Journal of Composites Science

21 pages, 4373 KB

Open AccessArticle

Functionalization of BaTiO₃ Nanoparticles to Optimize the Dielectric Performance of Electroactive Polymer Nanocomposites Based on PDMS Matrix

by Nico Zamperlin, Alain Sylvestre, Alessandro Pegoretti, Marco Fontana and Sandra Dirè

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010058 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 192

Abstract

The growing demand for portable and wireless electronic devices, along with the necessity to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources, has driven the need for energy harvesting materials. Nanocomposites, combining a polymeric matrix and a high-performance dielectric ceramic phase, are a promising solution. [...] Read more.

The growing demand for portable and wireless electronic devices, along with the necessity to reduce reliance on non-renewable energy sources, has driven the need for energy harvesting materials. Nanocomposites, combining a polymeric matrix and a high-performance dielectric ceramic phase, are a promising solution. In such systems, the design of a hybrid matrix–filler interface is critical for achieving desired properties. Here, nanocomposites (NCs) were prepared by adding various amounts of hydrothermally synthesized BaTiO₃ (BT) nanoparticles (NPs) to polydimethysiloxane (PDMS). To investigate hybrid interfaces, NPs were used either bare or surface-functionalized with two silanes, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) or 2-[acetoxy(polyethyleneoxy)propyl]triethoxysilane (APEOPTES). NC films (80–100 μm thick) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Dielectric properties and breakdown strength (E_BD) were measured, and the theoretical volumetric energy density was calculated as a function of the filler loading and functionalization. The results demonstrate that hybrid interface design is pivotal for enhancing dielectric performance in NCs. APEOPTES-functionalized NPs significantly improved the dielectric response at a low filler loading (3.5%vol.), increasing permittivity from 2.8 to 7.5, E_BD from 33.8 to 42.1 kV/mm and energy density from 30 to >100 mJ/cm³. These findings underscore that designing hybrid interfaces through NP functionalization provides an effective strategy to achieve superior dielectric performance in PDMS-based NCs, retaining the advantages of the elastomeric matrix by reducing the amount of ceramic fillers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 4383 KB

Open AccessArticle

In Situ Electrosynthesis of Hyaluronic Acid Doped Polypyrrole on Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Nanofibers as a Cellular Scaffold

by R. Lizbeth Quiroz-Oregón, Alejandra Pérez-Nava, Carla García-Morales, Karla Juarez-Moreno, Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe, Lourdes Mónica Bravo-Anaya, José María Ponce-Ortega, César Ramírez-Márquez and J. Betzabe González-Campos

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010057 - 21 Jan 2026

Viewed by 442

Abstract

Conductive polymers (CPs), such as polypyrrole (PPy), have shown promising properties for use as electro-responsive bioactive scaffolds for tissue regeneration. PPy can be synthesized by chemical electrosynthesis and doped with biomolecules such as hyaluronic acid (HA). Taking advantage of the electrochemical synthesis versatility, [...] Read more.

Conductive polymers (CPs), such as polypyrrole (PPy), have shown promising properties for use as electro-responsive bioactive scaffolds for tissue regeneration. PPy can be synthesized by chemical electrosynthesis and doped with biomolecules such as hyaluronic acid (HA). Taking advantage of the electrochemical synthesis versatility, nanofibers for surface-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes can be used as templates to produce tridimensional HA-doped PPy scaffolds. In this study, polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan (PVA/CTS) electrospun nanofibers deposited on ITO electrodes were used as a 3D template for the in situ electrosynthesis of HA-doped PPy to produce a bioactive scaffold for tissue engineering. The final material gathers the advantages of each biopolymer, the porous morphology of the nanofiber, and the conductivity of the electrosynthetized polymer. Furthermore, the biological activity of the NF-PVA/CTS@PPy:HA composite was evaluated in NIH-3T3 fibroblasts by MTT, resulting in a cell viability of 146 ± 40% and wound-healing capacity of 97 ± 1.9% at 24 h of culture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

29 pages, 5907 KB

Open AccessArticle

Electrical Percolation and Piezoresistive Response of Vulcanized Natural Rubber/MWCNT Nanocomposites

by Diego Silva Melo, Nuelson Carlitos Gomes, Jeferson Shiguemi Mukuno, Carlos Toshiyuki Hiranobe, José Antônio Malmonge, Renivaldo José dos Santos, Alex Otávio Sanches, Vinicius Dias Silva, Leandro Ferreira Pinto and Michael Jones Silva

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010056 - 20 Jan 2026

Viewed by 217

Abstract

A flexible piezoresistive material based on vulcanized natural rubber (VNR) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was developed and systematically investigated for strain sensing applications. The nanocomposites were prepared by melting and vulcanizing MWCNT, while keeping the rubber composition constant to isolate the effect [...] Read more.

A flexible piezoresistive material based on vulcanized natural rubber (VNR) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was developed and systematically investigated for strain sensing applications. The nanocomposites were prepared by melting and vulcanizing MWCNT, while keeping the rubber composition constant to isolate the effect of the conductive nanofiller. By scanning electron microscopy, morphological analyses indicated that MWCNTs were dispersed throughout the rubber matrix, with localized agglomerations becoming more evident at higher loadings. In mechanical tests, MWCNT incorporation increases the tensile strength of VNR, increasing the stress at break from 8.84 MPa for neat VNR to approximately 10.5 MPa at low MWCNT loadings. According to the electrical characterization, VNR-MWCNT nanocomposite exhibits a strong insulator–conductor transition, with the electrical percolation threshold occurring between 2 and 4 phr. The dc electrical conductivity increased sharply from values on the order of 10⁻¹⁴ S·m⁻¹ for neat VNR to approximately 10⁻³ S·m⁻¹ for nanocomposites containing 7 phr of MWCNT. Impedance spectroscopy revealed frequency-independent conductivity plateaus above the percolation threshold, indicating continuous conductive pathways, while dielectric analysis revealed strong interfacial polarization effects at the MWCNT–VNR interfaces. The piezoresistive response of samples containing MWCNT exhibited a stable, reversible, and nearly linear response under cyclic tensile deformation (10% strain). VNR/MWCNT nanocomposites demonstrate mechanical compliance and tunable electrical sensitivity, making them promising candidates for flexible and low-cost piezoresistive sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials from Natural and Synthetic Sources: Fabrication, Characterization and Practical Application, 3rd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 4177 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inline Profiling of Reactive Thermoplastic Pultruded GFRP Rebars: A Study on the Influencing Factors

by Moritz Fünkner, Georg Zeeb, Michael Wilhelm, Peter Eyerer and Frank Henning

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 55; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010055 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 202

Abstract

Compared to reinforcing concrete with steel bars, rebars—made of fiber-reinforced plastic—have a high potential for resource savings in the construction industry due to their corrosion resistance. For the large-volume market of reinforcement elements, efficient manufacturing processes must be developed to ensure the best [...] Read more.

