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J. Compos. Sci.
Volume 10
Issue 2
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J. Compos. Sci., Volume 10, Issue 2 (February 2026) – 57 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA), an abundant agricultural residue, is valorised as a sustainable filler in cellulose acetate films for healthcare packaging. The resulting composites combine improved UV-Vis shielding with preserved mechanical performance at low filler content. RHA promotes light attenuation through particle-domain formation, while maintaining strength and stiffness. The materials integrate performance with circularity, enabling industrial composting at end-of-life. This approach offers a scalable route to sustainable, light-protective packaging. View this paper
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23 pages, 7584 KB  
Article
Mechanical and Durability Performance of Recycled Tetra Pak PolyAl–Rice Husk Wood-like Boards for Urban Furniture
by Alba Loriente Lujan, Miguel Ángel Pérez Puig, Fidel Salas and Oscar Loriente
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020114 - 23 Feb 2026
Viewed by 850
Abstract
Global outdoor furniture consumes large amounts of virgin wood and polyolefins, while multilayer beverage cartons and rice husks are often landfilled or burnt despite their polymeric and lignocellulosic value. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of converting both waste streams into pilot-scale, [...] Read more.
Global outdoor furniture consumes large amounts of virgin wood and polyolefins, while multilayer beverage cartons and rice husks are often landfilled or burnt despite their polymeric and lignocellulosic value. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of converting both waste streams into pilot-scale, wood-like boards for low-load urban furniture using an industrially relevant extrusion plus compression-moulding route, and to identify a balanced PolyAl–rice husk formulation. Hybrid composites based on recycled Tetra Pak PolyAl and ground rice husk were manufactured as full-thickness boards and characterised in terms of density, tensile and flexural behaviour, Shore D hardness, and moisture uptake. A preliminary UV screening was also performed using short-term narrow-band UVC irradiation at 254 nm, which should not be interpreted as outdoor weathering. Increasing rice husk content enhanced hardness and stiffness but increased water uptake, evidencing the expected stiffness–durability trade-off in lignocellulosic-filled systems. Overall, the intermediate 70PolyAl–30rice husk composition provided the most balanced performance for the targeted low-load applications, supporting an industrial symbiosis pathway that valorises two locally available residues into a potentially scalable product. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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21 pages, 4277 KB  
Article
Surface Aware Triboinformatics Framework for Wear Prediction of MWCNT Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using Run-Wise AFM Descriptors and Machine Learning
by Kiran Keshyagol, Pavan Hiremath, Sushan Shetty, Jayashree P. K., Srinivas Shenoy Heckadka, Suhas Kowshik and Arunkumar H. S.
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020113 - 23 Feb 2026
Viewed by 571
Abstract
Accurate prediction of wear behavior in polymer nanocomposites remains challenging due to the coupled influence of operating conditions and evolving surface morphology. In this study, a surface-aware triboinformatics framework is proposed to predict the dry sliding wear behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) [...] Read more.
Accurate prediction of wear behavior in polymer nanocomposites remains challenging due to the coupled influence of operating conditions and evolving surface morphology. In this study, a surface-aware triboinformatics framework is proposed to predict the dry sliding wear behavior of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) reinforced epoxy composites by integrating operating parameters with run-wise atomic force microscopy (AFM) surface descriptors. Wear experiments were conducted using a Taguchi L16 design by varying CNT content (0–0.75 wt.%), applied load (10–40 N), sliding speed (183–458 rpm), and sliding distance (500–1250 m). AFM-derived parameters, including Ra, Rq, Z-range, and surface area difference, were extracted from the worn surface corresponding to each experimental run. Multiple regression-based machine learning models were evaluated using leave-one-out cross-validation, with ensemble-based models providing the best predictive performance (R2 > 0.85 with low RMSE and MAE). Feature importance and partial dependence analyses identified CNT content as the dominant factor controlling wear reduction, followed by Z-range and Ra, highlighting the critical role of surface damage severity. Neat epoxy exhibited a maximum wear loss of 0.444 mg, whereas the 0.75 wt.% CNT composite showed values as low as 0.003 mg under comparable conditions, corresponding to a reduction of approximately 99%. The proposed framework enables mechanistically interpretable wear prediction and supports the design of durable polymer composites, contributing to SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)
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16 pages, 9109 KB  
Article
Increased Interlaminar Fracture Toughening Through Distinct Fiber Bridging Effect of rCF Staple Fiber Yarn Composite
by Christian Becker, Joachim Hausmann and Nicole Motsch-Eichmann
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020112 - 21 Feb 2026
Viewed by 452
Abstract
This study investigates the influence of fiber bridging on the interlaminar strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) made from recycled carbon staple fiber yarn (rCF), compared to CFRP made from new fibers (vCF). Double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests measure the resistance of both materials [...] Read more.
This study investigates the influence of fiber bridging on the interlaminar strength of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) made from recycled carbon staple fiber yarn (rCF), compared to CFRP made from new fibers (vCF). Double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests measure the resistance of both materials against crack formation and the corresponding energy release rate (ERR). Several microscopic tools (SEM, CT) were then used to analyze the fracture surfaces and characterize the underlying failure mechanisms of the fiber bridges. The resulting ERR of rCFRP is four times (2140 J/m2 compared to 587 J/m2) higher than that of vCFRP. SEM images of the fracture surface reveal that the fracture mechanism is fiber debonding followed by fiber pull-out with constant friction. This finding is confirmed by calculating the fiber bridging stress using the mathematical formulation of this effect resulting in a fiber bridge tension of approximately 70 N/mm2. The main reason for the increased ERR of rCFRP compared to vCFRP is the extensive occurrence of fiber bridges in rCFRP due to the inhomogeneity of the rCF roving. This results in a pronounced nesting effect between adjacent rCF layers. The influence of the nesting effect on the ERR was investigated by testing samples with an increased layer orientation difference of 3° and 5°. This results in an ERR decrease of 26% in rCF and 30% in vCF. The nesting effect can be eliminated in vCFRP, but in rCFRP higher layer orientation, nesting is still visible. This finding suggests that the coarse, inhomogeneous structure of the rCFRP roving causes nesting regardless of the layer orientation and leads to a pronounced tendency to form fiber bridges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Recycling Methods or Reuse of Composite Materials)
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23 pages, 7174 KB  
Article
Use of Steel Industry Waste in Mortars for Application in Buildings: A Sustainable Alternative Analyzed by Microstructural, Chemical, and Mechanical Characterization
by Ana Laura M. Amorim, João Victor B. L. Oliveira, Rebecca Caroline M. Coelho, Bruno S. Teti, Esdras C. Costa, Nathan B. Lima, Kleber G. B. Alves and Nathalia B. D. Lima
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020111 - 21 Feb 2026
Viewed by 508
Abstract
Civil construction is considered one of the industries with the most significant environmental impact. In this sense, the main goal of this study was to investigate three different mortar sets incorporating industrial lamination waste, assessing their chemical, physical, and microstructural properties, as well [...] Read more.
