Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation of the Three-Layered CLT Panels
2.3. Experimental Testing
2.3.1. Bending Test
2.3.2. Rolling Shear (RS) Test
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Theoretical Calculation
2.6. Finite Element Modelling
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bending Characteristics
3.2. Rolling Shear Test
3.3. Failure Modes in Bending and Rolling Shear
3.4. Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Data
4. Conclusions
- ◾
- The hybrid CLT, involving high-density outer maple layers and a poplar core layer, resulted in significant increases in Emg, fm, and fr by 74%, 37%, and 48%, respectively, compared to homogeneous poplar CLT. Additionally, the hybrid CLT also demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional spruce CLT, as well as red maple and birch CLT, in terms of rolling shear strength. The inclusion of maple lamellas in the outer layers of hybrid CLT enhanced its load-carrying capacity during bending tests.
- ◾
- The homogenous poplar CLT exhibited Emg, fm, and fr values nearly equivalent to or better than those of spruce CLT, thereby indicating its potential application in load-bearing structures and as a viable alternative for CLT production. The production of CLT presents a promising opportunity for the value-added utilization of poplar.
- ◾
- Both the adhesive type and wood species had a significant impact on the bending strength (fm), global bending modulus (Emg), and rolling shear strength (fr) independently; however, their interaction effect was not found to be significant.
- ◾
- 1C-PUR adhesive outperformed the ME in terms of global bending modulus, bending strength, and rolling shear strength.
- ◾
- For homogeneous poplar and spruce CLT, a 19% variation in bending stiffness was observed between the theoretical and experimental values, whereas a 12% variation was noted for hybrid CLT, with the modified gamma approach yielding the most accurate results. Furthermore, the theoretical approaches indicated a 6.5% reduction in rolling shear strength and a 4.5% overestimation of bending strength, with the shear analogy yielding the most precise result.
- ◾
- The bending stiffness of hybrid CLT, as per FEM, was approximately 11% lower than the experimental values, whereas, for both poplar and spruce CLT, the difference was between 6–8%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wood Species | Mean Density | Mean Moisture Content | Mean MOE |
---|---|---|---|
Poplar | 398 ± 46 | 11.9 ± 0.6 | 8900 ± 849 |
Spruce | 423 ± 36 | 11.7 ± 0.7 | 9800 ± 942 |
Maple | 653 ± 76 | 12.3 ± 0.5 | 13,810 ± 1142 |
Wood | EL (N/mm2) | ER | ET | vLR (-) | vLT (-) | vRT (-) | GLR (N/mm2) | GLT | GRT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Poplar | 8900 | 739 | 418 | 0.344 | 0.42 | 0.875 | 676 | 463 | 134 |
Spruce | 9800 | 1080 | 578 | 0.422 | 0.462 | 0.530 | 950 | 900 | 98 |
Maple | 13,810 | 1311 | 678 | 0.46 | 0.50 | 0.82 | 1013 | 753 | 255 |
Effect | Value | F | df | Error | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 0.000547 | 48,435.53 | 2 | 53 | 0.000000 |
Species | 0.008594 | 259.36 | 4 | 106 | 0.000000 |
Adhesive | 0.888103 | 3.34 | 2 | 53 | 0.043080 |
Species×Adhesive | 0.991690 | 0.11 | 4 | 106 | 0.978501 |
Species | Adhesive | Emg | fm | fr |
---|---|---|---|---|
Poplar | MF | 7802 a | 29.97 a | 2.17 a |
1C-PUR | 7950 ab | 31.10 ab | 2.12 a | |
Spruce | MF | 8152 bc | 31.63 ab | 2.00 b |
1C-PUR | 8338 c | 32.00 b | 1.88 c | |
Hybrid | MF | 13,276 d | 44.33 c | 3.17 d |
1C-PUR | 13,426 d | 44.77 c | 3.08 e |
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Das, S.; Gašparík, M.; Sethy, A.K.; Niemz, P.; Mahapatra, M.; Lagaňa, R.; Langová, N.; Kytka, T. Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT). J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9, 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134
Das S, Gašparík M, Sethy AK, Niemz P, Mahapatra M, Lagaňa R, Langová N, Kytka T. Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT). Journal of Composites Science. 2025; 9(3):134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134
Chicago/Turabian StyleDas, Sumanta, Miroslav Gašparík, Anil Kumar Sethy, Peter Niemz, Manaswini Mahapatra, Rastislav Lagaňa, Nadežda Langová, and Tomáš Kytka. 2025. "Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT)" Journal of Composites Science 9, no. 3: 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134
APA StyleDas, S., Gašparík, M., Sethy, A. K., Niemz, P., Mahapatra, M., Lagaňa, R., Langová, N., & Kytka, T. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Bending and Rolling Shear Performance of Poplar and Hybrid Maple–Poplar Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT). Journal of Composites Science, 9(3), 134. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9030134