Compared to reinforcing concrete with steel bars, rebars—made of fiber-reinforced plastic—have a high potential for resource savings in the construction industry due to their corrosion resistance. For the large-volume market of reinforcement elements, efficient manufacturing processes must be developed to ensure the best possible bond behavior between concrete and rebar. In contrast to established FRP-rebars made with thermosetting materials, the use of a thermoplastic matrix enables surface profiling without severing the edge fibers as well as subsequent bending of the bar. The rebars to be produced in this study are based on the process of reactive thermoplastic pultrusion of continuously glass fiber reinforced aPA6. Their surface must enable a mechanical interlocking between the reinforcement bar and concrete. Concepts for a profiling device have been methodically developed and evaluated. The resulting concept of a double wheel embossing unit with a variable infeed and an infrared preheating section is built as a prototype, implemented in a pultrusion line, and further optimized. For a comprehensive understanding of the embossing process, reinforcement bars are manufactured, characterized, and evaluated under parameter variation according to a statistical experimental plan. The present study demonstrates the relationship between the infeed, preheating temperature, and haul-off speed with respect to the embossing depth, which is equivalent to the rib height. No degradation of the Young’s modulus was observed as a result of the profiling process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 10702 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Load-Bearing Performance of Segmental Prestressed Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Chords in Lattice Wind Turbine Towers

by Jiawei Zhang, Junlin Li, Dongliang Zhang, Hao Wen, Yuhang Wang, Kun Fu and Cirong Huang

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 54; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010054 - 19 Jan 2026

Viewed by 208

Abstract

To address the combined demands of lightweighting, modular construction, and durability in ultra-tall wind-turbine towers, a segmental prestressed concrete-filled steel-tube (PCFST) chord for lattice towers is investigated in this study. A finite-element approach is validated against published tests on CFST columns, showing close [...] Read more.

To address the combined demands of lightweighting, modular construction, and durability in ultra-tall wind-turbine towers, a segmental prestressed concrete-filled steel-tube (PCFST) chord for lattice towers is investigated in this study. A finite-element approach is validated against published tests on CFST columns, showing close agreement in load–displacement response and failure modes. Based on this validation, a finite-element model of the segmental PCFST chord is developed to clarify load-bearing mechanisms and parameters under axial compression and tension. The results show that, in compression, the concrete core governs the response; after steel yielding, the tube undergoes multiaxial stress redistribution—rising hoop stress and falling axial stress—consistent with von Mises yielding and dilation of confined concrete. In tension, load sharing is dominated by the steel tube and tendons, with limited concrete contribution. Parametric analyses indicate that end stiffeners markedly improve tensile behavior: with eight stiffeners, initial stiffness and peak tensile load increase by 1.8 times and 1.3 times relative to no stiffener, while effects in compression are minor. Increasing initial prestress improves tensile performance but shows diminishing returns beyond a moderate level and reduces compressive yield capacity. Increasing flange thickness enhances tensile performance with negligible compressive effect, whereas greater tube thickness increases both capacities and the initial stiffness. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 5374 KB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Recycled Rubber Mesh Size and Volume Fraction on Dynamic Mechanical and Fracture Characteristics of Polyester/Fiberglass Composites

by Essam B. Moustafa, Ghassan Mousa, Ahmed S. Abdel-Wanees, Tamer S. Mahmoud and Ahmed O. Mosleh

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010053 - 17 Jan 2026

Viewed by 211

Abstract

This work examines the impact of integrating recycled rubber particles on the dynamic mechanical properties of polyester/fiberglass (P/F) composites. Rubber particles of several mesh sizes (M20 and M40) and volume fractions (10%, 20%, and 30%) were included in the P/F composite. The findings [...] Read more.

This work examines the impact of integrating recycled rubber particles on the dynamic mechanical properties of polyester/fiberglass (P/F) composites. Rubber particles of several mesh sizes (M20 and M40) and volume fractions (10%, 20%, and 30%) were included in the P/F composite. The findings indicate that increasing rubber content reduces density and affects the tensile strength and fracture characteristics of the composites. Rubber often decreases stiffness while potentially enhancing damping, contingent on its interaction with the polyester matrix. The P/F/M40_20% composite demonstrates significant stiffness and moderate damping, indicating a distinctive reinforcing mechanism. The relationship between rubber tensile strength and fractured behavior is complex. M40 composites weaken at 30% owing to debonding, but M20 composites only slightly decrease in strength at 20% rubber. Interestingly, M20_30% has increased strength due to rubber–fracture interactions. Fiberglass reinforcement stiffens the material but reduces vibration absorption. Rubber enhances flexibility and may attenuate vibrations. A weighted scoring method determines that the P/F/M20_20% rubber composite is the most advantageous for attaining equilibrium of toughness, strength, and damping characteristics. This work elucidates how to optimize the performance of P/F composites by modifying the properties of rubber particles for targeted applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Recycling Methods or Reuse of Composite Materials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

33 pages, 5097 KB

Open AccessArticle

Upcycling Pultruded Polyester–Glass Thermoset Scraps into Polyolefin Composites: A Comparative Structure–Property Insights

by Hasan Kasim, Yongzhe Yan, Haibin Ning and Selvum Brian Pillay

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010052 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 488

Abstract

This study investigates the reuse of mechanically recycled polyester–glass thermoset scraps (PS) as fillers in LDPE and HDPE matrices at 10–50 wt.% loading. Composites were produced through mechanical size reduction, single-screw extrusion, and compression molding without compatibilizers, and their mechanical and microstructural properties [...] Read more.

This study investigates the reuse of mechanically recycled polyester–glass thermoset scraps (PS) as fillers in LDPE and HDPE matrices at 10–50 wt.% loading. Composites were produced through mechanical size reduction, single-screw extrusion, and compression molding without compatibilizers, and their mechanical and microstructural properties were systematically evaluated. LDPE composites exhibited a notable stiffness increase, with tensile modulus rising from 318.8 MPa (neat) to 1245.6 MPA (+291%) and tensile strength improving from 9.50 to 11.45 MPa (+20.5%). Flexural performance showed even stronger reinforcement: flexural modulus increased from 0.40 to 3.00 GPa (+650%) and flexural strength from 14.5 to 35.6 MPa (+145%). HDPE composites displayed similar behavior, with flexural modulus increasing from 1.2 to 3.1 GPa (+158%) and strength from 34.1 to 45.5 MPa (+33%). Surface-treated fillers provided additional stiffness gains (+36% in sPL4; +33% in sPH3). Impact strength decreased with loading (LDPE: −51%, HDPE: −61%), though surface treatment partially mitigated this (+14–19% in LDPE; +13% in HDPE). Density increased proportionally (PL: 0.95 → 1.20 g/cm³, PH: 0.99 → 1.23 g/cm³), while moisture uptake remained low (≤0.25%). Optical and SEM analyses indicated increasingly interconnected fiber networks at high loadings, driving stiffness and fracture behavior. Overall, PS-filled polyolefins offer a scalable route for converting thermoset waste into functional semi-structural materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Composite Materials: Design, Implementation and Characterization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