Civil construction is considered one of the industries with the most significant environmental impact. In this sense, the main goal of this study was to investigate three different mortar sets incorporating industrial lamination waste, assessing their chemical, physical, and microstructural properties, as well as their mechanical performance to develop sustainable mortars. Cylindrical and prismatic specimens were produced using various incorporation methods: reference mortar, mortars with mill scale addition, partial replacement of cement with mill scale residue, and partial replacement of sand with residue, at proportions of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. In addition, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) analyses were performed. Physical and mechanical tests included those for bulk density, consistency index, water absorption by capillarity, axial compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength. XRF analyses showed an increase in iron oxide content and a decrease in calcium oxide with the addition of mill scale. XRD analyses confirmed the presence of compounds such as alite and portlandite, which are common in cementitious mortars. FTIR spectra confirmed the presence of functional groups through absorption bands associated with Si–O stretching. SEM images showed slight morphological changes in the composites as the amount of industrial lamination waste increased. The addition of industrial lamination waste affected the spread index and density of the mixtures, while water absorption by capillarity decreased in some formulations with mill scale. Concerning mechanical performance, the strength of the mortars varied with increasing amounts of industrial lamination waste. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Cementitious Composites)
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21 pages, 10153 KB  
Article
Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Porous Fe Skeleton-Reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca-Sr Bulk Metallic Glass Composites
by Tiebao Wang, Leyao Wang, Lichen Zhao and Xin Wang
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 110; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020110 - 21 Feb 2026
Viewed by 536
Abstract
Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have attracted significant attention in the field of biodegradable metallic biomaterials due to their desirable in vivo degradability and high strength. However, their relatively high brittleness limits further practical applications. In this work, porous Fe skeleton-reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca bulk [...] Read more.
Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) have attracted significant attention in the field of biodegradable metallic biomaterials due to their desirable in vivo degradability and high strength. However, their relatively high brittleness limits further practical applications. In this work, porous Fe skeleton-reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca bulk metallic glass composites (BMGCs) were fabricated by pressure infiltration using porous Fe skeleton as the toughening phase and Mg66Zn30Ca3Sr1 alloy as the matrix. It was found that electroless copper plating improved the interfacial wettability between molten Mg and Fe, as well as the infiltration-forming capability of the BMGCs. Quasi-static compression tests showed that the BMGC exhibited a compressive strength of 500 MPa, a plastic strain of 0.2%, and a yield strength of 420 MPa, representing a significant improvement over the matrix BMG alloy. The fracture surface displayed a vein-like pattern, indicating a noticeable transition from brittle to ductile fracture behavior. Thus, the porous Fe skeleton-reinforced Mg-Zn-Ca BMGC shows promise as a potential biodegradable biomedical material. Moreover, the preparation route presented here offers a new perspective for developing degradable Mg-Zn-Ca-based BMGCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)
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27 pages, 9446 KB  
Article
Comparative Evaluation of Lime–NaCl Catalyzed and Xanthan Gum–Fiber Reinforced Soil Stabilization: Experimental and Machine Learning Assessment of Strength and Stiffness
by Jair Arrieta Baldovino, Oscar E. Coronado-Hernandez and Oriana Palma Calabokis
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 109; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020109 - 21 Feb 2026
Viewed by 915
Abstract
The sustainable stabilization of clayey soils has become a critical strategy for improving their mechanical performance while reducing environmental impact. This study compares two distinct stabilization systems applied to the same low-plasticity clay (CL) from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: (i) lime catalyzed with [...] Read more.
The sustainable stabilization of clayey soils has become a critical strategy for improving their mechanical performance while reducing environmental impact. This study compares two distinct stabilization systems applied to the same low-plasticity clay (CL) from Cartagena de Indias, Colombia: (i) lime catalyzed with sodium chloride (NaCl) and (ii) xanthan gum (XG) reinforced with polypropylene fibers (PPF). A series of laboratory tests was performed to evaluate the unconfined compressive strength (qu) and small-strain stiffness (Go) of both systems under controlled compaction and curing conditions. The lime–NaCl system demonstrated accelerated early-age strength and stiffness development, reaching qu values above 2.5 MPa and Go exceeding 10 GPa after 28 days of curing, mainly attributed to enhanced pozzolanic reactions catalyzed by NaCl. Conversely, the XG–PPF blends exhibited progressive improvements in mechanical performance, achieving notable gains after 90 days due to the polymeric bonding of XG and the fiber–matrix reinforcement that enhanced ductility and post-peak behavior. When normalized through the porosity–binder index, both systems exhibited power-law trends, with the lime–NaCl mixtures displaying higher exponents indicative of cementation-controlled behavior, while the XG–PPF mixtures showed lower exponents consistent with interparticle bonding and network formation. These results highlight the complementary mechanisms of chemical and biopolymeric stabilization, providing insights into the selection of sustainable binders tailored to specific design requirements in tropical clays. This research demonstrated that the implementation of machine learning models enhanced the fitting accuracy of the two soil stabilization methods when compared with traditional mathematical regression models commonly used in geotechnical engineering. Among the tested approaches, the neural network and Gaussian process regression models exhibited the best performance, achieving R2 values ranging from 0.917 to 0.980 during the validation stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)
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17 pages, 3701 KB  
Article
Parametric Analysis of Nonresonant Modal Response of a CFRP Beam Under High-Frequency External Forcing
by Qamar Maqbool, Rashid Naseer and Imran Akhtar
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 108; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020108 - 20 Feb 2026
Viewed by 383
Abstract
The dynamic response of a supercritical composite shaft is inherently nonlinear and constitutes a critical aspect of its structural and operational design. In this work, a flexible composite shaft operating in an ultra-supercritical turbine regime is idealized as a cantilever beam. A combined [...] Read more.
The dynamic response of a supercritical composite shaft is inherently nonlinear and constitutes a critical aspect of its structural and operational design. In this work, a flexible composite shaft operating in an ultra-supercritical turbine regime is idealized as a cantilever beam. A combined experimental, numerical, and analytical framework is employed to characterize the nonlinear flexural response of the CFRP cantilever subjected to high-frequency external base excitation. The governing equations of motion are formulated by incorporating inertia-related nonlinear effects. Despite excitation in the vicinity of the third flexural mode, the system response is predominantly governed by the first bending mode, indicating strong nonresonant modal coupling. As the excitation amplitude is increased from 0.8 g to 2.8 g, the modulation sidebands around the third-mode frequency space out from 1.8 Hz to 4.1 Hz, while the amplitude of the induced nonresonant response associated with the first mode decreases monotonically from 2.2 g to 0.02 g. This intermodal energy transfer between widely separated modes is attributed to the presence of cubic nonlinearities inherent to the laminated composite material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Carbon Composites)
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28 pages, 9557 KB  
Article
Combined Computational-Experimental Investigation of Crack Kinking Under Mode I Loading in Thick Adhesively Bonded GFRP Composite Joints
by Akash Sharma, Ali Shivaie Kojouri, Jialiang Fan, Anastasios P. Vassilopoulos, Veronique Michaud, Kalliopi-Artemi Kalteremidou, Danny Van Hemelrijck and Wim Van Paepegem
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 107; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020107 - 19 Feb 2026
Viewed by 494
Abstract
This study developed a combined computational-experimental approach to investigate crack kinking in thick adhesively bonded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite joints, focusing on the adhesive joints found at wind turbine blade trailing edges. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests were performed on composite [...] Read more.
