g fw) and estimated energy values (43 ± 1 kcal/100 g fw), increased phenolic acids content (2.7 ± 0.1 mg/g extract), and the exclusive presence of p-coumaric and cinnamic acids, along with OxHLIA activity (IC₅₀ = 126 ± 5 µg/mL at Δt = 60 min). C. nuda displayed higher protein (2.5 ± 0.1 g/100 g dw) and quinic acid contents (4.13 ± 0.02 mg/g extract), a PUFA-rich profile, and greater TBARS inhibition (EC₅₀ = 303 ± 17 µg/mL). These findings highlight distinct and complementary bioactive traits, supporting their valorization as natural functional ingredients. Their compositional features offer promising applications in sustainable food systems and nutraceutical development, encouraging further investigations into safety, bioaccessibility, and formulation strategies. Notably, F. hepatica is best consumed at a young developmental stage, as its sensory properties tend to decline with maturity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Separation Methods for Safety Assessment and Valorization of By-Products)

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21 pages, 738 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Macro Factors on NPLs in the Banking Industry of Kazakhstan

by Almas Kalimoldayev, Yelena Popova, Olegs Cernisevs and Sergejs Popovs

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(8), 431; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18080431 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The importance of non-performing loans (NPLs) for the stability of financial sectors is difficult to overestimate. The NPL level depends on numerous factors; this study’s goal is to determine the impact of macroeconomic factors on NPLs with the mediation effect of foreign, saving [...] Read more.

The importance of non-performing loans (NPLs) for the stability of financial sectors is difficult to overestimate. The NPL level depends on numerous factors; this study’s goal is to determine the impact of macroeconomic factors on NPLs with the mediation effect of foreign, saving and social factors in Kazakhstan’s banking sector. To determine the affecting factors, the authors performed a systematic literature review. To determine the dependencies between constructs, the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method was used. Macroeconomic factors’ direct effect on non-performing loans (NPLs) was examined; a significant negative dependence was determined. The mediation effect of foreign, saving, and social factors was investigated. Foreign factors have a mediation effect, strengthening the dependence between macro factors and NPLs. Nevertheless, they do not have a mediating effect; moreover, they balance and make the effect of macro factors on NPLs statistically insignificant. These findings allow policy-makers to stabilize the situation on NPLs in the financial markets of developing countries like Kazakhstan by directly influencing not only the financial sector but also other sectors of the national economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Banking and Finance)

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15 pages, 2024 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Oxy210 Inhibits Hepatic Expression of Senescence-Associated, Pro-Fibrotic, and Pro-Inflammatory Genes in Mice During Development of MASH and in Hepatocytes In Vitro

by Feng Wang, Simon T. Hui, Frank Stappenbeck, Dorota Kaminska, Aldons J. Lusis and Farhad Parhami

Cells 2025, 14(15), 1191; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14151191 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Background: Senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, is a complex cellular phenomenon closely affiliated with age-related diseases and pathological fibrosis. Cellular senescence is now recognized as a significant contributor to organ fibrosis, largely driven by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, [...] Read more.

Background: Senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, is a complex cellular phenomenon closely affiliated with age-related diseases and pathological fibrosis. Cellular senescence is now recognized as a significant contributor to organ fibrosis, largely driven by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, such as in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and myocardial fibrosis, which can lead to heart failure, cystic fibrosis, and fibrosis in pancreatic tumors, to name a few. MASH is a progressive inflammatory and fibrotic liver condition that has reached pandemic proportions, now considered the largest non-viral contributor to the need for liver transplantation. Methods: We previously studied Oxy210, an anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory, orally bioavailable, oxysterol-based drug candidate for MASH, using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a humanized hyperlipidemic mouse model that closely recapitulates the hallmarks of human MASH. In this model, treatment of mice with Oxy210 for 16 weeks caused significant amelioration of the disease, evidenced by reduced hepatic inflammation, lipid deposition, and fibrosis, atherosclerosis and adipose tissue inflammation. Results: Here we demonstrate increased hepatic expression of senescence-associated genes and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), correlated with the expression of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatorygenes in these mice during the development of MASH that are significantly inhibited by Oxy210. Using the HepG2 human hepatocyte cell line, we demonstrate the induced expression of senescent-associated genes and SASP by TGF-β and inhibition by Oxy210. Conclusions: These findings further support the potential therapeutic effects of Oxy210 mediated in part through inhibition of senescence-driven hepatic fibrosis and inflammation in MASH and perhaps in other senescence-associated fibrotic diseases. Full article

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15 pages, 1389 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting the Body Weight of Tilapia Fingerlings from Images Using Computer Vision

by Lessandro do Carmo Lima, Adriano Carvalho Costa, Heyde Francielle do Carmo França, Alene Santos Souza, Gidélia Araújo Ferreira de Melo, Brenno Muller Vitorino, Vitória de Vasconcelos Kretschmer, Suzana Maria Loures de Oliveira Marcionilio, Rafael Vilhena Reis Neto, Pedro Henrique Viadanna, Gabriel Rinaldi Lattanzi, Luciana Maria da Silva and Kátia Aparecida de Pinho Costa

Fishes 2025, 10(8), 371; https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes10080371 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to predict the body weight of tilapia fingerlings using variables obtained through computer vision. A total of 2092 tilapia fingerlings and juveniles, weighing between 10 and 100 g, were fasted for 12 [...] Read more.