48 pages, 31780 KB

Open AccessReview

High-Temperature Oxidation-Resistant Composite Coatings for Extreme Environments: Material Systems, Design Strategies, Preparation Technologies, Performance Characterizations, and Research Challenges

by Yan-Long Yang, Shu-Qi Wang, Yong-Chun Zou, Lei Wen, Lei Huang, Guo-Liang Chen, Jia-Qi Zhu, Zhi-Yun Ye, En-Yu Xie, Qing-Yuan Zhao, Ya-Ming Wang, Jia-Hu Ouyang and Yu Zhou

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 51; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010051 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 245

Abstract

With the development of aerospace, energy and power, nuclear energy, and chemical industries, hot-end components of various key equipment are gradually facing more severe high-temperature challenges. The high-temperature oxidation failure of key thermal structural materials in hot-end components has become a critical bottleneck [...] Read more.

With the development of aerospace, energy and power, nuclear energy, and chemical industries, hot-end components of various key equipment are gradually facing more severe high-temperature challenges. The high-temperature oxidation failure of key thermal structural materials in hot-end components has become a critical bottleneck restricting their service life. Consequently, there is an urgent need for oxidation protection of these components. Oxidation-resistant composite coatings are widely recognized as one of the most effective approaches to mitigating high-temperature oxidation. This review initially outlines the characteristics and anti-oxidation mechanisms of various coating materials, followed by an in-depth examination of the impact of structural modifications such as multi-layer/gradient design, diffusion barriers, and self-healing structures on the anti-oxidation efficacy of coatings. Furthermore, it discusses the fundamental principles and key features of advanced coating fabrication techniques, as well as summarizes the methods for characterizing the performance of anti-oxidation composite coatings under real operating conditions. Lastly, the review analyzes the current limitations and challenges facing anti-oxidation coatings in practical applications and provides insights into future development prospects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 2034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhanced Dielectric and Microwave-Absorbing Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) Composites via Ionic Liquid-Assisted Dispersion of GNP/CNT Hybrid Fillers

by Ruan R. Henriques, André Schettini and Bluma G. Soares

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010050 - 16 Jan 2026

Viewed by 264

Abstract

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanocomposites containing a mixture of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and carbon nanotube (CNT) as hybrid fillers were prepared using a solution-assisted sonication process followed by melt processing. The effects of the filler dispersion on dielectric properties and microwave absorbing (MWA) performance [...] Read more.

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-based nanocomposites containing a mixture of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) and carbon nanotube (CNT) as hybrid fillers were prepared using a solution-assisted sonication process followed by melt processing. The effects of the filler dispersion on dielectric properties and microwave absorbing (MWA) performance were systematically investigated. Two ionic liquids (ILs), trihexyl-(tetra-decyl)phosphonium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (IL1) and 11-carboxyundecyl-triphenylphosphonium bromide (IL2), were employed as dispersing agents for the carbonaceous fillers. Incorporation of IL-treated fillers resulted in enhanced dielectric permittivity and improved MWA performance of the PLA composites. The MWA properties were evaluated in X- band and Ku-band. A minimum reflection loss (RL) of −34 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 2.1 GHz were achieved for the composite containing GNP/CNT/IL2 (HB3) at a weight ratio of 2.5:0.5:0.5 wt% with one 3 mm thick layer. The superior performance of IL2 is attributed to π-π and π-cation interactions between its phenyl-containing cation and the carbonaceous fillers, as well as improved compatibility with the PLA matrix due to carboxyl groups. Additionally, three-layered composite structures, combining PLA/GNP as the outer layer with IL-assisted hybrid fillers in the core and PLA/CNT at the bottom layer, achieved an extended EAB of 4.5 GHz for GNP/HB2/CNT arrangement and 4.35 GHz for the GNP/HB3/CNT arrangement, driven by enhanced scattering and internal reflection of microwaves. These results demonstrate the potential of IL-assisted hybrid filler dispersion in PLA for developing biodegradable materials with multifunctional applications as charge storage capacitors and microwave absorbing materials for sustainable electronics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 3786 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Behavior of CFRP Laminates Manufactured from Plasma-Assisted Solvolysis Recycled Carbon Fibers

by Ilektra Tourkantoni, Konstantinos Tserpes, Dimitrios Marinis, Ergina Farsari, Eleftherios Amanatides, Nikolaos Koutroumanis and Panagiotis Nektarios Pappas

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010049 - 14 Jan 2026

Viewed by 249

Abstract

The mechanical behavior of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates manufactured using plasma-assisted solvolysis recycled fibers was evaluated experimentally through a comprehensive mechanical testing campaign. The plasma-assisted solvolysis parameters were selected based on an earlier sensitivity analysis. Prepregs made from both virgin and recycled carbon [...] Read more.

The mechanical behavior of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates manufactured using plasma-assisted solvolysis recycled fibers was evaluated experimentally through a comprehensive mechanical testing campaign. The plasma-assisted solvolysis parameters were selected based on an earlier sensitivity analysis. Prepregs made from both virgin and recycled carbon fibers were fabricated via a hand lay-up process and manually stacked to produce unidirectional laminates. Longitudinal tension tests, longitudinal compression tests, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) tests were performed to assess the fundamental mechanical response of the recycled laminates and quantify the retention of mechanical properties relative to the virgin-reference material. Prior to mechanical testing, all laminates underwent ultrasonic C-scan inspection to assess manufacturing quality. While both laminate types exhibited generally satisfactory quality, the recycled-fiber laminates showed a higher density of defects. The recycled laminates preserved around 80% of their original tensile strength and maintained an essentially unchanged elastic modulus. Compressive strength was more susceptible to imperfections introduced during remanufacturing, with the recycled laminates exhibiting roughly a 14% decrease compared with the virgin material. On the contrary, the compressive modulus was largely retained. The most substantial reduction occurred in ILSS, which dropped by 58%. Overall, the results demonstrate that plasma-assisted solvolysis enables the recovery of carbon fibers suitable for remanufacturing CFRP laminates, while the observed reduction in mechanical properties of recycled CFRPs is mainly attributed to defects in manufacturing quality rather than to intrinsic degradation of the recycled carbon fibers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 1644 KB

Open AccessArticle

Acoustic and Mechanical Performance of Treated Rubber–Concrete Composites for Soundproofing in Wind Power Applications

by Aleksandrs Korjakins, Ivan Samoilenko, Girts Kolendo, Mihails Pavlovs, Diana Bajare, Sakdirat Kaewunruen and Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010048 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 367

Abstract

The current study examines the innovative use of rubber–concrete composites as structural solutions that provide significantly higher noise absorption properties compared to traditional concrete. Focusing on their potential for sound insulation in challenging environments such as wind energy infrastructure, the study examines the [...] Read more.