This study developed a combined computational-experimental approach to investigate crack kinking in thick adhesively bonded Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) composite joints, focusing on the adhesive joints found at wind turbine blade trailing edges. Double Cantilever Beam (DCB) tests were performed on composite joints with a 10-mm thick epoxy adhesive, representative of trailing-edge joints. Finite Element (FE) models included cross-ply GFRP composites and an adhesive layer. Subsequently, both the composite/adhesive interfaces and voids were explicitly modelled, allowing separate and combined evaluations of their effects on crack kinking. A cohesive zone model was used to capture the fracture along the composite/adhesive interfaces, while a Drucker-Prager plasticity model combined with a ductile damage model was used for the adhesive. The numerical findings indicated that crack kinking in FE simulations with explicit interfaces was primarily governed by the lower fracture resistance of the composite/adhesive interface relative to that of the bulk adhesive. Voids with a total volume fraction of approximately 1% were modelled by randomly deleting cubic 1 mm C3D8R elements in the adhesive layer to reproduce the voids typically observed in thick adhesive joints. The predicted crack paths closely matched experimental results. Simulations with voids revealed that voids above or below the adhesive midplane caused crack deflection toward the nearest interface. In models combining both features, cracks were consistently redirected toward the composite/adhesive boundary near voids, reproducing experimental observations. These results provide new insights into trailing-edge adhesive joint failure and establish a foundation for better modelling and design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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17 pages, 1759 KB  
Article
Effect of Dentin Surface Pretreatments and Thermocycling on the Shear Bond Strength of Resin Cement: An In Vitro Study
by Pimchanok Thatphet, Wisarut Prawatvatchara, Awiruth Klaisiri, Tool Sriamporn and Niyom Thamrongananskul
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 106; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020106 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 627
Abstract
The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of dentin pretreatment protocols and thermocycling on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhesive resin cement (Maxcem elite chroma) on dentin. A total of 168 extracted human third molars were [...] Read more.
The objective of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of dentin pretreatment protocols and thermocycling on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self-adhesive resin cement (Maxcem elite chroma) on dentin. A total of 168 extracted human third molars were randomly divided into four main groups according to dentin pretreatment: no treatment, 10% polyacrylic acid, Optibond universal, and Scotchbond universal plus. Half of these were subjected to thermocycling (5000 cycles; 5–55 °C). Composite resin rods were bonded using the self-adhesive resin cement, and SBS was measured with a universal testing machine. Two-way ANOVA showed that dentin pretreatment and thermocycling significantly affected SBS, with significant interaction between factors (p < 0.001). The highest SBS was observed in the Optibond universal group (18.71 ± 0.43 MPa), while the lowest SBS occurred in the 10% polyacrylic acid-treated group after thermocycling (2.69 ± 0.39 MPa). Thermocycling significantly reduced SBS in all groups. These results indicate that pretreatment with a compatible universal adhesive improves bond durability, whereas 10% polyacrylic acid pretreatment adversely affects bonding performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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16 pages, 2783 KB  
Article
Supercapacitors with Composite Fibrous Electrodes
by Victoria P. T. Cosmas, Ioanna Savva, Maria Karouzou, Vasileios Drakonakis, Mark A. Baker and Constantina Lekakou
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 105; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020105 - 17 Feb 2026
Viewed by 734
Abstract
We present an investigation to develop innovative composite fibrous electrodes optimized for a supercapacitor with a “green” low-cost aqueous electrolyte, superconcentrated potassium formate, which raises the maximum energy storage device voltage beyond the water electrolysis limit. Three types of electrospun nanofiber mats are [...] Read more.
We present an investigation to develop innovative composite fibrous electrodes optimized for a supercapacitor with a “green” low-cost aqueous electrolyte, superconcentrated potassium formate, which raises the maximum energy storage device voltage beyond the water electrolysis limit. Three types of electrospun nanofiber mats are investigated for optimum pseudocapacitance with this electrolyte: polyaniline (PANI)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers, without or with 1 wt% or 10 wt% graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). These nanofiber mats are considered as standalone electrodes or in bilayer formations with a phenolic-derived activated carbon fabric. Supercapacitor cells with these electrodes are tested electrochemically via electrical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge–discharge at different current densities. The supercapacitor with hybrid electrode bilayers of activated carbon fabric and electrospun fiber mat consisting of PANI:PAN at 50:50 w/w with 10 wt% GNP exhibited the best performance with an energy and a power density of 39 Wh/kg and 6057 W/kg of electrodes, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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37 pages, 1612 KB  
Systematic Review
Recent Advances in Biocomposite Materials Reinforced with Raw or Minimally Processed Wool: Fabrication Methods, Properties and Applications—A Systematic Review
by Carlos Ruiz-Díaz, Óscar Rodríguez-Alabanda, María M. Serrano-Baena and Guillermo Guerrero-Vacas
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 104; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020104 - 16 Feb 2026
Viewed by 824
Abstract
Sheep wool is a keratin-based natural fiber increasingly explored as a low-impact reinforcement and multifunctional modifier in composites, enabling valorization of coarse or waste wool streams. This systematic review consolidates evidence on raw or minimally processed wool-reinforced composites across polymer matrices and mineral [...] Read more.
Sheep wool is a keratin-based natural fiber increasingly explored as a low-impact reinforcement and multifunctional modifier in composites, enabling valorization of coarse or waste wool streams. This systematic review consolidates evidence on raw or minimally processed wool-reinforced composites across polymer matrices and mineral binders. Following a registered protocol and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020, Scopus and Web of Science were searched for English-language journal articles (2015–2025), yielding 44 included studies after screening. Evidence mapping shows polymers dominate (33/44; thermosets 19/44), while mineral binders account for 11/44. Wool is mainly used as short fibers (27/44), with woven (9/44) and nonwoven/felt (8/44) architectures appearing in laminates and insulation products. Because heterogeneity limits pooled meta-analysis, outcomes are synthesized using matched-control comparisons where available (27/44) and interpreted with a TRiC appraisal (Transparency, Reproducibility, and Credibility). Mechanical effects are highly conditional: gains in impact/energy absorption and occasional tensile/flexural stress improvements coexist with frequent losses linked to dispersion, wetting/impregnation and void sensitivity. Functional trends are similarly system-dependent, with promising but uneven evidence for acoustic performance, variable thermal conductivity shifts, and formulation-driven fire behavior. Moisture uptake and durability emerge as principal translation bottlenecks, motivating minimum reporting and design practices to improve comparability and application readiness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)—Current Research Trends and Applications)
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22 pages, 8104 KB  
Article
Mechanics and Phase–Microstructure Evolution of Silica Sand-Modified Oil-Well Cement Cured at 240 °C: From Single-Size Effects to Graded-Packing Design
by Feng Zhao, Chengwen Wang, Tao Yang and Hongtao Wang
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020103 - 16 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1014
Abstract
Oil-well cement sheaths can undergo complex property evolution under ultra-high-temperature curing. This study examines how silica sand particle size and graded packing control the time-dependent performance of Class G oil-well cement cured at 240 °C. Four single-size sands (D50 = 8, 41, [...] Read more.