The aim of this study was to develop a mathematical model to predict the body weight of tilapia fingerlings using variables obtained through computer vision. A total of 2092 tilapia fingerlings and juveniles, weighing between 10 and 100 g, were fasted for 12 h, anesthetized, weighed, and photographed using an iPhone 12 Pro Max at 33 cm height in a closed container with different bottom colors. Images were segmented using Roboflow’s instance segmentation model, achieving 99.5% mean average precision, 99.9% precision, and 100% recall. From the segmented images, area, perimeter, major axis (MA), minor axis (SA), X and Y centroids, compactness, eccentricity, and the MA/SA ratio were extracted. Seventy percent of the data was used to build the model, and 30% for validation. Stepwise multiple regression (backward selection) was performed, using body weight as the dependent variable. The prediction model was: −17.7677 + 0.0007539(area) – 0.0848303 (MA) – 0.108338(SA) + 0.0034496(CX). The validation model showed similar coefficients and R² = 0.99. The second validation, using observed versus predicted values, also yielded an R² of 0.99 and a mean absolute error of 1.57 g. Correlation and principal component analyses revealed strong positive associations among body weight, area, axes, and predicted values. Computer vision proved effective for predicting tilapia fingerlings’ weight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Artificial Intelligence in Aquaculture)

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16 pages, 1176 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Use of Rice Husk Ash for Soil Stabilisation to Enhance Sustainable Rural Transport Systems in Low-Income Countries

by Ada Farai Shaba, Esdras Ngezahayo, Goodson Masheka and Kajila Samuel Sakuhuka

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7022; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157022 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Rural roads are critical for connecting isolated communities to essential services such as education and health and administrative services, as well as production and market opportunities in low-income countries. More than 70% of movements of people and goods in Sub-Saharan Africa are heavily [...] Read more.

Rural roads are critical for connecting isolated communities to essential services such as education and health and administrative services, as well as production and market opportunities in low-income countries. More than 70% of movements of people and goods in Sub-Saharan Africa are heavily reliant on rural transport systems, using both motorised but mainly alternative means of transport. However, rural roads often suffer from poor construction due to the use of low-strength, in situ soils and limited financial resources, leading to premature failures and subsequent traffic disruptions with significant economic losses. This study investigates the use of rice husk ash (RHA), a waste byproduct from rice production, as a sustainable supplement to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) for soil stabilisation in order to increase durability and sustainability of rural roads, hence limit recurrent maintenance needs and associated transport costs and challenges. To conduct this study, soil samples collected from Mulungushi, Zambia, were treated with combinations of 6–10% OPC and 10–15% RHA by weight. Laboratory tests measured maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC), and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values; the main parameters assessed to ensure the quality of road construction soils. Results showed that while the MDD did not change significantly and varied between 1505 kg/m³ and 1519 kg/m³, the OMC increased hugely from 19.6% to as high as 26.2% after treatment with RHA. The CBR value improved significantly, with the 8% OPC + 10% RHA mixture achieving the highest resistance to deformation. These results suggest that RHA can enhance the durability and sustainability of rural roads and hence improve transport systems and subsequently improve socioeconomic factors in rural areas. Full article

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31 pages, 10188 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Cosmopolitan Architecture and Vernacularization: The Synthesis of Buddhist and Pre-Buddhist Architectural Typologies in East Asia

by Young-Jae Kim

Religions 2025, 16(8), 1005; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16081005 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study examines the evolution and integration of Buddhist architecture in East Asia and emphasizes the preservation of indigenous building traditions by adapting pre-Buddhist architectural typologies, vernacular construction techniques, and localized worship practices. In addition, this study highlights the adaptive transformation of Indian [...] Read more.

