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Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition

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A special issue of Journal of Composites Science (ISSN 2504-477X).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 December 2026 | Viewed by 30964

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Dr. Julfikar Haider

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Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
Interests: composites in dentistry; tribology; surface engineering; metal matrix composites; fiber-reinforced polymer composites; nanocomposites
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Prof. Dr. Swadesh Kumar Singh

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering & Technology, Telangana 500090, India
Interests: metal forming; material modelling; bio-composites; finite element method; green composites
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Dear Colleagues,

Sustainable and green composites refer to materials that are developed with a focus on environmental friendliness and longevity. These composites typically integrate natural fibers such as bamboo, hemp, or flax with bio-based resins or recycled polymers. By utilizing renewable resources and reducing reliance on fossil fuels, they help mitigate the environmental impact of traditional composite materials.

One key advantage of sustainable composites is their reduced carbon footprint compared to conventional counterparts, as they require less energy to produce and often sequester carbon dioxide during growth. Additionally, these materials can offer comparable or even superior mechanical properties, making them suitable for various applications including automotive, construction, and consumer goods.

The production process for sustainable composites also tends to generate less waste and fewer emissions, further contributing to their eco-friendliness. Moreover, their biodegradability or recyclability at the end-of-life stage ensures a closed-loop system, minimizing waste accumulation and resource depletion.

Overall, sustainable and green composites represent a promising avenue for creating durable, environmentally responsible materials that align with the principles of a circular economy and sustainable development. Continued research and innovation in this field hold the potential to further enhance their performance and widen their applicability across industries.

Dr. Julfikar Haider
Prof. Dr. Swadesh Kumar Singh
Guest Editors

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Keywords

polymer composites
biobased composites
metallic composites
nanocomposites
natural fibre based composites
smart composites

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Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 32541 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical, Degradation, and Impact Resistance of a Sustainable Coir Geotextile Composite Barrier for Landslide Mitigation

by Harshith Nelson, Senthilkumar Vadivel, Madappa V. R. Sivasubramanian and Sathish Kumar Veerappan

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020089 - 7 Feb 2026

Viewed by 536

Abstract

Flexible barrier systems are widely used for landslide and debris flow mitigation due to their ability to dissipate impact energy through large deformations. Conventional systems, however, rely on steel mesh components, which are associated with high environmental impact and durability concerns. This study examines the feasibility of a sustainable coir geotextile composite barrier as an alternative flexible barrier for mitigating small-to-moderate landslides. A woven geotextile barrier was developed using multi-strand coir ropes and evaluated through a comprehensive experimental program involving physical and mechanical characterization, accelerated degradation testing, incremental static loading, vertical drop impact tests, and sustained load retention tests. The developed barrier exhibited a high mass per unit area of approximately 3750 g/m² and tensile capacities exceeding 2 kN at the rope level. Accelerated weathering tests revealed a limited reduction in tensile strength of approximately 5% after three years of exposure, whereas prolonged exposure of five years led to strength losses exceeding 70%, underscoring durability as a key design consideration. Static loading tests confirmed stable behavior up to 550 kg, and sustained loading of approximately 1700 kg was maintained over 48 h without loss of structural integrity. Vertical drop tests demonstrated impact resistance in the range of 6–51 kN, depending on the drop height, mass, and connection density. The results demonstrate that coir geotextile barriers can function as flexible, energy-dissipating composite systems suitable for sustainable landslide mitigation in moderate hazard scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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18 pages, 6378 KB

Open AccessArticle

Mycelium-Based Laminated Composites: Investigating the Effect of Fungal Filament Growth Conditions on the Layer Adhesion

by Alexis Boisvert, Marc-Antoine Poulin, Saïd Elkoun, Hubert Cabana, Olivier Robin, Mathieu Robert and Félix-Antoine Bérubé-Simard

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 38; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010038 - 9 Jan 2026