Oil-well cement sheaths can undergo complex property evolution under ultra-high-temperature curing. This study examines how silica sand particle size and graded packing control the time-dependent performance of Class G oil-well cement cured at 240 °C. Four single-size sands (D50 = 8, 41, 81, and 228 μm; 50% BWOC) and six graded blends (F1–F6) were evaluated using compressive strength and water permeability at 7, 14, and 28 days, supported by XRD and SEM for selected specimens. Contrary to the common assumption that finer silica necessarily yields higher strength, the 240 °C results reveal that coarse silica sand deserves greater attention; while the 8 μm system shows high early strength, it exhibits pronounced late-age retrogression, whereas coarser sands (41–228 μm) maintain continuous strength gain with curing time and display distinct permeability responses. Graded packing further suppresses retrogression; F1 achieves the highest 28-day strength (approaching 50 MPa) and a one-order-of-magnitude reduction in permeability over time. XRD/SEM evidence suggests that the superior performance of optimized designs is associated with reduced residual quartz and enhanced xonotlite development, together with a denser, interpenetrating hydrate framework promoted by graded packing at 240 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Applications)
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18 pages, 1547 KB  
Article
Upcycled Silica-Rich Rice Husk Ash Reinforced Cellulose Acetate Composite Films for Light-Shielding Sustainable Packaging
by Eduardo Gomes de Freitas, Maurício Alves Ramos, Silvia Helena Fuentes da Silva, Nilson Edegar Antunes da Silva, Carolina Duarte Bacchieri Falcão, Lucas Minghini Gonçalves, André Luiz Missio, Everton Granemann Souza, Chiara das Dores do Nascimento, Neftalí Lenin Villarreal Carreño and Camila Monteiro Cholant
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 102; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020102 - 15 Feb 2026
Viewed by 667
Abstract
Silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA) was upcycled as an inorganic filler to engineer cellulose acetate (CA) films with tunable properties for higher-value sustainable packaging. Composite films were produced by solvent casting, varying RHA loading with and without glycerol plasticization. FTIRconfirmed the chemical integrity [...] Read more.
Silica-rich rice husk ash (RHA) was upcycled as an inorganic filler to engineer cellulose acetate (CA) films with tunable properties for higher-value sustainable packaging. Composite films were produced by solvent casting, varying RHA loading with and without glycerol plasticization. FTIRconfirmed the chemical integrity of CA and indicated an increase in hydroxyl interactions in glycerol-plasticized films. Optical microscopy showed that RHA progressively induces particle domains and aggregation, while glycerol improves dispersion and surface uniformity. These microstructural effects translated into controllable optical–mechanical trade-offs: neat CA remained highly transparent, whereas RHA reduced transmittance. Glycerol had a minor effect effect on transmittance, indicating that shielding is primarily governed by the ash-derived inorganic domains and tensile testing highlighted an optimal low-filler regime. A small RHA addition maximized strength and stiffness in non-plasticized films. Contact-angle measurements in neutral and alkaline media indicated pH-sensitive wetting, with faster deterioration under alkaline conditions. Thermogravimetric analysis confirmed increased char residue with RHA addition and that glycerol introduces an early mass-loss stage. Overall, the CA/RHA platform offers a simple and potentially scalable route to upcycled, silica-reinforced films, and the formulation of CA and 1.33 wt% RHA (without glycerol) stands out as a robust secondary layer with low transmittance in the UV-Vis range, making it suitable for high-value light-sensitive flexible healthcare packaging, such as protective overwraps or translucent pouches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymer Composites: Waste Reutilization and Valorization)
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19 pages, 10660 KB  
Article
Effect of Silica Particles on Moisture Resistance and Mechanical Performance in Flax/Epoxy RTM Composites: Matrix Modification
by Isabelle Kuhr, Teresa Nirmala, Tim Luplow, Georg Garnweitner and Sebastian Heimbs
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020101 - 14 Feb 2026
Viewed by 604
Abstract
Natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFCs) have attracted attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibre composites. However, their hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to moisture absorption, especially in combination with process-related defects, can compromise long-term performance. This study critically examines the effects of hydrophobic fumed silica, [...] Read more.
Natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFCs) have attracted attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic fibre composites. However, their hydrophilic nature and susceptibility to moisture absorption, especially in combination with process-related defects, can compromise long-term performance. This study critically examines the effects of hydrophobic fumed silica, incorporated into an epoxy matrix, on the processing, moisture uptake, and mechanical properties of flax/epoxy laminates produced via resin transfer moulding (RTM). Epoxy systems containing 0–5 wt% silica were characterised in terms of particle dispersion, rheological properties, thermal behaviour, and water absorption. Corresponding laminates were analysed for void content, Fickian diffusion behaviour, and tensile performance in dry and saturated states. Despite its hydrophobic surface treatment, silica increased resin water uptake and, at 5 wt%, led to a substantial rise in viscosity, poor fibre impregnation, and increased porosity. The resulting laminates exhibited faster and higher moisture uptake and significantly reduced wet mechanical properties, especially for highly filled systems. While thermal stability improved slightly, the overall findings revealed that the chosen silica-based matrix modification led to clear trade-offs and processing limitations under RTM conditions. This study highlights the importance of assessing such limitations early in the design process and demonstrates that the selected silica type is not a viable strategy for improving moisture resistance in NFCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Fiber Composites)
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41 pages, 5371 KB  
Article
Structural Performance, Manufacturing Feasibility, and Sustainability of a Polyester/Jute Composite Blade for Small Wind Turbines
by Ana Gabriele da Paixão Ferreira, Robson Luis Baleeiro Cardoso, Maurício Maia Ribeiro, Douglas Santos Silva, Raí Felipe Pereira Junio, Sergio Neves Monteiro and Jean da Silva Rodrigues
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020100 - 14 Feb 2026
Viewed by 708
Abstract
Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been increasingly investigated for sustainable structural applications, including small wind turbine blades operating under low wind-speed conditions. However, despite their environmental advantages, there is a lack of experimental validation of structural models applied to real aerodynamic blade geometries [...] Read more.
Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composites have been increasingly investigated for sustainable structural applications, including small wind turbine blades operating under low wind-speed conditions. However, despite their environmental advantages, there is a lack of experimental validation of structural models applied to real aerodynamic blade geometries manufactured with carded natural fibers, whose intrinsic fiber dispersion and microstructural heterogeneity challenge classical laminate-based approaches. The objective of this study is to evaluate the structural performance, modeling validity, and manufacturing feasibility of a small wind turbine blade produced from polyester resin reinforced with carded jute fibers, combining Classical Laminate Theory (CLT), additive-manufactured tooling, vacuum infusion processing, and quasi-static bending experiments. A 3D-printed ABS mold was used to manufacture an S1210 aerodynamic profile, enabling a low-cost and rapid tooling approach aligned with current trends in digital composite prototyping. The blade was structurally modeled using CLT with elastic properties obtained from previous experimental characterization and was experimentally evaluated through quasi-static bending tests instrumented with strain gauges at three spanwise stations. Numerical predictions showed strong agreement with experimental strain measurements, validating the applicability of CLT to carded natural-fiber laminates despite their inherent angular dispersion and microstructural variability. All monitored regions exhibited fully linear elastic behavior, with maximum stresses of approximately 5 MPa—well below the composite tensile strength (~60 MPa)—resulting in a safety factor close to 12. These results confirm the structural reliability, manufacturing feasibility, and sustainability potential of jute-reinforced polyester composites for small wind turbine blades operating in low-wind-speed environments (<2 m/s). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)
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25 pages, 1046 KB  
Review
Green Approaches to the Surface Modification of Cellulose: Methods and Mechanisms
by M. Madhushree, G. T. Mahesha, H. Venkatachalam and K. Subrahmanya Bhat
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 99; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020099 - 13 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1665
Abstract
Cellulose, as the most abundant renewable biopolymer on Earth, provides significant potential for sustainable material development. However, its native hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and poor compatibility with nonpolar systems limit its use in advanced applications. To overcome these challenges, a broad spectrum of organic reactions [...] Read more.