This study examines the evolution and integration of Buddhist architecture in East Asia and emphasizes the preservation of indigenous building traditions by adapting pre-Buddhist architectural typologies, vernacular construction techniques, and localized worship practices. In addition, this study highlights the adaptive transformation of Indian Buddhist structures as they incorporate regional architectural forms, resulting in distinct monumental styles that had a profound symbolic significance. By introducing the concept of a cosmopolitan attitude, it underscores the dynamic coexistence and reciprocal influence of universalized and vernacular architectural traditions. The findings highlight the interplay between cultural universality and particularity, illustrating how architectural meaning and intention define the uniqueness of structures beyond their stylistic similarities. This study demonstrates that even when architectural forms appear similar, their function and underlying intent must be considered to fully comprehend their historical and cultural significance. Full article

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18 pages, 6891 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Physics-Based Data Augmentation Enables Accurate Machine Learning Prediction of Melt Pool Geometry

by Siqi Liu, Ruina Li, Jiayi Zhou, Chaoyuan Dai, Jingui Yu and Qiaoxin Zhang

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8587; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158587 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Accurate melt pool geometry prediction is essential for ensuring quality and reliability in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). However, small experimental datasets and limited physical interpretability often restrict the effectiveness of traditional machine learning (ML) models. This study proposes a hybrid framework that [...] Read more.

Accurate melt pool geometry prediction is essential for ensuring quality and reliability in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF). However, small experimental datasets and limited physical interpretability often restrict the effectiveness of traditional machine learning (ML) models. This study proposes a hybrid framework that integrates an explicit thermal model with ML algorithms to improve prediction under sparse data conditions. The explicit model—calibrated for variable penetration depth and absorptivity—generates synthetic melt pool data, augmenting 36 experimental samples across conduction, transition, and keyhole regimes for 316 L stainless steel. Three ML methods—Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Random Forest, and XGBoost—are trained using fivefold cross-validation. The hybrid approach significantly improves prediction accuracy, especially in unstable transition regions (D/W ≈ 0.5–1.2), where morphological fluctuations hinder experimental sampling. The best-performing model (MLP) achieves R² > 0.98, with notable reductions in MAE and RMSE. The results highlight the benefit of incorporating physically consistent, nonlinearly distributed synthetic data to enhance generalization and robustness. This physics-augmented learning strategy not only demonstrates scientific novelty by integrating mechanistic modeling into data-driven learning, but also provides a scalable solution for intelligent process optimization, in situ monitoring, and digital twin development in metal additive manufacturing. Full article

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21 pages, 7433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with a Dual-Channel Feature Fusion Model for Hierarchical Detection of Rice Blast

by Yuan Qi, Tan Liu, Songlin Guo, Peiyan Wu, Jun Ma, Qingyun Yuan, Weixiang Yao and Tongyu Xu

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151673 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major cause of yield reductions and quality deterioration in rice. Therefore, early detection of the disease is necessary for controlling the spread of rice blast. This study proposed a dual-channel feature fusion model (DCFM) to [...] Read more.

Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a major cause of yield reductions and quality deterioration in rice. Therefore, early detection of the disease is necessary for controlling the spread of rice blast. This study proposed a dual-channel feature fusion model (DCFM) to achieve effective identification of rice blast. The DCFM model extracted spectral features using successive projection algorithm (SPA), random frog (RFrog), and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS), and extracted spatial features from spectral images using MobileNetV2 combined with the convolutional block attention module (CBAM). Then, these features were fused using the feature fusion adaptive conditioning module in DCFM and input into the fully connected layer for disease identification. The results show that the model combining spectral and spatial features was superior to the classification models based on single features for rice blast detection, with OA and Kappa higher than 90% and 88%, respectively. The DCFM model based on SPA screening obtained the best results, with an OA of 96.72% and a Kappa of 95.97%. Overall, this study enables the early and accurate identification of rice blast, providing a rapid and reliable method for rice disease monitoring and management. It also offers a valuable reference for the detection of other crop diseases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue How Optical Sensors and Deep Learning Enhance the Production Management in Smart Agriculture)

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16 pages, 5536 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Development of a Wearable-Based System for Detecting Shaken Baby Syndrome Using Machine Learning Models

by Ram Kinker Mishra, Khalid Al Ansari, Rylee Cole, Arin Nazarian, Ilkay Yildiz Potter and Ashkan Vaziri

Sensors 2025, 25(15), 4767; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25154767 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is one of the primary causes of fatal head trauma in infants and young children, occurring in about 33 per 100,000 infants annually in the U.S., with mortality rates being between 15% and 38%. Survivors frequently endure long-term disabilities, [...] Read more.

Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) is one of the primary causes of fatal head trauma in infants and young children, occurring in about 33 per 100,000 infants annually in the U.S., with mortality rates being between 15% and 38%. Survivors frequently endure long-term disabilities, such as cognitive deficits, visual impairments, and motor dysfunction. Diagnosing SBS remains difficult due to the lack of visible injuries and delayed symptom onset. Existing detection methods—such as neuroimaging, biomechanical modeling, and infant monitoring systems—cannot perform real-time detection and face ethical, technical, and accuracy limitations. This study proposes an inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based detection system enhanced with machine learning to identify aggressive shaking patterns. Findings indicate that wearable-based motion analysis is a promising method for recognizing high-risk shaking, offering a non-invasive, real-time solution that could minimize infant harm and support timely intervention. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Smart Wearable Health Monitoring Systems: Materials, Sensors, Nanogenerators and Self-Powered Applications)

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13 pages, 906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrated Flushing and Corrosion Control Measures to Reduce Lead Exposure in Households with Lead Service Lines

by Fatemeh Hatam, Mirjam Blokker and Michele Prevost

Water 2025, 17(15), 2297; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17152297 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

The quality of water in households can be affected by plumbing design and materials, water usage patterns, and source water quality characteristics. These factors influence stagnation duration, disinfection residuals, metal release, and microbial activity. In particular, stagnation can degrade water quality and increase [...] Read more.

The quality of water in households can be affected by plumbing design and materials, water usage patterns, and source water quality characteristics. These factors influence stagnation duration, disinfection residuals, metal release, and microbial activity. In particular, stagnation can degrade water quality and increase lead release from lead service lines. This study employs numerical modeling to assess how combined corrosion control and flushing strategies affect lead levels in household taps with lead service lines under reduced water use. To estimate potential health risks, the U.S. EPA model is used to predict the percentage of children likely to exceed safe blood lead levels. Lead exceedances are assessed based on various regulatory requirements. Results show that exceedances at the kitchen tap range from 3 to 74% of usage time for the 5 µg/L standard, and from 0 to 49% for the 10 µg/L threshold, across different scenarios. Implementing corrosion control treatment in combination with periodic flushing proves effective in lowering lead levels under the studied low-consumption scenarios. Under these conditions, the combined strategy limits lead exceedances above 5 µg/L to only 3% of usage time, with none above 10 µg/L. This demonstrates its value as a practical short-term strategy for households awaiting full pipe replacement. Targeted flushing before peak water use reduces the median time that water remains stagnant in household pipes from 8 to 3 h at the kitchen tap under low-demand conditions. Finally, the risk model indicates that the combined approach can reduce the predicted percentage of children with blood lead levels exceeding 5 μg/dL from 61 to 6% under low water demand. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Safety Operations and Intelligent Control of Water Network Engineering Systems)

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9 pages, 459 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Resurgence of Bordetella pertussis in Lazio: A Cross-Age Surveillance Study from Two Referral Hospitals

by Giuseppe Sberna, Giulia Linardos, Eleonora Lalle, Rossana Scutari, Antonella Vulcano, Cosmina Mija, Licia Bordi, Barbara Bartolini, Fabrizio Maggi, Carlo Federico Perno and Carla Fontana

Microorganisms 2025, 13(8), 1808; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13081808 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Since late 2023, an increase in Bordetella pertussis infections has been noticed in Europe, particularly among children. Our data showed the upward trend of B. pertussis cases in the Lazio region, even among adults with severe influenza-like illnesses, highlighting the necessity for maintaining [...] Read more.

Since late 2023, an increase in Bordetella pertussis infections has been noticed in Europe, particularly among children. Our data showed the upward trend of B. pertussis cases in the Lazio region, even among adults with severe influenza-like illnesses, highlighting the necessity for maintaining high vaccination rates across both children and adults. These findings underscore the urgent need for clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for B. pertussis in patients with respiratory symptoms, prioritize nasopharyngeal swabs for accurate diagnosis, assess for co-infections, verify booster vaccination status in adults, and support timely reporting to public health authorities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Public Health Microbiology)

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24 pages, 1964 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Symmetry and Asymmetry Investigation of Vehicle Emissions Using Machine Learning: A Case Study in Spain

by Fei Wu, Jinfu Zhu, Hufang Yang, Xiang He and Qiao Peng

Symmetry 2025, 17(8), 1223; https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17081223 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Understanding vehicle emissions is essential for developing effective carbon reduction strategies in the transport sector. Conventional emission models often assume homogeneity and linearity, overlooking real-world asymmetries that arise from variations in vehicle design and powertrain configurations. This study explores how machine learning and [...] Read more.