The current study examines the innovative use of rubber–concrete composites as structural solutions that provide significantly higher noise absorption properties compared to traditional concrete. Focusing on their potential for sound insulation in challenging environments such as wind energy infrastructure, the study examines the effect of varying contents of ground tyre rubber (GTR) content (20%, 40%, and 60% by volume) and acetone treatment duration (0, 1, 6, and 24 h) on the characteristics of the composite. The results demonstrate that these rubber–concrete composites significantly improve both sound absorption and sound insulation. An increase in sound absorption coefficients to approximately 0.18 was observed, representing an average improvement of 43.4% compared to the average coefficient of the reference mixture, 0.043. This improvement is particularly effective in the 100–1250 Hz frequency range and maintains stable properties from 50 to 1600 Hz. Sound transmission losses also showed a clear improvement in the mid-frequency ranges. Despite their excellent acoustic characteristics, these structural composites demonstrate a compromise in mechanical properties. Compressive strength decreased from approximately 43–46 MPa (control) to 25–38 MPa at 60% rubber content after 28 days, representing a 40–46% reduction. The reduction in flexural strength was even more pronounced, decreasing by approximately 60% at a rubber content of 35%. However, treatment of GTR with acetone significantly improved interfacial bonding, increasing mechanical integrity at moderate rubber doses (20–40%). The optimal range of rubber content, providing a balance between acoustic benefits and structural integrity, appears to be 15–25%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2288 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of Matrix Shielding in the In Situ Fiber Strength and Progressive Failure of Unidirectional Composites

by Mostafa Barzegar, Jose M. Guerrero, Zahra Tanha, Carlos Gonzalez, Abrar Baluch and Josep Costa

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 47; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010047 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 291

Abstract

While carbon fiber strength is typically characterized through single-fiber tensile tests, these isolated measurements do not account for the local mechanical constraints present within a composite architecture. This study employs a synergistic computational micromechanics approach combining finite element analysis (FEA) and analytical modeling [...] Read more.

While carbon fiber strength is typically characterized through single-fiber tensile tests, these isolated measurements do not account for the local mechanical constraints present within a composite architecture. This study employs a synergistic computational micromechanics approach combining finite element analysis (FEA) and analytical modeling to investigate how the surrounding matrix influences the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) and the apparent ultimate strength of embedded fibers. By calculating the J-integral, we demonstrate that the matrix provides a significant shielding effect, constraining crack opening displacements and substantially reducing the SIF. This mechanism results in a marked increase in in situ fiber tensile strength relative to dry fibers. Incorporating this matrix-adjusted Weibull distribution into a longitudinal failure model significantly improves the prediction of fiber-break density accumulation, showing closer correlation with experimental benchmarks than traditional models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

3 pages, 167 KB

Open AccessEditorial

Editorial for the Special Issue on Sustainable Composite Construction Materials, Volume II

by Krishanu Roy and G. Beulah Gnana Ananthi

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010046 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 189

Abstract

The use of sustainable composite building materials is essential for developing infrastructure that benefits the environment while reducing energy consumption [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Composite Construction Materials, Volume II)

22 pages, 3584 KB

Open AccessArticle

Photocatalytic Performance of the Synergetic Coupling of NiO-MgO Nanostructures on a g-C₃N₄ Composite Towards Methylene Blue Under Visible-Light Irradiation

by Shaojun Hao, Siew Wen Ching, Timm Joyce Tiong, Yeow Hong Yap and Chao-Ming Huang

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010045 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 340

Abstract

In this study, a ternary Ni/Mg/g-C₃N₄ composite was synthesized via a controlled precipitation–calcination route and evaluated for its visible-light-assisted degradation of methylene blue (MB). The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the composites were systematically investigated using XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, [...] Read more.

In this study, a ternary Ni/Mg/g-C₃N₄ composite was synthesized via a controlled precipitation–calcination route and evaluated for its visible-light-assisted degradation of methylene blue (MB). The structural, morphological, and optical characteristics of the composites were systematically investigated using XRD, FT-IR, FESEM, BET, and UV–Vis analyses. The results confirmed the successful construction of Ni/Mg/g-C₃N₄ heterojunctions with strong interfacial coupling and enhanced surface porosity. Among all samples, the Ni/Mg/CN20 composite exhibited the highest activity, achieving 66% MB degradation within 180 min under visible light. This superior performance was attributed to synergistic effects arising from efficient interfacial charge transfer, broadened light absorption, and abundant active sites. The composite also displayed excellent thermal stability. This work demonstrates that the rational control of g-C₃N₄ loading plays a decisive role in tuning the physicochemical and catalytic properties of Ni/Mg/g-C₃N₄ composites. The findings provide new insights into the design of cost-effective, thermally stable, and high-performance photocatalysts for visible-light-driven wastewater treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 8511 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Surface Roughness and Skin–Core Structure of Dry-Jet Wet-Spun T800G Carbon Fiber on the Impact Resistance of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Composites

by Han Wang, Hongfei Zhou, Diyi Hao, Yichuan Zhang and Tiebing Tian

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 44; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010044 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 392

Abstract

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites (CFRCs) are governed by the carbon fibers (CFs) themselves and the fiber–matrix interface (FMI), with the synergy between the two being crucial. This study focused on how microstructural heterogeneity affects the compression after impact (CAI) of [...] Read more.

The mechanical properties of carbon fiber composites (CFRCs) are governed by the carbon fibers (CFs) themselves and the fiber–matrix interface (FMI), with the synergy between the two being crucial. This study focused on how microstructural heterogeneity affects the compression after impact (CAI) of the same epoxy resin (EP) composites. The research was conducted using two variants of dry-jet wet-spun T800G CFs, labeled CF-low and CF-high. The results indicated that while CF-low exhibited a higher number of deep axial grooves and a greater surface micro-zone compressive modulus, their pronounced skin–core structure and the excessively strong interfacial bonding formed by mechanical interlocking aggravated fiber core collapse and stress concentration under mechanical loading. In contrast, the homogeneous structure and moderate interfacial characteristics of CF-high facilitated efficient stress transfer between the CFs and EP. Compared with CF-low composites, CF-high composites exhibited a 9% increase in CAI strength and a 35% reduction in damage area, significantly improving the damage tolerance of the composites. This research underscores that optimizing the synergy between the fiber properties and the interfacial behavior is key to enhancing CFRC performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Carbon Fiber Composites, 4th Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

42 pages, 4878 KB

Open AccessReview

Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene in Polymer Composites for Strain Sensors: Synthesis, Functionalization, and Application

by Aleksei V. Shchegolkov, Alexandr V. Shchegolkov and Vladimir V. Kaminskii

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 43; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010043 - 13 Jan 2026

Viewed by 377

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of modern strategies for the synthesis, functionalization, and application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene for the development of high-performance polymer composites in the field of strain sensing. The paper systematically organizes key synthesis methods for CNTs [...] Read more.