Cellulose, as the most abundant renewable biopolymer on Earth, provides significant potential for sustainable material development. However, its native hydrophilicity, crystallinity, and poor compatibility with nonpolar systems limit its use in advanced applications. To overcome these challenges, a broad spectrum of organic reactions has been employed to chemically modify cellulose, enabling fine-tuning of its surface chemistry, solubility, thermal stability, and interfacial behavior. This review highlights key modification strategies, including esterification, etherification, click chemistry, and isocyanate-based urethanization, as well as oxidation methods that introduce reactive functionalities for further coupling. The discussion includes both dispersion-based (heterogeneous) and solution-based (homogeneous) reaction systems, emphasizing the influence of reaction conditions, solvent selection, and catalytic approaches. These organic transformation routes allow the integration of cellulose into a wide range of functional materials such as biodegradable plastics, hydrophobic coatings, biomedical scaffolds, flame-retardant composites, and flexible electronics, thereby positioning chemically modified cellulose as a versatile platform for next-generation sustainable technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)
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22 pages, 6302 KB  
Article
Energy-Aware Tribology of Nanoclay-Reinforced Biobased-Epoxy Integrating Taguchi Optimization, Machine Learning, and Surface Morphology
by Kiran Keshyagol, Prateek Jain, Pavan Hiremath, Satisha Prabhu, Gurumurthy B M, G. Divya Deepak and Arunkumar H S
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 98; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020098 - 13 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 681
Abstract
The dry sliding wear behaviour of nanoclay-filled bio-based epoxy composites was systematically investigated using a Taguchi L16 experimental design by varying nanoclay content (0–0.35 wt.%), normal load, sliding speed, and sliding time against an EN24 steel counterface. Wear loss, specific wear rate (SWR), [...] Read more.
The dry sliding wear behaviour of nanoclay-filled bio-based epoxy composites was systematically investigated using a Taguchi L16 experimental design by varying nanoclay content (0–0.35 wt.%), normal load, sliding speed, and sliding time against an EN24 steel counterface. Wear loss, specific wear rate (SWR), frictional response, thermal rise, and energy-based descriptors were quantified, followed by mathematical and machine-learning (ML) based modelling. The results demonstrate that nanoclay addition significantly improves tribological performance up to an optimal content of 0.25 wt.%, beyond which wear instability increases. Compared with neat epoxy, the 0.25 wt.% nanoclay composite exhibited a reduction in steady-state coefficient of friction from ~0.53 to ~0.42, along with a 25–30% decrease in specific wear rate and the lowest energy-to-wear conversion efficiency, indicating more effective utilization of frictional energy. Taguchi analysis identified normal load as the dominant factor governing wear variation (~68% contribution), followed by sliding speed (~17%), while nanoclay content contributed ~5%. An energy-based wear model showed improved correlation with experimental wear volume (R2 ≈ 0.93) compared to a classical Archard-type formulation. ML prediction using a random forest model with leave-one-out cross-validation achieved an R2 ≈ 0.64 for SWR. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses confirmed a transition from severe abrasive wear in neat epoxy to stable tribofilm formation at 0.25 wt.% nanoclay, followed by heterogeneous debris-mediated wear at higher filler content. The observed reduction in wear loss and frictional energy dissipation supports sustainable materials innovation aligned with SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure) and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), while improved operational efficiency is consistent with SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biocomposites)
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21 pages, 2034 KB  
Systematic Review
Matrix Band Systems in Class II Composites: A Systematic Review
by Sofia Drouri, Soukaina Boudaia, Rim Bourgi and Hafsa El Merini
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020097 - 11 Feb 2026
Viewed by 1382
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The integrity of proximal contact and marginal adaptation in Class II composite restorations is essential for mechanical stability, interfacial integrity, and long-term clinical performance. These outcomes are strongly influenced by the matrix system used during restoration. This systematic review aimed to evaluate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: The integrity of proximal contact and marginal adaptation in Class II composite restorations is essential for mechanical stability, interfacial integrity, and long-term clinical performance. These outcomes are strongly influenced by the matrix system used during restoration. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the performance of different matrix systems in restoring posterior proximal cavities, with a specific focus on their interaction with composite materials. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, and Scopus for studies published between 2014 and 2024. Clinical and in vitro studies comparing different matrix systems used in Class II posterior composite restorations were included. Sixteen studies met the eligibility criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool for randomized clinical trials and the ROBINS-I tool for non-randomized studies. Results: Sectional matrix systems consistently demonstrated superior performance in achieving anatomically accurate and tight proximal contacts compared with circumferential and transparent matrix systems. Metal matrices generally showed better contact tightness and marginal adaptation than transparent matrices, likely due to their higher rigidity and improved resistance to deformation during composite placement and polymerization. The adjunctive use of separation rings and contact-forming instruments further enhanced proximal contact quality and marginal integrity. Regarding composite types, high-viscosity bulk-fill composites provided better marginal adaptation and proximal contact tightness than flowable bulk-fill and conventional composites. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the included studies, proximal contact quality and marginal adaptation in Class II composite restorations are influenced by the matrix system, composite material behavior, and clinical application protocol. Sectional metal matrix systems combined with separation rings appear to be associated with improved outcomes in the included studies, while auxiliary contact-forming instruments may further improve restorative outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Manufacturing and Processing)
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12 pages, 1771 KB  
Article
An Electrochemical Cortisol Sensor Based on rGO-Modified Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
by Ziyu Liu, Guangzhong Xie, Jing Li and Yuanjie Su
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020096 - 11 Feb 2026
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 811
Abstract
The growing burden of stress-related mental disorders has intensified the demand for practical tools that enable objective and continuous stress assessment. Cortisol is a well-established biochemical indicator of stress and is detectable in sweat, making it attractive for portable monitoring. In this work, [...] Read more.