Viewed by 1087

Abstract

Mycelium-based composites are self-grown biodegradable materials, made using agricultural residue fibers that are inoculated with fungi mycelium. The mycelium forms an interwoven three-dimensional filamentous network, binding every fiber particle together to create a rigid, lightweight composite material. Although having potential in packaging and in the construction industry, mycelium composites encounter molding limitations due to fiber size and oxygen access which hinder design capabilities and market engagement. To cope with these limitations, this study reports an alternative way to form mycelium composite using cut precultivated mycelium composite panels, laminated to biologically fuse into a unique assembly. By controlling the growth conditions of the mycelium network, it is possible to adjust physical properties such as flexural strength and strain energy density. These mycelium composite panels were fabricated from hemp fibers and Ganoderma lucidum mushroom. Seven different growth conditions were tested to increase layer adhesion and create the strongest assembly. Three-point flexural tests were conducted on ten samples extracted from each assembled panel triplicate set. The data collected in this study suggested that cultivating an opaque layer of mycelium on the surface of the panel before stacking can enhance total strain energy density by approximately 60%, compared to a single-layer mycelium composite of identical size. In addition, this eliminates abrupt material failure by dividing failure behavior into multiple distinct stages. Finally, by layering multiple thinner layers, the resulting mycelium composite could contain even higher mycelium proportions exhibiting augmented mechanical properties and higher design precisions opening market possibilities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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21 pages, 2750 KB

Open AccessArticle

Eco-Friendly Synthesis of ZnO-Based Nanocomposites Using Haloxylon and Calligonum Extracts for Enhanced Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue

by Elham A. Alzahrani, Sabri Ouni, Mohamed Bouzidi, Abdullah S. Alshammari, Ahlam F. Alshammari, Rizwan Ali, Odeh A. O. Alshammari, Naim Belhaj Mohamed and Noureddine Chaaben

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010018 - 4 Jan 2026

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 905

Abstract

This study presents a green synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) capped with Haloxylon (P1) and Calligonum (P2) extracts. The use of plant-derived biomolecules as natural capping agents offers an environmentally friendly strategy to tune surface chemistry and to enhance the photocatalytic behavior of ZnO NPs. ZnO/plant extracts nanocomposites were prepared via a hydrothermal route and systematically characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–Vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL), followed by evaluation of their photocatalytic performance against methylene blue (MB) under UV irradiation. XRD confirmed a wurtzite structure with crystallite sizes ranging from 8.95 to 10.93 nm, while PL spectra indicated an improved charge carrier separation in extract-capped ZnO. The characteristics and pollutant removal performance of the greenly synthesized ZnO composites were compared with those of a chemically synthesized ZnO nanoparticles reference sample. Adsorption tests under dark conditions revealed a strong difference between the materials: ZnO-P1 removed 48% of MB, whereas ZnO-P2 adsorbed only 7%, demonstrating a much higher affinity of the Haloxylon-derived surface groups toward MB. In comparison, the chemically synthesized ZnO exhibited an adsorption capacity of 54%, confirming that the Haloxylon-mediated surface provides a comparable efficient dye uptake prior to irradiation. After UV irradiation, all samples exhibited a photocatalytic activity with a total MB removal reached ~59% for the reference ZnO sample and ~53% for ZnO-P1 compared to about 13% for the ZnO-P2. Kinetic analysis also confirmed that ZnO-P1 possessed a high degradation rate constant, indicating a better intrinsic photocatalytic efficiency in addition to the strong adsorption contribution. The enhanced performance of plant-capped ZnO is attributed to phytochemical-induced surface defects, which facilitated charge separation and boosted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, these results demonstrate that Haloxylon and Calligonum extracts are effective and sustainable capping agents, providing a low-cost, eco-friendly approach for designing ZnO nanocatalysts composites with promising applications in wastewater treatment and environmental remediation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 9772 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Adhesive Bonding of Vacuum-Infused Acrylic-Based Thermoplastic Fibre-Reinforced Laminates

by Nils Xavier Bohlmann, Pedro Henrique Evangelista Fernandes, Morten Voß, Sebastian Veller, Christof Nagel, Katharina Arnaut and Vinicius Carrillo Beber