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of modern strategies for the synthesis, functionalization, and application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene for the development of high-performance polymer composites in the field of strain sensing. The paper systematically organizes key synthesis methods for CNTs and graphene (chemical vapor deposition (CVD), such as arc discharge, laser ablation, microwave synthesis, and flame synthesis, as well as approaches to their chemical and physical modification aimed at enhancing dispersion within polymer matrices and strengthening interfacial adhesion. A detailed examination is presented on the structural features of the nanofillers, such as the CNT aspect ratio, graphene oxide modification, and the formation of hybrid 3D networks and processing techniques, which enable the targeted control of the nanocomposite’s electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. Central focus is placed on the fundamental mechanisms of the piezoresistive response, analyzing the role of percolation thresholds, quantum tunneling effects, and the reconfiguration of conductive networks under mechanical load. The review summarizes the latest advancements in flexible and stretchable sensors capable of detecting both micro- and macro-strains for structural health monitoring, highlighting the achieved improvements in sensitivity, operational range, and durability of the composites. Ultimately, this analysis clarifies the interrelationship between nanofiller structure (CNTs and graphene), processing conditions, and sensor functionality, highlighting key avenues for future innovation in smart materials and wearable devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

36 pages, 14691 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Mortars Incorporating Industrial Rolling Mill Residues: Microstructural, Physical, and Chemical Characteristics

by Ana Laura M. Amorim, João Victor B. L. Oliveira, Rebecca Caroline M. Coelho, Bruno S. Teti, Esdras C. Costa, Nathan B. Lima, Kleber G. B. Alves and Nathalia B. D. Lima

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010042 - 12 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 192

Abstract

New alternatives in the construction industry are essential for economic, sustainable, and environmental progress. In this context, this work investigated three sets of sustainable mortars incorporating industrial lamination waste, assessing their chemical, physical, microstructural, and mechanical properties to inform their development. Cylindrical and [...] Read more.

New alternatives in the construction industry are essential for economic, sustainable, and environmental progress. In this context, this work investigated three sets of sustainable mortars incorporating industrial lamination waste, assessing their chemical, physical, microstructural, and mechanical properties to inform their development. Cylindrical and prismatic specimens were produced using the following incorporation methods: a reference mortar, mortars with mill scale addition, partial cement replacement with mill scale, and partial sand replacement with mill scale, at proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Additionally, analyses including X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) were performed. Physical and mechanical tests, including bulk density, consistency index, capillary water absorption, axial compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength, were also conducted. XRF results indicated an increase in iron oxide content and a decrease in calcium oxide with the addition of mill scale. XRD confirmed the presence of compounds, such as alite and portlandite, which are common in cementitious mortars. FTIR spectra exhibited characteristic functional groups through absorption bands related to Si–O stretching. SEM micrographs revealed slight morphological changes in the composites as the quantity of industrial lamination waste increased, and EDS data supported the XRF findings. The addition of industrial lamination waste affected the spread index and density of the mixtures, while capillary water absorption decreased in some formulations with mill scale. The strength of the mortars increased with the incorporation of industrial lamination waste. In conclusion, using industrial lamination waste in mortars is a technically and environmentally feasible alternative that aligns with the principles of sustainable development and the circular economy in the construction industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composite Materials for Civil Engineering Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 18672 KB

Open AccessReview

Biomass Chitosan-Based Composites for Flame Retardancy and Fire Alarm: Advances and Perspectives

by Fangyuan Yang, Chuanghui Chen, Yujie Qi, Guoying Wei, Xiaolu Li and Ye-Tang Pan

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010041 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 305

Abstract

The appeal of chitosan (CS) stems not only from its exceptional char-forming capacity and molecular tailorability as a flame retardant, but also from its intrinsic thermal responsiveness as a potential fire warning, making it a building block of advanced materials for fire management. [...] Read more.

The appeal of chitosan (CS) stems not only from its exceptional char-forming capacity and molecular tailorability as a flame retardant, but also from its intrinsic thermal responsiveness as a potential fire warning, making it a building block of advanced materials for fire management. Herein, this review provides an up-to-date exploration of advancements in CS and its derivative-based multi-functional composites, with a particular focus on the flame-resistant and fire-warning applications. Specifically, these summaries involve various manufactory approaches, the customed flame-retardant regulation (reflected in a higher Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) value, a V-0 rating, and a decreased peak of heat release rate (pHRR)), a corresponding principle of flame retardancy, different fire-warning modulations (lower warning temperatures and shorter response times), an underlying fire-warning mechanism (electrical current change), and challenges and opportunities for further development (the assistance of artificial intelligence (AI), multi-functional integration). We mainly aim to present a comprehensive overview that can offer strong guidance for the construction of a new generation of advanced CS-based materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

16 pages, 3068 KB

Open AccessArticle

Modulating Reactivity and Stability of Graphene Quantum Dots with Boron Dopants for Mercury Ion Interaction: A DFT Perspective

by Joaquín Alejandro Hernández Fernández, Juan Jose Carrascal and Juan Sebastian Gómez Pérez

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 40; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010040 - 12 Jan 2026

Viewed by 274

Abstract

The objective of this study was to use Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to examine how boron doping modulates the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and their interaction with the Hg²⁺ ion. Boron doping decreases the HOMO-LUMO gap and increases [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to use Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to examine how boron doping modulates the electronic properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and their interaction with the Hg²⁺ ion. Boron doping decreases the HOMO-LUMO gap and increases the GQD’s electrophilic character, facilitating charge transfer to the metal ion. The adsorption energy results were negative, indicating electronic stabilization of the combined systems, without implying thermodynamic favorability, with the GQD@3B_Hg²⁺ system being the strongest at −349.52 kcal/mol. The analysis of global parameters (chemical descriptors) and the study of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) supported the affinity of Hg²⁺ for doped surfaces, showing that the presence of a single boron atom contributes to clear attractive interactions. In general, configurations doped with 1 or 2 boron atoms exhibit satisfactory performance, demonstrating that boron doping effectively modulates the reactivity and adsorption properties of GQD for efficient Hg²⁺ capture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 3053 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Clinical Performance and Longevity of Bioactive Composite Resin Restorations

by Ahmed A. Holiel, Mounir M. Al Nakouzi, Rim Bourgi, Carlos Enrique Cuevas-Suárez, Iván Olivares Acosta, Louis Hardan, Naji Kharouf and Youssef Haikel

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010039 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Background: Bioactive composite resins combine the esthetic and mechanical properties of resin composites with therapeutic functions such as ion release, remineralization, and caries inhibition. While in vitro studies suggest promising bioactivity, their clinical performance in permanent teeth remains uncertain. Objective: This systematic review [...] Read more.