The growing burden of stress-related mental disorders has intensified the demand for practical tools that enable objective and continuous stress assessment. Cortisol is a well-established biochemical indicator of stress and is detectable in sweat, making it attractive for portable monitoring. In this work, we present a portable electrochemical cortisol sensor (PECS) constructed on a screen-printed carbon electrode, where reduced graphene oxide (rGO) enhances charge transfer and an electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) provides selective recognition. The PECS delivers reliable quantification from 0.01 to 100 nM with stable signal output, achieving a sensitivity of 670.0 nA·nM−1·cm−2 and a limit of detection of 0.0031 nM (i–t mode). The proposed platform supports non-invasive, real-time cortisol readout and offers a feasible route toward soft bioelectronic systems for mental-health-oriented monitoring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)
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17 pages, 2123 KB  
Review
Sustainable and Industry-Ready Metal Matrix Composites Produced by Stir Casting and Cryorolling: Process–Property Insights Enabled by Machine Learning—A Review
by Haitham M. Alswat
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 95; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020095 - 11 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 995
Abstract
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are one of the significant engineering materials for many industrial applications. The growing interest in MMCs stems from their strong mechanical properties, including their higher specific mechanical strength and excellent corrosion and wear resistance. From an industrial viewpoint, the [...] Read more.
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are one of the significant engineering materials for many industrial applications. The growing interest in MMCs stems from their strong mechanical properties, including their higher specific mechanical strength and excellent corrosion and wear resistance. From an industrial viewpoint, the ability of MMCs to undergo secondary processing is significant. This review aims to clarify the effects of cryorolling on the microstructure, mechanical properties and wear behavior of different aluminum-based MMCs. In particular, aluminum matrix composites (AMCs) produced through the stir-casting approach experience an additional cryorolling procedure to enhance their tensile mechanical strength and wear resistance. This hybrid manufacturing approach has shown promise in creating effective structural components. This review covers the production of ex situ aluminum-based composites formed by stir casting and then cryorolling. It also highlights how the particle size, volume fraction, and the cryorolling procedure affect the microstructure, wear, and mechanical properties. This approach could broaden the uses of hybrid manufacturing by demonstrating its practical advantages and efficiency. Furthermore, this review highlights the importance of implementing machine learning (ML) models and life cycle assessment (LCA) in evaluating MMCs produced through stir casting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Composites)
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25 pages, 13435 KB  
Article
Preliminary Design Optimization of CFRP Crash Box for High-Performance Automotive Applications
by Antonio Maria Caporale, Alessandro Amato and Gerardus Janszen
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 94; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020094 - 11 Feb 2026
Viewed by 866
Abstract
This study presents a hybrid experimental–numerical methodology for the preliminary design and optimization of a CFRP crash box intended for high-performance automotive applications. An initial experimental campaign was conducted on frustum-shaped crash boxes manufactured by Pagani Automobili S.p.A., comparing constant and variable thickness [...] Read more.
This study presents a hybrid experimental–numerical methodology for the preliminary design and optimization of a CFRP crash box intended for high-performance automotive applications. An initial experimental campaign was conducted on frustum-shaped crash boxes manufactured by Pagani Automobili S.p.A., comparing constant and variable thickness configurations through drop tower impact tests to evaluate energy absorption, crushing stability, and failure mechanisms. A lightweight finite element model was developed in Abaqus/Explicit using shell elements and Hashin-based damage criteria, achieving calibration errors below 10% for most parameters and under 15% for peak forces. Geometric enhancements, including continuous flanges, removal of the top surface, and an internal cruciform reinforcement, significantly improved energy absorption (up to 110%) but introduced trade-offs in stroke efficiency and mean force levels. To mitigate these effects, a genetic algorithm was employed to optimize laminate layup by varying ply orientations, resulting in improved stroke efficiency and reduced peak and average forces while maintaining crushing stability. The proposed approach demonstrates that integrating experimental validation with efficient numerical modeling and optimization accelerates the development of lightweight, high-performance crash absorbers, offering a robust framework for motorsport and automotive applications that balances safety, efficiency, and manufacturability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Composites Modelling and Characterization)
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15 pages, 4086 KB  
Article
The Balanced Bending Stiffness Method for Characterizing Interfacial Properties of Overmolded Composites
by Ali Rezaei, Simon Nakze, Jos. M. H. Linsen, Rick. A. C. Leuven and A. Tessa ten Cate
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020093 - 10 Feb 2026
Viewed by 652
Abstract
This study introduces the Balanced Bending Stiffness (BBS) method, a novel experimental approach to measure the intrinsic Mode-I interfacial fracture toughness (GIC) in overmolded hybrid composites. Traditional testing methods for these asymmetric systems are complicated by inherent stiffness mismatches that [...] Read more.
This study introduces the Balanced Bending Stiffness (BBS) method, a novel experimental approach to measure the intrinsic Mode-I interfacial fracture toughness (GIC) in overmolded hybrid composites. Traditional testing methods for these asymmetric systems are complicated by inherent stiffness mismatches that couple opening and shearing failure modes, requiring complex post-analytical corrections. The BBS method addresses this challenge by engineering physically balanced Asymmetric Double Cantilever Beam (ADCB) specimens through comparative stiffness matching, isolating pure mode-I failure conditions and enabling direct toughness measurement. The method is validated using a glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene (GF/PP) system, with parametric studies investigating the effects of fiber content and processing temperatures on interfacial toughness for short-fiber (SFT) and long-fiber (LFT) thermoplastics. Results reveal that higher fiber content and substrate preheating significantly enhance toughness, with particularly strong results for LFTs due to fiber bridging. This work provides a framework for material characterization and insights into optimizing overmolded composite interfaces. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Fatigue and Failure Mechanisms of Composites)
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22 pages, 2415 KB  
Article
Controlling the Thermodynamic Stability of Melt-Compounded PLA as Opportunity to Achieve 3D Printing Automotive Items with Medium Lifetime
by Doina Dimonie, Silvia Mathe, Roxana Doina Trușcă, Celina Maria Damian, Ștefan Dumitru and Florin Oancea
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020092 - 9 Feb 2026
Viewed by 793
Abstract
In view of the future estimation of the life-time of 3D printed automotive components, this paper evaluates the thermodynamic stability of controlled-nucleated poly (lactic acid) (PLA), focusing on formulations that maintain good mechanical behavior after 4 years of storage under controlled conditions. PLA [...] Read more.
In view of the future estimation of the life-time of 3D printed automotive components, this paper evaluates the thermodynamic stability of controlled-nucleated poly (lactic acid) (PLA), focusing on formulations that maintain good mechanical behavior after 4 years of storage under controlled conditions. PLA with 0.5% D-lactide and low molecular weight, which has optimal melt flow at 3D printing, was nucleated using either a sulfonic acid derivative (heterogeneous nucleation) or a PLA grade with 4% D-lactide (stereocomplex or racemic nucleation). Since the earliest signs of thermodynamic instability manifest as changes in chemical structure, which alters thermal behavior, this study focuses on FTIR, DSC analysis and some functional properties such as impact resistance and heat deflection temperature (HDT). The initial properties were compared with those measured 4 years later. Due to heterogeneous nucleation, the bi-modal melting of neat PLA turned into a mono-modal peak, which remained stable over 4 years. Initially, the mono-modal melting of racemic nucleated PLA transitioned into a bi-modal pattern over time, proving its long-term thermodynamic instability. Because 3D printing requires mono-modal melting, it was concluded that racemic crystallization is unsuitable for the used PLA modification with respect to future 3D printing of medium-life automotive components. Crystallinity shapes long-term mechanical performance; therefore, the process must be conducted under selected conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Journal of Composites Science in 2025)
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15 pages, 2966 KB  
Article
Valorization of Agri-Food Waste in Green Composites: Influence of Orange Peel Particulates on Mechanical, Thermal, and Antioxidant PLA Properties
by Stefano Trimarchi, Federica Curcio, Roberta Cassano and Francesco Gagliardi
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 91; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020091 - 9 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 865
Abstract
Polymer matrix composites derived from organic waste represent a viable solution for enhancing environmental sustainability. This study investigates the development and characterization of eco-friendly composite filaments using polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with orange peel particulates (OPPs), evaluating their potential for fused filament fabrication [...] Read more.
Polymer matrix composites derived from organic waste represent a viable solution for enhancing environmental sustainability. This study investigates the development and characterization of eco-friendly composite filaments using polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with orange peel particulates (OPPs), evaluating their potential for fused filament fabrication (FFF). PLA/OPP composites were fabricated with varying reinforcement concentrations (2.5–20 wt%) and different particle sizes. The materials were characterized through mechanical testing, thermal analysis (DSC), and FTIR spectroscopy, while functional performance was evaluated via DPPH and ABTS antioxidant assays. The experimental results indicated that a specific low OPP concentration (2.5 wt%) maintained the tensile strength of the neat matrix while significantly improving ductility by 16.67%, thereby enhancing the processability for fused deposition modeling (FDM). Conversely, reinforcement levels exceeding 10 wt% led to a decline in mechanical properties due to fiber agglomeration and matrix saturation. Thermal analysis revealed that higher OPP content influences the crystallization kinetics, while FTIR spectra confirmed good interfacial compatibility through hydrogen bonding. Notably, the incorporation of OPP imparted significant antioxidant activity to the composites, which increased proportionally with filler content. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that low-content PLA/OPP composites successfully balance mechanical performance with functional bioactivity, providing a sustainable material suitable for active packaging and 3D printing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Polymer Composites: Waste Reutilization and Valorization)
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22 pages, 4853 KB  
Article
Tuning Magnetic Anisotropy and Spin Relaxation in CoFe2O4–MWCNT Nanocomposites via Interfacial Exchange Coupling
by Prashant Kumar, Jiten Yadav, Arjun Singh, Sumit Kumar, Rajni Verma and Saurabh Pathak
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 90; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020090 - 9 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1227
Abstract
Interfacial coupling between CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles and oxidatively functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) enables controlled modulation of structural, optical, and spin dynamic properties in CFO–MWCNT nanocomposites. The solvothermal synthesis promotes nucleation of CFO on –COOH/–OH functional groups, ensuring uniform anchoring [...] Read more.
Interfacial coupling between CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles and oxidatively functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) enables controlled modulation of structural, optical, and spin dynamic properties in CFO–MWCNT nanocomposites. The solvothermal synthesis promotes nucleation of CFO on –COOH/–OH functional groups, ensuring uniform anchoring along the nanotube surface. X-ray diffraction confirms a cubic spinel phase with lattice expansion from 8.385 Å to 8.410 Å and crystallite growth from 18 nm to 25 nm, reflecting strain transfer and partial nanoparticle coalescence at the carbon interface. The observed bandgap narrowing from 2.72 eV to 2.50 eV, confirmed via Tauc plot analysis, is attributed to localized defect states induced by charge delocalization and orbital hybridization at the interface of the CFO–MWCNT boundary. DC magnetometry reveals a reduction in saturation magnetization from 46 emu/g to 35 emu/g due to diamagnetic dilution and interfacial spin canting, while coercivity decreases from 852 Oe to 841 Oe, indicating modified pinning and domain-wall dynamics associated with exchange-coupled interfaces. Ferromagnetic resonance measurements show a resonance field shift from 3495 G to 3500 G and an increase in the Landé g-factor from 1.97 to 2.00, signifying altered spin–orbit coupling and enhanced local magnetic perturbations. The spin–lattice relaxation time increases from 1.41 ns to 1.59 ns, demonstrating suppressed phonon-mediated relaxation and improved spin coherence across the hybrid network. Spin density rises from 3.72 × 1022 to 4.58 × 1022 spins/g, confirming an increase in unpaired electrons generated by orbital asymmetry at the interface. The anisotropy field and effective magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant exhibit pronounced modulation, evidencing strengthened exchange stiffness and altered Co2+/Fe3+ superexchange pathways. These results establish CFO-MWCNT nanocomposites as tuneable platforms for spintronic logic elements, high-frequency microwave attenuation, and magneto-optical device architectures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Science and Technology of Polymeric Blends, Composites, and Nanocomposites)
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23 pages, 32541 KB  
Article
Mechanical, Degradation, and Impact Resistance of a Sustainable Coir Geotextile Composite Barrier for Landslide Mitigation
by Harshith Nelson, Senthilkumar Vadivel, Madappa V. R. Sivasubramanian and Sathish Kumar Veerappan
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020089 - 7 Feb 2026
Viewed by 561
Abstract
Flexible barrier systems are widely used for landslide and debris flow mitigation due to their ability to dissipate impact energy through large deformations. Conventional systems, however, rely on steel mesh components, which are associated with high environmental impact and durability concerns. This study [...] Read more.
Flexible barrier systems are widely used for landslide and debris flow mitigation due to their ability to dissipate impact energy through large deformations. Conventional systems, however, rely on steel mesh components, which are associated with high environmental impact and durability concerns. This study examines the feasibility of a sustainable coir geotextile composite barrier as an alternative flexible barrier for mitigating small-to-moderate landslides. A woven geotextile barrier was developed using multi-strand coir ropes and evaluated through a comprehensive experimental program involving physical and mechanical characterization, accelerated degradation testing, incremental static loading, vertical drop impact tests, and sustained load retention tests. The developed barrier exhibited a high mass per unit area of approximately 3750 g/m2 and tensile capacities exceeding 2 kN at the rope level. Accelerated weathering tests revealed a limited reduction in tensile strength of approximately 5% after three years of exposure, whereas prolonged exposure of five years led to strength losses exceeding 70%, underscoring durability as a key design consideration. Static loading tests confirmed stable behavior up to 550 kg, and sustained loading of approximately 1700 kg was maintained over 48 h without loss of structural integrity. Vertical drop tests demonstrated impact resistance in the range of 6–51 kN, depending on the drop height, mass, and connection density. The results demonstrate that coir geotextile barriers can function as flexible, energy-dissipating composite systems suitable for sustainable landslide mitigation in moderate hazard scenarios. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Composites: A Sustainable Material Solution, 2nd Edition)
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13 pages, 59908 KB  
Article
Rheological and Thermal Properties of Recycled Petroleum-Based Polyesters MWCNT Nanocomposite: Sustainable Materials
by Kashif Ullah Khan, Zoltan Weltsch and Andrea Adamne Major
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020088 - 7 Feb 2026
Viewed by 527
Abstract
This work investigates the effect of recycling on the rheological and thermal properties of petroleum-based polyester nanocomposites. PET and PBT are used widely in the automobile and packaging industries, and there is a growing need for effective ways to utilize recycled polyesters. The [...] Read more.
This work investigates the effect of recycling on the rheological and thermal properties of petroleum-based polyester nanocomposites. PET and PBT are used widely in the automobile and packaging industries, and there is a growing need for effective ways to utilize recycled polyesters. The melt mixing method was used to prepare the nanocomposites using a twin-screw extruder. After recycling, the rheological properties of the PBT nanocomposite remained stable, as the degradation of PBT chain was low due to the presence of MWCNT and molecular chain flexibility. In contrast, the complex viscosity of PET recycled nanocomposite decreases significantly because the high processing temperature of 280 °C led to substantial polymer chain scission and network breakdown. Due to the presence of MWCNT, PET and PBT nanocomposites show higher thermal stability than pure and recycled nanocomposites. The recycling of PET and PBT nanocomposites demonstrated potent thermal stability under inert and air/oxidative atmospheres. These results indicate that the effect of recycling strongly depends on the polymer matrix: while PET-based nanocomposites exhibit notable reductions in rheological properties after recycling, PBT-based nanocomposites retain stable rheological and thermal performance due to MWCNT reinforcement. The enhancement in this research could make the recycled materials valuable for the automotive industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanocomposites)
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19 pages, 3699 KB  
Article
Study of a Polymer Composite with Carbon Nanotubes and a Mixed Filler Using a Composite Piezoelectric Oscillator at a Frequency of 100 kHz
by Vladimir V. Kaminskii, Alexandr V. Shchegolkov, Dmitrii A. Kalganov, Dmitrii I. Panov, Maksim V. Dorogov and Aleksei V. Shchegolkov
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 87; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020087 - 6 Feb 2026
Viewed by 525
Abstract
This article presents an investigation of the thermomechanical properties of silicone elastomer-based polymer composites modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and mixed fillers (CNTs, bronze, graphite). The primary technique employed was the composite piezoelectric oscillator (CPO) method at approximately 100 kHz. This approach enabled [...] Read more.
This article presents an investigation of the thermomechanical properties of silicone elastomer-based polymer composites modified with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and mixed fillers (CNTs, bronze, graphite). The primary technique employed was the composite piezoelectric oscillator (CPO) method at approximately 100 kHz. This approach enabled precise measurements of the polymers’ forced oscillation frequency and logarithmic damping decrement (internal friction) across a wide temperature range (80–300 K). The application of this method is novel for this specific class of materials. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the uniform distribution of the fillers within the polymer matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the fillers modify the thermal stability of the composite. The systematic decrease in the enthalpy of the endothermic decomposition peak suggests a retardation of degradation kinetics, most likely due to a barrier effect of the filler network. Electrical measurements revealed a distinct contrast: the hybrid composite exhibited a frequency-independent conductivity plateau (~1.8 × 10−1 S/m), confirming a robust percolating network, unlike the strong frequency dependence observed for the CNT-only composite. Research shows that the fillers effectively suppress relaxation processes linked to crystallization (205–215 K) and glass transition (165–170 K), as evidenced by a significant reduction in the amplitude of the corresponding internal friction peaks. The most pronounced effect was observed in the composite with mixed fillers, attributable to a synergistic effect between constituents. Furthermore, amplitude-dependent internal friction was found to occur predominantly below the glass transition temperature. The primary objective of the present study is to investigate the dynamic mechanical and damping behavior of CNT-filled silicone composites with mixed fillers under high-frequency loading, using the CPO method. These findings demonstrate the potential for tailoring the stiffness and damping characteristics of these composites for advanced applications in soft robotics and portable electronics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Science and Technology of Polymeric Blends, Composites, and Nanocomposites)
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98 pages, 1839 KB  
Review
Advancing Sustainable Materials Engineering with Natural-Fiber Biocomposites
by Maryam Bonyani, Ian Colvin Marincic and Sitaraman Krishnan
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020086 - 6 Feb 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1440
Abstract
Natural-fiber biocomposites are increasingly viewed as promising materials for sustainable engineering. However, their broader adoption remains constrained by coupled challenges related to interfacial compatibility, moisture sensitivity, environmental durability, processing limitations, and end-of-life trade-offs. Rather than treating fiber selection, matrix chemistry, processing routes, durability, [...] Read more.
Natural-fiber biocomposites are increasingly viewed as promising materials for sustainable engineering. However, their broader adoption remains constrained by coupled challenges related to interfacial compatibility, moisture sensitivity, environmental durability, processing limitations, and end-of-life trade-offs. Rather than treating fiber selection, matrix chemistry, processing routes, durability, and sustainability as independent considerations, this review emphasizes their interdependence through the fiber–matrix interface, which governs stress transfer, moisture transport, and long-term property evolution. It provides a comprehensive and integrative analysis of natural-fiber–reinforced polymer composites, encompassing plant-, animal-, and emerging bio-derived reinforcements combined with bio-based, biodegradable, and selected synthetic matrices. Comparative analysis across the literature demonstrates that interfacial engineering consistently dominates mechanical performance, moisture resistance, and property retention, while mediating trade-offs among stiffness, toughness, recyclability, and biodegradability. Moisture transport and environmental ageing are examined using thermodynamic and diffusion-controlled frameworks that link fiber chemistry, interfacial energetics, swelling, and debonding to performance degradation. Fire behavior and flame-retardant strategies are reviewed with attention to heat-release control and their implications for durability and circularity. Processing routes, including extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, resin transfer molding, and additive manufacturing, are assessed with respect to fiber dispersion, thermal stability, scalability, and compatibility with bio-based systems. By integrating structure–property relationships, processing science, durability mechanisms, and sustainability considerations, this review clarifies how natural-fiber biocomposites can be designed to achieve balanced performance, environmental stability, and circular life-cycle behavior, thereby providing guidance for the development of systems suitable for near-term engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Natural Fiber Composites (NFCs)—Current Research Trends and Applications)
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21 pages, 5303 KB  
Article
Design, Manufacturing, and Analysis of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Crash Box
by Mehmet Engul, Serdar Demir and Nuri Ersoy
J. Compos. Sci. 2026, 10(2), 85; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs10020085 - 6 Feb 2026
Viewed by 688
Abstract
This paper presents a novel carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) crash box design, incorporating numerical analysis and manufacturing aspects. Within the design and analysis phases, a novel numerical methodology is employed to mitigate computational costs in estimating specific energy absorption (SEA). The proposed [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) crash box design, incorporating numerical analysis and manufacturing aspects. Within the design and analysis phases, a novel numerical methodology is employed to mitigate computational costs in estimating specific energy absorption (SEA). The proposed approach involves a reduction in ply interfaces and modification of pertinent material properties to optimize energy dissipation, achieving more than 50% reduction in simulation time. This methodology is applied to the design of a composite crash box made of unidirectional (UD) carbon/epoxy prepregs, resulting in a new geometry: sun-like shape featuring four sinusoidal arms connected to a central circular core. Subsequent manufacturing and testing reveal a SEA value of 79.46 J/g for designed geometry, surpassing metallic counterparts by a factor of 3 to 4. Furthermore, this study conducts a comparative analysis of energy absorption performance between unidirectional and woven fabric prepregs for the same geometry. Utilizing carbon/epoxy woven fabric (WF) prepregs further enhances the SEA to 89.26 J/g. Finally, the application of edge tapering to the crash box structure is shown to eliminate initial peak loads, thereby preventing excessive deceleration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Composites)
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