Journal of Composites Science

50 pages, 16380 KiB

Open AccessReview

Progress in Thin-Film Photovoltaics: A Review of Key Strategies to Enhance the Efficiency of CIGS, CdTe, and CZTSSe Solar Cells

by Sivabalan Maniam Sivasankar, Carlos de Oliveira Amorim and António F. da Cunha

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030143 - 20 Mar 2025

Viewed by 403

Abstract

Thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) represent a promising frontier in renewable energy technologies due to their potential for cost reduction, material efficiency, and adaptability. This literature review examines the key materials and advancements that make up TFSC technologies, with a focus on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ [...] Read more.

Thin-film solar cells (TFSCs) represent a promising frontier in renewable energy technologies due to their potential for cost reduction, material efficiency, and adaptability. This literature review examines the key materials and advancements that make up TFSC technologies, with a focus on Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ (CIGS), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and Cu₂ZnSnS₄ (CZTS) and its sulfo-selenide counterpart Cu₂ZnSn(S,Se)₄ (CZTSSe). Each material’s unique properties—including tuneable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients, and low-cost scalability—make them viable candidates for a wide range of applications, from building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) to portable energy solutions. This review explores recent progress in the enhancement of power conversion efficiency (PCE), particularly through bandgap engineering, alkali metal doping, and interface optimization. Key innovations such as silver (Ag) alloying in CIGS, selenium (Se) alloying in CdTe, and sulfur (S) to Se ratio optimization in CZTSSe have driven PCE improvements and expanded the range of practical uses. Additionally, the adaptability of TFSCs for roll-to-roll manufacturing on flexible substrates has further cemented their role in advancing renewable energy adoption. Challenges remain, including environmental concerns, but ongoing research addresses these limitations, paving the way for TFSCs to become a crucial technology for transitioning to sustainable energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

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29 pages, 2394 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Size-Dependent Flexural Analysis of Thick Microplates Using Consistent Couple Stress Theory

by Mahdi Shaban, Saeid Minaeii and Hamed Kalhori

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030142 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 157

Abstract

Among various continuum mechanics approaches, size-dependent theories have gained significant attention for their ability to model these effects in micro- and nanostructures. This study presents an exact solution for the flexural analysis of thick microplates based on consistent couple stress theory. Unlike conventional [...] Read more.

Among various continuum mechanics approaches, size-dependent theories have gained significant attention for their ability to model these effects in micro- and nanostructures. This study presents an exact solution for the flexural analysis of thick microplates based on consistent couple stress theory. Unlike conventional plate theories, such as the Kirchhoff and first-order shear deformation theories, this work employs three-dimensional elasticity theory to accurately model the mechanical response of thick microplates. The governing equations are derived within the framework of couple stress theory, incorporating length-scale effects, and solved under simply supported boundary conditions. The results demonstrate significant reductions in both in-plane and out-of-plane displacements, approximately 24% and 36%, respectively, compared to classical elasticity predictions. These findings highlight the critical role of size effects in accurately predicting the mechanical behavior of microscale structures. The insights gained from this study are particularly relevant to the design and analysis of polymeric and composite microstructures, where small-scale mechanical phenomena influence performance and reliability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)

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25 pages, 7253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Weave Structure and Adhesive Type on the Adhesion of Kevlar Fabric-Reinforced Laminated Structures

by Feyi Adekunle and Abdel-Fattah M. Seyam

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030141 - 19 Mar 2025

Viewed by 205

Abstract

This study investigates the influence of fabric weave design and adhesive type on the adhesion quality and mechanical properties of Kevlar woven fabric-reinforced laminates (FRLs). Three adhesives (EVA, EVOH, and TPU) and three weave structures (plain, 2/2 twill, and crowfoot) were analyzed while [...] Read more.

This study investigates the influence of fabric weave design and adhesive type on the adhesion quality and mechanical properties of Kevlar woven fabric-reinforced laminates (FRLs). Three adhesives (EVA, EVOH, and TPU) and three weave structures (plain, 2/2 twill, and crowfoot) were analyzed while keeping other fabric parameters constant. Both weave structure and adhesive type, as well as their interactions, significantly influenced adhesion and mechanical performance. Combinations like the crowfoot weave with EVOH adhesive enhanced adhesion due to increased surface contact, while the 2/2 twill weave with EVA adhesive improved tear strength but resulted in weaker adhesion, highlighting the trade-offs in material design. A negative correlation between yarn pullout force and tear resistance was observed, particularly for EVA and EVOH adhesives, where improved adhesion often coincided with reduced tear resistance. Tensile strength varied significantly across weaves, with twill exhibiting the highest strength, followed by plain and crowfoot weaves. This study highlights the critical role of weave design and adhesive choice in FRLs, providing valuable insights for optimizing material selection to meet specific industrial performance criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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33 pages, 2092 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Dental Implants: A Review of In Vitro and In Vivo Testing with Nanoparticle Coatings

by Ana Maria Gianina Rehner (Costache), Elena-Theodora Moldoveanu, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu, Florentina Cornelia Bîclesanu, Anna Maria Pangică, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu and George-Alexandru Croitoru

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030140 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 723

Abstract

Since tooth loss is a common problem in humans and is widespread worldwide, dental implants are an effective and optimal alternative to solve this problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop implants with improved surfaces that favor the osseointegration of the implant into [...] Read more.

Since tooth loss is a common problem in humans and is widespread worldwide, dental implants are an effective and optimal alternative to solve this problem. Thus, it is necessary to develop implants with improved surfaces that favor the osseointegration of the implant into the surrounding tissues and promote cell adhesion and proliferation while also preventing and inhibiting peri-implant infections that can lead to implant failure. In this regard, this review aims to provide new insights into nanotechnology and the use of nanoparticles in creating new coatings, the new trends for enhancing dental implant surfaces, and the current technologies used for this purpose. Although in vitro and in vivo tests attest to the possible use of the nanomaterials described in this review, further tests are needed to establish the optimal concentrations to be safe for clinical trials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

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21 pages, 6798 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Impedance Analysis of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for Pseudocapacitive Charge Storage

by Nafiza Anjum, Abdullah Al Noman, Md Mostafizur Rahman, Debashis Sen, Robert A. Lazenby and Okenwa I. Okoli

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030139 - 17 Mar 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for supercapacitor applications, focusing on its charge storage mechanisms using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). A novel equivalent circuit (EC) model, incorporating a diffusion layer resistance and a constant phase [...] Read more.