Background: Bioactive composite resins combine the esthetic and mechanical properties of resin composites with therapeutic functions such as ion release, remineralization, and caries inhibition. While in vitro studies suggest promising bioactivity, their clinical performance in permanent teeth remains uncertain. Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis critically appraised randomized controlled trials and prospective clinical studies to determine whether bioactive composites offer superior clinical performance compared to conventional resin composites and glass ionomer-based materials. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar) were searched for eligible studies (2018–2025). Clinical outcomes assessed restoration survival, marginal integrity, secondary caries, postoperative sensitivity, and esthetic outcomes (color match). Data were pooled using a random-effects model, and risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane criteria. Results: Twenty-two trials met the inclusion criteria. No significant differences were found between bioactive and control restorations for survival/retention (RD = 0.01; 95% CI, –0.01 to 0.03), marginal adaptation (RD = 0.02; 95% CI, –0.02 to 0.06), secondary caries (RD = 0.01; 95% CI, –0.01 to 0.03), or postoperative sensitivity (RD = 0.01; 95% CI, –0.02 to 0.04), with negligible heterogeneity (I² = 0–4%). For color match, glass ionomer restorations showed significantly poorer outcomes (RD = –0.23; 95% CI, –0.31 to –0.14; p < 0.00001; I² = 98%), while conventional resin composites had a slight but significant advantage over bioactive composites (RD = 0.07; 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.12; p = 0.003; I² = 76%). Most studies presented moderate risk of bias and short-term follow-up (<36 months). Conclusions: Current evidence indicates that bioactive composites perform comparably, but not superior, to conventional restoratives in permanent teeth. The discrepancy between laboratory bioactivity and clinical effectiveness highlights the need for long-term, well-designed clinical trials with standardized outcome reporting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 6378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mycelium-Based Laminated Composites: Investigating the Effect of Fungal Filament Growth Conditions on the Layer Adhesion

by Alexis Boisvert, Marc-Antoine Poulin, Saïd Elkoun, Hubert Cabana, Olivier Robin, Mathieu Robert and Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010038 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 380

Abstract

Mycelium-based composites are self-grown biodegradable materials, made using agricultural residue fibers that are inoculated with fungi mycelium. The mycelium forms an interwoven three-dimensional filamentous network, binding every fiber particle together to create a rigid, lightweight composite material. Although having potential in packaging and [...] Read more.

Mycelium-based composites are self-grown biodegradable materials, made using agricultural residue fibers that are inoculated with fungi mycelium. The mycelium forms an interwoven three-dimensional filamentous network, binding every fiber particle together to create a rigid, lightweight composite material. Although having potential in packaging and in the construction industry, mycelium composites encounter molding limitations due to fiber size and oxygen access which hinder design capabilities and market engagement. To cope with these limitations, this study reports an alternative way to form mycelium composite using cut precultivated mycelium composite panels, laminated to biologically fuse into a unique assembly. By controlling the growth conditions of the mycelium network, it is possible to adjust physical properties such as flexural strength and strain energy density. These mycelium composite panels were fabricated from hemp fibers and Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Seven different growth conditions were tested to increase layer adhesion and create the strongest assembly. Three-point flexural tests were conducted on ten samples extracted from each assembled panel triplicate set. The data collected in this study suggested that cultivating an opaque layer of mycelium on the surface of the panel before stacking can enhance total strain energy density by approximately 60%, compared to a single-layer mycelium composite of identical size. In addition, this eliminates abrupt material failure by dividing failure behavior into multiple distinct stages. Finally, by layering multiple thinner layers, the resulting mycelium composite could contain even higher mycelium proportions exhibiting augmented mechanical properties and higher design precisions opening market possibilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

32 pages, 3720 KB

Open AccessReview

Advances in Composite Materials and String Technologies for Optimised Tennis Equipment Performance

by Andy Danis, Jiemin Zhang and Imrana I. Kabir

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 37; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010037 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 395

Abstract

The evolution of tennis equipment is fundamentally linked to advances in materials science and engineering, which have enabled enhanced player performance through optimised racquet and string designs. This review comprehensively examines the critical role of modern composite materials, manufacturing methods, and string technologies [...] Read more.

The evolution of tennis equipment is fundamentally linked to advances in materials science and engineering, which have enabled enhanced player performance through optimised racquet and string designs. This review comprehensively examines the critical role of modern composite materials, manufacturing methods, and string technologies in tennis equipment, focusing on how these elements influence mechanical performance and player experience. It first explores the contributions of matrix and reinforcing materials, particularly carbon fibre and aramid composites, to racquet stiffness, strength, and vibration damping. Next, it details advanced manufacturing techniques such as prepreg layup, autoclave curing, and hollow moulding, which enable precise control over mechanical properties and quality assurance. This paper further evaluates various string materials including natural gut, Kevlar, polyester, nylon, and emerging hybrid setups, analysing their mechanical characteristics, tension maintenance, and impact on ball response and player comfort. Special attention is given to the interaction between design choices and playing conditions, such as court surfaces and player sensitivity, underscoring the complex interplay between equipment mechanics and gameplay dynamics. Through an interdisciplinary lens, this paper synthesises current scientific knowledge and experimental findings, providing a critical foundation for optimising tennis equipment design. By integrating materials science with practical application, this paper provides a comprehensive understanding of tennis equipment design, identifying gaps in current research and offering insights to guide future innovation for manufacturers, coaches, and players. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

49 pages, 13564 KB

Open AccessReview

Cryogenic Performance and Modelling of Fibre- and Nano-Reinforced Composites: Failure Mechanisms, Toughening Strategies, and Constituent-Level Behaviour

by Feng Huang, Zhi Han, Mengfan Wei, Zhenpeng Gan, Yusi Wang, Xiaocheng Lu, Ge Yin, Ke Zhuang, Zhenming Zhang, Yuanzhi Gao, Yu Su, Xueli Sun and Ping Cheng

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 36; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010036 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 315

Abstract

Composite materials are increasingly required to operate in cryogenic environments, including liquid hydrogen and oxygen storage, deep-space structures, and polar infrastructures, where long-term strength, toughness, and reliability are essential. This review provides a unique contribution by systematically integrating recent advances in understanding cryogenic [...] Read more.