J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10010006 - 1 Jan 2026

Viewed by 700

Abstract

Driven by regulatory and environmental demands, composite structures must combine high structural performance, recyclability, and resource efficiency. Here, an investigation on the structural adhesive bonding of glass-fibre-reinforced thermoplastic Elium© composite laminates is undertaken. Substrates are manufactured using vacuum infusion. Evaluation is performed on the following three commercial two-component adhesives cured at RT: an epoxy (EP), a polyurethane (PU), and an acrylate system (AC). Based on Dynamic Mechanical Analysis, the glass transition temperatures of the EP, PU, and AC adhesives are 56.5, 102.9, and 111.9 °C, respectively. The AC adhesive exhibits the highest shear strength and displacement at failure, reflecting a superior load-bearing capacity. Fractographic analysis further supports these findings: AC joints show a mixed substrate/cohesive failure mode, while EP samples fail exclusively by adhesion failure and PU samples predominantly by a mixture of special cohesion, adhesion and substrate failure. Regarding processing, the EP samples show the highest pot life, followed by PU and then AC. Nonetheless, the pot life of the AC adhesive does not limit its range of application.. The results highlight the advantages of adhesive bonding of Elium© in enabling lightweight and more circular composites. RT-cured adhesives eliminate the need for drilling and energy-intensive thermal curing, allowing design flexibility and reductions in CO₂ footprint within composite production. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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15 pages, 3447 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrophobic Fly Ash-Based Mineral Powder for Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures

by Kairat Kuanyshkalievich Mukhambetkaliyev, Bexultan Dulatovich Chugulyov, Jakharkhan Kairatuly Kabdrashit, Zhanbolat Anuarbekovich Shakhmov and Yelbek Bakhitovich Utepov

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(12), 701; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9120701 - 16 Dec 2025

Viewed by 714

Abstract

This study develops and assesses a hydrophobized fly ash mineral powder as a filler for dense fine-graded asphalt mixtures in Kazakhstan. Fly ash from a local TPP was dry co-milled with a stearate-based modifier to yield a free-flowing, hydrophobic powder that meets the national limits for moisture, porosity, and gradation. SEM shows cenospheres and broken shells partially armored by adherent fines, suggesting an increased micro-roughness and potential sites for binder–filler bonding. Three mixes were produced: a carbonate reference and two fly ash variants, all designed at the same optimum binder content. Compared with the reference, fly ash fillers delivered a markedly higher compressive strength (up to about five times at 20 °C), improved adhesion, and high internal friction, while the mixture density rutting resistance was essentially unchanged. Water resistance indices remained high and stable despite only modest changes in water saturation, and crack resistance improved, especially for the dry ash mixture. The convergence of microstructural, physicochemical, and mechanical results shows that surface-engineered fly ash from a Kazakhstani TPP can technically replace natural carbonate filler while enhancing durability-critical performance and supporting the more resource-efficient use of industrial by-products in pavements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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29 pages, 8337 KB

Open AccessArticle

Lime and Nano-Limestone Composite-Based Pretreatment and Adsorption Strategies for Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment: Toward Efficient and Sustainable Solutions

by Abeer Al Bawab, Razan Afaneh, Muna A. Abu-Dalo, Fadwa Odeh, Mustafa Al Kuisi and Nathir A. F. Al-Rawashdeh

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(11), 618; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9110618 - 9 Nov 2025

Viewed by 1143

Abstract

The treatment of olive mill wastewater (OMW) remains a major environmental challenge due to its high organic load and phenolic content. This study investigates a combined approach using lime pretreatment and limestone (LS)-based adsorption for cost-effective and sustainable OMW remediation. Locally sourced limestone was used in both micro- and nanoscale forms, while lime (CaO) was produced by calcination. The materials were characterized using X-ray Diffraction pattern (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), and Point of Zero Charge (pH_PZC) analyses to evaluate surface properties relevant to adsorption. Lime pretreatment achieved notable reductions in total suspended solids (TSS, 99%), chemical oxygen demand (COD, 43%), and total phenolic content (TPC, 48%). Subsequent adsorption with nano-limestone (particles obtained through high-energy ball milling, followed by sieving, with a size distribution 400–500 nm) further enhanced pollutant removal, achieving up to 72% COD and 89% TPC reduction in batch experiments. Column studies confirmed the synergistic effect of mixed particle sizes, yielding 65% COD and 76% TPC removal. The combined process demonstrates the potential of lime–limestone composites as locally available and eco-friendly materials for OMW treatment. While promising, the results represent laboratory-scale findings; further optimization and long-term assessments are recommended for field applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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17 pages, 4580 KB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Study of the Thermomechanical Properties of a New Eco-Friendly Composite Material Based on Clay and Reed

by Aya Minoual, Soumia Mounir, Sara Ibn-Elhaj, Youssef Maaloufa, Hind Sarghini, Ahmed Kabouri and Abdelhamid Khabbazi

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(9), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9090469 - 2 Sep 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1375

Abstract

Reducing environmental impacts and energy consumption in construction is increasingly important, prompting the use of renewable, ecological, and cost-effective materials. This research investigates an ecological building material combining clay and ground reed fibers, offering a promising alternative to conventional resources. A composite made of 50% clay and 50% ground reed was developed to study the influence of fiber size after grinding, as reed is typically used in its unprocessed form. Initial analyses included a physico-chemical characterization of both clay and reed. Thermal performance was then evaluated under steady-state and transient conditions to assess heat storage, heat transfer, and the material’s thermal inertia. The results showed a thermal conductivity of 0.38 W/m·K and an estimated 50% energy savings compared to clay alone, demonstrating the composite’s enhanced insulation capacity. Mechanical tests revealed compressive strengths of 2.48 MPa and flexural strengths of 0.79 MPa, with no significant effect from fiber size. The composite is lighter and more insulating than traditional clay blocks, indicating potential for reduced heating demand and improved indoor comfort. This study confirms the feasibility of incorporating ground reed fibers into clay-based composites to produce more sustainable building materials, supporting the transition toward energy-efficient and environmentally responsible construction practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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28 pages, 11672 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Cu/Sr-Doped Hydroxyapatite with Prospective Applications for Bone Tissue Engineering

by Diana-Elena Radulescu, Bogdan Stefan Vasile, Otilia Ruxandra Vasile, Ionela Andreea Neacsu, Roxana Doina Trusca, Vasile-Adrian Surdu, Alexandra Catalina Birca, Georgiana Dolete, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie and Ecaterina Andronescu

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 427; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080427 - 7 Aug 2025

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1845

Abstract

One of the main challenges in hydroxyapatite research is to develop cost-effective synthesis methods that consistently produce materials closely resembling natural bone, while maintaining high biocompatibility, phase purity, and mechanical stability for biomedical applications. Traditional synthetic techniques frequently fail to provide desirable mechanical characteristics and antibacterial activity, necessitating the development of novel strategies based on natural precursors and selective ion doping. The present study aims to explore the possibility of synthesizing hydroxyapatite through the co-precipitation method, followed by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal maturation process. The main CaO sources selected for this study are eggshells and mussel shells. Cu²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions were added into the hydroxyapatite structure at concentrations of 1% and 5% to investigate their potential for biomedical applications. Furthermore, the morpho-structural and biological properties have been investigated. Results demonstrated the success of hydroxyapatite synthesis and ion incorporation into its chemical structure. Moreover, HAp samples exhibited significant antimicrobial properties, especially the samples doped with 5% Cu and Sr. Additionally, all samples presented good biological activity on MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells, demonstrating good cellular viability of all samples. Therefore, by correlating the results, it could be concluded that the undoped and doped hydroxyapatite samples are suitable biomaterials to be further applied in orthopedic applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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16 pages, 2673 KB

Open AccessArticle

Thermal and Volumetric Signatures of the Mullins Effect in Carbon Black Reinforced Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Composites

by Nicolas Candau, Guillaume Corvec, Noel León-Albiter and Miguel Mudarra Lopez

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(8), 393; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9080393 - 24 Jul 2025

Viewed by 1378

Abstract

This paper investigates the interplay between rubber network damage, carbon black (CB) network damage, heat exchange, and voiding mechanisms in filled Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) under cyclic loading. To do so, three carbon black filled SBR composites, SBR5, SBR30 and SBR60 are studied. The study aims to quantify molecular damage and its role in inducing reversible or irreversible heat flow and voiding behavior to inform the design of more resilient rubber composites with improved fatigue life and thermal management capabilities. The study effectively demonstrated how increasing carbon black content, particularly in SBR60, leads to a shift from mostly reversible to irreversible and cumulative damage mechanisms during cyclic loading, as evidenced by thermal, volumetric, and electrical resistivity changes. In particular, we identify a critical mechanical energy of 7 MJ.m⁻³ associated with such transition. These irreversible changes are strongly linked to the damage and re-arrangement of the carbon black filler network, as well as the rubber chains network and the formation/growth of voids, while reversible mechanisms are likely related to rubber chains alignment associated with entropic elasticity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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20 pages, 1913 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Sustainable Structural Concrete Made by Composite Waste for the Concrete Industry: An Experimental Study

by Jamal K. Nejem, Mohammad Nadeem Akhtar, Amin H. Almasri and Mohd Salman Rais

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(6), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9060279 - 30 May 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1553

Abstract

Natural sand and high OPC utilization in the concrete industry have affected our environment and caused climate change. This study developed a novel methodology to prepare modified sand by adding (50% R-Sand + 50% M-Sand) to replace 100% natural sand. The two SCMs (5–20% of FA) and 10% of optimized SF were added to the four newly developed concrete mixes. The developed sustainable design mix concrete achieved the design and target strength after a curing period of 28 days. The findings for flexural strength showed comparable trends. Significant strength improvement was also seen at later curing ages, till 182 days. The water absorption and sulfuric acid attacks of the design mix concrete at the hardened stage were also measured. The analysis reveals that water absorption percentages tend to decline as the curing age progresses. The developed mixes show better resistance against sulfuric acid attacks than the reference mix NAC*. A mass loss of around 5% was discovered, much closer to the published studies. The developed mix 15FASFRSC showed consistent results when the modified sand (50% R-Sand + 50% M-Sand) was combined with the SCMs of (15% FA + 10% SF). Hence, the mix 15FASFRSC is the best sustainable mix for the concrete industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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Review

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24 pages, 2067 KB

Open AccessReview

Coconut Coir Fiber Composites for Sustainable Architecture: A Comprehensive Review of Properties, Processing, and Applications

by Mohammed Nissar, Chethan K. N., Yashaswini Anantsagar Birjerane, Shantharam Patil, Sawan Shetty and Animita Das

J. Compos. Sci. 2025, 9(10), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9100516 - 26 Sep 2025

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 18725

Abstract

The growing need for sustainable materials in architecture has sparked significant interest in natural-fiber-based composites. Among these, coconut coir, a by-product of the coconut industry, has emerged as a promising raw material owing to its abundance, renewability, and excellent mechanical properties. The promise of coir-based composites in architecture is highlighted in this review, which also looks at their problems, advantages for the environment, manufacturing processes, and mechanical, thermal, and acoustic performances. The fibrous shape of the coir provides efficient thermal and acoustic insulation, while its high lignin concentration guarantees stiffness, biological resistance, and dimensional stability. Fiber-matrix adhesion and durability have improved owing to advancements in treatment and environmentally friendly binders, opening up the use of cement, polymers, and hybrid composites. In terms of the environment, coir composites promote a biophilic design, reduce embodied carbon, and decrease landfill waste. Moisture sensitivity, inconsistent fiber quality, and production scaling are obstacles; however, advancements in hybridization, grading, and nanotechnology hold promise. This review provides comprehensive, architecture-focused review that integrates material science, fabrication techniques, and real-world architectural applications of coir-based composites. Coir-based composites have the potential to be long-lasting, sustainable substitutes for conventional materials in climate-resilient architectural design if they are further investigated and included in green certification programs and the circular economy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)

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