This study investigates the electrochemical behavior of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene for supercapacitor applications, focusing on its charge storage mechanisms using Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). A novel equivalent circuit (EC) model, incorporating a diffusion layer resistance and a constant phase element, was developed to represent the impedance spectra, achieving a low error margin of 4.6%. The cycling stability of MXenes and charge storage parameters were evaluated using the developed EC model. This study demonstrated that the irreversible anodic oxidation of MXene begins around 0.3 V due to water molecule attack from the aqueous electrolyte, resulting in the formation of a titanium oxide layer that increases charge transfer resistance and impairs charge storage. It was further revealed that the cycling stability of MXene is also related to the oxidation of MXene, and the initial capacitance of 493 F/g at 100 mV/s is reduced by 27.5% after 1000 cycles. The contribution of charge storage factors was analyzed, with 85% of MXene’s capacitance found to be surface controlled. This research offers a deeper understanding of MXene’s charge storage mechanisms, providing critical insights into optimizing its electrochemical performance and stability. By establishing advanced modeling approaches and addressing challenges related to oxidation and resistance, this work enhances MXene’s potential for high-power supercapacitors in electromechanical actuator applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Structures and Metamaterials in Acoustic and Electromechanical Applications)

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37 pages, 9771 KiB

Open AccessReview

Comprehensive Review of Endogenous and Exogenous Parameters Influencing Dynamic Stab Impact Performance in Protective Textiles and Fibrous Composite Materials

by Mulat Alubel Abtew, Dereje Berihun Sitotaw and Mukesh Bajya

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030138 - 15 Mar 2025

Viewed by 624

Abstract

Dynamic stab resistance is a critical property for protective textiles and fibrous composites used in body armor and protective gear applications. This is also a very complex property that depends on various factors, including material properties, structural design, and external impact conditions. This [...] Read more.

Dynamic stab resistance is a critical property for protective textiles and fibrous composites used in body armor and protective gear applications. This is also a very complex property that depends on various factors, including material properties, structural design, and external impact conditions. This review paper presents an in-depth investigation into the dynamic stab impact response and performance of textile and composite materials, focusing on the influences of various endogenous and exogenous parameters. Material-level factors, including material type and properties, fiber orientation, yarn density, textile architecture, chemical treatments, and coatings, are reviewed. In addition, the influence of external conditions, including impact velocity and energy, blade shape and type, impact condition, and impact angles on the stab resistance of the protective materials are discussed. The interplay of these factors significantly affects penetration resistance, energy absorption, and trauma mitigation. This paper further discusses different stab resistance testing methods and standards on various kinds of protective materials and relatively compared the efficiencies of each. Current challenges on flexibility versus protection and future research directions necessary to realize advances in protective textiles with dynamic stab resistance are debated. The present comprehensive analysis gives useful insights to engineers, manufacturers, researchers, and standard makers for selecting, developing, and testing protective textiles and fibrous composite materials with improved stab protection applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

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19 pages, 49232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tribological Study of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Reinforced Aluminum 7075 Using Response Surface Methodology and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

by Endalkachew Mosisa Gutema, Mahesh Gopal and Hirpa G. Lemu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030137 - 14 Mar 2025

Viewed by 354

Abstract

Aluminum metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their greater qualities in comparison to the base alloy. Adding nanocomposites like multi-walled carbon nanocomposites (MWCNTs) to aluminum enhances its mechanical properties. In the current research, aluminum [...] Read more.

Aluminum metal matrix composites (AlMMCs) are widely employed in the aerospace and automotive industries due to their greater qualities in comparison to the base alloy. Adding nanocomposites like multi-walled carbon nanocomposites (MWCNTs) to aluminum enhances its mechanical properties. In the current research, aluminum 7075 with MWCNT particles was prepared and characterized to study its tribological behaviors, such as its hardness and specific wear rate. The experiment was designed with varying weight percentages of MWCNTs of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5, and these were fabricated using powder metallurgy, employing compacting pressures of 300, 400, and 500 MPa and sintering temperatures of 400, 450, and 500 °C. Further, the experimental setup was designed using Design-Expert V13 to examine the impact of influencing parameters. A second-order mathematical model was developed via central composite design (CCD) using a response surface methodology (RSM), and the performance characteristics were analyzed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). The hardness (HV) and specific wear rate (SWR) were measured using a hardness tester and pin-on-disk apparatus. From the results thus obtained, it was observed that an increase in compacting pressure and sintering temperature tends to increase the hardness and specific wear rate. An increasing weight percentage of MWCNTs increased their hardness, while the SWR was less between the weight percentages 0.9 and 1.3. A multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) was trained and evaluated to provide the best feasible solutions. The MOGA suggested sixteen sets of non-dominated Pareto optimal solutions that had the best and lowest predicted values. The confirmatory analytical results and predicted characteristics were found to be excellent and consistent with the experiential values. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modeling of Composites, 4th Edition)

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11 pages, 6563 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Controlling Terahertz Dielectric Responses in Polymer Composites by Engineering α-Al₂O₃ Whisker Filler Distribution

by Gang Huang, Chengzhe Gao, Jin Leng, Yang Wu, Liying Chen, Ran Jing, Pengshu Xie, Hua Deng and Qiwu Shi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030136 - 14 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 308

Abstract

As the communication band gradually approaches the terahertz (THz) range, there is an urgent need to explore materials with ideal dielectric properties for THz communication devices. Nevertheless, most polymers present a low dielectric constant (Dk), and the regulation of their dielectric [...] Read more.

As the communication band gradually approaches the terahertz (THz) range, there is an urgent need to explore materials with ideal dielectric properties for THz communication devices. Nevertheless, most polymers present a low dielectric constant (Dk), and the regulation of their dielectric properties in the THz range has rarely been reported. In this work, the isotactic polypropylene (iPP)/α-Al₂O₃ whisker composites were synthesized and their THz dielectric parameters were optimized. The Dk values increased from 2.23 to 3.13 with filler (α-Al₂O₃ whisker) concentration, ranging from 0 to 20 vol%, but were almost independent of the test frequency. The loss tangent (Df) values presented an increasing tendency along with both filler concentrations and test frequency. All composites exhibited Df values of less than 4.0 × 10⁻³. Particularly, the dielectric properties of composites can be further regulated by adjusting the orientation direction of the whisker fillers. The orientation of the whisker fillers was adjusted via the injection molding method. Along the direction of the whisker orientation distribution, the composites exhibit higher Dk values and lower Df values. This work presented a schematic to design polymer composites with higher Dk but controlled Df in the THz range and is significant for the development of advanced materials-based THz devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

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24 pages, 15226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Yarn-Level Fibre Hybridisation on Thermomechanical Behaviour of 3D Woven Orthogonal Flax/E-Glass Composite Laminae

by Nenglong Yang, Zhenmin Zou, Constantinos Soutis, Prasad Potluri and Kali Babu Katnam

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030135 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 604

Abstract

This study investigates the novel role of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties and thermal residual stress (TRS) fields in the resin at both micro- and meso-scales of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focus on macro-scale composite [...] Read more.

This study investigates the novel role of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties and thermal residual stress (TRS) fields in the resin at both micro- and meso-scales of 3D orthogonal-woven flax/E-glass hybrid composites. Unlike previous studies, which primarily focus on macro-scale composite behaviour, this work integrates a two-scale homogenisation scheme. It combines microscale representative volume element (RVE) models and mesoscale repeating unit cell (RUC) models to capture the effects of hybridisation from the fibre to lamina scale. The analysis specifically examines the cooling phase from a curing temperature of 100 °C down to 20 °C, where TRS develops due to thermal expansion mismatches. Microstructures are generated employing a random sequential expansion algorithm for RVE models, while weave architecture is generated using the open-source software TexGen 3.13.1 for RUC models. Results demonstrate that yarn-level hybridisation provides a powerful strategy to balance mechanical performance, thermal stability, and residual stress control, revealing its potential for optimising composite design. Stress analysis indicates that under in-plane tensile loading, stress levels in matrix-rich regions remain below 1 MPa, while binder yarns exhibit significant stress concentration, reaching up to 8.71 MPa under shear loading. The study quantifies how varying fibre hybridisation ratios influence stiffness, thermal expansion, and stress concentrations—bridging the gap between microstructural design and macroscopic composite performance. These findings highlight the potential of yarn-level fibre hybridisation in tailoring thermomechanical properties of yarns and laminae. The study also demonstrates its effectiveness in reducing TRS in composite laminae post-manufacturing. Additionally, hybridisation allows for adjusting density requirements, making it suitable for applications where weight and thermal properties are critical. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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19 pages, 4300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)

by Sumanta Das, Miroslav Gašparík, Anil Kumar Sethy, Peter Niemz, Manaswini Mahapatra, Rastislav Lagaňa, Nadežda Langová and Tomáš Kytka

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 608

Abstract

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling [...] Read more.

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) is gaining popularity as a sustainable alternative to traditional building materials. However, the decline of natural vegetation and the growth of plantation hardwoods has led the researchers to consider alternatives. This study presents a comparative analysis of bending and rolling shear performance of homogenous poplar (Populus nigra L.) CLT and hybrid CLT, with maple (Acer platanoides L.), in the outer layer and poplar in the core, compared to spruce (Picea abies (L.), H. Karst.) CLT. The CLT panels were prepared using one-component polyurethane (1C-PUR) and melamine adhesive (ME). Poplar CLT exhibited equal or better properties than spruce CLT. The outer maple layer in the hybrid CLT enhanced the global bending modulus (E_mg) and bending strength (f_m) by 74% and 37%, respectively, due to its higher modulus of elasticity better shear resistance by reducing the cross-layer stress concentrations and rolling shear failure. Additionally, both the adhesive types and wood species significantly influenced the f_m, E_mg, and rolling shear strength (f_r) independently, while their interaction effect was found to be non-significant. The experimental bending stiffness was higher than the theoretical values. The shear analogy method provided the most accurate results for bending and shear strengths, while bending stiffness was best predicted by the modified gamma method, with minor variations. The finite-element models (FEMs) also produced results with a deviation of only 10%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)

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37 pages, 2985 KiB

Open AccessReview

Hydrogels for Wound Dressings: Applications in Burn Treatment and Chronic Wound Care

by Adina Alberts, Elena-Theodora Moldoveanu, Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu and Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030133 - 13 Mar 2025

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1720

Abstract

Severe skin injuries such as burns and chronic wounds are a subject of interest in the medical field, as they require much attention. These types of wounds are susceptible to serious complications, which can worsen the health of patients and reduce their quality [...] Read more.

Severe skin injuries such as burns and chronic wounds are a subject of interest in the medical field, as they require much attention. These types of wounds are susceptible to serious complications, which can worsen the health of patients and reduce their quality of life. Hydrogels have emerged as innovative wound dressings for treating acute and chronic wounds, including burns, diabetic foot ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers. These polymeric networks provide a moist wound environment, promote cellular migration, and offer antimicrobial properties, being recognized as superior to conventional dressings. This review aims to explore recent advancements in hydrogel-based wound dressings, emphasizing the state-of-the-art technologies used for this purpose and the trend of achieving personalized therapeutic approaches. Despite the promising in vitro and in vivo findings described in this review, further clinical validation and large-scale manufacturing optimizations are required for widespread clinical adoption. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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37 pages, 14291 KiB

Open AccessReview

Advancements in EBSD Techniques: A Comprehensive Review on Characterization of Composites and Metals, Sample Preparation, and Operational Parameters

by Srinivas Doddapaneni, Sathish Kumar, Sathyashankara Sharma, Gowri Shankar, Manjunath Shettar, Nitesh Kumar, Ganesha Aroor and Syed Mansoor Ahmad

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030132 - 13 Mar 2025

Viewed by 862

Abstract

This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important [...] Read more.

This comprehensive review focuses on the most recent advances in electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) methods in the context of materials science and includes a thorough evaluation of the sample preparation procedures unique to EBSD as well as a complete examination of the important operational parameters inherent in EBSD setups. This review highlights the importance of customizing EBSD parameters for precise microstructural imaging and enhancing understanding of material behavior. While some studies have explored grain boundary characterization, stored energy, and crystallographic orientation using EBSD, there is a clear need for more comprehensive investigations to fully leverage its capabilities. Additionally, there is a significant gap in understanding the optimal choice of the reference plane in EBSD analysis, indicating the necessity for further research to improve EBSD analyses’ accuracy and efficacy. The review seeks to present a detailed and contemporary viewpoint on the many applications, sample preparation techniques, and optimal operational considerations that jointly increase the adaptability and efficacy of EBSD in materials science research by relying on the relevant literature. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metal Composites, Volume II)

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20 pages, 3264 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Year-Long Comparison of Dentin Bond Strength Using the Co-Curing Technique and Conventional Adhesive Application

by Josipa Vukelja Bosnić, Eva Klarić, Ivan Sever and Zrinka Tarle

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030131 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 580

Abstract

Objective: One of the suggested methods for lowering polymerization shrinkage and improving the marginal sealing of restorations is the simultaneous light polymerization of the adhesive system and the first layer of the composite material, i.e., the co-curing method. This study investigates how different [...] Read more.

Objective: One of the suggested methods for lowering polymerization shrinkage and improving the marginal sealing of restorations is the simultaneous light polymerization of the adhesive system and the first layer of the composite material, i.e., the co-curing method. This study investigates how different adhesive polymerization techniques, adhesive systems, tooth section depths, tooth types, and sample aging affect dentin bond strength. Methodology: This experiment tests three adhesive systems, G-Premio Bond (GC), Clearfil SE Bond 2 (Kuraray), and Adper Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), using two polymerization techniques, namely, separate composite polymerization and simultaneous curing of the composite (“co-curing”). A total of 480 dentin samples are prepared and assigned to 24 groups (3 adhesives × 2 curing methods × 4 aging times). The shear bond strength is measured after one month, three months, six months, and one year, using an UltraTester. The statistical analyses include an ANOVA and Weibull analysis. Results: The separate polymerization of the adhesive and composite shows a significantly higher bond strength than that achieved through co-curing. Significant differences (p < 0.001) exist among adhesives, with Clearfil SE Bond 2 showing the highest bond strength. The bond strength decreases over time. Occlusal dentin has a higher bond strength than radicular dentin. There is no statistically significant difference in the bond strength between the maxillary and mandibular third molars. After one and three months of aging, the experimental groups with the highest average bond strength do not show the highest level of material reliability. Conclusion: The co-curing technique consistently results in a lower bond strength across all the adhesive systems compared to conventional separate polymerization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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13 pages, 5200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Proving Partial Miscibility in Poly(L-lactic acid)/Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Blends Using the Spherulite Observation Method

by Rokibul Hasan Rumon, Chisato Nara, Kai Xu and Atsuhiro Fujimori

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030130 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1041

Abstract

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is generally recognized as a phase-separated system. The interactions between these polymer species were examined via spherulite observation. The PLLA/EVA blend was concluded to be a partially miscible system. The onset [...] Read more.

Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was blended with an ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer, which is generally recognized as a phase-separated system. The interactions between these polymer species were examined via spherulite observation. The PLLA/EVA blend was concluded to be a partially miscible system. The onset temperature for the crystallization of PLLA, as the crystalline polymer, systematically changed when PLLA was blended with EVA at various ratios. The glass transition behavior of EVA was almost absent in the thermogram when the PLLA:EVA blend ratio was greater than 2:1. The spherulite size distribution of PLLA became finer as the PLLA:EVA ratio was changed from 3:1 to 2:1 to 1:1, and observing spherulites was difficult when the blend ratio was 1:2. Because the nucleation position was different each time during the repeated melting/crystallization of spherulites, this system exhibited homogeneous nucleation. In addition, in a plot of the spherulite size versus the crystallization time, the inclination angle changed between the PLLA/EVA = 3:1 and 2:1 blends, and the critical ratio at which the crystallization behavior changed was estimated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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27 pages, 3177 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computational Approach for Optimizing Resin Flow Behavior in Resin Transfer Molding with Variations in Injection Pressure, Fiber Permeability, and Resin Sorption

by Pavan Hiremath, Krishnamurthy D. Ambiger, P. K. Jayashree, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, G. Divya Deepak, B. R. N. Murthy, Suhas Kowshik and Nithesh Naik

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030129 - 11 Mar 2025

Viewed by 460

Abstract

Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a key process for manufacturing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites, in which resin infiltration dynamics play a critical role in process efficiency and defect minimization. This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of resin flow in biaxial noncrimp carbon [...] Read more.

Resin transfer molding (RTM) is a key process for manufacturing high-performance fiber-reinforced composites, in which resin infiltration dynamics play a critical role in process efficiency and defect minimization. This study presents a numerical and experimental analysis of resin flow in biaxial noncrimp carbon fiber reinforcement using FormuLITE 2500A/2401B epoxy. A model based on Darcy’s law and resin sorption effects was developed to investigate the influence of injection pressure (15–25 kPa), permeability (350 × 10⁻¹² m² to 0.035 × 10⁻¹² m²), porosity (0.78–0.58), viscosity (0.28–0.48 Pa·s), and injection radius (0.001–0.003 m) on flow-front progression. The results show that a higher injection pressure increased the infiltration depth by 30% at 250 s, while a 100× reduction in permeability reduced infiltration by 75%. The increased viscosity slowed the resin flow by ~18%, and the lower porosity reduced the flow-front progression by 15%. The experimental validation demonstrated a relative error of <5% between the numerical predictions and the measured data. This study provides critical insights into RTM process optimization for uniform fiber impregnation and defect minimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Theoretical and Computational Investigation on Composite Materials)

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24 pages, 9732 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development and Validation of a Desktop 3D Printing System with Thermo-Mechanical In Situ Consolidation for Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

by Hannes Oberlercher, Marius Laux, Gean Henrique Marcatto de Oliveira and Sergio T. Amancio-Filho

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030128 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 782

Abstract

A controlled laminate consolidation is one of the most essential approaches in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics components. With the use of specific consolidation models, almost the entire strength potential of the material can be exploited. However, a controlled thermo-mechanical in situ consolidation [...] Read more.

A controlled laminate consolidation is one of the most essential approaches in the production of fiber-reinforced thermoplastics components. With the use of specific consolidation models, almost the entire strength potential of the material can be exploited. However, a controlled thermo-mechanical in situ consolidation (TMIC) strategy in the fused filament fabricated (FFF) process of continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRPC) has not been considered so far and leads to deconsolidation defects in the 3D-printed material. These defects in terms of micro and macro volumetric flaws in the joining zone indicate a poor process parameter selection and inadequate thermo-mechanical consolidation. These imperfections lead to a reduction in the fiber volume content and a significant deterioration in the mechanical properties. In this work, a self-developed test rig is presented, which is able to influence and monitor the consolidation during the additive manufacturing (AM) process with a TMIC unit in a controlled manner. To evaluate the test rig, the mechanical construction and the implemented sensors were tested for full functionality. Subsequently, test specimens were fabricated for mechanical characterization using three-point bending (3PB) tests and microstructural analysis. Based on these results, the influence of TMIC, with its dependent process parameters (consolidation force, temperature, printing speed), is presented. A perspective on the future development of controlled consolidation in AM of CFRPC is shown. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Polymer Composites and Fibers, 3rd Edition)

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46 pages, 10972 KiB

Open AccessReview

Polymer Nanocomposite Ablatives—Part III

by Joseph H. Koo, Kaelyn Wagner, Louis A. Pilato and Hao Wu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030127 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 421

Abstract

Previous reviews by authors indicate the continuing development and improvement of thermal protective systems through the introduction of polymer nanocomposites into polymer matrix composites. These materials perform as thermal protective systems for a variety of aerospace applications, such as thermal protection systems (TPSs), [...] Read more.

Previous reviews by authors indicate the continuing development and improvement of thermal protective systems through the introduction of polymer nanocomposites into polymer matrix composites. These materials perform as thermal protective systems for a variety of aerospace applications, such as thermal protection systems (TPSs), solid rocket motor (SRM) nozzles, internal insulation of SRMs, leading edges of hypersonic vehicles, and missile launch structures. A summary of the most recent global technical research is presented. Polymeric resin systems continue to emphasize phenolic resins and other materials. New high-temperature organic resins based on phthalonitrile and polysiloxane are described and extend the increased temperature range of resin matrix systems. An important technical development relates to the transformation of the resin matrix, primarily phenolic resin, into an aerogel or a nanoporous material that penetrates uniformly within the reinforcing fiber configuration with a corresponding particle size of <100 nm. Furthermore, many of the current papers consider the use of low-density carbon fiber or quartz fiber in the use of low-density felts with high porosity to mimic NASA’s successful use of rigid low-density carbon/phenolic known as phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA). The resulting aerogel composition with low-density non-wovens or felts possesses durability and low density and is extremely effective in providing insulation and preventing heat transfer with low thermal conductivity within the aerogel-modified thermal protective system, resulting in multiple features, such as low-density TPSs, increased thermal stability, improved mechanical properties, especially compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity, improved thermal insulation, reduced ablation recession rate and mass loss, and lower backside temperature. The utility of these TPS materials is being expanded by considering them for infrastructures and ballistics besides aerospace applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)

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16 pages, 4756 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Composite Derived from Spent Bleaching Earth for Rubbery Wastewater Treatment

by Nur Fatihah Binti Tamin, Yin Fong Yeong, Joni Agustian, Lilis Hermida and Lih Xuan Liew

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030126 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 683

Abstract

The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber [...] Read more.

The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber industry also contains harmful pollutants that require effective treatment. This study proposes a sustainable solution by converting SBE into carbon composites (CCs) for treating rubber industry wastewater. Characterization of CCs using XRD, BET, FESEM, and FTIR revealed its porous structure, high surface area, and functional groups, contributing to excellent adsorption properties. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized treatment conditions, determining 90.56 min of contact time and 0.75 g of adsorbent weight as optimal for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal. Quadratic models showed R² values of 0.8828 for COD removal and 0.8336 for turbidity reduction, with numerical optimization achieving 90.30% COD reduction and 49.02% turbidity removal. Verification experiments confirmed model reliability with minimal deviation (0.37%). These findings demonstrate the potential of SBE-derived CCs as an eco-friendly solution for environmental challenges in the palm oil and rubber industries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)

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23 pages, 2792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of Nickel-Cobalt-Titanium Dioxide-Embedded Carbon Nanofibers for Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells

by Wael M. Mohammed, Mahmoud A. Mohamed, Mohamed O. Abdel-Hamed and Esam E. Abdel-Hady

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030125 - 10 Mar 2025

Viewed by 978

Abstract

This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these [...] Read more.

This study focuses on making non-precious electrocatalysts for improving the performance of Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells (DAFCs). Specifically, it examines the oxidation of ethanol and methanol. Conventional platinum-based catalysts are expensive and suffer from problems such as degradation and poisoning. To overcome these challenges, we fabricated tri-metallic catalysts composed of nickel, cobalt, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) embedded in carbon nanofibers (CNFs). The synthesis included electrospinning and subsequent carbonization as well as optimization of parameters to achieve uniform nanofiber morphology and high surface area. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the incorporation of TiO₂ significantly improved electrocatalytic activity for ethanol and methanol oxidation, with current densities increasing from 57.8 mA/cm² to 74.2 mA/cm² for ethanol and from 38.69 mA/cm² to 60.39 mA/cm² for methanol as the TiO₂ content increased. The catalysts showed excellent stability, with the TiO₂-enriched sample (T2) showing superior performance during longer cycling tests. Chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are used to examine the stability of the catalysts and the dynamics of the charge carriers. Impedance spectroscopy indicated reduced charge transfer resistance, confirming enhanced activities. These findings suggest that the synthesized non-precious electrocatalysts can serve as effective alternatives to platinum-based materials, offering a promising pathway for the development of cost-efficient and durable fuel cells. Research highlights non-precious metal catalysts for sustainable fuel cell technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

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28 pages, 4274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Composites from Sugarcane Bagasse Fibers and Bio-Based Epoxy with Insights into Wear Performance, Thermal Stability, and Machine Learning Predictive Modeling

by Mahima Samanth, Pavan Hiremath, G. Divya Deepak, Nithesh Naik, Arunkumar H S, Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka and R. C. Shivamurthy

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030124 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 968

Abstract

The global push for sustainable materials has intensified the research on natural fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigates the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers, combined with a bio-based epoxy matrix, as a sustainable alternative for high-performance composites. A comprehensive approach was adopted, including wear [...] Read more.

The global push for sustainable materials has intensified the research on natural fiber-reinforced composites. This study investigates the potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers, combined with a bio-based epoxy matrix, as a sustainable alternative for high-performance composites. A comprehensive approach was adopted, including wear testing, thermal and structural characterization, and machine learning predictive modeling. Ethylene dichloride-treated fibers exhibited the lowest wear rate (0.245 mg/m) and the highest thermal stability (T20% = 260 °C, char yield = 1.3 mg), highlighting the role of optimized surface modifications. XRD (X-ray diffraction) analysis revealed that pre-treated fibers achieved the highest crystallinity index of 62%, underscoring the importance of structural alignment in fiber-matrix bonding. Machine learning insights using a Random Forest model identified fiber treatment as the most significant parameter influencing wear performance, with accurate predictions validated through experimental results. This work demonstrates the transformative potential of sugarcane bagasse fibers in sustainable polymer composites, offering a pathway for environmentally friendly, lightweight, and durable material solutions. These findings integrate experimental rigor with computational insights, paving the way for advancements in natural fiber-based composite technologies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Characterization and Modeling of Composites, 4th Edition)

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12 pages, 2652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid and Highly Selective Dopamine Sensing with CuInSe2-Modified Nanocomposite

by Jing Li, Guangzhong Xie, Luwei Dai, Min Yang and Yuanjie Su

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030123 - 6 Mar 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 448

Abstract

As an important neurotransmitter, the concentration of dopamine (DA) reflects certain physiological conditions and DA-related diseases. Rapid monitoring of DA levels is of great significance in regulating body health. However, regular electrochemical DA sensors suffer from poor sensitivity, low selectivity and interference immunity, [...] Read more.

As an important neurotransmitter, the concentration of dopamine (DA) reflects certain physiological conditions and DA-related diseases. Rapid monitoring of DA levels is of great significance in regulating body health. However, regular electrochemical DA sensors suffer from poor sensitivity, low selectivity and interference immunity, as well as a complex preparation process. Herein, we developed an accessible and cost-effective electrochemical sensor with a copper indium selenide (CuInSe2 or CIS)-modified screen-printed carbon electrode for DA discrimination. This DA sensor was developed using a facile one-step hydrothermal method without high-temperature quenching. Benefitting from the inherent merits of CIS and the conversion of Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ during the catalytic reaction, the sensor attained both excellent sensitivity (2.511 μA·µM⁻¹·cm⁻¹) and selectivity among multiple substances interfering with DA. This work demonstrates the potential to improve the analytical performance of traditional electrochemical sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effect of Processing Techniques on the Characterization of Alloys Composites and Hybrids)

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12 pages, 3336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Alumina–Nano-Nickel Composite Coatings on Al6061 Substrate Obtained by Electrophoretic Deposition

by Souaad Hamoudi, Nacer Bezzi, Farid Bensebaa and Philippe Delaporte

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030122 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 428

Abstract

Ceramic–nano-metallic composite coatings of Al₂O₃–nano-Ni on an aluminum substrate (Al6061) were obtained using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three composite coatings with different ratios of nano-Ni, i.e., 25, 50, and 75%, were obtained. The phase composition of the resulting composite coatings [...] Read more.

Ceramic–nano-metallic composite coatings of Al₂O₃–nano-Ni on an aluminum substrate (Al6061) were obtained using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Three composite coatings with different ratios of nano-Ni, i.e., 25, 50, and 75%, were obtained. The phase composition of the resulting composite coatings was examined using XRD; this confirmed the existence of alumina and nickel in the composite coatings. The surface morphology and microstructure of the composite coatings were analyzed with SEM, while the chemical composition and phase content were determined through energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The hardness indenter results revealed a high hardness 420 HV for the Ni 25% composite coating However the hardness decreased with an increase in the Ni nanoparticle ratio, reaching a value of 360 HV for the Ni 75% composite coating. Reflectance measurements were conducted using a UV–visible spectrophotometer equipped with an integrating sphere (UV2600), and the composite coating with a Ni ratio of 75% exhibited the lowest reflectance of UV–visible light at <0.035. These results are promising for subsequent investigations into the absorbance of Al₂O₃–nano-Ni composite coatings within the sunlight irradiation wavelength range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)

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22 pages, 8887 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metal–Organic Framework-Based Composites for Dual Functionalities: Advances in Microwave Absorption and Flame Retardancy

by Jinhu Hu, Jialin Jiang, Qianlong Li, Jin Cao, Xiuhong Sun, Siqi Huo, Ye-Tang Pan and Mingliang Ma

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030121 - 6 Mar 2025

Viewed by 573

Abstract

With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for [...] Read more.

With the rapid expansion of electronic information technology and rising material safety needs, the creation of composite materials that perform both electromagnetic microwave absorption (EMA) and flame retardancy has arisen as a materials science research hotspot. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for developing novel multifunctional composite materials due to their unique structural characteristics and customizable functions. This work presents a comprehensive assessment of the most recent research findings on MOF-based EMA-flame retardant dual-functional composites. The fundamental mechanisms of EMA and flame retardancy are covered, including dielectric loss, magnetic loss, and both condensed-phase and gas-phase flame retardancy mechanisms. The development of composites based on Fe-MOF, Co-MOF, Ni-MOF, and polymetallic MOF in terms of EMA and flame retardancy is highlighted. These materials offer exceptional EMA performance and strong flame retardancy effects thanks to their unique structural designs and component regulations. In addition, some materials have great infrared stealth, thermal insulation, hydrophobic, and mechanical qualities. Ultimately, the problems of MOF-based dual-functional composites and their development possibilities are reviewed, giving valuable references for the development of new multifunctional composite materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

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21 pages, 3074 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Phase Change Characteristics of Hybrid Nanocomposites for Latent Heat Thermal Energy Storage

by Jidhesh Perumalsamy, Swami B. M. Punniakodi, Chandrasekaran Selvam and Ramalingam Senthil

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030120 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 1132

Abstract

Thermal energy storage systems store intermittent solar energy to supply heat during non-solar hours. However, they often exhibit poor thermal conductivity, hindering efficient energy storage and release. The purpose of this study is to enhance the phase change characteristics of a paraffin wax-based [...] Read more.

Thermal energy storage systems store intermittent solar energy to supply heat during non-solar hours. However, they often exhibit poor thermal conductivity, hindering efficient energy storage and release. The purpose of this study is to enhance the phase change characteristics of a paraffin wax-based latent heat energy storage system using a hybrid nanocomposite while increasing its thermal conductivity. Present heat storage systems integrate nanomaterials into a phase change material (paraffin wax) for faster energy storage and release in the form of heat. Steatite and copper oxide are chosen as nanomaterial additives in this experimental investigation. The charging and discharging characteristics of latent heat energy storage systems are studied using four different cases involving pure paraffin wax (case 1), paraffin wax with 10 wt% steatite (case 2), paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3), and 5 wt% steatite with 5 wt% copper oxide (case 4). The charging and discharging rates were studied. The solidification rate of the nanocomposite improved with the addition of nanomaterials. The paraffin wax with 10 wt% copper oxide (case 3) outperformed the other cases, showing the best heat transfer ability and achieving an overall fusion time of 90 min. Case 3 was found to be the most thermally effective among the other cases. A significant finding of this study is the enhanced thermal performance of paraffin wax-based LHS systems using CuO and steatite nanocomposites, which hold great potential for practical applications. These include solar thermal systems, where efficient energy storage is critical, and industrial heat recovery systems, where optimizing heat transfer and storage can significantly improve energy utilization and sustainability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Energy Management, Storage or Transportation)

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18 pages, 6652 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tensile Strength Predictive Modeling of Natural-Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Aggregate Concrete Using Explainable Gradient Boosting Models

by Celal Cakiroglu, Farnaz Ahadian, Gebrail Bekdaş and Zong Woo Geem

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030119 - 4 Mar 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 528

Abstract

Natural fiber composites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their environmental benefits and unique mechanical properties. These materials combine natural fibers with polymer matrices to create sustainable alternatives to traditional synthetic composites. In addition to natural fiber reinforcement, the usage [...] Read more.

Natural fiber composites have gained significant attention in recent years due to their environmental benefits and unique mechanical properties. These materials combine natural fibers with polymer matrices to create sustainable alternatives to traditional synthetic composites. In addition to natural fiber reinforcement, the usage of recycled aggregates in concrete has been proposed as a remedy to combat the rapidly increasing amount of construction and demolition waste in recent years. However, the accurate prediction of the structural performance metrics, such as tensile strength, remains a challenge for concrete composites reinforced with natural fibers and containing recycled aggregates. This study aims to develop predictive models of natural-fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete based on experimental results collected from the literature. The models have been trained on a dataset consisting of 482 data points. Each data point consists of the amounts of cement, fine and coarse aggregate, water-to-binder ratio, percentages of recycled coarse aggregate and natural fiber, and the fiber length. The output feature of the dataset is the splitting tensile strength of the concrete. Extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM) and extra trees regressor models were trained to predict the tensile strength of the specimens. For optimum performance, the hyperparameters of these models were optimized using the blended search strategy (BlendSearch) and cost-related frugal optimization (CFO). The tensile strength could be predicted with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.95 by the XGBoost model. To make the predictive models accessible, an online graphical user interface was also made available on the Streamlit platform. A feature importance analysis was carried out using the Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Editorial Board Members’ Collection Series: Modeling and Simulation of Composite Materials)

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16 pages, 4374 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Short Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites Blades for Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines: Mechanical Strength and Energy Efficiency of Fused Filament Fabrication-Printed Blades

by Lotfi Ben Said, Sarhan Karray, Wissem Zghal, Hamdi Hentati, Badreddine Ayadi, Alaa Chabir and Muapper Alhadri

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030118 - 4 Mar 2025

Viewed by 655

Abstract

The use of 3D printing is expanding in manufacturing wind turbine blades for renewable energy. This study examines the relationship between geometric parameters, mechanical strength, and aerodynamic performance in blades made from short carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (SCFR-PLA) composites. To achieve this, it includes [...] Read more.

The use of 3D printing is expanding in manufacturing wind turbine blades for renewable energy. This study examines the relationship between geometric parameters, mechanical strength, and aerodynamic performance in blades made from short carbon fiber-reinforced PLA (SCFR-PLA) composites. To achieve this, it includes a comparative evaluation of innovative blade designs and materials, aiming to enhance both the energy efficiency and mechanical durability of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). The numerical model of the wind turbine blade is validated against experimental results, which employed a NACA geometry and ABS polymer. Building upon this validation, a design of experiments (DOE) analysis is employed to explore the influence of fused filament fabrication (FFF) parameters on the mechanical properties of SCFR-PLA composites. A novel blade design, referred to as HAWTSav, is numerically evaluated using 3D-printed SCFR-PLA composites. Numerical simulations are conducted to evaluate the energy efficiency and structural integrity of the HAWTSav blade. A comparative analysis is then performed, contrasting the performance of the conventional NACA blade in ABS with the HAWTSav blade in SCFR-PLA composites. The findings highlight the potential of SCFR-PLA composites in the development of efficient and durable wind turbine blades, highlighting their applicability, particularly in small-scale wind energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Composite Materials in Additive Manufacturing)

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18 pages, 5665 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal Properties of MWCNT-rGO-MgO-Incorporated Alkali-Activated Engineered Composites

by Mohammad A. Hossain and Khandaker M. A. Hossain

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030117 - 3 Mar 2025

Viewed by 841

Abstract

This study evaluates the influence of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) on the thermal conductivity of alkali-activated engineered composites (AAECs). Thirty-two ambient-cured AAECs consisting of two types of powdered-form reagents/activators (type 1—calcium hydroxide: sodium meta silicate [...] Read more.

This study evaluates the influence of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and magnesium oxide (MgO) on the thermal conductivity of alkali-activated engineered composites (AAECs). Thirty-two ambient-cured AAECs consisting of two types of powdered-form reagents/activators (type 1—calcium hydroxide: sodium meta silicate = 1:2.5; type 2—calcium hydroxide: sodium sulfate 2.5:1), two dosages of MgO (0 and 0.5%) of MgO, three percentages (0, 0.3%, and 0.6%) of MWCNTs/rGO, and binary (45% ground granulated blast furnace slag ‘GGBFS’ and 55% Class C fly ash ‘FA-C’) and ternary combinations (40% GGBFS, 25% FA-C and 35% class F fly ash ‘FA-F’) of industrial-waste-based source materials, silica sand, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber were developed using the ‘one-part dry mix’ technique. Problems associated with the dispersion and agglomeration of nanomaterials during production were avoided through the use of defined ultra-sonication with a high-shear mixing protocol. The impact of the combination of source materials, activators, and MgO/MWCNT/rGO dosages and their combinations on the thermal properties of AAECs is evaluated and discussed based on temperature–time history and thermal conductivity/diffusivity properties along with micro-structural characteristics. It was found that the change in temperature of the AAECs decreased during testing with the addition of MWCNTs/rGO/MgO. The thermal conductivity and diffusivity of AAECs increased with the increase in MWCNT/rGO/MgO contents due to the formation of additional crystalline reaction products, improved matrix connectivity, and high conductivity of nanomaterials. MWCNT AAECs showed the highest thermal conductivity of 0.91–1.26 W/mK with 49% enhancement compared to control AAECs followed by rGO AAECs. The study confirmed the viability of producing MgO/MWCNT/rGO-incorporated AAECs with enhanced thermal properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Progress in Hybrid Composites)

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10 pages, 3942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Feasible Single-Solvent Nucleation and Growth Protocol for the Well-Defined Organization of Simple Porphyrins on Different Glass Composites

by Emmanouil Nikoloudakis, Ioannis Konidakis and Emmanuel Stratakis

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030116 - 1 Mar 2025

Viewed by 475

Abstract

Herein we report the nucleation and growth of porphyrin molecular chromophores using a single-solvent deposition protocol. Various glass substrates were investigated, aiming to investigate their impact on the organization of tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPP) towards well-defined architectures. A variety of aggregation morphologies were obtained upon [...] Read more.

Herein we report the nucleation and growth of porphyrin molecular chromophores using a single-solvent deposition protocol. Various glass substrates were investigated, aiming to investigate their impact on the organization of tetraphenyl-porphyrin (TPP) towards well-defined architectures. A variety of aggregation morphologies were obtained upon optimizing several parameters, including the solvent and the temperature of evaporation. This work demonstrates for the first time that single-solvent evaporation results in nanostructures, avoiding the necessity of mixed-solvent reprecipitation. Additionally, we showed that simple symmetrical porphyrins do not need the presence of self-assembling peptides, ions or amphiphiles to induce the capability of forming well-defined structures. The results presented herein open new avenues for the development of complex and highly ordered architectures from simple building blocks towards advanced materials with tailored properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2024)

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14 pages, 2829 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Eco-Friendly Rubber: Utilizing Paper Waste-Derived Calcium Carbonate to Replace Carbon Black in Natural Rubber Composites

by Colin Schouw, Pilar Bernal-Ortega, Rafal Anyszka, Anton Bijl, Eyerusalem Gucho and Anke Blume

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030115 - 27 Feb 2025

Viewed by 358

Abstract

The growing concerns for the environmental impact of resource depletion and carbon emissions has led to the current study of using novel, sustainable materials in natural rubber compounds. The principal goal of this study was to reduce the usage of the non-renewable filler [...] Read more.

The growing concerns for the environmental impact of resource depletion and carbon emissions has led to the current study of using novel, sustainable materials in natural rubber compounds. The principal goal of this study was to reduce the usage of the non-renewable filler carbon black (CB). For this purpose, two waste-derived calcium carbonates were introduced in natural rubber compounds as a partial replacement for CB. To enhance their performance, the compounds were modified using alpha-lipoic acid and a titanate as in situ coupling agents. The effect of these renewable fillers and coupling agents on the in-rubber properties was analyzed using various characterization methods. Remarkably, by replacing 10 phr of carbon black with a calcium carbonate filler and introducing the alpha-lipoic acid coupling agent, a compound was obtained with performance levels similar to the CB-filled reference compound. These findings contribute valuable insights into the replacement of carbon black with renewable calcium carbonate fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue From Waste to Advance Composite Materials, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 18343 KiB

Open AccessReview

Sustainable Cooling, Layer by Layer, Shaping Magnetic Regenerators via Additive Manufacturing

by Vaibhav Sharma, Krishbold Bhandari and Radhika Barua

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(3), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030114 - 27 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 468

Abstract

Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing magnetic heat pumping technology by enabling the design and production of highly optimized, customizable components that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate innovation in thermal management systems. This review highlights recent advances in AM for magnetocaloric materials, emphasizing [...] Read more.

Additive manufacturing (AM) is revolutionizing magnetic heat pumping technology by enabling the design and production of highly optimized, customizable components that enhance efficiency, reduce costs, and accelerate innovation in thermal management systems. This review highlights recent advances in AM for magnetocaloric materials, emphasizing its role in fabricating heat exchange structures with complex geometries and unique microstructures to enhance thermal and magnetic performance. Key AM techniques, including material extrusion, binder jetting, laser powder bed fusion, and directed energy deposition, are compared, with an in-depth discussion of critical challenges such as achieving precise material composition, controlling porosity, and maintaining phase stability. Finally, the review offers guidelines for future research to overcome these challenges. These innovations are essential for transitioning from laboratory demonstrations to real-world applications, paving the way for sustainable cooling solutions that could replace traditional gas compression systems on an industrial scale. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing of Composites)

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