Composite materials are increasingly required to operate in cryogenic environments, including liquid hydrogen and oxygen storage, deep-space structures, and polar infrastructures, where long-term strength, toughness, and reliability are essential. This review provides a unique contribution by systematically integrating recent advances in understanding cryogenic behaviour into a unified multi-scale framework. This framework synthesises four critical and interconnected aspects: constituent response, composite performance, enhancement mechanisms, and modelling strategies. At the constituent level, fibres retain stiffness, polymer matrices stiffen but embrittle, and nanoparticles offer tunable thermal and mechanical functions, which collectively define the system-level performance where thermal expansion mismatch, matrix embrittlement, and interfacial degradation dominate failure. The review further details toughening strategies achieved through nano-addition, hybrid fibre architectures, and thin-ply laminates. Modelling strategies, from molecular dynamics to multiscale finite element analysis, are discussed as predictive tools that link these scales, supported by the critical need for in situ experimental validation. The primary objective of this synthesis is to establish a coherent perspective that bridges fundamental material behaviour to structural reliability. Despite these advances, remaining challenges include consistent property characterisation at low temperature, physics-informed interface and damage models, and standardised testing protocols. Future progress will depend on integrated frameworks linking high-fidelity data, cross-scale modelling, and validation to enable safe deployment of next-generation cryogenic composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials: Processes, Structures and Properties)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

19 pages, 10140 KB

Open AccessReview

Nano-Hydroxyapatite/β-Tricalcium Phosphate (n-HA/β-TCP) and Type 1 Collagen Block-Shaped Composite: In Vitro Analysis and Physicochemical Characterization

by Igor da Silva Brum, Carlos Nelson Elias, Bianca Torres Ciambarella, Guilherme Aparecido Monteiro Duque da Fonseca, Lucio Frigo, Marco Antônio Alencar de Carvalho and Jorge José de Carvalho

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010035 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 572

Abstract

New nano-biomaterials for specific dentistry applications have been developed thanks to contributions from materials science. The present work aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of a composite nanomaterial scaffold in block form for maxillofacial bone regeneration applications. The scaffold was composed of block-shaped [...] Read more.

New nano-biomaterials for specific dentistry applications have been developed thanks to contributions from materials science. The present work aims to characterize the physicochemical properties of a composite nanomaterial scaffold in block form for maxillofacial bone regeneration applications. The scaffold was composed of block-shaped elements and consisted of a mixture of nano-hydroxyapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, and type I collagen of bovine origin. Collagen I molecule is biodegradable, biocompatible, easily available, and a natural bone matrix component. The biomaterial was analyzed using a range of methods, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), chemical composition microanalysis, and X-Ray diffractometry (XRD). The wettability was measured. This was carried out by measuring the contact angle of a 0.9% NaCl solution on the surface. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the phase transformation temperatures. In the SEM and TEM analyses, it was possible to identify the layers of the materials and, with microanalysis, quantify their chemical composition. The XRD spectra showed the presence of nano-hydroxyapatite and ß-TCP. Wettability testing revealed that the material is highly hydrophilic, and BM-MSC culture analyses demonstrated that the biomaterial can promotes cell adhesion and interaction. The higher wettability is due to the higher density of the porous material observed in the SEM analysis. The results of the DSC testing showed that the sample analyzed undergoes endothermic transitions and transformation between 25 and 150 °C. The first phase transformation during heating occurs at 61.1 °C, which is above body temperature. The findings demonstrated that the composite was devoid of any contamination arising from manufacturing processes. It can be concluded that the n-HA/β-TCP and type 1 collagen are free of manufacturing contaminants. They also have high wettability, which increases the spreading of body fluids on the biomaterial’s surface and its interactions with cells and proteins. This makes them suitable for clinical application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Recent Advances in Composite Biomaterials)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 3322 KB

Open AccessArticle

Insights into the Feature-Selection Mechanisms for Modeling the Shear Capacity of Stud Connectors in Concrete: A Machine Learning Approach

by Sadi Ibrahim Haruna, Abdulwarith Ibrahim Bibi Farouk, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Mahmoud T. Nawar, Suleiman Abdulrahman and Mustapha Abdulhadi

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010034 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 261

Abstract

Shear connections between concrete structural elements play a vital role in defining performance and overall stability. However, limitations in traditional methods for predicting the shear capacity (Vu) of stud connectors in concrete have been highlighted. Developing strategies that precisely describe the performance of [...] Read more.

Shear connections between concrete structural elements play a vital role in defining performance and overall stability. However, limitations in traditional methods for predicting the shear capacity (Vu) of stud connectors in concrete have been highlighted. Developing strategies that precisely describe the performance of stud-headed connectors requires insight into their failure mechanisms and the corresponding shear transmission. Therefore, leveraging advancements in machine learning, this study aims to predict the Vu of the headed stud connector in concrete structures using various input parameters. A database (1121) of the shear strength collected from the literature was trained using six machine learning (ML) algorithms: extreme learning machine (ELM), decision tree (DT), artificial neural network (ANN), multi-linear regression (MLR), support vector machine (SVM), and hybrid ANN–particle swarm optimization (ANN-PSO). Feature selection methods and system identification were applied to explore the optimal or most relevant input parameters. The feature selection techniques indicated that the geometric properties of the stud connector (diameter and cross-sectional area), the concrete modulus of elasticity (Ec), and the height of the weld collar (h_w) are the most relevant input variables. The ANN-PSO model outperformed the other classical models in estimating the shear capacity at two modeling stages. The hybrid ANN-PSO achieved R² = 0.976, MAE = 7.61 kN, RMSE = 10.8 kN, and MAPE = 8.04%, demonstrating the best predictive accuracy among the classical models. On the other hand, DT is the second-best model, with an R² of 0.958, MAE of 10.27 kN, RMSE of 14.43 kN, and MAPE of 8.53 kN for forecasting the shear capacity of stud connectors in concrete. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 7707 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Utilizing Waste Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Tile Ceramics to Enhance Slag–Fly Ash Geopolymer Property-Based Composite

by Ghasan Fahim Huseien and Akram M. Mhaya

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010033 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 618

Abstract

Geopolymers are a new breed of construction materials that are environmentally friendly and replace old Portland cement. These materials are produced through the alkaline activation of industrial and agricultural waste rich in aluminosilicates. The growing interest in sustainable building solutions has driven research [...] Read more.

Geopolymers are a new breed of construction materials that are environmentally friendly and replace old Portland cement. These materials are produced through the alkaline activation of industrial and agricultural waste rich in aluminosilicates. The growing interest in sustainable building solutions has driven research into their development. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and waste ceramic tile powder (WTCP) are both highly rich in reactive aluminosilicates and widely recommended for the production of sustainable geopolymers. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of POFA and WTCP as sustainable alternatives to conventional binders and to identify the potential advantages of each waste material in developing eco-friendly, high-performance geopolymers. The results indicate that specimens prepared with a high content (50 wt%) of POFA or WTCP, incorporating fly ash and slag, can achieve compressive strengths of up to 50 MPa after 28 days of curing. However, increasing the proportion of POFA or WTCP from 50% to 60% and 70% resulted in a significant reduction in compressive strength. In contrast, specimens containing higher proportions of POFA and WTCP demonstrated superior durability when exposed to aggressive environments. In summary, the findings indicate that WTCP is more suitable than POFA for producing geopolymers as eco-friendly construction materials. Its superior reactivity, workability, early-age strength development, and durability make it a promising precursor for sustainable applications in the construction sector. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

30 pages, 2643 KB

Open AccessReview

Computational Design Strategies and Software for Lattice Structures and Functionally Graded Materials

by Delia Alexandra Prisecaru, Oliver Ulerich, Andrei Calin and Georgiana Ionela Paduraru

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 32; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010032 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 508

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of software platforms and computational methods used in the design of three-dimensional lattice structures and functionally graded materials (FGMs). Through systematic evaluation of 31 computational platforms across seven critical criteria (lattice type support, parametric control, conformal generation, [...] Read more.