Understanding vehicle emissions is essential for developing effective carbon reduction strategies in the transport sector. Conventional emission models often assume homogeneity and linearity, overlooking real-world asymmetries that arise from variations in vehicle design and powertrain configurations. This study explores how machine learning and explainable AI techniques can effectively capture both symmetric and asymmetric emission patterns across different vehicle types, thereby contributing to more sustainable transport planning. Addressing a key gap in the existing literature, the study poses the following question: how do structural and behavioral factors contribute to asymmetric emission responses in internal combustion engine vehicles compared to new energy vehicles? Utilizing a large-scale Spanish vehicle registration dataset, the analysis classifies vehicles by powertrain type and applies five supervised learning algorithms to predict CO₂ emissions. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAPs) are employed to identify nonlinear and threshold-based relationships between emissions and vehicle characteristics such as fuel consumption, weight, and height. Among the models tested, the Random Forest algorithm achieves the highest predictive accuracy. The findings reveal critical asymmetries in emission behavior, particularly among hybrid vehicles, which challenge the assumption of uniform policy applicability. This study provides both methodological innovation and practical insights for symmetry-aware emission modeling, offering support for more targeted eco-design and policy decisions that align with long-term sustainability goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Engineering and Materials)

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17 pages, 1792 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Response Mechanism of Soil Microbial Carbon Use Efficiency to Land-Use Change: A Review

by Zongkun Li and Dandan Qi

Sustainability 2025, 17(15), 7023; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17157023 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an important indicator of soil organic carbon accumulation and loss and a key parameter in biogeochemical cycling models. Its regulatory mechanism is highly dependent on microbial communities and their dynamic mediation of abiotic factors. Land-use change (e.g., [...] Read more.

Microbial carbon use efficiency (CUE) is an important indicator of soil organic carbon accumulation and loss and a key parameter in biogeochemical cycling models. Its regulatory mechanism is highly dependent on microbial communities and their dynamic mediation of abiotic factors. Land-use change (e.g., agricultural expansion, deforestation, urbanization) profoundly alter carbon input patterns and soil physicochemical properties, further exacerbating the complexity and uncertainty of CUE. Existing carbon cycle models often neglect microbial ecological processes, resulting in an incomplete understanding of how microbial traits interact with environmental factors to regulate CUE. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the microbial regulation mechanisms of CUE under land-use change and systematically explores how microorganisms drive organic carbon allocation through community compositions, interspecies interactions, and environmental adaptability, with particular emphasis on the synergistic response between microbial communities and abiotic factors. We found that the buffering effect of microbial communities on abiotic factors during land-use change is a key factor determining CUE change patterns. This review not only provides a theoretical framework for clarifying the microbial-dominated carbon turnover mechanism but also lays a scientific foundation for the precise implementation of sustainable land management and carbon neutrality goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Soil Ecology and Carbon Cycle)

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16 pages, 1541 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Economic Dispatch Strategy for Power Grids Considering Waste Heat Utilization in High-Energy-Consuming Enterprises

by Lei Zhou, Ping He, Siru Wang, Cailian Ma, Yiming Zhou, Can Cai and Hongbo Zou

Processes 2025, 13(8), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13082450 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Under the construction background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, high-energy-consuming enterprises, represented by the electrolytic aluminum industry, have become important carriers for energy conservation and emission reduction. These enterprises are characterized by significant energy consumption and high carbon emissions, greatly impacting the [...] Read more.

Under the construction background of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, high-energy-consuming enterprises, represented by the electrolytic aluminum industry, have become important carriers for energy conservation and emission reduction. These enterprises are characterized by significant energy consumption and high carbon emissions, greatly impacting the economic and environmental benefits of regional power grids. Existing research often focuses on grid revenue, leaving high-energy-consuming enterprises in a passive regulatory position. To address this, this paper constructs an economic dispatch strategy for power grids that considers waste heat utilization in high-energy-consuming enterprises. A typical representative, electrolytic aluminum load and its waste heat utilization model, for the entire production process of high-energy-consuming loads, is established. Using a tiered carbon trading calculation formula, a low-carbon production scheme for high-energy-consuming enterprises is developed. On the grid side, considering local load levels, the uncertainty of wind power output, and the energy demands of aluminum production, a robust day-ahead economic dispatch model is established. Case analysis based on the modified IEEE-30 node system demonstrates that the proposed method balances economic efficiency and low-carbon performance while reducing the conservatism of traditional optimization approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy Systems)

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13 pages, 1674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of the Clinical Pharmacist in Hospital Admission Medication Reconciliation in Low-Resource Settings

by Tijana Kovačević, Sonja Nedinić, Vedrana Barišić, Branislava Miljković, Emir Fazlić, Slobodan Vukadinović and Pedja Kovačević

Pharmacy 2025, 13(4), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy13040107 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Medication discrepancies at hospital admission are common and may lead to adverse outcomes. Medication reconciliation is a critical process for minimizing medication discrepancies and medication errors at the time of hospital admission. This study aimed to evaluate the role of clinical pharmacists in [...] Read more.

Medication discrepancies at hospital admission are common and may lead to adverse outcomes. Medication reconciliation is a critical process for minimizing medication discrepancies and medication errors at the time of hospital admission. This study aimed to evaluate the role of clinical pharmacists in identifying pharmacotherapy-related issues upon patient admission in a low-resource setting. A prospective observational study was conducted at a university hospital between 1 March and 31 May 2023. Within 24 h of admission, a clinical pharmacist documented each patient’s pre-admission medication regimen and compared it with the medication history obtained by the admitting physician. Discrepancies and pharmacotherapy problems were subsequently identified. Among 65 patients, pharmacists documented 334 medications versus 189 recorded by physicians (p < 0.01). The clinical pharmacist identified 155 discrepancies, 112 (72.26%) of which were unintentional. The most frequent type was drug omission (91.07%), followed by incorrect dosage (4.46%), incorrect dosing interval (2.68%), and medications with unknown indications (1.79%). Most discrepancies were classified as errors without harm (53.57%), while 41.07% were potentially harmful. These findings underscore the importance of integrating clinical pharmacists into the healthcare team. Their active participation during hospital admission can significantly enhance medication safety and reduce preventable adverse drug events. Full article

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34 pages, 7571 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Passive Design for Residential Buildings in Arid Desert Climates: Insights from the Solar Decathlon Middle East

by Esra Trepci and Edwin Rodriguez-Ubinas

Buildings 2025, 15(15), 2731; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15152731 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the effectiveness of passive design in low-rise residential buildings located in arid desert climates, using the Dubai Solar Decathlon Middle East (SDME) competition as a case study. This full-scale experiment offers a unique opportunity to evaluate design solutions under controlled, [...] Read more.

This study investigates the effectiveness of passive design in low-rise residential buildings located in arid desert climates, using the Dubai Solar Decathlon Middle East (SDME) competition as a case study. This full-scale experiment offers a unique opportunity to evaluate design solutions under controlled, realistic conditions; prescriptive, modeled performance; and monitored performance assessments. The prescriptive assessment reviews geometry, orientation, envelope thermal properties, and shading. Most houses adopt compact forms, with envelope-to-volume and envelope-to-floor area ratios averaging 1 and 3.7, respectively, and window-to-wall ratios of approximately 17%, favoring north-facing openings to optimize daylight while reducing heat gain. Shading is strategically applied, horizontal on south façades and vertical on east and west. The thermal properties significantly exceed the local code requirements, with wall performance up to 80% better than that mandated. The modeled assessment uses Building Energy Models (BEMs) to simulate the impact of prescriptive measures on energy performance. Three variations are applied: assigning minimum local code requirements to all the houses to isolate the geometry (baseline); removing shading; and applying actual envelope properties. Geometry alone accounts for up to 60% of the variation in cooling intensity; shading reduces loads by 6.5%, and enhanced envelopes lower demand by 14%. The monitored assessment uses contest-period data. Indoor temperatures remain stable (22–25 °C) despite outdoor fluctuations. Energy use confirms that houses with good designs and airtightness have lower cooling loads. Airtightness varies widely (avg. 14.5 m³/h/m²), with some well-designed houses underperforming due to construction flaws. These findings highlight the critical role of passive design as the first layer for improving the energy performance of the built environment and advancing toward net-zero targets, specifically in arid desert climates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate-Responsive Architectural and Urban Design)

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16 pages, 2285 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pegiviruses and Coronavirus: Biomolecular Prevalence and Phylogenetic Analysis of Strains Detected in Italian Horse Populations

by Ida Ricci, Francesca Rosone, Giulia Pacchiarotti, Giuseppe Manna, Antonella Cersini, Andrea Carvelli, Davide La Rocca, Elisa Cammalleri, Roberta Giordani, Silvia Tofani, Raffaella Conti, Pasquale Rombolà, Roberto Nardini, Carlo Alberto Minniti, Reno Caforio, Boris Linardi and Maria Teresa Scicluna

Viruses 2025, 17(8), 1076; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17081076 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Equestrian sports play a significant economic role in the horse industry. In recent years, numerous equine viruses have emerged, among which are equine Pegiviruses and the re-emerging Equine coronavirus (ECoV). These viruses are distributed globally and primarily cause subclinical infections with unknown morbidity, [...] Read more.

Equestrian sports play a significant economic role in the horse industry. In recent years, numerous equine viruses have emerged, among which are equine Pegiviruses and the re-emerging Equine coronavirus (ECoV). These viruses are distributed globally and primarily cause subclinical infections with unknown morbidity, even if ECoV can occasionally induce febrile and diarrheic episodes. To broaden the data on the Italian equine population, a study was conducted to assess their prevalence in two distinct horse populations belonging to the Carabinieri Corps (CC) and the Italian Army (IA) of the Italian Armed Forces (IAF). Samples consisted of blood serum and rectal swabs of 436 horses collected within the national surveillance program for equine infectious anemia and gastrointestinal parasite monitoring and analyzed for Pegivirus (caballi and equi) and ECoV by Real-Time RT PCR. The prevalence detected were 6.56% and 3.53%, respectively, for Pegivirus caballi and equi for the IA, while for the CC, they were 10.13% and 0.84%. Only one sample tested positive for ECoV belonging to a horse of the CC. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out on the PCR-positive samples that were sequenced using Sanger protocols. Understanding the epidemiology of these viruses is essential for evaluating the implementation of effective prevention strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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15 pages, 1806 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Drought and Shrub Encroachment Accelerate Peatland Carbon Loss Under Climate Warming

by Fan Lu, Boli Yi, Jun-Xiao Ma, Si-Nan Wang, Yu-Jie Feng, Kai Qin, Qiansi Tu and Zhao-Jun Bu

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2387; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152387 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon (C) in the form of peat, but are increasingly threatened by drought and shrub encroachment under climate warming. However, how peat decomposition and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) vary with depth and plant litter input [...] Read more.

Peatlands store substantial amounts of carbon (C) in the form of peat, but are increasingly threatened by drought and shrub encroachment under climate warming. However, how peat decomposition and its temperature sensitivity (Q₁₀) vary with depth and plant litter input under these stressors remains poorly understood. We incubated peat from two depths with different degrees of decomposition, either alone or incubated with Sphagnum divinum shoots or Betula ovalifolia leaves, under five temperature levels and two moisture conditions in growth chambers. We found that drought and Betula addition increased CO₂ emissions in both peat layers, while Sphagnum affected only shallow peat. Deep peat alone or with Betula exhibited higher Q₁₀ than pure shallow peat. Drought increased the Q₁₀ of both depths’ peat, but this effect disappeared with fresh litter addition. The CO₂ production rate showed a positive but marginal correlation with microbial biomass carbon, and it displayed a rather similar responsive trend to warming as the microbial metabolism quotient. These results indicate that both deep and dry peat are more sensitive to warming, highlighting the importance of keeping deep peat buried and waterlogged to conserve existing carbon storage. Additionally, they further emphasize the necessity of Sphagnum moss recovery following vascular plant encroachment in restoring carbon sink function in peatlands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Plant–Soil Interactions)

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13 pages, 487 KiB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Worth: Utilizing Downgraded Greek Chestnuts in Gluten-Free Functional Biscuits

by Vasiliki Kossyva, Mariastela Vrontaki, Vasileios Manouras, Anastasia Tzereme, Ermioni Meleti, Lamprini Dimitriou, Ioannis Maisoglou, Maria Alexandraki, Michalis Koureas, Eleni Malissiova and Athanasios Manouras

Sci 2025, 7(3), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/sci7030106 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

This study investigates the potential of using downgraded chestnuts, which are unsuitable for commercial sale, from five distinct Greek regions to produce chestnut flour and formulate gluten-free biscuits. Chestnuts were dried and milled into flour, which was then used as the sole flour [...] Read more.

This study investigates the potential of using downgraded chestnuts, which are unsuitable for commercial sale, from five distinct Greek regions to produce chestnut flour and formulate gluten-free biscuits. Chestnuts were dried and milled into flour, which was then used as the sole flour ingredient in the biscuit formulation, in order to assess its nutritional and functional contribution. The moisture, lipid, protein, and ash contents were analyzed in chestnut flour samples, which showed significant regional differences. Chestnut flour biscuits (CFB) were compared to wheat flour biscuits (WFB). CFB exhibited significantly higher ash content (3.01% compared to 0.94% in WFB) and greater antioxidant capacity, with DPPH scavenging activity reaching 70.83%, as opposed to 61.67% in WFB, while maintaining similar moisture and lipid levels. Although CFB showed slightly lower protein content, the elevated mineral and phenolic compound levels contributed to its functional value. These findings indicate that downgraded chestnuts can be upcycled into gluten-free bakery products with improved functional characteristics. Given their antioxidant activity and mineral content, chestnut flour biscuits may serve as a valuable option for gluten-free diets, supporting circular economy principles and reducing food waste. Full article

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14 pages, 4233 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Immunological Markers Associated with Skin Manifestations of EGPA

by Silvia Brunetto, Federica Buta, Sebastiano Gangemi and Luisa Ricciardi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(15), 7472; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26157472 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis with eosinophilic inflammation and variable clinical presentations. Although skin manifestations are frequent, current classification criteria do not include them, which may underestimate their diagnostic value. This prospective observational study aimed to assess systemic [...] Read more.

Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA) is a rare systemic vasculitis with eosinophilic inflammation and variable clinical presentations. Although skin manifestations are frequent, current classification criteria do not include them, which may underestimate their diagnostic value. This prospective observational study aimed to assess systemic and skin involvement as well as eosinophilia, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA), and Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) serum levels in 20 EGPA patients followed for one year at the University Hospital of Messina, Italy, before starting Mepolizumab, 300 mg. Eosinophilia, ANCA status, systemic and skin involvement were also evaluated at 6 and 12 months; a literature review on these data supplements our findings. Skin involvement was present in 55% of patients, including purpura, urticarial vasculitis, angioedema, maculopapular rash, and nodules, mostly in ANCA-negative patients, though purpura was more frequent in ANCA-positive cases but without any statistically significant correlation. ANAs were present in 50% of patients, together with ANCA in two subjects and without in eight. Mepolizumab significantly reduced eosinophil levels, BVASs, and corticosteroid dependence, with notable improvement in skin symptoms. In conclusion, skin manifestations are common in EGPA and may represent useful indicators of disease activity. Their integration with ANCA status, eosinophil counts, and positivity to other autoantibodies could enhance diagnostic and monitoring strategies identifying different clusters of EGPA patients even if the small sample size limits the generalizability of the findings. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Skin, Autoimmunity and Inflammation 2.0)

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23 pages, 2268 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Potential for Drought Stress Alleviation in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with Humic Substance-Based Biostimulant Applications

by Santiago Atero-Calvo, Francesco Magro, Giacomo Masetti, Eloy Navarro-León, Begoña Blasco and Juan Manuel Ruiz

Plants 2025, 14(15), 2386; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14152386 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

In the present study, we evaluated the potential use of a humic substance (HS)-based biostimulant in mitigating drought stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by comparing both root and foliar modes of application. To achieve this, lettuce plants were grown in a [...] Read more.

In the present study, we evaluated the potential use of a humic substance (HS)-based biostimulant in mitigating drought stress in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by comparing both root and foliar modes of application. To achieve this, lettuce plants were grown in a growth chamber on a solid substrate composed of vermiculite and perlite (3:1). Plants were exposed to drought conditions (50% of Field Capacity, FC) and 50% FC + HS applied as radicular (‘R’) and foliar (‘F’) at concentrations: R-HS 0.40 and 0.60 mL/L, respectively, and 7.50 and 10.00 mL/L, respectively, along with a control (100% FC). HSs were applied three times at 10-day intervals. Plant growth, nutrient concentration, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were estimated. Various photosynthetic and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were also analyzed. The results showed that HS applications alleviated drought stress, increased plant growth, and reduced lipid peroxidation and ROS accumulation. HSs also improved the net photosynthetic rate, carboxylation efficiency, electron transport flux, and water use efficiency. Although foliar HSs showed a greater tendency to enhance shoot growth and photosynthetic capacity, the differences between the application methods were not significant. Hence, in this preliminary work, the HS-based product evaluated in this study demonstrated potential for alleviating drought stress in lettuce plants at the applied doses, regardless of the mode of application. This study highlights HS-based biostimulants as an effective and sustainable tool to improve crop resilience and support sustainable agriculture under climate change. However, further studies under controlled growth chamber conditions are needed to confirm these results before field trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biostimulation for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants)

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28 pages, 2191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Evaluation of Food Security and Grain Production Trends in the Arid Region of Northwest China (2000–2035)

by Yifeng Hao and Yaodong Zhou

Agriculture 2025, 15(15), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15151672 (registering DOI) - 2 Aug 2025

Abstract

Food security is crucial for social stability and economic development. Ensuring food security in the arid region of Northwest China presents unique challenges due to limited water and soil resources. This study addresses these challenges by integrating a comprehensive water and soil resource [...] Read more.

Food security is crucial for social stability and economic development. Ensuring food security in the arid region of Northwest China presents unique challenges due to limited water and soil resources. This study addresses these challenges by integrating a comprehensive water and soil resource matching assessment with grain production forecasting. Based on data from 2000 to 2020, this research projects the food security status to 2035 using the GM(1,1) model, incorporating a comprehensive index of soil and water resource matching and regression analysis to inform production forecasts. Key assumptions include continued historical trends in population growth, urbanization, and dietary shifts towards an increased animal protein consumption. The findings revealed a consistent upward trend in grain production from 2000 to 2020, with an average annual growth rate of 3.5%. Corn and wheat emerged as the dominant grain crops. Certain provinces demonstrated comparative advantages for specific crops like rice and wheat. The most significant finding is that despite the projected growth in the total grain output by 2035 compared to 2020, the regional grain self-sufficiency rate is projected to range from 79.6% to 84.1%, falling below critical food security benchmarks set by the FAO and China. This projected shortfall carries significant implications, underscoring a serious challenge to regional food security and highlighting the region’s increasing vulnerability to external food supply fluctuations. The findings strongly signal that current trends are insufficient and necessitate urgent and proactive policy interventions. To address this, practical policy recommendations include promoting water-saving technologies, enhancing regional cooperation, and strategically utilizing the international grain trade to ensure regional food security. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Food Security and Healthy Nutrition)

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