This study presents a comparative analysis of software platforms and computational methods used in the design of three-dimensional lattice structures and functionally graded materials (FGMs). Through systematic evaluation of 31 computational platforms across seven critical criteria (lattice type support, parametric control, conformal generation, multi-material capabilities, ease of use, FEA integration, and AM compatibility), this review identifies that specialized platforms significantly outperform general-purpose CAD tools, with scores exceeding 30/35 points compared to 15–20/35 for conventional systems. The analysis reveals that implicit and voxel-based representations dominate high-performance applications, while traditional boundary-representation methods approach fundamental limitations for complex lattice generation. Emerging machine learning-driven frameworks demonstrate 82% reduction in optimization iterations through Bayesian optimization and achieve property prediction speedups of nearly 100× compared to computational homogenization, enabling rapid inverse design workflows previously computationally infeasible. These insights provide researchers with evidence-based guidance for selecting computational approaches aligned with specific manufacturing capabilities and design objectives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lattice Structures)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 3196 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ultrasound-Assisted Deposition and Supercritical Reduction of Graphene Oxide on θ-Al₂O₃ Microspheres for Selective Adsorption of Methylene Blue

by Viktoria Ibragimova, Nikita Mitiushev, Lyubov’ Kozlova, Ivan Sapkov, Tatyana Shatalova, Ekaterina Efremova, Irina Kozerozhets and Yulia V. Ioni

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010031 - 8 Jan 2026

Viewed by 528

Abstract

A composite based on θ-Al₂O₃ microspheres coated with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared and evaluated as a sorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions. GO was synthesized by a modified Hummers’ method [...] Read more.

A composite based on θ-Al₂O₃ microspheres coated with graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was prepared and evaluated as a sorbent for the removal of synthetic dyes from aqueous solutions. GO was synthesized by a modified Hummers’ method and deposited onto alumina microspheres via ultrasound-assisted treatment under various conditions, followed by supercritical reduction to obtain the Al₂O₃_RGO composite. The structure, morphology, and composition of the materials were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TGA/DSC, FTIR, and XRD, revealing the formation of mono- and few-layer GO/RGO coatings on the substrate surface. Adsorption tests for cationic methylene blue (MB) dye and anionic methyl orange (MO) dye demonstrated that the alumina substrate was inactive, whereas GO- and RGO-coated microspheres exhibited high adsorption efficiency for MB and partial uptake of MO from water solutions. In mixed-dye solutions, both Al₂O₃_GO and Al₂O₃_RGO composites showed selectivity toward MB, and the RGO-based composite demonstrated enhanced MB adsorption at low concentrations. The results highlight GO/RGO-coated θ-Al₂O₃ microspheres as convenient and selective composite sorbents for water purification processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)

► Show Figures

Graphical abstract

13 pages, 4235 KB

Open AccessArticle

Improvement of the Hardness of Bilayer Coatings Produced by Gas-Thermal Spraying

by Vitaliy Kulikov, Svetlana Kvon and Aisha Sapiyanova

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 30; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010030 - 7 Jan 2026

Viewed by 203

Abstract

In this work, samples of 30KhGS steel coated by thermal spray were investigated. The coating procedure consisted of two stages. At the first stage, a powder mixture of Cu + Al (mass ratio 4:1) was deposited. At the second stage, under the same [...] Read more.

In this work, samples of 30KhGS steel coated by thermal spray were investigated. The coating procedure consisted of two stages. At the first stage, a powder mixture of Cu + Al (mass ratio 4:1) was deposited. At the second stage, under the same process parameters, TiC powder was applied. After each spraying stage, the structure, elemental composition and stress state of the coatings were examined. Following the second deposition, hardness and wear resistance of the sample were measured. The results showed that the hardness and wear resistance of the test specimen increased on average by 40% compared to the corresponding properties of 30KhGS steel subjected to quenching and tempering. The residual stress level in the first (lower) coating was higher than in the upper layer; this difference is related to the distinct mechanisms of layer formation. The lower layer forms through melting and subsequent solidification, whereas the top layer forms by liquid-phase sintering. The obtained results demonstrate the effectiveness of the two-layer coating for increasing the hardness and wear resistance of 30KhGS steel, which broadens the possibilities for surface restoration and repair of parts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 4923 KB

Open AccessArticle

Interface, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of In Situ Generated V(C,N) Solid Solution Reinforced SiC–AlN–VC Multiphase Ceramics

by Liulin Li, Maoyuan Gong, Hai Zhang and Wanxiu Hai

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010029 - 7 Jan 2026

Viewed by 457

Abstract

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics are regarded as high-performance structural materials due to their excellent high-temperature strength, wear resistance, and thermal stability. However, their inherent high brittleness, low fracture toughness, and difficulty in densification have limited their wider application. To overcome these challenges, introducing [...] Read more.

Silicon carbide (SiC) ceramics are regarded as high-performance structural materials due to their excellent high-temperature strength, wear resistance, and thermal stability. However, their inherent high brittleness, low fracture toughness, and difficulty in densification have limited their wider application. To overcome these challenges, introducing a second phase and/or sintering aids is necessary. In this paper, SiC–AlN–VC multiphase ceramics were fabricated via spark plasma sintering at 1800 °C to 2100 °C. The interface, mechanical, and thermal properties were examined. It was found that the VC particles effectively pin the grain boundaries and suppress the abnormal growth of SiC grains. At temperatures exceeding 1800 °C, the N atoms released from the decomposition of AlN diffuse into the VC lattice, forming a V(C,N) solid solution that enhances both the toughness and strength of the ceramics. With increasing sintering temperature, the mechanical properties of the SiC multiphase ceramics first improve and then deteriorate. Ultimately, a nearly fully dense SiC multiphase ceramic is obtained. The maximum hardness, flexural strength, and fracture toughness of SAV20 are 28.7 GPa, 508 MPa, and 5.25 MPa·m^1/2, respectively. Furthermore, the room-temperature friction coefficient and wear rate are 0.41 and 3.41 × 10⁻⁵ mm³/(N·m), respectively, and the thermal conductivity is 58 W/(m·K). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue High-Performance Composite Materials in Construction)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

J. Compos. Sci., Volume 10, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 57 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI