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Proceedings, 2023, FENS 2023

The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023

Belgrade, Serbia | 14–17 November 2023

Volume Editors:
Sladjana Sobajic, University of Belgrade, Serbia
Philip C. Calder, 1. University of Southampton, UK
2. NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, UK

Number of Papers: 439
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Cover Story (view full-size image): The theme of the 14th European Nutrition Conference is “Food, Nutrition and Health: Translating science into practice”. Around this theme, the conference will deliver a high-quality [...] Read more.
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3 pages, 183 KiB  
Editorial
Preface and Statement of Peer Review
by Philip C. Calder and Sladjana Sobajic
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091001 - 13 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1099
Abstract
This publication collates the proceedings of the 14th European Nutrition Conference, held from 14 to 17 November 2023 in Belgrade, Serbia [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 159 KiB  
Abstract
Is Thinness Associated with Poorer Diet and Nutrient Intake and Status in Danish 8–11-Year-Olds?
by Anne V. Aurup, Katrine Strandberg-Larsen, Rikke Andersen, Anja Biltoft-Jensen, Lotte Lauritzen and Camilla T. Damsgaard
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 64; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091064 - 21 Nov 2023
Viewed by 782
Abstract
Thinness is used to denote low BMI in children and may be a marker of undernutrition. However, despite prevalence rates of up to 10%, thinness in children is highly overlooked in high-income countries, and we have little knowledge about the diet and nutrient [...] Read more.
Thinness is used to denote low BMI in children and may be a marker of undernutrition. However, despite prevalence rates of up to 10%, thinness in children is highly overlooked in high-income countries, and we have little knowledge about the diet and nutrient status among these children. We investigated if dietary intake and biomarkers of nutrient status, including iron, n-3 LCPUFA and vitamin D, differed in Danish schoolchildren with thinness compared to children with normal and overweight. We also investigated if intakes of important micronutrients were adequate across weight groups. We used cross-sectional data from 815 Danish 8–11-year-old children collected during the period August–November 2011. Measurements included 7-day dietary records, anthropometry and analysis of nutritional biomarkers in fasting blood samples. We defined thinness using the age- and sex-specific IOTF BMI cut-offs. In total, 10.2% of the children had thinness (boys: 8.9%; girls: 11.6%). These children had lower intake of energy, protein and red meat and higher intake of added sugar compared to children with normal and overweight. Thinness was also associated with higher fish intake compared to overweight, but we found no group differences in whole-blood EPA+DHA. Furthermore, thinness was associated with lower intake of iron and zinc than the other groups and lower intake of selenium versus normal weight, but with no group differences in iron biomarkers, serum ferritin or hemoglobin. The proportions of children with adequate intake of zinc and selenium were lower in the thin (56.5% and 50.7%) compared to the normal-weight children (72.5% and 63.9%) (p < 0.05), but the intake of these micronutrients as well as vitamin B12 and calcium were generally high across all weight groups. In contrast, intake of vitamin D and iron were low across groups, and there were no group differences in serum 25(OH)D. Danish children with thinness had different dietary intake than children with normal and overweight, but thin children did not generally have a poorer diet than normal-weight children. We also found comparable nutrient status and intakes of important micronutrients except for iron, zinc and selenium, which were lower in thin children and should be explored further. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 160 KiB  
Abstract
Capacity Development and Harmonization of Food Consumption Data Collection in EFSA EU Menu National Dietary Surveys in Balkan Region-Building: The Evidence Base for Diet Monitoring and Food Systems Transformation
by Mirjana Gurinović, Jelena Milešević, Milica Zeković, Marija Knez, Marija Takić, Ivana Šarac and Agneš Kadvan
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091024 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 762
Abstract
Harmonized and standardized collection, processing, and analysis of individual dietary data is essential for nutrition assessment and informed policy decision making. To underpin the harmonization of food consumption data collection methodologies and the development of a common, comprehensive European food consumption database, the [...] Read more.
Harmonized and standardized collection, processing, and analysis of individual dietary data is essential for nutrition assessment and informed policy decision making. To underpin the harmonization of food consumption data collection methodologies and the development of a common, comprehensive European food consumption database, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) supported 36 child and/or adult dietary surveys in 18 EU Member States and four Balkan pre-accession countries through the EU Menu Project. Given the lack of relevant and harmonized research and data on food and nutrition in the Balkan region, CENM-IMR and CAPNUTRA scientists focused their activities on capacity building in nutrition research, particularly on the creation of a contemporary, harmonized research infrastructure (RI) that meets European standards. The EFSA EU Menu methodology has been implemented in the Balkans through the adaptation and use of an innovative, comprehensive tool for the standardized collection of food consumption and dietary intake assessment data, the Diet Assess and Plan (DAP). DAP has the essential features of an RI needed to strengthen public health surveillance, monitoring, evaluation, and nutrition research; this is a unique example of a standardized and harmonized tool for assessing dietary intake, i.e., collecting data on food and nutrition in the Balkan region and beyond. It is a concurrent tool for large-scale nutritional epidemiological studies and represents one of the new technologies for dietary intake assessment. National dietary surveys were conducted from 2017 to 2023 among adults aged 10 to 74 years (in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Serbia) and children aged three months to nine years (in Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia). The collected data on food consumption are internationally comparable with other European countries under the EU Menu Program. The data collected will be used for dietary and exposure risk assessment, establishment of national nutrient reference values, as a basis for the development of food-based dietary guidelines, a tool to provide evidence and infrastructure for public health nutrition policy decisions, and for tailored pathways to transform the food system in the Balkans towards a more nutrition-sensitive and sustainable system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 165 KiB  
Abstract
Changes in Eating Habits and Contributing Factors during the COVID-19 Pandemic among Medical Students in the Slovak Republic
by Jana Babjakova, Katarina Mayer Vargova, Sona Wimmerova and Lubica Argalasova
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 33; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091033 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 779
Abstract
Due to the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease, many lifestyle alterations occurred. Changes in eating habits and contributing factors during the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted among students from the Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in [...] Read more.
Due to the outbreak of the new coronavirus disease, many lifestyle alterations occurred. Changes in eating habits and contributing factors during the COVID-19 pandemic were examined. A cross-sectional anonymous online survey was conducted among students from the Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, during November–December 2022. The data were statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 25. The study population consisted of 783 students; the mean age was 22.7 ± 2.7 years; 68.1% studied in the Slovak language; 67.0% of respondents were female. Out of these, eating habits did not change for the majority of students in the study sample (53.1%) (Slovaks 52.6% vs. foreigners 54.0%; males 53.0% vs. females 53.1%); consumption of alcoholic beverages did not change compared to pre-pandemic period for 54.3% of students, the rest of students decreased (30.6%) or increased (15.1%) consumption; energy drinks consumption remained unchanged for 69.6% students; coffee intake stayed stable for 48.3%, whereas 43.8% increased their coffee consumption, while 7.8% drank less coffee, without any statistically significant difference between the subgroups. The level of physical activity (frequency, intensity, duration) changed with a significant difference between Slovak and foreign students (p = 0.038), more foreign students decreased their level of physical activity compared to Slovaks (42.3% vs. 33.8%). We also recorded body weight changing during the pandemic, with a statistically significant difference between men and women (p = 0.009); 14.3% of men vs. 22.9% women decreased, while 34.7% of men and 27.3% of women increased their body weight. The results showed some changes in the dietary habits and other lifestyle factors during the pandemic among medical students. Future healthcare providers will play key roles in health promotion and disease prevention, and they should serve as role models for their patients and the general public as well. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 195 KiB  
Abstract
Multi-Faceted Nutritional Science Demonstrated through the Prism of Sugar—A Scoping Review on Sugar Intake Associated with Quality of Life in Children and Adolescents
by Stefania Noerman, Ute Nöthlings, Danijela Ristic-Medic, Bryndís Eva Birgisdóttir, Inge Tetens and Marjukka Kolehmainen
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 81; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091081 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 959
Abstract
Given our current knowledge and insights into the nature of nutrition, a simplistic approach to understanding the role of nutrition in relation to health outcomes appears insufficient as a scientific base for setting nutrition policies. To raise this issue, we performed a scoping [...] Read more.
Given our current knowledge and insights into the nature of nutrition, a simplistic approach to understanding the role of nutrition in relation to health outcomes appears insufficient as a scientific base for setting nutrition policies. To raise this issue, we performed a scoping review to evaluate the relationship between sugar intake, quality of life (QoL), and well-being in children and adolescents. Sugar was selected as it is an essential part of many different foods and dietary patterns. Its consumption is motivated by various aspects, such as social relationships, economic status, individual habits, and taste preferences. Childhood and adolescence are important periods in the life span influencing individual dietary habits and taste preferences but have been overlooked. We developed a framework and performed a structured literature search for articles published in English between 2001 and 2023 in three databases (Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science). This search resulted in 21 full-text eligible papers with highly heterogeneous exposure and outcome measures. Most studies found a negative association between the intake of sugar, sugar-sweetened beverages, or sweets, and various QoL outcomes, including food insecurity, sleep and sleep-related outcomes, and (oral) health-related QoL. This scoping review showed that the inclusion of more varied endpoints than only non-communicable diseases or caries could add more dimensions to the evidence underlying the association between sugar and health. The application of interdisciplinary approaches considering more aspects of sugar intake could give a more holistic view of nutrition when considering dietary recommendations or developing dietary policies, especially for children. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 161 KiB  
Abstract
Nutritional and Anthropometric Status of Serbian Adults 10–74 Years Old: Results from European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) EU Menu Food Consumption Survey 2017–2021
by Jelena Milešević, Milica Zeković, Ivana Šarac, Marija Knez, Marija Takić, Jasmina Debeljak and Mirjana Gurinović
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091015 - 14 Nov 2023
Viewed by 869
Abstract
The Serbian National Food Consumption Survey on adults from 10 to 74 years old, including pregnant women and vegetarians, was conducted in compliance with the EFSA EU Menu project support and guidance from 2017 to 2022. Valid data were collected from a total [...] Read more.
The Serbian National Food Consumption Survey on adults from 10 to 74 years old, including pregnant women and vegetarians, was conducted in compliance with the EFSA EU Menu project support and guidance from 2017 to 2022. Valid data were collected from a total of 3018 participants with 856 adolescents aged 10 to 17 years, 1155 adults aged 18 to 64, 581 elderly subjects aged 65 to 74 years, 145 pregnant women, and 281 persons following a vegetarian diet. Data collection was conducted using a national Survey Pack designed for the project, including the following: a general questionnaire, an age-appropriate Food Propensity Questionnaire, an International Physical Activity Questionnaire, and 24 h dietary recall. The advanced nutritional platform Diet Assess and Plan (DAP) was applied for data storage, processing, and the creation of the final dataset for transfer to EFSA. The Serbian food composition database was used and updated during the project as a resource of food information for all foods and recipes that were consumed by the study cohort. Regardless of age and gender category, the majority (56%) of adults had normal weight according to the Body Mass Index, while 21% were overweight, and 15.5% were underweight. The average daily energy intake was 2178.72 kcal, while overall contributions of carbohydrates, protein, and fat to the total energy intake were 43.37%, 15.47%, and 41.16%, respectively. The proportions of macronutrient intake deviated from the dietary reference values, particularly for fat, which was often too high, where sunflower oil was the major source of fat in diets. Out of the 3018 participants, 98% had breakfast, 99% had lunch, and 95% had dinner, while approx. 80% had snacks between main meals. The highest energy intake was recorded during lunch, 706.5 kcal (32% TE). The survey results provide valuable insight into the nutritional status and dietary habits of adults from 10 to 74 years old living in Serbia. The Serbian food consumption database serves as an evidence platform for decision-making processes in public health nutrition policies and strategies, diet monitoring, exposure risk assessments, and interventions targeting identified nutritional challenges in particular population groups. Harmonized data are part of the EFSA comprehensive food consumption database. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 167 KiB  
Abstract
Weight Loss Effect of an App-Based Multimodal Lifestyle Intervention in Adults with Obesity—A Randomized Controlled Trial
by Kathrin Gemesi, Stefanie Winkler, Florian Schederecker, Hans Hauner and Christina Holzapfel
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 68; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091068 - 22 Nov 2023
Viewed by 881
Abstract
Quality-proven Digital Health Applications (DiGAs) or “apps on prescription” in Germany extend obesity treatment options. This 24-week single-center randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the weight-lowering effect of an evidence-based multimodal weight loss intervention program delivered by a DiGA. Methods: Adults with a [...] Read more.
Quality-proven Digital Health Applications (DiGAs) or “apps on prescription” in Germany extend obesity treatment options. This 24-week single-center randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the weight-lowering effect of an evidence-based multimodal weight loss intervention program delivered by a DiGA. Methods: Adults with a body mass index (BMI) between 30.0 and 40.0 kg/m2 were randomized. In the first 12 weeks, participants either received the app (ADHOC group) or were asked to maintain their current lifestyle (EXPECT group). In the second 12 weeks, the ADHOC group were invited to continue app use and the EXPECT group started with the app intervention. At three visits (baseline, after 12, and 24 weeks), anthropometric variables were measured and quality of life, app usage, and user acceptance were collected by questionnaires (Euroquol, Technology Acceptance Model 3, System Usability Scale). A total of 168 participants (age: 46.8 ± 11.0 years, BMI: 34.2 ± 2.8 kg/m2, 64.3% women) were included. The total adherence rates were 82.7% after 12 weeks and 67.3% after 24 weeks. After 12 weeks, the ADHOC group showed a mean weight loss of 3.2 ± 3.0% and the EXPECT group a mean weight loss of 0.3 ± 2.6% with a statistically significant difference between the groups (p < 0.001, completers analysis). At the 12-week follow-up, the ADHOC group maintained body weight (weight loss after 24 weeks: 3.1 ± 4.5%, completers analysis), whereas the EXPECT group—starting with the app intervention—lost weight. The investigated multimodal intervention program delivered by a DiGA resulted in a significant and clinically meaningful short-term weight loss with weight maintenance for a further three months. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 165 KiB  
Abstract
Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and the Consumption of Its Food Groups in a Sample of over 10,000 Italian Adults
by Sofia Lotti, Monica Dinu, Giuditta Pagliai, Marta Tristan Asensi, Antonia Napoletano, Barbara Colombini and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091016 - 14 Nov 2023
Viewed by 783
Abstract
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been shown to promote health and reduce the prevalence of several chronic diseases. However, to date, more and more countries in the Mediterranean basin seem to be moving away from their traditional eating habits, including Italy. [...] Read more.
Adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been shown to promote health and reduce the prevalence of several chronic diseases. However, to date, more and more countries in the Mediterranean basin seem to be moving away from their traditional eating habits, including Italy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate adherence to the MD and the consumption of its food groups in a large sample of Italian adults. After the removal of duplicates, the study sample comprised 10,916 questionnaires, of which 7088 were completed by women (65%) and 3828 by men (35%). The dietary intake of each food group component in the questionnaire was estimated by multiplying the frequency by the portion size. The mean Medi-Lite score was 12 ± 2.5, suggesting a moderate level of MD adherence, with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of adherence observed in women and older subjects. The analysis of the consumption of the individual food groups showed a consumption behavior in line with the national dietary recommendations of fruit (342 g/day), pasta (96 g/day), white meat (302 g/week) and fish (296 g/week). On the other hand, a low consumption of vegetables (270 g/day), bread (85 g/day), legumes (233 g/week) and milk and dairy products (187 g/day) emerged. In addition, the consumption of red meat (209 g/week) was observed to be twice as high as the national guidelines. Subgroup analysis showed that women and the elderly consumed significantly (p < 0.001) more fruit, vegetables, and bread and less meat and meat products than did men and younger subjects. Upon a logistic regression analysis adjusted for possible confounding factors, women showed an increased probability (OR 1.34, 95%CI 1.22–1.46; p < 0.001) of being in the highest MD adherence tertile (i.e., Medi-Lite score > 11). Although the sample reported moderate adherence to MD, the consumption of some typically Mediterranean food groups such as vegetables, legumes and bread is still low, while the consumption of red meat is high. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Plant-Origin Superoxide Dismutase Supplementation on Selected Parameters of Inflammation and White Blood Cell Count in Athletes
by Olina Dudašova Petrovičova, Ivan Stanković, Brižita Đorđević, Neda Milinković, Violeta Dopsaj and Milivoj Dopsaj
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091022 - 14 Nov 2023
Viewed by 782
Abstract
Background and objectives: Regular moderate exercise is considered a protector against chronic inflammatory diseases. Intense exercise causes a significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals depending on exercise intensity and duration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Regular moderate exercise is considered a protector against chronic inflammatory diseases. Intense exercise causes a significant release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and free radicals depending on exercise intensity and duration. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of antioxidant supplementation on parameters of immunity and inflammation in athletes. Methods: The study included 14 elite rowers (group 1) and 10 recreational athletes (group 2). All participants were supplemented with 500 mg/day (500 IU SOD) plant-origin superoxide dismutase (GliSODin®) during a 6-week pre-competition microcycle preparation period (rowers, 120 min training/6 days weekly; recreational athletes, 60 minutes training/3 days weekly). Venous blood samples were taken in the morning after a 24-hour resting period. White blood cell (WBC) and its subpopulation count were determined using an AcT Diff Hematology Analyzer (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) and CRP concentration using the biochemistry analyzer Olympus AU400 (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, CA, USA) at the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade. Selected cytokines IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were measured by hs ELISA kits (R&D Systems). All data were analyzed using nonparametric tests (Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test). Results: WBCs and their subpopulation were all in the reference range in both groups before and after supplementation, without significant differences within and between groups according to tests considering supplementation. In rowers, IL-6 was significantly higher before and after supplementation (p ˂ 0.001, p ˂ 0.001 respectively), CRP was higher before supplementation (p = 0.025), and IL-10 was higher at initial and final testing (p = 0.030, p = 0.040 respectively). In the recreational group, IL-8 and IL-4 were higher at both measuring points (p ˂ 0.001 and p ˂ 0.01 respectively). Observing changes in variables within the groups, there was a significantly decreased level of IL-6 (p = 0.019) and increased level of IL-4 (p = 0.001) in rowers and a higher IL-4 level in the recreational group (p = 0.059) after supplementation. Discussion: The results of this investigation indicate that there are positive effects of Glisodin supplementation on parameters of inflammation (decreased IL-6, increased IL-4), especially in highly trained rowers, who are more prone to exercise-related oxidative stress. More studies including a greater number of participants are necessary to confirm the influence of antioxidant supplementation on immunity and inflammation in athletes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
Introduction of the European Regulatory Framework for New Sweeteners and Sweeteness Enhancers and Its Role as a Facilitator or Barrier to Innovation: Results from the SWEET Project
by Lada Timotijevic, Charo E. Hodgkins, Monique M. Raats, Anne Raben, Jason C. G. Halford and Jo Harold
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 111; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091111 - 8 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1521
Abstract
There is a growing consumer interest and public health mandate to reduce sugar intake, and an increased iimpetus to innovate in the food sector to develop new and more acceptable sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SEs) as low- or non-calorific replacements for sugar. Within [...] Read more.
There is a growing consumer interest and public health mandate to reduce sugar intake, and an increased iimpetus to innovate in the food sector to develop new and more acceptable sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (S&SEs) as low- or non-calorific replacements for sugar. Within the European context, S&SEs are subject to stringent risk assessment and regulatory framework to permit new S&SEs in the European market. There has been a long-standing debate about the role of regulation in facilitating or slowing down innovation processes. The aim of this study is to examine the S&SE regulation and risk governance framework, with a specific focus on the implementation of the precautionary principle to assess its perceived impact on the food industry’s ability to innovate. We conducted six semi-structured interviews with food industry applicants for new and novel S&SE approval. The study results indicate that the legislation is achieving its primary aims of harmonising the approval process, ensuring consumer safety, and contributing to the public health policies of the EU. However, there are several barriers to innovation associated with the regulatory framework, including the application of the precautionary principle and the burden-of-proof requirement facing the industry. The barriers are particularly relevant to small and medium organisations who have limited resources to accommodate these uncertainties. An open dialogue between business operatives and risk assessors would be an important step towards raising this awareness and addressing the uncertainties within the process. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 161 KiB  
Abstract
Defining Public Health Nutrition Goals Based on Food Balance Sheets—A Proof-of-Principle
by Kurt Gedrich
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 49; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091049 - 17 Nov 2023
Viewed by 803
Abstract
Background and objectives: Food balance sheets (FBSs) provide comprehensive annual information on a country’s food supply, reflecting possible trends in a population’s overall food consumption. However, FBSs essentially refer to agricultural products and primary commodities, rather than foods ready to be consumed. Therefore, [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Food balance sheets (FBSs) provide comprehensive annual information on a country’s food supply, reflecting possible trends in a population’s overall food consumption. However, FBSs essentially refer to agricultural products and primary commodities, rather than foods ready to be consumed. Therefore, FBSs have only limited value for assessing the nutritional adequacy of a country’s food supply. However, certain data transformations could substantially enhance the suitability of FBSs for public health purposes, considering human and planetary health alike. Methods: Schwinglhackl et al. (2019) [1] estimated disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributable to the intake of food groups as well as respective theoretical minimum risk exposure levels (TMRELs). These data are translated into respective food supply using ratios of FBS data and respective nationally representative food consumption. Poore and Nemecek (2018) [2] provide data on the environmental impact of 43 agricultural products along the complete supply chain, allowing the analysis of various sustainability parameters for specific products or the entire food supply. Results: The inadequate consumption of nuts or fruits has the highest contribution to food-related DALYs (approx. 20% each), followed by fish and soft drinks (approx. 15% each), and legumes, vegetables, meat, or dairy (approx. 8% each). The average consumption of red meat exceeded the respective TMREL by a factor of 2.6, whereas the consumption of most other food products reached the TMREL only by fraction, e.g., fish and legumes: 20%, respectively, nuts: 26%, and vegetables: 49%. Animal products make up more than 75% of the greenhouse gas emissions attributable to the food sector (red meat: 28%, dairy: 30%, butter: 10%, poultry, fish, and eggs together: 8%). The situation is quite similar when considering freshwater use. Discussion: Despite serious methodological limitations of FBS data, they can provide a valuable basis for defining public health nutrition goals. Clearly, human and planetary health would both benefit from a drastic reduction in meat consumption and a sincere endeavor to replace animal products with plants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 145 KiB  
Abstract
A Cross-Sectional Study on Micronutrient Adequacy and Associated Factors among School-Going Adolescent Girls
by Priyanka Pareek, Aparna Thorat and Chethana Chandrasekar
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091050 - 17 Nov 2023
Viewed by 798
Abstract
Background: Micronutrient deficiency is also referred as hidden hunger, and it increases the global disease burden. Adolescent girls need nutritional care, and their poor dietary intake leads to micronutrient deficiency and poor maternal outcomes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the [...] Read more.
Background: Micronutrient deficiency is also referred as hidden hunger, and it increases the global disease burden. Adolescent girls need nutritional care, and their poor dietary intake leads to micronutrient deficiency and poor maternal outcomes. Therefore, there is an urgent need to assess the micronutrient intake among adolescent girls to plan and promote healthy eating behavior and break the malicious cycle of intergenerational malnutrition. Objective: To assess the micronutrient adequacy and associated factors among school-going adolescent girls. Methodology: A school-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 adolescent girls in the suburban area of Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. A simple random-sampling technique was used to select the study participants. A structured questionnaire was used to assess sociodemographic profiles and other factors. The heights and weights of the participants were measured through a standardized method, and their BMI was calculated. Their dietary intake was assessed by taking 24-h recall for three consecutive days, including the weekend. Nutrient adequacy was assessed as the amount of nutrients per 1000 kcal of the participants’ diet that met the critical nutrient density, and it was compared to the observed nutrient densities of the adolescent girls. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 24. Independent t, Pearson’s correlation, and chi-squared tests were used to assess the difference and association between micronutrient densities and different variables. Results: For most micronutrients (iron, calcium, zinc, vitamin A, vitamin D, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin C) the observed density was less than that recommended, meaning intake was inadequate. The mean densities of vitamin A, vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and potassium were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with age, BMI, dietary diversity scores, socioeconomic status, and body image concern. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that micronutrient intake inadequacy among adolescent girls is a public health problem in the study area. Therefore, interventions should be planned with a focus on nutrition-sensitive activities to increase diet diversification and nutrition security among adolescent girls. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 162 KiB  
Abstract
Assessment of the Effects of Updated Nutri-Score Nutrient Profiling Algorithm Using a Representative Slovenian Food Supply Dataset
by Edvina Hafner and Igor Pravst
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091045 - 16 Nov 2023
Viewed by 920
Abstract
Background: Front-of-package nutrition labelling (FOPNL) is an important public health tool for promoting healthier food choices. Therefore, the European Commission has committed to proposing harmonised mandatory FOPNL in Europe. A relevant option for this harmonisation is Nutri-Score (NS), which, however, has been subject [...] Read more.
Background: Front-of-package nutrition labelling (FOPNL) is an important public health tool for promoting healthier food choices. Therefore, the European Commission has committed to proposing harmonised mandatory FOPNL in Europe. A relevant option for this harmonisation is Nutri-Score (NS), which, however, has been subject to some criticism about its alignment with nutritional recommendations. As a result, the Scientific Committee of the NS published two reports in 2022 and 2023, updating the NS algorithm. The aim of our study was to exploit differences between previous (NS2021) and updated (NS2023) algorithm, using foods from Slovenian food supply. Methods: A total of 19,510 branded foods/drinks from the 2020 Slovenian food supply database were profiled using NS2021 and NS2023. We focused on comparing the distribution of each grade and the discriminatory ability between NS2021 and NS2023, while identifying products that were most affected by the NS2023 changes. We also examined changes in alignment with Slovenian nutritional recommendations based on nationally adapted WHO Europe nutrient profile (WHOE). Results: The results show that both NS2021 and NS2023 have good discriminatory ability, with NS2023 being slightly better in 12 sub-categories. Overall, NS2023 was stricter, with E being the most common grade (32%), whereas NS2021 predominantly assigned a grade of D (28%). While the overall proportion of products with grade C remained almost unaffected, there was a notable decrease in “healthier” products graded A or B, from 30% (NS2021) to 23% (NS2023). NS2023 was stricter than NS2021 in almost all main categories, except for beverages and eggs. Alignment with the WHOE profile was moderate (κ = 0.59) for NS2021 and strong (κ = 0.65) for NS2023. Alignment was improved especially for edible oils and emulsions, fruits and vegetables, and snack foods. Discussion: NS2023 was shown to be stricter and more aligned with recommendations than NS2021. The updated NS2023 addressed limitations such as better grading of cooking oils (especially olive oil), higher penalisation of high sugar and salt content, lower grading of beverages with non-nutritive sweeteners, and slight modifications for nuts and cheeses. This study gives first insights into how the update of the NS algorithm works on real-life data and can support policymakers in the implementation of harmonised FOPNL in Europe. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 166 KiB  
Abstract
Development of a Diet Quality Score and Adherence to the Swiss Dietary Recommendations for Vegans
by Leonie H. Bogl, Natalie Bez, Joyce Haddad, Giulia Tedde, Klazine Van Der Horst and Isabelle Herter-Aeberli
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 101; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091101 - 1 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1317
Abstract
Background: Vegan diets have recently gained popularity in Switzerland and abroad. A method to evaluate the diet quality of the vegan population for research and clinical practice is currently not available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a diet [...] Read more.
Background: Vegan diets have recently gained popularity in Switzerland and abroad. A method to evaluate the diet quality of the vegan population for research and clinical practice is currently not available. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop a diet quality score for vegans (DQS-V) based on the Swiss dietary recommendations for vegans. Methods: The dataset included 52 healthy vegan adults. Dietary intake data were assessed using three-day weighed food records. Body weight and height were measured, and a venous blood sample for the analysis of vitamin and mineral status was collected. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used due to the presence of not-normally distributed data. Dietary patterns were identified using principal component analysis (PCA). Results: The DQS-V score (mean ± SD) was 48.9 ± 14.7. Most vegans adhered to the recommended portions of vegetables, vitamin C-rich vegetables, fruits, omega 3-rich nuts, fats and oils, and iodised salt. However, the intake of green leafy vegetables, vitamin C-rich fruits, wholegrains, legumes, nuts and seeds, selenium-rich nuts, zero caloric liquid, and calcium-fortified foods was suboptimal. The intake of sweet-, salty-, fried foods and alcohol was higher than reccomended. The DQS-V had a significantly positive correlation with intakes of fibre, polyunsaturated fatty acids, potassium, zinc, and phosphorus (p’s < 0.05) but was negatively correlated with vitamin B12 and niacin intakes (p’s < 0.05). Two dietary patterns were derived from PCA: (1) refined grains and sweets and (2) wholegrains and nuts. The correlation between the DQS-V and the first dietary pattern was negative (−0.41, p = 0.004), but positive for the second dietary pattern (0.37, p = 0.01). The dietary pattern of refined grains and sweets was inversely correlated with the beta-carotene status (−0.41, p = 0.004) and the vitamin C status (r = −0.51, p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The newly developed DQS-V, based on the Swiss dietary recommendations for vegans, provides a single score for estimating the diet quality among vegan adults. Further validation studies examining the correlation of DQS-V with an independent dietary assessment method and with the biomarkers of nutritional intake and status are still needed before the general use of the DQS-V score. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
Philosophical Reflection on Holism and Reductionism in Nutrition Science
by Eline Baltussen and Marcel Verweij
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 48; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091048 - 16 Nov 2023
Viewed by 977
Abstract
Nutrition, as a science, is facing challenges. While issues regarding obesity, chronic diseases, and sustainability are becoming more pressing, nutrition science is encountering limitations regarding novel insights, trust, and social relevance. In order to move forward, we need to innovate the field and [...] Read more.
Nutrition, as a science, is facing challenges. While issues regarding obesity, chronic diseases, and sustainability are becoming more pressing, nutrition science is encountering limitations regarding novel insights, trust, and social relevance. In order to move forward, we need to innovate the field and explore new perspectives. Current nutrition research has mainly employed a reductionist approach, which has been very successful in the past. However, reductionism shows limitations when addressing the problems we face today. The addressed weaknesses of reductionism include (1) the questionable assumption that nutrients and calories are exchangeable between foods, (2) the tendency of reductionism to oversimplify reality, which has consequences for complex concepts such as health and nutrition, and (3) the focus on details, which could undermine the aim of nutrition science: creating optimal dietary guidelines for the promotion of health and prevention of disease. Holism offers an alternative perspective that could complement these limitations, on the condition that they are similar enough on an ontological and epistemological level. Holistic approaches to health appear in eastern philosophies (ayurveda), but also in modern western nutrition approaches (dietary patterns). These two holistic approaches can complement reductionism in the following ways: (1) Holistic approaches like ayurveda and dietary patterns provide different nutritional knowledge by considering multiple factors that affect food’s health potential, in addition to only nutrients and calories. Some of these factors include food processing, food matrix/structure, food combinations, food compatibility, and nutrient interaction. (2) Holism can complement the reductionistic tendency to oversimplify reality by including subjective, individual, and holistic aspects of health into nutrition research and embracing the complexity of food-chronic disease relationships. (3) Holism has the potential to improve the practical relevance and comprehensibility of nutrition science. All presented results were based on the existing literature, found in Scopus and PubMed. To conclude, this study explores how holism can complement the limitations of reductionism, and as a result, reduce the overemphasis on reductionism as a research approach, which will hopefully promote progress and inspire the future of nutrition science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 185 KiB  
Abstract
New Standards for Nutrition Science, Concepts and Methods—Novel Approach to Substantiate Cause- and -Effect Relationships in Nutritional Science by Ranking Studies and Subsequent Statistical Modelling
by Wim Calame, Isabel Slurink and Andrea Budelli
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 96; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091096 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 970
Abstract
In any scientific field, demonstrating cause-and-effect relationships is of the utmost importance, however difficult to achieve [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Exploring the Impact of Basal Metabolic Rate Equations on Goldberg Cut-Offs: Influence on Estimated Usual Energy Intake in the Elderly
by Živa Lavriša, Igor Pravst and Hristo Hristov
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 46; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091046 - 16 Nov 2023
Viewed by 994
Abstract
The accurate assessment of usual dietary intake (DI) in the elderly can be difficult, and its reliability can be affected by several factors, including misreporting, which is one of the major sources of error regardless of the method used [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 194 KiB  
Abstract
Adherence to French Dietary Guidelines Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular Diseases and All, Breast and Lung Cancer Mortality in the E3N COHORT
by Chloé Marques, Pauline Frenoy, Nasser Laouali, Sanam Shah, Gianluca Severi and Francesca Romana Mancini
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 53; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091053 - 17 Nov 2023
Viewed by 782
Abstract
Background and objectives: Diet is a modifiable risk factor of non-communicable diseases. The French dietary guidelines, updated in 2017, provide recommendations for a healthier diet. We aimed to study the association between adherence to these dietary guidelines and mortality in the E3N (Etude [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Diet is a modifiable risk factor of non-communicable diseases. The French dietary guidelines, updated in 2017, provide recommendations for a healthier diet. We aimed to study the association between adherence to these dietary guidelines and mortality in the E3N (Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de l’Education Nationale) French cohort. Methods: We studied 72,585 women included in the E3N prospective cohort, which completed a food frequency questionnaire in 1993. Adherence to French dietary guidelines was estimated using the simplified “Programme National Nutrition Santé—guidelines score 2” (sPNNS-GS2, range: −20.4 to 12.6). We estimated the association between sPNNS-GS2 and all-cause or cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age (as time-scale), BMI, physical activity, birth generation, education level, smoking status, menopausal status and recent menopausal hormone therapy use, and total energy intake. Results: During follow-up (1993–2014), we identified 6441 deaths. The mean sPNNS-GS2 was 3.8 (SD 3.0). In the fully adjusted model, we found a non-linear inverse association, with a plateau from the third quartile, between sPNNS-GS2 and all-cause (HRQ4 vs. Q1 [95%CI]: 0.79 [0.73; 0.86]), all cancers (HRQ4 vs. Q1 [95%CI]: 0.79 [0.70; 0.89]) and breast cancer (HRQ4 vs. Q1 [95%CI]: 0.73 [0.58; 0.91]) mortality. We also highlighted a non-linear U-shaped association with lung cancer mortality (HRQ3 vs. Q1 [95%CI]: 0.62 [0.45; 0.87] and HRQ4 vs. Q1 [95%CI]: 0.73 [0.52; 1.02]) and a linear inverse association with cardiovascular disease mortality (HRoneSTD [95%CI]: 0.86 [0.76; 0.97]). We observed no association with colorectal cancer mortality (HRoneSTD [95%CI]: 0.86 [0.70; 1.04]). Discussion: This study on a large prospective cohort following more than 70,000 women for over 20 years suggests that a higher adherence to the French dietary guidelines is associated with a reduced risk of mortality from all-cause cardiovascular diseases, all cancers, breast cancer and lung cancer. These results enable us to confirm the French nutritional recommendations. Finally, the reduced risk observed for various mortality outcomes is an important public health message. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 168 KiB  
Abstract
New Standards for Nutrition Science, Concepts and Methods—Low Socioeconomic Status and Overweight: Participatory Research Designs for the Development of Interventions
by Tim van Zutphen, Claire Gaudichon, Jakub Morze, Liana Poulia, Gonçalo Rosa Da Silva, Ascensión Marcos and Hinke Haisma
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091125 - 19 Jan 2024
Viewed by 717
Abstract
Background: The heavy burden of obesity on individuals and society has attracted a lot of attention, and many strategies to prevent or reverse it have been developed [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 134 KiB  
Abstract
Evaluating Affordability of Healthier Diets in Four African Countries
by Joaquin Ameller Pavez, Sophie Drogue, Kaleab Baye, Marie-Josephe Amiot, Noora Kanerva, Agnes Le Port, Marinel Hoffman, Abdelrahman Lubowa, Gaston Ampe Tumuhimbise, Mikael Fogelholm and Natalia Rosa-Sibakov
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091128 - 25 Jan 2024
Viewed by 904
Abstract
Between 702 and 828 million people around the world were affected by hunger in 2021. The prevalence of undernourishment relentlessly continues to affect the world, and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa (23.2% in 2021). Exacerbated inequalities across and within countries are undermining the nutritional adequacy [...] Read more.
Between 702 and 828 million people around the world were affected by hunger in 2021. The prevalence of undernourishment relentlessly continues to affect the world, and particularly Sub-Saharan Africa (23.2% in 2021). Exacerbated inequalities across and within countries are undermining the nutritional adequacy and affordability of diets and threatening vulnerable groups including children under five years of age and women of reproductive age. This research presents a diet optimization approach where the objective is to evaluate the nutritional adequacy and affordability of diets across 4 African countries, namely Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa and Uganda. The targeted population includes dyads of women of reproductive age and their children between 6 and 24 months. The mathematical programming approach allows for the theoretically contrasting of optimal outcomes of the model with data from food consumption surveys in primary and secondary cities of each country. Based on the observed food intake patterns and the nutrient deficiencies, these outcomes propose new diets modifying food intake (organized in food groups) in order to achieve nutritional adequacy while minimizing food intake changes, or, if applicable, the outcomes indicate which nutrient recommendations are unattainable under the current model setup. On average, our results show that nutritional adequacy can be attained by increasing the intake of legumes, vegetables and fruits, while reducing the intake of cereals. We include a discussion on the assessment of diet affordability and show the practical implications of evaluating healthier diets’ viability. Conclusions include paths for future research on diet optimization modelling and its implications as a means of support for designing future dietary guidelines. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Using Outcomes to Guide Future Nutrition Science
by Diego Moretti, Lorraine Brennan, Mairead Kiely and Jayne Woodside
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091137 - 30 Jan 2024
Viewed by 704
Abstract
Despite positive associations between micronutrient intake, status, and health outcomes, many randomized controlled trials (RCT) of vitamins are null. Standards to establish causality in biological systems include the Bradford Hill criteria, the experimental component of which relies on and promotes RCT-centred approaches. Such [...] Read more.
Despite positive associations between micronutrient intake, status, and health outcomes, many randomized controlled trials (RCT) of vitamins are null. Standards to establish causality in biological systems include the Bradford Hill criteria, the experimental component of which relies on and promotes RCT-centred approaches. Such criteria may need adaptations to the specificities of nutrition science. Our objective, as part of a broader FENS initiative to improve the science of nutrition, was to conduct a case study to assess the Bradford Hill criteria (BHC) applied to clinical studies of vitamin D and cardiovascular disease endpoints and evaluate strengths and pitfalls for this approach. We conducted a systematic review of the recent literature on CVD and vitamin D supplementation, including both RCT, cohort studies (CT), or systematic reviews within Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane libraries. Studies had to be conducted in adults, including hard CVD-relevant endpoints with a minimum sample size of n = 500 for RCT and n = 10,000 for CT. CT had to utilize quality-assured, analytical methods for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D assessment and include verified clinical outcomes. We also evaluated and proposed plausible biochemical and physiological mechanisms for vitamin D and CVD. We graded the evidence according to BHC for the establishment of causality in biological systems and the identification of strengths and pitfalls of this approach. The search yielded 4170 papers, and 31 met the predefined criteria. The criteria “strength of association”, “consistency”, “temporality”, “biological gradient”, “plausibility”, “experiment”, “specificity”, “analogy”, and “coherence” were analyzed and appraised. While the logical framework of the BHC is perceived as useful, its direct applicability to the nutritional context is partly open to interpretation and could be further specified. The Bradford Hill criteria for establishing causality need adaptation for the nutritional context and to the advances in biological and social sciences in the last decades. Insights gained and methodological paradigms identified may have broad application to nutrition science. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
1 pages, 136 KiB  
Abstract
Evaluation of the Emergency Meal Kitchen Menus Meeting the Daily Nutritional Requirements
by Osman Güldemir
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 212; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091212 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 877
Abstract
On 6 February 2023, two major and subsequent aftershocks were experienced in Kahramanmaraş in Türkiye. In these earthquakes, disasters occurred in the provinces of Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Malatya, Adana, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman and Kilis. More than 40,000 people lost their lives. The [...] Read more.
On 6 February 2023, two major and subsequent aftershocks were experienced in Kahramanmaraş in Türkiye. In these earthquakes, disasters occurred in the provinces of Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Osmaniye, Malatya, Adana, Diyarbakır, Şanlıurfa, Adıyaman and Kilis. More than 40,000 people lost their lives. The day after the earthquakes, disaster/emergency kitchens were created in these cities through the initiatives of various institutions and organizations. One of these kitchens is “Anadolu Cuisine”, where Anadolu University operated until 2023. Every day, approximately 15,000 people benefited from the emergency kitchen located in the Belen district of Hatay. In the study, the task of meeting the daily requirements of adults who eat at this kitchen was evaluated. For this, the breakfast, lunch, and dinner menus served in the emergency kitchen were followed on site by the researcher for a week, examining the amounts offered to one person. Then, the energy and nutritional values of the menus were calculated using the nutrition information system. Then, these values were evaluated using the Türkiye Nutrition Guide 2022 reference values. As a result, the energy intake of adults fed from the emergency kitchen was found to be sufficient; it has been determined that the recommended daily intake of important minerals and vitamins such as calcium and vitamin E, D, C cannot be met. In addition, it has been observed that the daily water consumption of individuals is insufficient. Moreover, to all these factors, it has been understood that those with chronic diseases have difficulties in accessing the special foods they need. In such crisis situations, it is recommended to develop strategies for community nutrition and to implement them with immediate coordination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
A Review of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: Are Iconographies Representing Sustainability?
by Ornella Tiboni-Oschilewski, Beatrice Biasini, Alice Rosi, Francesca Merloni, Benedetta Merloni and Francesca Scazzina
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 207; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091207 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 841
Abstract
Background and objectives: The food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are primarily intended to promote healthy diets, and little is known about specific references to the multidimensional aspects of sustainability in their iconographies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the existing FBDGs [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: The food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) are primarily intended to promote healthy diets, and little is known about specific references to the multidimensional aspects of sustainability in their iconographies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the existing FBDGs iconographies according to the four sustainability dimensions (nutrition-health, socio-cultural, environmental, and economic) and evaluate to what extent these tools include different sustainability indicators. Methods: FBDGs were collected from the FAO repository and government’s official websites in January 2023. Only the latest FBDG editions targeting the general population were included in the study. Non-governmental iconographies addressing macrogeographical areas were also analysed. Sustainability indicators (n = 30) were chosen from a preliminary literature review from the four sustainability dimensions. Visual analysis was performed. Results: In total, 191 iconographies were found. The health dimension was the most represented, being present in all iconographies with at least one indicator, followed by the socio-cultural dimension. The environmental dimension was present in 29.8% of the iconographies, while the economic dimension was the least mentioned (1.6%). Globally, the main health indicators were diet diversity (99%), healthy lifestyle (79%), and the avoidance of critical nutrients (71%). Culinary practices (76%) and traditional products (71%) were the most represented within the socio-cultural pillar. Only three iconographies included affordability/costs to consumer as an economic indicator. Those indicators that no iconography mentioned were related to food consumption outside the home, gender, migrants, and fair trade. The more recent the iconography, the greater the presence of sustainability dimensions and indicators. Higher-income countries had a greater presence of health and environmental sustainability indicators, while lower-income countries highlighted more socio-cultural and economic aspects. Discussion: These results are consistent with those retrieved from the literature analysing the main FBDG documents, but present new and complementary information. As the practicality, affordability, availability, and access to healthy and sustainable foods are the main barriers to compliance with dietary guidelines, more focus should address these factors. These results offer an opportunity for technicians and policymakers for adding more sustainability aspects to improve the iconographies while keeping them easy and intuitive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Simple Model for Estimating the Dietary Intake of Dietary Fibre
by Blaž Ferjančič, Mojca Korošec and Jasna Bertoncelj
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 221; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091221 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 558
Abstract
Dietary fibre is an essential part of healthy human nutrition. However, due to the changes in the definition of dietary fibre in 2009, we are still struggling to update the data about dietary fibre content as data obtained with methods that include all [...] Read more.
Dietary fibre is an essential part of healthy human nutrition. However, due to the changes in the definition of dietary fibre in 2009, we are still struggling to update the data about dietary fibre content as data obtained with methods that include all dietary fibre components are scarce. This problem is transferred to nutritional studies worldwide and impairs the quality of monitoring the dietary intake of dietary fibre. The aim of our work was to develop a simple yet acceptably accurate model for dietary fibre intake based on analytical data. Based on the national study SI.Menu 2017/2018 we collected the frequency of food items eaten in the food groups that contribute the most to dietary fibre intake. From these groups, the most frequent foods were selected and analysed for dietary fibre content using AOAC methods 991.41 and 2011.25. After obtaining the results, the data were used in our “forced choice” model. The model was created on the data of food intake for 392 people. The cumulative intake of six food groups (vegetables, fruits, grains and grain products, potato and potato products, legumes and nuts) was known; therefore, we could calculate the share of each food selected to the total food group intake. Having calculated the daily intake for each food, analytical data were applied. This allowed us to calculate the daily intake of dietary fibre. The calculated daily intake was 17.6 g/day using data obtained with the AOAC 991.43 method. The daily intake estimated with data obtained with the AOAC 2011.25 method was 34.3 g/day. In order to evaluate our model, the daily intake of dietary fibre was compared with that in another study based on the same population. Our estimation based on 45 food items was only 10.6% lower than the estimation based on all food items reported by people included in the other study. Therefore, we conclude that our simple model can provide a rough estimate based on analytical data and can serve as a good tool to update research on the daily intake of dietary fibre. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 146 KiB  
Abstract
Nutritional Adequacy and Protein Intake in Older Adults at Risk of Undernutrition with Subjective Memory Decline Enrolled in the Protein-Enriched Mediterranean Diet, with or without Exercise (PROMED-EX) Trial
by Nicola Ann Ward, Lorraine Brennan, Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot, Federica Prinelli, Dorothee Volkert, Jayne V. Woodside and Claire T. McEvoy
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 205; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091205 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1025
Abstract
Older adults are vulnerable to undernutrition, resulting in weight loss and adverse health outcomes, including a loss of independence and a lower quality of life. Adequate protein intake is particularly important for the maintenance of muscle health during ageing. The UK population reference [...] Read more.
Older adults are vulnerable to undernutrition, resulting in weight loss and adverse health outcomes, including a loss of independence and a lower quality of life. Adequate protein intake is particularly important for the maintenance of muscle health during ageing. The UK population reference intake for protein (0.75 g/kg/day) may not be sufficient to counteract the reduced responsiveness of older skeletal muscle to anabolic stimulus. Research suggests that 1.2 g/kg/day of protein may be optimal, considering distribution (25–30 g/meal) and leucine-rich sources typically found in animal protein, especially for those at high nutritional risk. PROMED-EX is a randomised controlled trial testing a PROtein-enriched MEDiterranean Diet, with or without Exercise on nutritional status and memory, in older adults (60+) at risk of undernutrition, with subjective memory decline. The current aim is to determine the baseline nutritional adequacy of adults enrolled in PROMED-EX. Participants completed 4-day food diaries at baseline. Diaries were analysed for energy and nutrients using Nutritics. Nutritional adequacy was determined by comparing sex- and age-specific UK dietary reference values (DRVs). Protein intake was also compared to higher recommended DRVs for older adults. Fifty participants (60% female; age 67 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 23.5 ± 2.8 kg/m2) were included. Insufficient energy intake in men (1803.4 ± 510.7 kcal/d) and women (1776.2 ± 508.7 kcal/d)) in the sample, with 22.0% meeting the energy DRVs. The risk of nutrient inadequacy was highest for fibre and vitamin D, with almost all failing to meet the DRVs. Less than 50% met nutritional adequacy for vitamin A, iodine, iron, magnesium, potassium, and selenium. Over 35% had suboptimal intakes for selected B vitamins (niacin, folate) and calcium. Most (82%) of the sample achieved the UK protein target of 0.75 g/kg/day, with only 34% meeting the higher 1.2 g/kg/day target. The mean protein intake was less than optimal for breakfast (12.3 ± 7.0 g) and lunch (17.1 ± 8.8 g), accounting for 17.3% and 24.1% total daily protein intake, and highest at dinner time (48.2%) at 34.3 ± 18.3 g. The primary protein contributors were ‘cereals’ (15.7%), followed by ‘dairy’ (14.9%), ‘processed meat’ (10.9%), ‘poultry’ (10.8%), and ‘red meat’ (10.5%). Increasing protein intakes at breakfast and lunch alongside leucine-rich sources could help achieve the optimal protein intake. The nutrient-dense PROMED-EX intervention may be beneficial for this at- risk population with suboptimal nutrient intakes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Dietary and Supplement Intake of Lutein and Zeaxanthin: How Much Do We Get and How Much Do We Need?
by Susan Hazels Mitmesser, Qian Ye, Prasad P. Devarshi and Ryan W. Grant
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 217; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091217 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Background and objectives: Lutein and zeaxanthin (L+Z) are carotenoids highly concentrated in the macula to maintain macular pigment optical density (MPOD) throughout the lifespan. Studies have shown that an intake of 6–20 mg or higher of L+Z would be beneficial for visual function [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Lutein and zeaxanthin (L+Z) are carotenoids highly concentrated in the macula to maintain macular pigment optical density (MPOD) throughout the lifespan. Studies have shown that an intake of 6–20 mg or higher of L+Z would be beneficial for visual function and cognition. The human body cannot synthesize L+Z and must obtain them from other sources. Objective: To determine the nutrient intake status of L+Z in US children (6–18 years) and adults (19–64 years), and how dietary supplements contribute to the total intake level of L+Z. Methods: Data from NHANES 2003-08 cycles were used to estimate the mean intakes of L+Z from food and food + supplements (F+S). Children and adults were analyzed according to age groups: 6–8 years, 9–13 years, and 14–18 years for children, and 19–30 years, 31–50 years, and 51–64 years for adults. Results: In adults (n = 8252), the mean (SE) dietary intake of L+Z from food was 1.322 mg (0.040), which was similar to the intake from F+S: 1.396 mg (0.041). For both adult men and women, the mean intake increased by age, with the lowest intake of 1.047 mg (0.039) from food in adult women aged 19–30 years, and the highest intake of 1.700 mg (0.069) from F+S in adult men aged 51–64 years. In children (n = 7429), the mean (SE) intake of L+Z was 0.743 mg (0.026) from food, and 0.748 mg (0.026) from F+S. The intake levels among all age groups in children were similar, with the lowest intake of 0.686 mg (0.028) from food in girls 14–18 years, and the highest intake of 0.801 mg (0.038) from F+S in boys 9–13 years. Discussion: We found that the dietary intake levels of L+Z in US were much lower than levels recognized to support brain and eye health. Supplementation only marginally increased the total intake, which may indicate a lack of consumer awareness. Efforts are needed to raise public awareness of the health benefits of L+Z and encourage more consumption of L+Z-containing food (dark leafy greens and yellow or orange fruits/vegetables) and supplements by establishing dietary guidance for L+Z. This research was funded by Pharmavite LLC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 144 KiB  
Abstract
An Evaluation of Thailand’s Healthier Choices Nutrient Scoring Algorithm for the Composite Meal Category
by Hung Nguyen Ngoc and Wantanee Kriengsinyos
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 250; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091250 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 770
Abstract
Background: The purpose of nutrient profiling models (NPM) is to evaluate and categorize food products, in order to make it easier for consumers to choose healthier options, to encourage the development of nutritious foods, and to restrict the excessive advertising of products with [...] Read more.
Background: The purpose of nutrient profiling models (NPM) is to evaluate and categorize food products, in order to make it easier for consumers to choose healthier options, to encourage the development of nutritious foods, and to restrict the excessive advertising of products with poor nutritional value. In Thailand, a front-of-package nutrition labeling scheme (FOPNL), known as the “Healthier Choice” symbol (HCL), has been adopted. For composite meal products, the HCL uses a nutrient profiling model (HCL–NPM) to determine which product qualifies as ‘healthier’ and is allowed to display the HCL symbol. This research aims to assess the convergent validity of this scoring algorithm. Methods: A secondary data analysis, using the Mintel Global New Products Database, was conducted. The nutrient composition of newly launched composite meals marketed in Thailand from 2016 to 2021 was included. An analysis of convergent validity was conducted using the following tests: (1) the Pearson correlation test with the Nutri-Score Nutrient Profiling Model (NS–NPM), Health Star Rating Nutrient Profiling Model (HSR–NPM), and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 6.3 (NRF6.3); (2) the Cohen’s kappa coefficient agreement analysis, to identify ‘healthier’ products with the Nutri-Score FOPNL (NS–FOPNL), Health Star Rating FOPNL (HSR–FOPNL), Chilean Warning Label (CWL–FOPNL), and Choices International (CI–FOPNL). Results: A total of 589 composite meal products were included. The median score of HCL–NPM was 18.0 points (with an interquartile range of 14.0–22.0), and the mean +/− standard deviation score was 18.3+/−5.4 points. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient revealed that the HCL–NPM had a moderate negative correlation with the NS–NPM (r = −0.458; 95%CI: −0.520 to −0.391) and with HSR–NPM (r = −0.524; 95%CI: −0.520 to −0.391), while a weak positive correlation was found with NRF6.3 (r = 0.369; 95%CI: 0.297 to 0.436). In the agreement analysis, HCL–FOPNL had a fair pair-wise agreement with CI–FOPNL (κ = 0.335; 95%CI: 0.218 to 0.453), whereas a slight agreement was reported when compared to CWL–FOPNL (κ = 0.187; 95%CI: 0.145 to 0.228), NS–FOPNL (κ = 0.172; 95%CI: 0.132 to 0.211), and HSR–FOPNL (κ = 0.157; 95%CI: 120 to 0.193). Conclusion: The HCL algorithm system could be used to evaluate culture-specific packaged composite meal products in Thailand. It exhibits sufficient correlation and agreement with other international FOPNLs. These results may be helpful in informing improvements to the “Healthier Choice” scheme in Thailand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Reformulation of Food Products on the Italian Market within the OnFoods Project: The EFFORT Study
by Daniela Martini, Massimiliano Tucci, Cristian Del Bo’, Daniele Del Rio and Patrizia Riso
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 262; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091262 - 5 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Sodium, sugar and saturated fat (SFA) intake in the Italian population is still higher compared to the dietary recommendations, while fiber intake is far below, especially in specific target groups. An inadequate intake of these components is associated with an increased risk of [...] Read more.
Sodium, sugar and saturated fat (SFA) intake in the Italian population is still higher compared to the dietary recommendations, while fiber intake is far below, especially in specific target groups. An inadequate intake of these components is associated with an increased risk of non-communicable diseases. In many developed countries, including Italy, a significant proportion of sodium, sugar and SFA in the diet comes from packaged foods added by manufacturers, while fiber content is often low also in products belonging to food groups naturally rich in fiber such as cereal-based foods. Thus, an effective strategy to reduce the intake of sodium, sugar and SFA and to increase fiber intake could be the reformulation of foods that are frequently consumed by the Italian population and therefore contribute to most of the intake of these components. Within the OnFoods project, funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan, the collaborative research initiative EFFORT has been developed, with the intention of investigating the impact of food reformulation on nutrient intake. The project will consist of various operational steps: (i) Identification of the main categories of products contributing to salt, SFA, sugar and fiber intake in the Italian population by considering the actual food consumption; (ii) Quantification of salt, SFA, sugar and fiber content in food products currently on the Italian market; (iii) Reformulation of food products to reduce salt, SFA and sugar content and increase fiber content; (iv) Evaluation of the potential impact of the inclusion of reformulated food products on nutrient intake in the Italian population based on actual food consumption data. The project will enable us to simulate the practical benefits in terms of diet quality achieved through the reformulation of several food categories. For instance, a first pilot study has shown that the only reformulation of shortbread biscuits may reduce the sugar intake by up to 1.65 g/day. The collaboration with food companies will be pivotal to increase the availability and analysis of data from the Italian market and to optimize the use of results in order to design accessible, affordable and acceptable new food products with implemented nutritional quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Trends in Sweetness of the Diet in the United Kingdom: 2008/9 through 2018/19
by Inga Kutepova, Alison Kamil, Alissa R. Wilson and Colin D. Rehm
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 261; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091261 - 5 Feb 2024
Viewed by 791
Abstract
Reducing sugars consumption is an important public health priority. Because reducing one’s sugar intake is challenging, some organizations have suggested reducing the consumption of all sweet-tasting foods and beverages, regardless of the source of the sweet taste (i.e., caloric or low/no calorie sweeteners [...] Read more.
Reducing sugars consumption is an important public health priority. Because reducing one’s sugar intake is challenging, some organizations have suggested reducing the consumption of all sweet-tasting foods and beverages, regardless of the source of the sweet taste (i.e., caloric or low/no calorie sweeteners (LCSs)), due to the assumed correlation between dietary sweetness and sugars intake. Descriptive data summarizing patterns and trends in the overall sweetness of the diet may help inform dietary recommendations. For this cross-sectional study, dietary information was collected from 15,655 participants aged ≥1.5 year, as part of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme (NDNS RP) over the course of four consecutive days between 2008/09 and 2018/19. Products that were sweetened with LCS were matched to their sugar-sweetened equivalents (e.g., a regular beverage with sugars and a diet beverage with LCS). The amount of sweetness in an individual’s diet was quantified in terms of grams of ASE (approximate sugar equivalent) per day. During the study period, the ASE of the diet declined by approximately 10%. The estimated ASE of the diet per 2000 calories was 96.7 g/d for children and 113.8 g/d for adults. Approximately one-fifth of the total ASE was from LCSs. There was evidence of a non-linear trend over time, with ASE levels remaining relatively stable between 2008/09 and 2014/15, and then declining. The amount of ASE coming from LCS sources increased, going from 8g/d to 12.6 g/d. The overall change in total sugars and ASE was more apparent for beverages compared to foods (ASE values decreased by 20.7% for beverages vs. 4.4% for foods), but both decreased significantly. In the UK, there has been a shift in both the overall sweetness of the diet, as well as the total amount of sugars consumed. This is partly attributable to the reformulation of products, as well as changes in preferences among consumers. According to the findings of this study, the sweetness levels in the diets of the UK population are declining over time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Contribution of Plant-Based Dairy and Fish Alternatives to Iodine Nutrition in the Swiss Diet—A Swiss Market Survey
by Isabelle Herter-Aeberli and Zulekha Khalil
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 264; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091264 - 5 Feb 2024
Viewed by 847
Abstract
Background and objectives: In Switzerland, conventional dairy and fish products are major sources of iodine, along with iodized salt. However, the growing popularity of plant-based alternatives may impact the iodine supply of the population. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the iodine content [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: In Switzerland, conventional dairy and fish products are major sources of iodine, along with iodized salt. However, the growing popularity of plant-based alternatives may impact the iodine supply of the population. This study aimed to comprehensively assess the iodine content in plant-based dairy (milk, yogurt, and cheese) and fish alternatives available in the Swiss retail market and compare them with conventional dairy and fish products. Methods: In 2022, a market survey was conducted in Zurich, Switzerland, to identify the plant-based dairy and fish alternatives available in major retail outlets, online grocery stores, and health food stores. Product information from a total of 477 plant- based alternative products was recorded. Iodine content in unfortified alternatives was factorially calculated using the nutritional composition of plant ingredients listed in the Swiss Food Composition Database. To further comprehend the impact of plant-based alternatives on iodine consumption, we modelled dietary scenarios by substituting the intake of dairy and fish items with plant-based alternatives, based on the recommendations of the Swiss Food Pyramid. Results: Out of the 477 products identified, 58% were organic products. Only 4 out of 170 milk alternatives were iodine fortified (mean iodine concentration: 22.5 μg/100 mL), and there were no yogurt, cheese, or fish alternatives that were iodine fortified. The median iodine concentration in unfortified plant-based alternatives was negligible compared to conventional dairy and fish products (milk: 0.21 vs. 9.5 μg/100 mL; yogurt 0.36 vs. 6.1 μg/100 g; cheese: 0.10 vs. 20 μg/100 g; fish 0.50 vs. 44 μg/100 g). Three portions of dairy per day as recommended by the Swiss Food Pyramid provide 25% of the RDA (150 μg/day), whereas substituting three portions of dairy per day with unfortified alternatives provides only 0.7% of the RDA for iodine. Discussion: Only 4 out of 170 plant-based milk alternatives are iodine-fortified in the Swiss market, while no fortified yogurt, cheese, or fish alternatives are available. Thus, the risk of the consumers to miss out on the ca. 25% of the RDA for iodine by consuming plant-based alternatives is high, placing them at a risk for inadequate iodine intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Utility of a Qualitative, Dietary ‘Self-Monitor Your Diet®’ Diary to Improve Diet Quality and Compliance with Dietary Recommendations
by Lidia Wadolowska
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091266 - 5 Feb 2024
Viewed by 584
Abstract
Background/objectives: No matter how simple dietary recommendations are, many people find it difficult to follow them in the long run. This study tested the utility of a qualitative, dietary diary, entitled ‘Self-Monitor Your Diet®’, in order to improve diet quality and [...] Read more.
Background/objectives: No matter how simple dietary recommendations are, many people find it difficult to follow them in the long run. This study tested the utility of a qualitative, dietary diary, entitled ‘Self-Monitor Your Diet®’, in order to improve diet quality and compliance with dietary recommendations. Methods: The sample consisted of 84 university females (Poland), aged 20.4 ± 2.0 years. To monitor food consumption, the ‘Self-Monitor Your Diet®’ was used. The diary contains eleven food items, including six items recommended for consumption and five items with limited consumption, along with the recommended consumption frequencies per day/week/month. The respondents completed the diary for two consecutive months (M1; M2). The average daily consumption frequency (times/day) of each food item was calculated. The respondents’ adherence to the dietary recommendations was expressed as an Adherence Score (AdhS) in points (range 0–12), with one point per compliance to each recommendation. More points were awarded for better compliance with dietary recommendations. Body Mass Index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHtR) were calculated on the basis of measurements taken twice (before the diary completion and after 2 months). Results: For the M1 diary, AdhS within 0–2 points were found in 9% of respondents, 2–4 points in 36%, 4–6 points in 42%, 6–8 points in 12%, and 8–10 points in 1%. For the M2 diary, more subjects fell in higher ranges of AdhS: 4%, 36%, 38%, 20%, 2%, respectively (p = 0.0009). AdhS for the M2 diary averaged at 4.1 points (SD 1.7), and, for the M1 diary, 3.8 points (SD 1.8) (p > 0.1). More subjects consumed fruit/vegetables ≥ 5 times/day in M2 than M1 (50% vs. 1%, respectively; p < 0.0001) and sweetened beverages/energy drinks ≤ once a week (61% vs. 42%, respectively; p = 0.0061). There were no differences in the average BMI or WHtR between the first and second data collections. Discussion/conclusions: The diary, based on the user’s own activity, can be useful in monitoring day-by-day dietary habits and promoting diet quality improvement, especially with respect to fruit and vegetables. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 134 KiB  
Abstract
Dietary Patterns of Serbian Adults 10–74 Years Old: Serbian National Food Consumption Survey Following EU Menu Methodology
by Jelena Milešević, Milica Zeković, Ivana Šarac, Marija Knez, Irena Krga, Vuk Stevanović and Mirjana Gurinović
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091288 - 6 Feb 2024
Viewed by 870
Abstract
Background and objectives: Increasing rates of adult overweight (60.7% population) and diet-related cardiovascular diseases (52% population) in Serbia alarmingly call for a change in dietary patterns. To be able to identify problems and solutions, harmonized and comparable food consumption data are needed. The [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Increasing rates of adult overweight (60.7% population) and diet-related cardiovascular diseases (52% population) in Serbia alarmingly call for a change in dietary patterns. To be able to identify problems and solutions, harmonized and comparable food consumption data are needed. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) provided support and guidance, through the EU Menu program, for conducting the Serbian National Food Consumption Survey on adults from 10 to 74 years old, including pregnant women and vegetarians in the period of 2017–2022. This work gives an overview of the quantity, energy intake, and distribution across different food groups, which are all basic parameters of dietary patterns, aiming at comparing the actual diet with recommendations—the EAT Lancet Commission Report. Methods: Food consumption data were collected from 3018 participants: 856 adolescents aged 10–17 years, 1155 adults aged 18–64 years, 581 elderly subjects aged 65–74 years, 145 pregnant women, and 281 vegetarians, using two inconsecutive days repeated 24 h dietary recall. The advanced nutritional software, Diet Assess and Plan (DAP), was applied for data storage, processing, and reporting, while the Serbian Food composition database was used as a resource for food composition information of the foods and recipes consumed in the survey. Results: In the adult population, quantitatively, the most consumed foods are as follows: vegetable and vegetable products (312 g/day), milk and milk products (247.7 g/day), fruit and fruit products (245.7 g/day), grain and grain products (215.8 g/day), and meat and meat products (166.08 g/day). Liquids—water and non-milk beverages—were consumed 1511 g/day on average. However, the mean distribution of energy intake differs significantly. The main source of energy comes from grain and grain products (637.5 kcal/day (29.3%TE)), meat and meat products (355.4 kcal/day (16.3%TE)), fats and oils (271 kcal/day (12.4%TE)), and milk and milk products (261.3 kcal/day (12%TE)). Discussion: The energy distribution and consumed quantities of some food groups indicate that actual diet, comprised of processed grains, meat, and fatty food, is not meeting reference healthy diet recommended in EAT Lancet Commission Report, and present a risk factor for the development of overweight, obesity, and diet-related cardiovascular diseases in the Serbian population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 138 KiB  
Abstract
Assessment of the Salt Content in Breads in Slovenia
by Saša Kugler, Hristo Hristov, Urška Blaznik and Igor Pravst
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 292; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091292 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 678
Abstract
Background and objectives: Reducing salt intake is among the most cost-effective measures for reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. To effectively reduce intake, salt reduction strategies often concentrate on food categories that contribute the most to overall salt intake. In Slovenia, bread is [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Reducing salt intake is among the most cost-effective measures for reducing the burden of non-communicable diseases. To effectively reduce intake, salt reduction strategies often concentrate on food categories that contribute the most to overall salt intake. In Slovenia, bread is recognized as one of the contributors to salt intake and efforts are being made to reduce its salt content. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the current salt content of bread sold in large retail shops and smaller bakeries in Slovenia. Methods: The study was conducted in November/December 2022. A total of 178 bread samples were purchased across 11 statistical regions of Slovenia, both in large retail shops and smaller bakeries. The sampling in large retail shops covered all main bread categories and considered statistical consumption data. The final sample included 60 white wheat breads, of which 28 were purchased in large retail shops. Other categories included mixed wheat (N = 33), dark wheat (N = 16), half-white wheat (N = 12), and rye bread (N = 3). The sampling in smaller bakeries was limited only to white and wholegrain bread, where available. Sodium content was determined by inductive coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Salt content was calculated by multiplying it by 2.54, assuming that all sodium corresponded to sodium chloride (NaCl). Results: The average salt content of white wheat bread sold in large retail shops was 1.21 ± 0.16 g NaCl/100 g. The average salt content of dark wheat, half-white, and mixed bread was similar (1.15 ± 0.14 g NaCl/100 g, 1.23 ± 0.13 g NaCl/100 g, and 1.22 ± 0.24 g NaCl/100 g, respectively). On the other hand, wheat bread from smaller bakeries had an average salt content of 1.34 ± 0.21 g NaCl/100 g (range 0.85–2.06 g/100 g). Discussion: The results suggest a slight reduction in the average salt content of mixed wheat, dark wheat, half-white wheat, and rye bread from large retail shops, compared to a study conducted in 2010. These findings emphasize the importance of ongoing efforts to improve the composition of bread and the need for continued focus on salt reduction strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
Exposure to Dietary Salt through Nutrition in Public Preschools in Belgrade
by Dunja Koprivica, Vesna Pantić-Palibrk, Maja Ristić, Stefanija Nikolić and Danica Stošić
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 296; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091296 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 670
Abstract
Background: Widespread overconsumption of food high in salt is linked to various adverse health conditions. Children are especially susceptible and exposed to these nutritional trends. Nutrition within preschool facilities is an important influence in adopting healthy dietary habits at an early age. Belgrade [...] Read more.
Background: Widespread overconsumption of food high in salt is linked to various adverse health conditions. Children are especially susceptible and exposed to these nutritional trends. Nutrition within preschool facilities is an important influence in adopting healthy dietary habits at an early age. Belgrade public preschools provide daily meals for around 50,000 children. As they are of recognized importance, nutritional requirements for preschools in Serbia are set out by regulations. The Institute of Public Health of Belgrade conducts continuous surveillance of nutrition in public preschools in Belgrade. Objective: To gain insight in to an important aspect of nutrition, i.e., the food served in public preschools in Belgrade. Method: Analysis of data, i.e., results of chemical–bromatological analysis of meals sampled in public preschools in Belgrade from 31 January 2018 to 31 December 2022. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS 22.0. Results: Overall, 3917 whole day meals (comprising breakfast, lunch and snack) were analyzed for salt content (NaCl). Meal samples were taken from two age groups—1 to 3 years (n = 1351) and 4 to 7 (n = 2566). The findings of the study show that the average salt content across the observed period exceeded the upper values set by the regulation in both age groups—3.57 ± 1.17 g in the 1-to-3-years age group and 4.54 ± 1.12 g in the 4-to-7-years age group. Less than 5% of tested samples had a salt content within the defined limits (around 4.9% in both age groups). Seasonal variations in salt content in meals have been determined as well as significant statistical differences between the years of the observed period. Discussion: A positive trend is observed in terms of a gradual, discrete reduction in salt in preschool meals throughout the observed period. As joint efforts at the local level show moderate improvements, further actions are needed with the inclusion of other stakeholders (state authorities, industry, etc.) with the aim of providing the healthiest diet for children attending preschools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
The Updated Algorithm of Front-of-Pack Label Nutri-Score Is Not in Line with Dutch Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: Results of Calculations with Dutch Food Composition Database
by Jacco Gerritsen, Hans Verhagen and Stephan Peters
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091326 - 18 Feb 2024
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 901
Abstract
Background and objectives: The front-of-pack label Nutri-Score has met a lot of scientific opposition [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 155 KiB  
Abstract
The VEGANScreener Project: The Protocol for the Clinical Observational Study
by Tooba Asif, Stefaan De Henauw, Jan Godja, Anna Ouradova, Selma Kronsteiner Gicevic, Willem De Keyzer and Ainara Martinez Tabar
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 321; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091321 - 17 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1010
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Consumption of plant-based diets, including vegan diets, requires attention towards diet quality and the early detection and prevention of nutritional deficiencies. The VEGANScreener project aims to develop and validate a standardized brief web- and app-based screening tool to assess and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Consumption of plant-based diets, including vegan diets, requires attention towards diet quality and the early detection and prevention of nutritional deficiencies. The VEGANScreener project aims to develop and validate a standardized brief web- and app-based screening tool to assess and monitor diet quality among vegans in Europe. To this end, a clinical study will be performed to evaluate the VEGANScreener against a reference diet assessment method and nutritional biomarkers. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study will comprise six hundred participants across four European sites (Germany, Spain, Belgium, Czech Republic): 400 self-reported vegans (≥2 years on vegan diet) and 200 self-reported omnivore controls; without diseases affecting the metabolism and intestinal integrity; aged 18 to 65 years (1:1 ratio 18–35 and 36–65); males and females (1:1 ratio). Subjects will be enrolled after an online eligibility check. Informed consent will be obtained, and the subjects enrolled will be given a unique ID (pseudonymized). The initial clinical visit consists of structured medical history-taking, blood pressure, heart rate and anthropometric measurements, blood, spot urine and saliva sampling, distributing the VEGANScreener access, diet record instructions, and general survey access. A follow-up collection visit will be scheduled 14–21 days apart: 24 h urine and 4-day diet records will be collected, and subjects’ participation will be terminated. VEGANScreener will be administered twice to limit the within- person errors. Results: Field work is ongoing, and we expect to have results by the time of the conference. Discussion: The VEGANScreener tool will be validated for the target population. The primary objective is to assess the construct validity and criterion validity of the VEGANScreener through associations of the score with nutrient intakes from a 4-day diet record and associations with biomarkers of dietary intake. Standard statistical models will be implemented for cross-sectional comparisons of geographical groups. Secondary outcomes will include analyses of dietary data and metabolomics. Vegan subgroups will be identified with dimensionality reduction methods and univariable statistical tests. Major nutrient sources and variations across groups will be assessed. Exploratory metabolomic analysis (blood, urine, saliva) to identify novel concentration biomarkers of dietary intake and nutritional adequacy will be performed using multivariable analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 145 KiB  
Abstract
Assessment of Vitamin D Intake and Status in Slovenian Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
by Vid Vičič, Petra Pavlič, Valentina Rok, Saša Kugler, Andreja Kukec and Ruža Pandel Mikuš
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 333; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091333 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 857
Abstract
Background and objective: The main source of Vitamin D is the synthesis of cholecalciferol (D3) from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A significant intake can be obtained from supplementation and fortified foods and to a lesser extent from fatty [...] Read more.
Background and objective: The main source of Vitamin D is the synthesis of cholecalciferol (D3) from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin when exposed to ultraviolet radiation. A significant intake can be obtained from supplementation and fortified foods and to a lesser extent from fatty fish and eggs. The objective of our study was to assess vitamin D intake and status in Slovenian premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and May 2021, involving 319 women aged 44 to 65 years. After considering exclusion criteria and the completeness of data, 176 participants were included in the final analysis. Vitamin D status was determined by measuring the concentrations of total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), vitamin D-binding protein (DBP), and albumin and by calculating bioavailable and free 25(OH)D. Vitamin D intake from fish (fatty and lean separately), eggs, and food supplements or drugs was assessed using a vitamin D-focused food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). In addition, sun exposure, menstrual status, socio-demographic characteristics, and health status were assessed. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency (total 25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L) was observed in 77% of premenopausal and 62% of postmenopausal women. Premenopausal women had 12% lower total 25(OH)D and 32% lower bioavailable 25(OH)D compared to postmenopausal women. The average milk and yoghurt consumption was 135 ± 161 mL/day; egg consumption was 3.2 ± 2.4 eggs/week. The mean vitamin D intakes from food and supplementation were 2.2 ± 1.3 µg/day and 21.7 ± 26.2 µg/day, respectively. In total, 61% of the participants supplemented with a mean dose of 35.4 ± 25.3 µg/day, with no statistically significant differences between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. The odds ratio (OR) for vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D < 75 nmol/L) among participants who did not supplement with vitamin D was 6.23; p ≤ 0.001. Premenopausal women had a statistically non-significant lower supplementation rate. Discussion and conclusions: Vitamin D status among Slovenian postmenopausal women is significantly more favourable than among premenopausal women. Despite a high supplementation rate, vitamin D insufficiency is still present in the majority of the population. With limited milk consumption, milk fortification alone is not feasible. However, egg biofortification could offer a viable contribution to increasing vitamin D intake. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
1 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
A Mini Review on the Effects of Experimental Design, Including Variations in Participant Baseline Performance, When Testing the Efficacy of Polyphenol Consumption to Enhance Mood and Cognitive Function in Humans from a New Researcher Perspective
by Duaa Altuwairki and Kirsten Brandt
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 344; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091344 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 747
Abstract
This review discusses the implications, from a new researcher’s perspective, of variations in the design, dose and participant age group used and their subsequent effects on the cognitive performance and mood observed in studies investigating the effect of foods rich in phenolic compounds. [...] Read more.
This review discusses the implications, from a new researcher’s perspective, of variations in the design, dose and participant age group used and their subsequent effects on the cognitive performance and mood observed in studies investigating the effect of foods rich in phenolic compounds. In this context, ‘new researchers’ design and conduct new exploratory research on this topic, such as testing novel products for these properties. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have concluded that foods rich in phenolic compounds have an enhancement effect on cognition, providing a motive for exploring the benefits of different types of foods with such constituents; however, these benefits were inconsistent across the studies. This has prompted the present review to assess the literature to elucidate the potential causes of the variability in outcomes. One source of variation was inconsistency in the cognitive assessment tools used across studies. Another was participant age, where the positive effects were seen more in elderly populations than in a healthy young population with a high baseline performance. Also, the frequent absence of primary outcome identification and other indications of a less cautious approach to statistical analyses may have contributed to instances of type 1 errors. In conclusion, new researchers should use well-validated assessment tools, study populations with a modest baseline performance, and predefined appropriate statistical procedures to minimize irreproducible outcome variations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
Meeting UK Fibre Intake Recommendations in Food Insecure Households: The Availability of Fibre from Redistributed Surplus Food
by Neil Boyle, Flora Larcombe, Katie Adolphus, Nick Wilkinson, Fiona Croden and Louise Dye
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 366; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091366 - 23 Feb 2024
Viewed by 897
Abstract
Background: The majority of UK adults are failing to consume the recommended fibre intake levels. Whilst insufficient fibre intake is shown across the population as a whole, it is particularly deficient in low-income households. The cost-of-living crisis has further exacerbated the prevalence of [...] Read more.
Background: The majority of UK adults are failing to consume the recommended fibre intake levels. Whilst insufficient fibre intake is shown across the population as a whole, it is particularly deficient in low-income households. The cost-of-living crisis has further exacerbated the prevalence of food insecurity, with an increasing number of UK households becoming reliant on redistributed food to supplement their diets. The availability of fibre from this redistributed food is unknown. Objectives: To examine the quantities and sources of fibre available to food insecure households via surplus food redistribution. Methods: 12 months of food processed by a UK surplus food charity was examined to quantify the availability of fibre (grams per 2000 kcal) redistributed to food insecure populations in Leeds. These data were also examined to identify seasonal variation in fibre sources, food groups providing most fibre content, and to quantify the number of ‘sources of’ (SO) and ‘high in’ (HI) fibre foods as a proportion of total food items redistributed. Results: The recommended portion of 30g of fibre per 2000 calories was available for redistribution for 3 out of 12 months in 2022. However, this was due to the sporadic availability of specific individual high fibre snack items, rather than reflective of the balance of diet commonly available. Frequently received SO/HI fibre foods were not donated in large quantities, required complex cooking, or were not nutritionally balanced. There was no seasonal variation in fibre sources evident. Discussion: Redistribution of surplus food can provide critical support to food insecure households. The nutritional balance of this food is largely dependent on the types of foods available for redistribution, so fluctuations in fibre availability is expected. Whilst insufficient to meet the recommended 30g/day of fibre, the food available for redistribution was sufficient to meet and exceed the levels of fibre commonly consumed in the general population (~20 g/day). Insight into the quantity and types of fibre-rich foods available for redistribution can: (i) inform specific interventions (e.g., recipe ideas) to increase the consumption of these available foods, (ii) help identify which types and sources of fibre are not commonly available and should be prioritised. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
Public Procurement of Food Products in Educational Institutions in Slovenia
by Neža Fras, Evgen Benedik and Matej Gregorič
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 369; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091369 - 26 Feb 2024
Viewed by 924
Abstract
Background and objectives: Kindergartens and schools are an important consumer of food in Slovenia nationwide, and they are obliged to the public procurement of food. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the consideration of nutritional criteria in public food procurement [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Kindergartens and schools are an important consumer of food in Slovenia nationwide, and they are obliged to the public procurement of food. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the consideration of nutritional criteria in public food procurement (PFP) and to identify differences in PFP according to the type, size, and region of the educational institution (EI). Methods: In 2021, a total of 535 Slovenian EIs completed a self-administered questionnaire on nutrition-related practices. The use of nutrition criteria and various practices in the PFP was also assessed. To assess statistically significant differences (p ≤ 0.05), we performed non-parametric Fisher’s exact and chi-square tests. Results: In the requirements of the last public tender of food, EIs mainly considered the conditions related to food quality schemes (92.5%), organic production (83.6%), and adequacy of nutritional value (72.2%). When implementing school meals, they were least likely to fully comply with restrictions on the allowable inclusion of foods with low nutritional value (38.5%) and most likely to comply with recommendations on the frequency of the inclusion of recommended foods (47.0%). Most of the EI respondents (74.0%) confirmed that the criteria based on nutrient profiling would be useful for more healthy food products procurement. More requirements on the inclusion of organic production and nutritional adequacy were found among kindergartens than schools. Statistically significant differences in nutritional quality were found between smaller and larger EIs. More requirements on the inclusion of organic production, quality classes, and nutritional adequacy were found among larger compared to smaller Els. Differences were also found between EIs from three different regions for the inclusion of organic production requirements. Discussion: Healthy PFP policies can improve access to nutritious and healthy food in EI and promote healthy eating habits. The implementation of the healthy PFP was achieved differently at distinct levels. The presented evaluation suggests that different success in implementation might be attributed to different characteristics of individual EI. System changes might also be needed to support and improve the implementation of healthy PFP policies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
Sugar Replacers in Confectionary beyond Sugar-Free Chewing-Gums: Demonstration of Oral Health Benefits of Polyols in Tablets Using a Customized-Reversed pH-Telemetry Test
by Caroline Perreau, Daniel Wils and Clémentine Thabuis
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 372; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091372 - 27 Feb 2024
Viewed by 783
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Positive impacts of sugar-free chewing-gum (SFCG) were largely described in the literature. In addition to the increase in salivary flow and the mechanic effect of CG, their main ingredient, i.e., polyols, can also have some specific benefits on oral health [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Positive impacts of sugar-free chewing-gum (SFCG) were largely described in the literature. In addition to the increase in salivary flow and the mechanic effect of CG, their main ingredient, i.e., polyols, can also have some specific benefits on oral health on their own. Some have been shown to have a bacteriostatic effect on acid-producing bacteria, and others have been shown to be particularly active on dental plaque early colonizers, resulting in both a reduction in dental caries prevalence or a decrease in gums inflammation. Here, we aimed to demonstrate these positive effects using the tablet vector only composed of compressed polyols. Methods: We used a customized inversed pH-telemetry test that is often used to demonstrate the “safe for teeth” characteristics of a food product. This inversed pH-telemetry test was designed to evaluate the potential of a food product to counteract the dental plaque drop in pH following a sucrose challenge, according to the regulatory advised test. It was performed on five healthy volunteers that grew 5-day dental plaque over a micro electrode to measure their pH in situ. Three different tablets were tested: 100% maltitol versus 100% sorbitol versus control tablets (70% starch + 30% resistant dextrin). Results: For each tablet, a neutralization score was calculated as the difference in the pH values (pH values at the end of the consumption of the respective tablets—pH value just before consumption of the tablets). Positive values indicate a neutralization (increase in pH during the consumption of the product), meaning that the neutralization with maltitol tablets was the greatest among tested tablets (p = 0.003 vs. control). Sorbitol tablets also had a significant impact (p = 0.01 vs. control). Discussion/Conclusions: This inversed pH-telemetry was designed to show a neutralizing effect of polyol tablets as it has been conducted with sugar-free chewing-gums. We demonstrated here that tablets were also able to counteract the dental plaque pH drop induced by a sucrose challenge, showing clearly that tablets should also be considered as oral health beneficial products. Consequently, the consumption of polyols in various vectors should be regulatory, as is recommended for SFCG. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 120 KiB  
Abstract
Concept for Preventive Strategy through Optimizing the Nutrition of Pregnant Women in Bulgaria
by Peter Markov, Irina Markova and Donka Baykova
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091379 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 857
Abstract
Background: Healthy nutrition of pregnant women is a powerful factor for reducing health risks during this period and for the outcome of pregnancy. The objective of the present work is to establish a preventive strategy for pregnant women in Bulgaria by means of [...] Read more.
Background: Healthy nutrition of pregnant women is a powerful factor for reducing health risks during this period and for the outcome of pregnancy. The objective of the present work is to establish a preventive strategy for pregnant women in Bulgaria by means of a physiologically based nutritional model created upon national and international expert recommendations. Methods: Sociological and documentary methods were used. Results and discussion: The presented strategy concept includes 7 “steps” in the construction and individualization of nutritional regimes for pregnant women by medical professionals. The first step involves the quantitative satisfaction of the women’s increased nutritional energy needs (compared to non-pregnant women of the same age). During the first trimester, women require the following: +70 kcal/day; second trimester: +260 kcal/day; third trimester: up to +500 kcal/day. The second step involves increasing the intake of high-quality protein; during the first trimester, women require +1 g/day; second trimester: +9 g/day; third trimester: +28 g/day. For the third step, fats and carbohydrates do not require additional supplements during pregnancy. For the fourth step, a physiologically justified increase in vitamin and mineral food intake is necessary. As a percentage, the increase is as follows: vitamins A and E: +8%; C and B12: +11%; B1, B2 and niacin (B3): +30%; B6: +46%; A: +60%; folate (B9): +81%; copper: +15%; iodine: +33%; iron and zinc: +50%. The fifth step involves the selection of medico-biological criteria for proper nutrition: weight gain: from 11.5 to 16 kg in healthy women with normal body mass (BMI from 18.5 to 24.9) before the beginning of pregnancy. Overweight women (BMI from 25 to 29.9) should not gain more than 7 to 11 kg; obese women (BMI over 30) should not gain more than 6 to 8 kg; underweight women (BMI < 18.5) should not gain more than 12.5 to 18 kg. The sixth step involves performing a medical assessment for pregnancy-related health problems. The seventh step includes the development of practical recommendations for a healthy diet with a set of products adapted to the specific metabolic needs of the pregnant women and distribution of food intake during the day. Conclusion: The experts in this field should provide medical professionals (involved in the healthcare of pregnant women) with the necessary skills and techniques to implement this preventive strategy in their counseling practices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Do Statin Users Adhere to Dietary Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention?
by Milica Zrnic Ciric, Jelena Kotur-Stevuljevic, Brizita Djordjevic, Vanja Todorovic, Ivana Baralic, Miodrag Ostojic and Ivan Stankovic
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 382; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091382 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 916
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that there is an interplay between the effects of diet and lipid-lowering therapy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. All prevention strategies focus on modifiable risk factors, with special attention on dietary behavior. Lifestyle and dietary recommendations usually [...] Read more.
Emerging evidence suggests that there is an interplay between the effects of diet and lipid-lowering therapy in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. All prevention strategies focus on modifiable risk factors, with special attention on dietary behavior. Lifestyle and dietary recommendations usually precede or accompany the prescription of statins. However, there is limited evidence of patients’ adherence to dietary recommendations. The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary behavior of statin users, taking into account the intake of specific food groups. Data on clinical, demographic, health, and lifestyle factors were collected using a series of interviewer and self-completion questionnaires. Food group intake was calculated using 24 h dietary recalls for three non-consecutive days. The average daily intake for each subject was calculated as the mean of the three 24 h recalls. Food groups of interest included vegetables, fruits, grains, protein foods, and dairy products. Data were analyzed for 30 participants aged > 40 years. Patients with hypertension, diabetes, and current smokers represented 90%, 17%, and 27% of the study population, respectively. Almost 65% of the patients had a history of ischemic heart disease and were eligible for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events. Mean daily dietary intake was 3.8 servings of protein, 4.1 servings of grains, 1.7 servings of vegetables, 1.4 servings of fruit, and 1.2 servings of dairy products. Red and processed meats contribute 50% of total protein intake and are the main source of protein in the patients’ diets. In terms of grain consumption, only one-quarter of intake comes from wholegrain products. The reported consumption of fruits and vegetables ranged from 1.6 to 5.9 servings per day, but still, their average intake was below the recommendation of 4.5 servings per day. However, at the individual level, 20% of the study population met the fruit and vegetable consumption recommendations. The obtained results suggest sub-optimal dietary behaviors in people undergoing chronic statin therapy. Thus, public health efforts, along with ongoing diet monitoring, are definitely needed to improve the current knowledge on the impact of massive dietary habits on the overall health of cardiovascular patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Walnut Consumption Improves Sleep Quality: A Randomized-Controlled Trial
by Maria Izquierdo-Pulido, María Fernanda Zerón-Rugerio, Aradeisy Ibarra-Picón, María Diez-Hernández, Francisco Pérez-Cano and Trinitat Cambras
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 381; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091381 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 4798
Abstract
Diet and sleep are two factors intrinsic to health which influence each other. For instance, diet may influence sleep via melatonin and its biosynthesis from tryptophan. Experimental data exist indicating that the provision of specific foods rich in tryptophan or melatonin can improve [...] Read more.
Diet and sleep are two factors intrinsic to health which influence each other. For instance, diet may influence sleep via melatonin and its biosynthesis from tryptophan. Experimental data exist indicating that the provision of specific foods rich in tryptophan or melatonin can improve sleep quality. Walnuts are nutrient-dense foods that have a unique nutritional profile, including tryptophan and melatonin. However, clinical trials are needed to confirm the causal impact of walnuts on sleep and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Therefore, our aim was to determine whether the daily consumption of walnuts could have a positive impact on sleep quality. Methodology: In this randomized cross-over trial (NCT04799821), 80 young adults (24.1 ± 3.9 years; 85.5% women) either ingested 40 g of walnuts daily (intervention) or refrained from eating walnuts or any other nuts (control) for 8 weeks, with a washout period of 2 weeks. The outcome variables included sleep quality, measured with actigraphy (duration, latency, wake after sleep onset (WASO), awakenings, and efficiency), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), and the melatonin metabolite, 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-SMT), which was determined in urine samples collected (a) from 20:00 to 23:00 and (b) from 23:00 to 7:00. Results: The 8-week intervention with walnuts was significantly associated with an improvement in sleep quality (p = 0.033). Notably, the intervention was significantly associated with lower sleep latency (p = 0.003), higher sleep efficiency (p = 0.022), and less daytime sleepiness (p = 0.004). Furthermore, at the end of the intervention, the concentration of 6-sulfatoxymelatonin in urine samples from 20:00 to 23:00 was significantly higher (p = 0.024), whilst no differences were shown between the baseline and control conditions. Discussion: These data suggest that a daily serving of 40 g of walnuts provides an increase in melatonin which can be beneficial in improving sleep quality and in reducing daytime sleepiness in healthy young adults. However, more studies are needed to explain the mechanisms underlying this association. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Walnut Consumption Reduces Perceived Stress and Improves Mood States in a Sample of Young Adults: A Randomized Cross-Over Trial
by María Fernanda Zerón-Rugerio, Maria Izquierdo-Pulido, Aradeisy Ibarra-Picón and Francisco José Pérez-Cano
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 380; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091380 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 959
Abstract
The relationship between psychological health and diet is bidirectional. As such, nutritional interventions can improve mood and wellbeing due to the complex interaction between nutrient intake and the gut–brain axis. Walnuts contain a number of potentially neuroactive compounds (e.g., tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin) that [...] Read more.
The relationship between psychological health and diet is bidirectional. As such, nutritional interventions can improve mood and wellbeing due to the complex interaction between nutrient intake and the gut–brain axis. Walnuts contain a number of potentially neuroactive compounds (e.g., tryptophan, serotonin, melatonin) that could have a potential effect on mood and wellbeing among the general population. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the effect of walnuts on perceived stress, mood states, and wellbeing. Methodology: A total of thirty young adults (aged 24.0 ± 4.2 years; 90% women) participated in an 18-week randomized crossover trial (NCT04799821). All the participants completed two randomized crossover protocols: intervention (daily consumption of 40 g of walnuts for 8 weeks) and control (refrain from walnuts or any other nuts for 8 weeks). After 2 weeks of washout, the two groups followed the intervention/control in reverse order. Baseline data were collected for perceived stress, mood states, and wellbeing. In addition, spot urine samples were collected at baseline for the determination of 5-hydroxy-3-indol acetic acid (urine serotonin metabolite). Data were collected once more at the end of the 8-week intervention and control periods. Results: After an 8-week intervention, daily walnut consumption significantly reduced perceived stress (p = 0.008) and improved certain mood states, such as anger–hostility and fatigue–inertia (p = 0.026 and p = 0.010, respectively). Furthermore, levels of serotonin’s metabolite were higher (p = 0.035) in the urinary samples of the intervention group, whilst no differences were shown between the baseline and control trials. Finally, daily walnut consumption did not affect wellbeing. Discussion: Our results show that daily walnut consumption has a significant impact on serotonin levels, and this could be associated with improved mood and stress states. However, more evidence is needed to explain the mechanisms underlying this association. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 146 KiB  
Abstract
Portion Size Recommendations in Food-Based Dietary Guidelines: A Global Review of the Methods
by Fanny Salesse, Alison L. Eldridge, Tsz Ning Mak and Eileen R. Gibney
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 385; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091385 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 928
Abstract
Over the past decades, increased food intakes have contributed to rising obesity rates. This worldwide phenomenon partly results from the consumption of larger portion sizes. In this context, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) have been described as an essential public health tool to guide [...] Read more.
Over the past decades, increased food intakes have contributed to rising obesity rates. This worldwide phenomenon partly results from the consumption of larger portion sizes. In this context, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) have been described as an essential public health tool to guide populations toward achieving a healthier and balanced diet and reducing the risk of non-communicable diseases. Recent literature has underlined the wide variability in portion size recommendations as a future challenge to the derivation and success of FBDGs and has highlighted the need for common standard portions. This review aims to report the recommended portions of nine common food groups within existing FBDGs for the general adult population. The methods used to derive recommended portion sizes are also compared, including the type and scope of data used and the statistical approaches applied. The government-endorsed food-based dietary guidelines listed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) were analysed, as well as their related scientific reports. Results from 99 FBDGs show that several countries (n = 11) promote the consumption of a variety of foods, without providing further reference quantities for daily food intake or portion size. Furthermore, some guidelines (n = 13) derive recommendations from local or national food consumption surveys, which may not necessarily align with appropriate or recommended intakes. When used, statistical methods for the derivation of recommended portions combine diverse criteria, including reported dietary habits (median food type/group intakes) and recommended levels of macronutrients and micronutrients of concern in the population. The inconsistencies in methodological approaches reflect uneven access to relevant dietary data, which in turn seems to drive the observed variability. This review informs the reader of the range and sources of variability in food group portion size recommendations across countries and constitutes a basis for the future elaboration of a global methodological framework to derive harmonised reference portions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Dietary Studies, Guidelines and Recommendations: Exploring Solutions to Folate Deficiency in the United Kingdom—Parsnips as a Case Study for Dietary Intervention
by Annabelle Somers, Jenny Baverstock, Philip Calder, Frances Gawthrop, Eleftheria Stavridou and Guy Poppy
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 386; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091386 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 998
Abstract
One in six British teenagers is clinically deficient in folate. A growing body of evidence suggests that this could be negatively impacting their short- and long-term health, with folate deficiencies being linked with conditions such as depression, colorectal cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. To [...] Read more.
One in six British teenagers is clinically deficient in folate. A growing body of evidence suggests that this could be negatively impacting their short- and long-term health, with folate deficiencies being linked with conditions such as depression, colorectal cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease. To address this, there is a need to identify cost-effective, culturally appropriate, and sustainable interventions to improve folate intakes across the UK. This project explores how the root vegetable parsnip could be better utilised to help improve folate intake in vulnerable populations. To understand the effects of genetics and growing conditions on nutritional quality, a microbiological assay has been used to explore the variation in folate content among different parsnip cultivars. This information will be combined with HPLC-based investigations of changes in folate content with storage, processing, and digestion to determine the difference between a parsnip in the field and a parsnip as it is purchased and consumed. In parallel, the adequacy of micronutrients provided in food system leverage points, such as school meals and hospital food, will be evaluated by analysis of recipes and meals. This will be compared to the UK government-recommended nutrient intake values to investigate whether sufficient micronutrients are being delivered in these settings. These research work packages will be combined to investigate whether the micronutrient content of meals provided in food system leverage points would be improved by the incorporation of more root vegetables, such as parsnips. Our research shows that the quantity and quality of folates in parsnip are affected by variation from farm to fork, including the variety grown, the length of storage, and how the parsnips are cooked before consumption. All of these factors should be taken into consideration when evaluating whether increased parsnip consumption could be implemented in food system leverage points like school meals to address folate deficiency in the UK. The same issues are likely to be the case for a range of other fruit and vegetables, and using the framework established with parsnip, the utility of other food-based interventions for addressing micronutrient insecurity in the UK can be assessed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 175 KiB  
Abstract
Genetic Risk Factors Modulate the Association between Physical Activity and Colorectal Cancer
by Mireia Obón-Santacana, Anita R. Peoples, Eric Kawaguchi, Cornelia M. Ulrich, Ulrike Peters, W. James Gauderman and Victor Moreno
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 388; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091388 - 1 Mar 2024
Viewed by 1066
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is an established protective factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less understood, and it is not known if the association is modified by genetic variants. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a genome-wide gene–PA [...] Read more.
Physical activity (PA) is an established protective factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are less understood, and it is not known if the association is modified by genetic variants. To investigate this possibility, we conducted a genome-wide gene–PA interaction analysis. Using logistic regression and two-step and joint tests, we analyzed the interactions between common genetic variants across the genome and self-reported PA (categorized as active vs. inactive and as study- and sex-specific quartiles) in relation to CRC risk. PA had an overall protective effect on CRC, showing a 15% risk reduction among active vs. inactive participants (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.81–0.90). The two-step GxE method identified an interaction between rs4779584, an intergenic variant located between the GREM1 and SCG5 genes, and PA for CRC risk (p = 2.6 × 10−8). Stratification by genotype at this locus showed a significant reduction in CRC risk by 20% in active vs. inactive participants with the CC genotype (OR = 0.80; 95% CI = 0.75–0.85), but no significant PA–CRC association was observed among CT or TT carriers. When PA was modeled as quartiles, the 1-d.f. GxE test identified that rs56906466, an intergenic variant near the KCNG1 gene, modified the association between PA and CRC (p = 3.5 × 10−8). Stratification at this locus showed that increase in PA (highest vs. lowest quartile) was associated with a lower CRC risk solely among TT carriers (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.72–0.82). In summary, these results identified two genetic variants that modified the association between PA and CRC risk. One of them, related to GREM1 and SCG5, suggests that the bone morphogenetic protein-related, inflammatory and/or insulin signaling pathways may be associated with the protective influence of PA on colorectal carcinogenesis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Estimating Usual Intakes Affecting the Macronutrient and Micronutrient Distribution among the Adolescent Population: A Study of Slovenian National Dietary Surveys SI.Menu 2017/18
by Hristo Hristov, Rok Poličnik, Matej Gregorič, Masa Hribar and Igor Pravst
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 390; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091390 - 4 Mar 2024
Viewed by 724
Abstract
Estimating the dietary intakes of certain populations is essential for making the right decisions on a national level in respect to nutrition, epidemiology, economic, environmental, and policy applications. The objective of this study is to determine the usual dietary intakes of macronutrients and [...] Read more.
Estimating the dietary intakes of certain populations is essential for making the right decisions on a national level in respect to nutrition, epidemiology, economic, environmental, and policy applications. The objective of this study is to determine the usual dietary intakes of macronutrients and micronutrients, considering how the population are individually affected by food and nutrient intakes. From the Central Register of Population, employing a two-stage stratified sampling procedure, a representative sample of adolescent participants was randomly selected, according to sex and place of residency. Two non-consecutive 24 h dietary recalls were collected using a web-based Open Platform for Clinical Nutrition (OPEN) software. Additionally, a food propensity questionnaire was used to collect information about a participant’s frequency of food consumption. A total of 468 adolescent were included in the analyses: 10–12 years old (N = 194), 13–14 years old (N = 93), and 15–17 years old (N = 181). The analyses reveal dietary patterns that were different both between age groups and between genders. An overall lower variability in energy and fat intakes but a much higher variability for micronutrients was observed. Unbalanced usual dietary intakes were especially represented through high consumptions of foods that are high in sugar as well as fresh and processed meats, and low intakes of legumes and legume products, fruits and vegetables, while a higher variability was detected within dairy products. Determining the usual dietary intake using the Multiple Source Method provided wider intake distributions that allowed for more precise estimates for the prevalence of inadequate/excessive intakes for analyzed subpopulations. The overall results suggest a deviation from national dietary guidelines and a call for public health interventions in order to improve dietary patterns. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Gender Differences in Adherence to Dietary Recommendations and Guidelines among Community-Dwelling Older Italian Adults
by Silvia Conti, Sara Bernini, Elena Perdixi, Nithiya Jesuthasan, Alfredo Costa, Matteo Cotta Ramusino and Federica Prinelli
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 413; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091413 - 15 Mar 2024
Viewed by 801
Abstract
Background and objectives: Adhering to healthy dietary guidelines plays an essential role in maintaining population health, but data on older people exploring the gender dimension are scarce. We aimed to investigate the gender differences in adherence to dietary recommendations among an Italian population [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Adhering to healthy dietary guidelines plays an essential role in maintaining population health, but data on older people exploring the gender dimension are scarce. We aimed to investigate the gender differences in adherence to dietary recommendations among an Italian population of older men and women. Methods: We included participants aged ≥ 65 years from the cross-sectional NutBrain study, recruited in 2019–2023 in northern Italy. Dietary habits were assessed using a 102- semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Adherence to recommendations was allocated for the intake of 23 food groups as described in the Italian Healthy Eating Guidelines-CREA. Variables were dichotomized as 0 = no adherence and 1 = adherence. The ‘Italian Dietary Recommendations Adherence Score (IDRAS)’ was calculated as an indicator of overall adherence to the dietary guidelines, by summing up each food group and then dividing them into tertiles. We compared the adherence to the recommendations and the IDRAS between men and women using the Chi-squared test. Results: A total of 802 participants were analysed (mean age 73.4 years ± 6.2 SD, 59.2% women, 60.3% at least high education). Consumption of legumes (67.5%), fish (51.4%), bread (66.7%), milk and yoghurt (71.8%), fruit and vegetables (63.0%), and water (56.7%) was significantly lower than recommended values in the total sample. In contrast, consumption of cheese (54.1%), animal fats (54.0%), sweets and snacks (90.9%), red (54.0%) and processed meat (84.2%), and bakery products (85.9%) exceeded the recommendations. Women were more likely than men to meet the recommendations for non-alcoholic (70.5% vs. 57.8%) and alcoholic beverages (81.1% vs. 51.4%), red (32.8% vs. 26.3%) and processed meat (18.3% vs. 12.2%), potatoes (65.3% vs. 57.8%), and sugars (70.5% vs. 62.7%) and less likely to meet the recommendations for bread (26.3% vs 42.8%) and pasta (60.2% vs 64.5%). Overall, only 19,3% had high adherence to IDRAS (highest tertile); women had higher adherence than men (22.1% vs 15.3%). Discussion: Overall adherence to recommendations was low in the total sample, with women more likely than men to adhere to recommended dietary guidelines. Identifying gender differences in dietary intake and adherence to dietary recommendations is crucial for tailoring interventions and improving population nutrition strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
Negative Dietary Practices among 7-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Bulgaria
by Vesselka Duleva, Ekaterina Chikova-Iscener, Lalka Rangelova and Plamen Dimitrov
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 416; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091416 - 18 Mar 2024
Viewed by 840
Abstract
Background and objectives: Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise is especially important for first graders. Poor nutrition compromises the quality of life, school attainment, and growth and sets suboptimal dietary habits later in life. The aim of the present study is to [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Maintaining a balanced diet and regular exercise is especially important for first graders. Poor nutrition compromises the quality of life, school attainment, and growth and sets suboptimal dietary habits later in life. The aim of the present study is to assess negative dietary practices among first graders in Bulgaria. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of 3051 7-year-old students was conducted in 2019. The research was carried out in strict compliance with the protocol developed by the WHO (World Health Organization) as part of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). As part of the study, a questionnaire was presented to the families of the first graders to assess the frequency of food consumption by the children. Results: A quarter (25.3%) of the students did not consume breakfast on a daily basis. The majority did not eat fresh fruits (62.9%) and vegetables every day, excluding potatoes (66.3%). Furthermore, 18% of the children consumed dairy products less than once a week or never. Additionally, 14.8% had fruit juice every day. One-fifth (19.7%) of the students drank soft drinks most of the days or every day of the week (>4 days/week). Many children never consumed or consumed less than once a week protein-rich foods like meat (8.9%), fish (62.3%), eggs (26.4%), and legumes (25.9%). Most days or every day of the week (>4 days/week), a quarter (24.2%) of the children had salty snacks like chips, and half of them (49.7%) had sweet snacks like candies and cakes. Discussion: The results of the present study clearly demonstrate a suboptimal dietary model for first graders in Bulgaria. Only one-third of the children consumed fresh fruits and vegetables daily. The frequency of intake of soft drinks and salty and sweet snacks is too high. The frequency of consumption of protein-rich foods like fish, eggs, and legumes is suboptimal. First graders should become a special target group for policymakers in Bulgaria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 160 KiB  
Abstract
Development and Implementation of Food-Based Dietary Guidelines in the Slovak Republic
by Jana Babjakova, Adela Penesova, Peter Minarik, Daniela Minarikova and Jozef Golian
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 419; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091419 - 28 Mar 2024
Viewed by 971
Abstract
Nutrition plays a fundamental role in preventing chronic non-communicable diseases and promoting overall health. In response to the absence of official dietary recommendations in the Slovak Republic, a collective of authors collaborated with state health institutions develop Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) for adults, [...] Read more.
Nutrition plays a fundamental role in preventing chronic non-communicable diseases and promoting overall health. In response to the absence of official dietary recommendations in the Slovak Republic, a collective of authors collaborated with state health institutions develop Food-based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) for adults, focusing on food groups and scientifically based information about nutrition concerning individual requirements, with consideration for the basic characteristics of the health status of the Slovak population. The FBDGs were submitted in 2021–2022, divided into two parts (general and special—Štandardný postup na výkon prevencie: “Odporúčania pre stravu a výživu u dospelých”, “Odporúčania pre stravovanie a výživu u dospelých—špeciálna časť”), and were approved by the Ministry of Health SR and integrated into standard procedures for implementing prevention, supported by a grant from the Human Resources operational program of the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, and Families (Development of the new and innovative guidelines for prevention and their implementation into medical practice). The FBDGs were methodologically prepared following the European Food Safety Authority’s (EFSA) recommendations, adapting European and non-European FBDGs to local Slovakia’s conditions. The proposal for Slovak FBDGs was the result of the consensus of the standard’s authors. The guidelines cover scientific information about various food groups, such as vegetables and fruits, starchy foods, protein-containing foods, and fats, deal with drinking regimens, and contain evidence about recommended food patterns, food hygiene, and food labelling. The recommendations emphasize the protective effects of a properly set lifestyle throughout an individual’s life, including the significance of regular and reasonably intense physical activity, stress management, proper sleeping characteristics, absence of abuses, and limiting a sedentary lifestyle. In 2023, the authors plan to prepare a third part for the recommendations as an educational publication with visual aids to enhance the food and nutritional literacy of the public. This effort aims to support individual and population health and prevent diseases in Slovakia. The guidelines will serve as a resource for health professionals, policymakers, institutions, and media, enabling the protection of health, preventive and nutritional policies and programs, and advice to improve the population’s health. By providing comprehensive guidelines, the FBDGs will contribute to reducing the occurrence and consequences of chronic non-communicable diseases in the Slovak Republic. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Effectiveness of Dietary Guidelines for Reducing Free Sugar Intakes: A Randomised Controlled Trial
by Lucy Boxall, Katherine M. Appleton, Emily Arden-Close and Janet James
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091425 - 10 Apr 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
National dietary guidelines aim to educate and assist the public by enhancing overall diet health and decreasing health risk. Despite the widespread use of food-based dietary guidelines, assessments into their effectiveness are lacking. Methods: Using a randomised controlled parallel-group trial, 242 adults (18–65 [...] Read more.
National dietary guidelines aim to educate and assist the public by enhancing overall diet health and decreasing health risk. Despite the widespread use of food-based dietary guidelines, assessments into their effectiveness are lacking. Methods: Using a randomised controlled parallel-group trial, 242 adults (18–65 years) consuming >5% total energy intake from free sugars (FS) were randomised to receive nutrient-based (N) (n = 61), nutrient- and food-based (NF) (n = 60), nutrient-, food- and food-substitution-based recommendations (NFS) (n = 63) or no recommendations regarding free sugar intake (control, n = 58). Effects were assessed for dietary and health outcomes, with our primary outcomes being the % of total energy intake from FS (%FS) and adherence at an endpoint of 12 weeks. Participants achieving a ≥ 2% reduction in %FS from baseline or <5% %FS intakes and those that did not, were classified as adherent or non-adherent, respectively. There were no significant differences between the groups in baseline variables, with 200 participants completing dietary outcomes at week 12. Data were analysed on an intention to treat basis. Multiple regression models significantly predicted endpoint %FS (F (7, 234) = 8.86, p < 0.001), R2 = 0.21. Significant predictors were recommendations received (B = −0.636, p = 0.029), baseline %FS (B = 0.377, p < 0.001) and baseline bodyweight (B = −0.04, p =0.041). There were no significant differences at baseline %FS (mean with standard error in parentheses); control with 10.36% (0.67), N with 10.15% (0.66), NF with 10.68% (0.62), and NFS with 10.19% (0.56). The mean %FS reduced in all intervention groups, with the reduction in N, NF, and NFS being 2.47%, 3.25%, and 3.08%, respectively, in comparison to no change in the control group (−1.18%). No significant differences were found between the three intervention groups at endpoint %FS. At endpoint, adherence counts were larger in all intervention groups, N with 39; NF with 39; and NFS with 37; than the control group with 23, the reverse was observed for non-adherence with 22, 21, 26, and 35, respectively. Our results show that providing participants with N, NF or NFS dietary guidelines reduced %FS for 12 weeks. Further analyses will investigate the time course of these effects, and effects on our other outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 166 KiB  
Abstract
Young People’s Health Interest, Nutrition Knowledge, and Views about Obesity
by Salma Abuznada, Emilie Combet and Ada Garcia
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091075 - 23 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Background: Obesity is prevalent in young people, yet limited research explores young people’s views regarding nutrition, health, and obesity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore young people’s views about obesity and factors mitigating this condition. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey [...] Read more.
Background: Obesity is prevalent in young people, yet limited research explores young people’s views regarding nutrition, health, and obesity. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore young people’s views about obesity and factors mitigating this condition. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was distributed to UK participants aged 12–19. The survey measured views about obesity and its management (Likert scale of 1–5, 14 questions), interest in health and nutrition (Likert scale of 1–5, 2 questions), and nutrition knowledge (scored as “low” or “high” based on a threshold of giving 3 out of 6 correct answers to multiple-choice questions about nutrient sources in diet). Self-reported weight, height, and sociodemographic data were collected. Independence between variables was explored using X2 tests. Results: Participants (n = 317, median age of 16, IQR15–18) were equally distributed between the two sexes (54% boys) and were mostly British (72%). Approximately one quarter (22%) had a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 and most (61%) had a BMI < 25 kg/m2. Participants had a high interest in health (median 4, IQR 4–5, 86% agreeing/strongly agreeing) and in the relationship between food, diet, and health (median 5, IQR 4–5, 83% agreeing/strongly agreeing). However, most participants (83%) had low nutrition knowledge. There was a relationship between interest in health (classified as interested/neutral/not interested) and sex (p = 0.02, 81% girls and 90% boys interested), but no relationship with BMI groups (p = 0.5). Over half (59%) agreed that obesity is a medical condition (median 4, IQR 3–4). There was a relationship between this agreement and sex (p < 0.001, 68% girls and 53% boys), but no relationship with BMI (p = 0.9) or nutrition knowledge (p = 0.9). Across the weight management options (including dieting, exercise, surgery, and medication), participants most likely agreed that combining diet and exercise is important to manage obesity (median 4, IQR 4–5, 77% agreeing/strongly agreeing). There was a relationship between this agreement and nutrition knowledge (p = 0.04, 75% among those with low knowledge and 90% among those with high knowledge), but no relationship with sex (p = 0.08) or BMI (p = 0.9). Discussion: In this sample representative of both sexes, obesity was generally recognised as a disease regardless of BMI or nutrition knowledge; however, sex played a role, with boys less likely to agree, despite their greater interest in health than girls. However, the sample’s levels of interest in health (high) and nutrition knowledge (low) were homogenous, which limited further exploration. The influences of socioeconomic status, parental occupation, and family obesity experiences need further exploration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 172 KiB  
Abstract
Effect of 15-Week n-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Inflammation and Iron Absorption in African Women Living with Overweight and Obesity
by Isabelle Herter-Aeberli, Linda Malan, Mary A. Uyoga, Angelique Lewies, Lizelle Zandberg, Marius Smuts and Jeannine Baumgartner
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 92; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091092 - 29 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Obesity is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which may improve with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) treatment in populations with low n-3 LCPUFA status. Inflammation reduces iron bioavailability by increasing hepcidin concentrations, leading to iron sequestration in macrophages [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Obesity is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, which may improve with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) treatment in populations with low n-3 LCPUFA status. Inflammation reduces iron bioavailability by increasing hepcidin concentrations, leading to iron sequestration in macrophages and reduced intestinal iron absorption. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation on inflammatory markers and fractional iron absorption in overweight and obese individuals with chronic low-grade inflammation and a low n-3 LCPUFA status. Methods: In a single group stable iron isotope study, overweight and obese women of African descent (n = 33) with a BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2, C-reactive protein (CRP) between 2 and 20 mg/L, Hb ≥ 11 g/dL and n-3 index < 6% were supplemented with ~2 g DHA/EPA daily for 15 weeks. Inflammatory markers, hepcidin, iron status indices and erythrocyte total phospholipid fatty acid composition (% of total fatty acids) were measured at baseline and endpoint. Fractional iron absorption (%) was determined by measuring erythrocyte incorporation of isotopically labelled iron (58Fe) at the baseline and endpoint. Sample analysis is ongoing and the results, including fractional iron absorption, for all participants will be available by the time of the conference. Results: Thirty women completed the study. Their mean BMI at baseline was 36.7 ± 8.08 kg/m2,they had a mean n-3 index of 4.57 ± 0.83%, and median (95% CI) fractional iron absorption (FIA) was 11.8% (7.1–20.1). The n-3 index increased to 6.59 ± 0.82% (p < 0.001)) but there was no change in FIA (9.7% (5.1–15.8), p = 0.962) Inflammatory status at baseline was characterized by a median (IQR) CRP of 4.15 (1.50–7.90) mg/L and alpha-1-glycoprotein of 0.99 (0.76–1.11) g/L and there was no change at endpoint. Median serum ferritin was 28.1 (12.3–71.6) µg/L and soluble transferrin receptor was 5.9 (4.8–7.1) mg/L, resulting in body iron stores of 4.80 (0.85–6.92) mg/kg body weight. Discussion: The overweight and obese women in this study had a low n-3 index and high inflammatory status at baseline. Despite improvement of the n-3 index after 15-week supplementation, inflammatory markers and FIA did not improve at endpoint. To understand whether the improvement of the n-3 index was insufficient or the supplement dose too low requires further investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Dose–Response Relationships of Five Dietary Patterns with the Risk of Cancer: Findings from the UK Biobank Study
by Solange Parra-Soto, Katherine Livingstone, Fiona Malcomson, John Mathers, Jill Pell, Frederick Ho and Carlos Celis-Morales
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091041 - 15 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Diet is an important risk factor for cancer. Several approaches for assessing the nutritional quality of diets have been developed and are associated with cancer risk. However, the evidence is limited for some dietary patterns. This study investigated the associations between five dietary [...] Read more.
Diet is an important risk factor for cancer. Several approaches for assessing the nutritional quality of diets have been developed and are associated with cancer risk. However, the evidence is limited for some dietary patterns. This study investigated the associations between five dietary patterns and incident all-cause cancer. This study included 159,631 adults from the UK Biobank cohort who were free from cancer at baseline. All-cause cancer was derived from cancer registry linkage. Dietary intake was evaluated according to five dietary pattern scores: the energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index (E-DII), the Recommended Food Score (RFS), the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), and the Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND). All dietary scores were categorised into tertiles, and the unhealthiest tertile for each score was used as the reference group. Cox regression was performed to investigate associations between each of the five dietary scores and all-cause cancer incidence, adjusting for sociodemographic (age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, and income) and lifestyle (smoking status, total sedentary time, and total physical activity) factors, adiposity (BMI), and multimorbidity. After a median follow-up of 7.8 (IQR: 7.3; 10.6) years, 11,978 adults developed cancer. The RFS (HR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94; 0.98]), HDI (HR 0.96 [95% CI 0.94; 0.99]), and E-DII (HR 0.97 [95% CI 0.95; 0.99]) were inversely associated with the risk of all-cause cancer. Compared with the lowest tertile, the risk of all-cause cancer was lower for adults in the healthiest tertile for the RFS (HR 0.92 [95% CI 0.88; 0.96]), HDI (HR 0.93 [95% CI 0.89; 0.97]), and E-DII (HR 0.94 [95% CI 0.90; 0.99]). No associations were found for the MDS and MIND. A lower risk of all-cause cancer was observed with greater adherence to three of the five investigated dietary patterns (RFS, HDI, and E-DII) independent of adiposity and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 164 KiB  
Abstract
Olive Oil Consumption Is Associated with Lower Cancer Mortality among Italian Adults: Prospective Results from the Moli-Sani Study and Analysis of Potential Biological Mechanisms
by Emilia Ruggiero, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Simona Esposito, Maria Benedetta Donati, Licia Iacoviello and Marialaura Bonaccio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091116 - 18 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1014
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Olive oil is a key component of a traditional Mediterranean Diet and its cardiovascular health benefits have been well documented in large cohorts worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 197 KiB  
Abstract
Prognostic Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Adipose Tissue of Colorectal Cancer Patients
by Cécile Roux-Levy, Christine Binquet, Carole Vaysse and Vanessa Cottet
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 103; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091103 - 5 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1118
Abstract
Background and objectives: Nutritional intake and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism play a role in the progression of various tumours. The consumption of different fatty acids is difficult to assess accurately by dietary questionnaires. Biomarkers allow objective assessments of intake, storage, and bioavailability. [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Nutritional intake and dysregulation of fatty acid metabolism play a role in the progression of various tumours. The consumption of different fatty acids is difficult to assess accurately by dietary questionnaires. Biomarkers allow objective assessments of intake, storage, and bioavailability. We studied the association between the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (a good indicator of dietary intake over 2–3 years) and all-cause mortality. Methods: In this multicentre AGARIC study, including 203 patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) undergoing curative surgery, samples were harvested from subcutaneous adipose tissue, which were analysed for PUFA composition. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate associations between PUFA levels and mortality. Results: After a median follow-up of 45 months, 76 patients died. These patients were more often men (72.4% vs. 57.5%, p = 0.04), diabetic (32.9% vs. 13.4%, p = 0.001), older (median: 74.5 vs. 66.6 years, p = <0.001), and with high alcohol consumption (47.4% vs. 30.7%, p = 0.005) compared to survivors. An increased risk of death was observed with higher levels of eicosadienoic acid (hazard ratio tertile3 vs tertile1 (HRT3vsT1) = 2.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–4.42; p-trend = 0.04), adrenic acid (HRT3vsT1 = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.51–8.17; p-trend = 0.005), and 22:5 n-6 (HRT3vsT1 = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.56–7.87; p-trend = 0.002). Conversely, the risk of death seemed to be lower when higher concentrations of ү-linolenic acid (HRT3vsT1 = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.27–0.99; p-trend = 0.04) and the essential fatty acid α-linolenic acid (HRT3vsT1 = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.24–0.93; p-trend = 0.03) were observed. The estimated δ-6-desaturase & elongase 5 enzyme activity were found to be positively associated with all-cause mortality (HRT3vsT1 = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.03–4.90; p-trend = 0.04). Discussion: The risk of death in CRC patients was increased in those with higher concentrations of certain n-6 PUFAs and lower concentrations of α-linolenic acid in their subcutaneous adipose tissue. These results reflect both dietary habits and altered fatty acid metabolism. Nevertheless, our exploratory results need to be confirmed in larger studies with further exploration of the mechanisms involved. The AGARIC study group: Scherrer Marie-Lorraine (Regional Hospital Centre Metz Thionville), Ayav Ahmet (University hospital of Nancy), Ortega-Deballon Pablo, (University hospital of Dijon), Lakkis Zaher (University hospital of Besançon), Liu David (University hospital Hautepierre of Strasbourg), and Deguelte Sophie (University hospital of Reims). Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 169 KiB  
Abstract
Meat-Based Diet Significantly Affects Risk Parameters for Colorectal Cancer: The MeaTIc Dietary Intervention Study
by Monica Dinu, Giuditta Pagliai, Sofia Lotti, Carlotta De Filippo, Lisa Giovannelli, Sara Ristori, Jildau Bouwman, Serdar Özsezen, Giovanna Caderni and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 34; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091034 - 15 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Europe and the second most common cause of cancer death. The aim of the MeaTIc study was to determine the impact of three diets associated with different risks of CRC (a meat [...] Read more.
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in Europe and the second most common cause of cancer death. The aim of the MeaTIc study was to determine the impact of three diets associated with different risks of CRC (a meat diet (MBD: high risk), a meat diet with alpha-tocopherol supplementation (MBD-T: medium risk), and a pesco-vegetarian diet (PVD: low risk)) on CRC risk markers and fecal microbiota. Methods: A controlled, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, 12-week dietary intervention was conducted on 113 participants aged 18–50 years. The primary outcome was a change in fecal water (FW) genotoxicity. Secondary outcomes were changes in FW cytotoxicity, bile acids, fecal microbiota, and metabolomic profiles. Results: A total of 103 participants (91%) completed the study. After adjustment for possible confounding factors, a significant increase (p < 0.05) in FW genotoxicity (+43%) was observed only in the MBD group. Regarding FW cytotoxicity, a decrease in cell viability (−7%, p = 0.054) was observed after MBD, while no changes occurred for the other diets. Bile acid analysis showed an increase in total bile acids during MBD-T (+35%) and a decrease during PVD (−2.3%). Upon correlating changes in bile acids with FW genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, a moderate correlation (R = 0.66; p < 0.0001) emerged between changes in total bile acids and changes in FW cytotoxicity. A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of changes in the gut microbiota revealed no clustering by diet, while metabolomic analysis showed a clear clustering of changes in metabolites. A random forest regression model identified 2-hydroxybutyric acid and cholic acids among the metabolites most correlated with FW genotoxicity (R^2 = 0.84 for the model). Conclusion: These results indicate that MBD can lead to a worsening of CRC markers in a relatively short time. Our findings also suggest that intervention diets had a greater impact on the metabolism of the gut microbiota, and thus, its metabolites, than on its taxonomic composition. A correlation between some metabolites and FW genotoxicity was also found. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 165 KiB  
Abstract
The Role of Nutritional Factors in Cognitive Health in Ageing: Shedding New Light through Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis of Intervention Studies
by Shane Gordon, Leane Hoey, Helene McNulty, Mary Ward, Chris Patterson, Rachel Keane and Catherine Hughes
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091010 - 14 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1127
Abstract
Background: The global population is ageing, with predictions that 150 million people will be living with dementia by 2050. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia have significant adverse impacts on quality of life in older adults. Therefore, the identification of modifiable risk factors is a [...] Read more.
Background: The global population is ageing, with predictions that 150 million people will be living with dementia by 2050. Cognitive dysfunction and dementia have significant adverse impacts on quality of life in older adults. Therefore, the identification of modifiable risk factors is a major public health priority. Evidence suggests that certain dietary patterns and/or specific nutrients can contribute to reducing the risk of dementia; however. the evidence is inconsistent. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of dietary patterns and specific nutrients on cognitive function in older adults. Methods: The bibliographic databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and PyscINFO were used to identify relevant studies. Inclusion criteria included the following: randomised controlled trials (RCT) with specific nutrients or dietary intervention with control groups; duration ≥1 y; and adults ≥50 years. Meta-analyses were performed to calculate standardised mean differences (SMD) for global cognition and specific cognitive domains such as memory. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE (grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluations) assessment framework. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the impact of studies with a high-risk of bias. Results: A total of 23 studies were identified for inclusion in meta-analyses. Results showed that B-vitamin interventions ≥1 y had a significant beneficial effect on memory (SMD 0.09, 95% CI, 0.02 to 0.16; 13 studies; 7330 participants; moderate certainty); removing the B-vitamin studies (n = 3) at high-risk of bias did not change the overall result. RCTs of vitamin D supplementation improved cognitive function scores (SMD 0.88, 95% CI, 0.08 to 1.67; 4 studies; 4593 participants; very low certainty). No significant cognitive benefits were detected in response to omega-3 supplements; however, the analysis for this outcome was limited by far fewer studies. Discussion: B-vitamins may have specific benefits for the ageing brain. Enhancing the status of these nutrients could contribute to improved cognitive health; however, additional RCTs should target at-risk individuals with sub optimal B-vitamin status. Full article
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2 pages, 164 KiB  
Abstract
An Observational Study of the Effect of Diet and Micronutrient Intake on the Association between Depression and Gastrointestinal Symptoms via an Online Survey Tool
by Fahim Syed, Deili Sinimeri, Caroline E. Childs and Dennis Golm
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091114 - 14 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1113
Abstract
Background and objectives: Depression is a low mood-based disorder that affects approximately one in six people in the UK. Analyses of the gut in depressed individuals have demonstrated dysbiosis in the normal gut microbial composition. These imbalances have been associated with gut symptoms [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Depression is a low mood-based disorder that affects approximately one in six people in the UK. Analyses of the gut in depressed individuals have demonstrated dysbiosis in the normal gut microbial composition. These imbalances have been associated with gut symptoms such as abdominal pain and nausea. This study aims to investigate the relationships between self-reported depression, gastro-intestinal (GI) symptoms and dietary intake. Methods: Participants with self-reported depression and healthy controls were recruited via Prolific. Participants were asked to complete a web-based online survey tool (Qualtrics), which included questions on diet, gut health and mental health. Estimated micronutrient intakes from reported fruit and vegetable intakes (FAVI) were calculated using dietary analysis software (myFood24). Results: In total, 496 adults consented to participate (n = 249 with self-reported life-time diagnosis of depression, n = 247 healthy controls). There was a significant positive correlation between the GI symptom score and the depression score (r = 0.506, p < 0.001) which included reported measures of nausea (r = 0.359) and pain (r = 0.419). FAVI and omega-3 intakes were inversely related to GI symptoms (p = 0.010, p < 0.001, respectively) and depression scores (p < 0.05) and significant mediators of the association between GI symptoms and depression (effect size −0.006, −0.025 respectively). Those with depression were found to have significantly lower intakes of vitamin C, folate, vitamin E and magnesium (p < 0.05), though analysis did not identify any significant mediation effects of micronutrient intake on the relationship between GI symptoms and depression scores. Discussion: Dietary intake has a significant mediation effect on the relationship between GI symptoms and depression. Participants in the depression group consumed significantly lower intakes of some important micronutrients found in FAVI, which suggests that depression and gut symptoms could influence food choices. Further research will be required to identify whether these observations correspond to the changes in the microbiome that have been associated with depression. Full article
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2 pages, 179 KiB  
Abstract
Eating Habits and Sleep Quality in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes on Advanced Technologies
by Alessandra Corrado, Giuseppe Scidà, Marilena Vitale, Giuseppina Costabile, Giuseppe Della Pepa, Angela Albarosa Rivellese and Lutgarda Bozzetto
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 58; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091058 - 20 Nov 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 962
Abstract
Background and objectives: Sleep disorders are bidirectionally linked with eating behaviors and glucose metabolism, and this could be clinically relevant in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the relationship between dietary habits and sleep quality in T1D. Methods: According to a cross-sectional design, [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Sleep disorders are bidirectionally linked with eating behaviors and glucose metabolism, and this could be clinically relevant in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We investigated the relationship between dietary habits and sleep quality in T1D. Methods: According to a cross-sectional design, T1D patients, 60 men and 60 women, aged 19–79, using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) filled-in a 7-day food diary and completed the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) questionnaire on dietary habits and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire on sleep quality. Blood glucose values over 6 h after dinner were registered for one week. Differences in dietary habits and blood glucose were compared between the participants with good/bad quality, long/short duration, and long/short onset latency of sleep. Results: Bad sleepers (n = 84) were twice as prevalent as good sleepers (n = 36) and had significantly higher intake of fat than good sleepers, in particular at dinner time (30.7 ± 10.7 vs. 24.0 ± 10.5 g, p = 0.004). Short sleepers had significantly higher usual intake (g/1000 kcal) of coffee and tea (88.7 ± 70.9 vs. 62.0 ± 35.6), alcoholic beverages (46.6 ± 50.4 vs. 28.9 ± 31.5), and carbonated soft beverages (21.0 ± 37.5 vs. 9.3 ± 17.2) (p < 0.05 for all). Compared with the short sleep onset latency participants, the long sleep onset latency participants had significantly higher intake of fat at dinner time (41.8 ± 7.4 vs. 38.1 ± 9.1% total energy, p = 0.029). No differences in post-dinner blood glucose were detected between the participants with bad or good sleep quality. Discussion: Sleep disruption is common in T1D and is associated with unhealthy dietary choices, especially at dinner time, independently of post-dinner blood glucose control. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 170 KiB  
Abstract
The Effects of Low- vs. High-Glycemic Index Mediterranean-Style Eating Patterns on Subjective Well-Being and Sleep in Adults at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: The MEDGICarb-Intervention Trial
by Anna Hjort, Robert E. Bergia, Marilena Vitale, Rosalba Giacco, Gabriele Riccardi, Wayne W. Campbell and Rikard Landberg
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 56; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091056 - 20 Nov 2023
Viewed by 886
Abstract
Background and objectives: Limited evidence exists regarding the influence of glycemic index (GI) in the context of a healthy diet on self-reported health status and sleep. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of a low- vs. high-GI Mediterranean-style healthy eating pattern (MED-HEP) [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Limited evidence exists regarding the influence of glycemic index (GI) in the context of a healthy diet on self-reported health status and sleep. We therefore aimed to investigate the effects of a low- vs. high-GI Mediterranean-style healthy eating pattern (MED-HEP) on subjective well-being and sleep, and whether measures of well-being and sleep were related to glycemia. Methods: The MedGICarb-intervention trial is a 12-week randomized, controlled, parallel multi-center trial (Italy, Sweden and USA). During the intervention, participants consumed an eu-energetic diet profiled as a MED-HEP with either high or low GI. Well-being and sleep were measured by the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short Form Health Survey Version 2 (SF-36v2), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) at baseline and after the 12-week intervention. Similarly, postprandial glucose was measured from oral glucose tolerance tests, and indices of glycemic variability were calculated from 24 h continuous glucose monitoring. Results: 161 adults with ≥2 features of the metabolic syndrome completed the intervention (53% females, mean age 56 ± 10 y, mean BMI 31 ± 3 kg/m2). Low- vs. high-GI MED-HEP resulted in differential changes between the groups in domains of well-being, driven mostly by improvements in the low-GI group, of which role physical (5.6 AU vs. −2.5 AU, p = 0.022) and vitality (6.9 AU vs. −0.3 AU, p = 0.008) were significant (ANOVA with group, site and sex as fixed factors and age and BMI as covariates). There was no significant difference between the diets for aggregated physical or mental components, or for the other domains of well-being (physical functioning, bodily pain, general health, social functioning, role emotional, mental health) or for sleep quality (PSQI) or daytime sleepiness (ESS). The aggregated physical and mental component, as well as some domains of well-being and sleep quality, were correlated with glycemic measures at baseline (Spearman correlation). Discussion: Low compared to high GI in the context of a MED-HEP resulted in improvements in domains of subjective well-being. No major differences were seen between the groups for indexes of sleep. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Early Changes in Observed Eating Behaviours and Suboptimal Weight Loss in Gastric Bypass Patients: Preliminary Findings
by Heather Spence, Alexander Miras, Julie Sittlington, Carel Le Roux, Alan Spector, Maeve A. Kerr, Chris I. R. Gill, Zsolt Bodnar, David Daniel Kerrigan, Dimitri J. Pournaras, M. Barbara E. Livingstone and Ruth K. Price
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 113; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091113 - 13 Dec 2023
Viewed by 1091
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective long-term treatment for severe obesity [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 135 KiB  
Abstract
The Effects of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 and Ascorbate on Extracellular Cytokine Concentrations in THP-1 Monocytes and THP-1 Derived Macrophages
by Mark Dewane, Caroline Childs, Elizabeth Miles and Philip Calder
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091118 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 898
Abstract
Vitamins C and D are known to have immunomodulatory effects. Current recommendations state that plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 should be maintained above 50 nmol/L, although concentrations of 100 nmol/L can enhance health benefits. Concentrations below 25 and 12.5 nmol/L are considered insufficient and deficient, [...] Read more.
Vitamins C and D are known to have immunomodulatory effects. Current recommendations state that plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 should be maintained above 50 nmol/L, although concentrations of 100 nmol/L can enhance health benefits. Concentrations below 25 and 12.5 nmol/L are considered insufficient and deficient, respectively. The typical plasma ascorbate concentration is 50 μmol/L. Vitamin C supplementation can increase plasma concentration to 100–150 μmol/L. Vitamin C insufficiency and deficiency occur at 25 μmol/L and <10 μmol/L, respectively. This study investigates cytokine production by THP-1 monocytes and macrophages, following vitamin C and D treatment at concentrations representing deficiency, insufficiency, sufficiency and following supplementation. Macrophages were differentiated from THP-1 monocytes using PMA. THP-1 cells (monocytes or macrophages) were pre-treated with ascorbate or 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 for 24 h at the aforementioned concentrations, then challenged with lipopolysaccharide for 6 and 24 h. Extracellular concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α were measured using Luminex assays. In THP-1 monocytes, 25-hydroxvitamin D3 and ascorbate, at concentrations representing sufficiency and supplementation, decreased TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 at 6 and 24 h. Ascorbate at concentrations of >50 μmol/L also increased IL-10 at both time points. At supplemented concentrations, 25-hydroxvitamin D3 and ascorbate lowered the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio from 39:1 to 31:1 and 17:1, respectively, at 6 h. At 24 h, TNF-α/IL-10 was lowered from 88:1 to 31:1, following 150 μmol/L ascorbate treatment, and from 185:1 to 108:1 following 100 nmol/L 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 treatment. In THP-1 macrophages, pro-inflammatory cytokines were unaffected by 25-hydroxvitamin D3 at 6 h. However, IL-10 concentration increased at concentrations > 50 nmol/L. At 24 h, the inflammatory cytokines decreased as the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentration increased. 25-hydroxvitamin D3 (100 nmol/L) reduced the TNF-α/IL-10 ratio from 88:1 to 64:1 at 6 h and from 105:1 to 35:1 at 24 h. Ascorbate, at concentrations representing sufficiency and supplementation, decreased the inflammatory cytokines at 6 and 24 h. Ascorbate at 150 μmol/L decreased TNF-α/IL-10 from 116:1 to 35:1 at 6 h and from 102:1 to 21:1 at 24 h. These data demonstrate that both 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and ascorbate decrease the inflammatory burden in THP-1 monocytes and THP-1 derived macrophages. Future work will investigate vitamin interactions and underlying mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
Circulating NMR Metabolites in White and British Indian Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians in the UK Biobank
by Tammy Y. N. Tong, Julie A. Schmidt, Timothy J. Key and Ruth C. Travis
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 112; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091112 - 8 Dec 2023
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Metabolomics is influenced by diet and may inform underlying mechanisms for diseases. We aimed to assess differences in circulating metabolites between people of different habitual dietary groups. Methods: The UK Biobank recruited 500,000 adults aged 40 to 69 years throughout [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Metabolomics is influenced by diet and may inform underlying mechanisms for diseases. We aimed to assess differences in circulating metabolites between people of different habitual dietary groups. Methods: The UK Biobank recruited 500,000 adults aged 40 to 69 years throughout the UK between 2006 and 2010. Plasma samples were collected from almost all participants at recruitment, and metabolomics assays (249 metabolites, 168 directly measured and 81 ratios) were performed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolic profiling in a randomly selected subset of 120,000 participants. Participants were asked to report their ethnicity and consumption of red and processed meat, poultry, fish, dairy and eggs. Based on this information, we defined six diet groups among the White British participants (42,963 regular meat eaters, 44,170 low meat eaters, 1051 poultry eaters, 2290 fish eaters, 1521 vegetarians and 102 vegans) and two diet groups among the British Indians (725 meat eaters and 250 vegetarians). We compared adjusted geometric mean levels of the metabolites by diet group. Results: Significant differences in the levels of many plasma metabolites were observed by diet group, with the biggest differences overall for fatty acids. Compared with regular meat eaters, low meat, poultry and fish eaters all had higher omega-3 and docosahexaenoic acid concentrations, while vegetarians and vegans had substantially lower concentrations of these fatty acids and their ratios to total fatty acids. Vegetarians and vegans had significantly higher ratios of omega-6 to both omega-3 and total fatty acids, as well as higher percentages of monounsaturated fatty acids and linoleic acid to total fatty acids. Of the amino acids, vegetarians and vegans had notably higher concentrations of glycine, but lower concentrations of total and individual branched-chain amino acids compared with regular meat eaters. Higher concentrations of citrate but lower concentrations of creatinine in vegetarians and vegans, higher acetate in vegans, as well as differences in many lipid fractions by diet group were also observed. The observed differences were similar for the White British and the British Indian participants. Discussion: The markedly different plasma metabolic profiles between people of different diet groups may impact on their long-term health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 167 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of a Dietary Intervention with Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian and Mediterranean Diets on Apolipoproteins, Lipid Profile and Cardiovascular Risk: Results from the CARDIVEG Study
by Giuditta Pagliai, Barbara Colombini, Marta Tristan Asensi, Monica Dinu, Sofia Lotti, Rossella Marcucci and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091012 - 14 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Attention in recent years is turning toward the role that apolipoproteins might play as markers of CVD risk. However, to date, evidence regarding the effects of diet on apolipoproteins is still limited. [...] Read more.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Attention in recent years is turning toward the role that apolipoproteins might play as markers of CVD risk. However, to date, evidence regarding the effects of diet on apolipoproteins is still limited. Aim: To compare the effects of the Mediterranean diet (MD) and lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (VD) on anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, inflammatory profile and apolipoprotein levels, in subjects with low-to-moderate CVD risk. Methods: Fifty-two clinically healthy subjects (39 F; mean age: 49.1 ± 12.4 years), followed an MD and a VD for 3 months each. Demographics, risk factors, dietary and lifestyle habits were collected from each subject at the baseline. Anthropometric parameters and blood samples were obtained both at the beginning and at the end of the MD and VD periods. Results: Both MD and VD resulted in significant reductions in body weight, BMI and fat mass. VD led to a significant reduction in LDL (−5%; p = 0.038), while MD led to a significant reduction in plasma triglycerides (−9%; p = 0.018). Both diets led to a reduction in most of the inflammatory parameters, but MD was more effective in reducing IL-10 (−37.2%; p = 0.009) and IL-17 (−49.1%; p = 0.002). As for apolipoproteins, a statistically significant change was observed only for Apo C1 after VD (+24.4%; p = 0.020). MD led to a statistically significant negative correlation between Apo C3 and carbohydrates (R = −0.29; p = 0.039), whereas VD led to a statistically significant negative correlation between Apo D and saturated fats (R = −0.38; p = 0.006). In addition, a statistically significant positive correlation emerged after MD between change in plasma triglycerides and change in Apo C1 (R = 0.32; p = 0.020) and Apo D (R = 0.30; p = 0.031). On the other hand, after VD, a significant positive correlation emerged between change in HDL and Apo D (R = 0.33; p = 0.017). Subgroup analysis revealed positive effects on apolipoprotein levels from both diets, especially in women, individuals with >50 years and those with <3 CVD risk factors. Conclusions: Both diets resulted in improved apolipoprotein levels, especially in certain population subgroups, while also demonstrating different associations with specific dietary nutrients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet and Risks of Alzheimer and Parkinson Diseases: A Systematic Review of Population-Based Studies
by Sukshma Sharma, Alessandro Gialluisi, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano, Vittorio Maglione, Licia Iacoviello and Marialaura Bonaccio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 80; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091080 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1174
Abstract
Background and objectives: Diet is suggested as a major modifiable risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, but there is conflicting and inadequate evidence regarding whether adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with lower risks of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Parkinson Disease (PD). [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Diet is suggested as a major modifiable risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, but there is conflicting and inadequate evidence regarding whether adherence to a Mediterranean diet (MD) is associated with lower risks of Alzheimer Disease (AD) and Parkinson Disease (PD). We performed a systematic review of available population-based studies to disentangle the association between MD and risk of AD or PD. Methods: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Scopus were searched for relevant articles published from inception until April 2023. Only observational cohort studies, prospective studies, and case–cohort studies were included to explore the longitudinal association between adherence to an MD and the risk of AD and PD. Studies with adult participants (>18 years old) were included if they explored and reported results on MD, along with other dietary patterns, and examined MD using the following definitions: ‘Medi Score diet’ and ‘alternate Mediterranean diet index (aMED diet)’. Results: A total of three studies (two longitudinal and one case–control) on AD were identified out of 1233 records, and five studies on PD (three longitudinal and two case–control) out of 320 records were identified. For AD, all three studies reported an association between a higher adherence to an MD and a lower risk of AD, with values ranging from 9% (Hazard ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.83–0.98; p = 0.015) to 54% (Hazard ratio = 0.46, 95% CI 0.26, 0.79, p = 0.01). For PD, three out of five studies reported that a higher adherence to MD was associated with a lower risk of PD, with values ranging from 11% (Hazard ratio = 0.89; 95% CI 0.74–1.07) to 46% (Hazard ratio = 0.54; 95% CI 0.30–0.98). Conclusions/Discussion: The overall longitudinal findings suggested that a high adherence to an MD was inversely associated with the risks of AD and PD, and might be beneficial for nutrition strategies and clinical treatment. However, further epidemiological studies are warranted to increase the generalizability of the findings and to better understand the longitudinal associations for efficient prognosis of AD and PD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 167 KiB  
Abstract
Combination of Adherence to a Traditional Mediterranean Diet and Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Relation to All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality: Prospective Findings from the Moli-Sani Study
by Marialaura Bonaccio, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Emilia Ruggiero, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano and Licia Iacoviello
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091079 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1027
Abstract
Background and objectives: The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been consistently associated with lower mortality in cohort studies worldwide. Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are increasingly displacing nutritious traditional diets, with alarming health results globally. We examined the combined association of an MD and UPF consumption [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: The Mediterranean Diet (MD) has been consistently associated with lower mortality in cohort studies worldwide. Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are increasingly displacing nutritious traditional diets, with alarming health results globally. We examined the combined association of an MD and UPF consumption in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a cohort of Italian adults. Methods: Longitudinal analyses on 22,895 participants of the Moli-sani Study (2005–2010) followed for 12.2 years(median). Food intake was assessed using a 188-item FFQ. UPF was defined following the NOVA classification and calculated as the ratio (weight ratio; %) between UPF (g/d) and total food (g/d). The Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS; range 0–9) was used to assess adherence to MD. Low/High MD adherence (i.e. MDS < 6 or ≥6, respectively) was combined with low/high UPF consumption (i.e. <9.4 or ≥9.4% corresponding to the population’s median intake of UPF) to obtain a 4-level dietary variable reflecting dietary combinations from ‘low MD and high UPF’ to ‘high MD and low UPF’. Results: In multivariable-adjusted analysis controlled for known risk factors, compared to the ‘low MD and high UPF’ combination, taken as reference, the ‘high MD and low UPF’ combination had a significant 24% lower rate of all-cause mortality (Hazard ratio = 0.76; 95% CI 0.67–0.86). Participants reporting both “low MD and low UPF” had a significant but only 15% lower death rate (Hazard ratio = 0.85; 0.77–0.95), while individuals consuming both “high MD and high UPF” had a 4% not significant lower death rate (Hazard ratio = 0.96; 0.80–1.14; p-value for difference across groups < 0.001; p-value for interaction between MD and UPF = 0.47). Similar results were found for CVD mortality, with highest protection observed in the ‘high MD and low UPF’ dietary combination group (Hazard ratio = 0.74; 0.60–0.92) as compared to the reference combination. Discussion and conclusions: The combination of both high adherence to an MD and low UPF intake was associated with lowest all-cause and CVD death rate; the effects of both dietary exposures were additive. Besides the adoption, or maintenance, of an MD, dietary guidelines should also recommend to contextually reduce the dietary share of UPF to maximize Mediterranean diet-related health benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Associations of Circulating Gamma-Linolenic Acid and Cardiometabolic Health in Chinese Adults: A Prospective Study
by Yu-Ming Chen, Hai-Li Zhong, Yan Yan, Ying-Di Yang, Hang-Zhu Chen and Ting-Yu Sun
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091121 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 1051
Abstract
Background: Previous studies have shown that dietary and circulating n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) have beneficial associations with cardiometabolic health in humans. However, some studies showed inconsistent associations between circulating gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n-6), a metabolite of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 [...] Read more.
Background: Previous studies have shown that dietary and circulating n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-6 PUFAs) have beneficial associations with cardiometabolic health in humans. However, some studies showed inconsistent associations between circulating gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, C18:3 n-6), a metabolite of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6), and cardiometabolic health compared to LA. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the associations of erythrocyte GLA proportions with the presence and incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in Chinese adults. Methods: This prospective study included 3591 participants (40–80 years) from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study, South China. The participants were recruited from 2008 to 2013 and followed up every 3 years. Erythrocyte fatty acids were determined using the baseline samples. Assessments of metabolic syndrome (MetS), carotid intima-media thickness, blood lipids, and questionnaire interviews were conducted at each visit. The associations between erythrocyte GLA and the presence and incidence of MetS, carotid artery plaque (CAP), and coronary heart diseases (CHD) were analyzed using logistic and Cox regression models after adjusting for potential covariates. Results: Among the 3591 participants at baseline, 1155, 941, and 417 had MetS, CAP, and CHD, which were included in the cross-sectional analyses. After a median of a 9-year follow-up, 935/2436, 1172/2203, and 524/2507 participants (case N/total N followed up) developed MetS, CAP, and CHD and were included in the prospective analyses, respectively. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of MetS, CAP, and CHD for the quartile (Q) 4 (vs. 1) of GLA were 3.11 (2.50, 3.87), 1.25 (0.99, 1.58), and 1.54 (1.12, 2.13) (all p-trends < 0.05). The corresponding hazard risks (HR) and 95% of the CIs of the 9-year incidences were 1.45 (1.20, 1.75), 1.25 (1.06, 1.48), and 1.40 (1.10, 1.80) (all p-trends < 0.05), respectively. However, LA showed beneficial associations with MetS presence (Q4 vs. Q1, OR: 0.65, 95% CI: 0.53, 0.80) and the 9-year CAP incidence (Q4 vs. Q1, HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.66, 0.92) (p-trends < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings show a detrimental association between erythrocyte GAL and the presence and incidence of MetS, CAP, and CHD in Chinese adults. Experimental studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 166 KiB  
Abstract
No Difference in the Effects of Consuming Commercially Relevant Palmitic Acid- and Stearic Acid-Rich Interesterified Fats on the Plasma Total Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio: The INTER-SAT Study
by Wendy L. Hall, Eleanor Wood, Peter J. Joris, Johanna H. Bruce, Ronald P. Mensink and Sarah E. Berry
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 31; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091031 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 767
Abstract
Background and Objectives. Randomly interesterified (IE) palmitic acid (16:0)- and stearic acid (18:0)-rich fats are commonly used by the food industry for applications such as spreads and bakery products. Previous studies demonstrate that 18:0-rich fats (unlike 16:0-rich) do not increase the total:HDL cholesterol [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives. Randomly interesterified (IE) palmitic acid (16:0)- and stearic acid (18:0)-rich fats are commonly used by the food industry for applications such as spreads and bakery products. Previous studies demonstrate that 18:0-rich fats (unlike 16:0-rich) do not increase the total:HDL cholesterol ratio (TC:HDL), but the comparative effects of commercially relevant IE fats rich in 16:0 or 18:0 are unclear. Hypothesis: An IE 16:0-rich fat will have equivalent effects on the TC:HDL when compared with a functionally matched 18:0-rich fat. Methods. A randomised crossover trial (clinicaltrials.gov NCT04418102; funded by the Malaysian Palm Oil Board) in healthy adults aged 35–65 was conducted. IE fats provided 10% energy intake for 6 weeks per arm with a minimum 4-week washout period. IE fats were formulated into hardstocks that were baked into muffins and blended into spreads. Spreads contained either 54% IE palm stearin/kernel (PSK) hardstock (16:0, 49%; 18:0, 5%) blended with 36% rapeseed oil (final spread: 16:0, 32%; 18:0, 4%), or 54% IE fully hydrogenated rapeseed oil/coconut oil/high oleic sunflower oil/sunflower oil hardstock (16:0, 7%; 18:0, 41%) blended with 36% rapeseed oil (final spread: 16:0, 6%; 18:0, 25%). The study was conducted at King’s College London and Maastricht University. Results: A total of 51 eligible volunteers were randomised to the treatment sequence; 47 participants completed the study (24 females/23 males; mean age 52 years, SD 8; mean BMI 25.6, SD 3.0). The TC:HDL did not change following FHS (0.03, 95% CI −0.06, 0.12) or PSK (−0.03, 95% CI −0.11, 0.06) and changes did not differ between groups (0.05, 95% CI −0.08, 0.18). The total, HDL and LDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations did not change following PSK or FHS and there were no differences in changes between groups. Discussion: Consuming foods made with commercially relevant IE fat blends rich in 16:0 at 10% of the energy intake is unlikely to have a detrimental effect on the TC:HDL when compared with IE fat blends rich in 18:0. These results provide much-needed evidence of the cardiometabolic health effects of industrially processed fats relevant to oil and fat manufacturers, the food industry, health authorities and healthcare professionals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 160 KiB  
Abstract
An Unhealthy Dietary Pattern-Related Metabolic Signature Is Associated with Cardiometabolic and Mortality Outcomes: A Prospective Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort
by Alvaro Torres-Martos, Augusto Anguita-Ruiz, Oscar Rangel-Huerta, Concepcion M. Aguilera and Carmen Piernas
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091035 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 805
Abstract
Background and objectives: An unhealthy dietary pattern (DP) previously identified in the UK Biobank population was positively associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mortality. Differences in individuals’ metabolic responses to this DP may help identify novel pathways explaining [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: An unhealthy dietary pattern (DP) previously identified in the UK Biobank population was positively associated with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and mortality. Differences in individuals’ metabolic responses to this DP may help identify novel pathways explaining the observed associations. This study aimed to identify metabolomic signatures characterising adherence to the DP and to investigate prospective associations with cardiometabolic and mortality outcomes. Methods: A cohort of n = 102,862 UK Biobank participants was studied, of which n = 28,123 participants with data on the DP of interest (derived from 2 or more 24 h dietary assessments at baseline) and available metabolomic data (n = 119 metabolites) were used to construct a DP-related metabolic signature score (DPMS) reflecting adherence to the previously identified DP. Metabolomic data were obtained from randomly selected EDTA plasma samples collected at baseline using a high-throughput NMR-based profiling platform. A sparse partial least squares (sPLS) model was used to compute the coefficients needed to calculate the DPMS. Multivariable Cox-proportional hazard models were used to investigate prospective associations between the DPMS and CVD, T2D and mortality outcomes in all participants with available metabolomic data. Results: A DPMS consisting of 46 differential metabolites was calculated, characterised by higher plasma levels of creatinine, saturated fatty acids and sphingomyelins, but lower levels of docosahexaenoic acid, omega 3 and 6 fatty acids and linoleic acids. During an average of 12 years of follow-up, 10,236 cases of total CVD, 5675 cases of T2D and 6367 cases of all-cause mortality were observed in the study sample (mean age 56 years; 55% women). We found significantly positive associations between the DPMS and total CVD events (hazard ratio [HR] per z-score increment = 1.16 [95%CI 1.14–1.18]) and between the T2D (HR per z-score increment = 1.24 [95%CI, 1.22–1.26]) and all-cause mortality (HR per z-score increment = 1.13 [95%CI, 1.10–1.15]). Conclusions: A newly identified metabolic signature reflecting higher adherence to an unhealthy dietary pattern was characterised by metabolites that indicated a poor lipid metabolism. This metabolic signature showed stronger associations with cardiometabolic and mortality outcomes than those observed previously with traditional dietary pattern measurements. Keywords: dietary pattern, plasma metabolomics, cardiometabolic outcomes, mortality, cohort study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 173 KiB  
Abstract
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Biological Aging in Italian Adults from the Moli-Sani Study Cohort
by Simona Esposito, Alessandro Gialluisi, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Emilia Ruggiero, Licia Iacoviello and Marialaura Bonaccio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 97; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091097 - 30 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1303
Abstract
Background and objectives: Chronological age (CA) may not accurately reflect the health status of an individual. Rather, biological age (BA) or hypothetical underlying “functional” age has been proposed as a relevant indicator of healthy aging. Diets high in polyphenol-rich foods, such as the [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Chronological age (CA) may not accurately reflect the health status of an individual. Rather, biological age (BA) or hypothetical underlying “functional” age has been proposed as a relevant indicator of healthy aging. Diets high in polyphenol-rich foods, such as the Mediterranean diet, were inversely associated with biological aging in several cohorts. However, the nutritional content is only one aspect of overall food health potential, and increasing attention should be paid to non-nutrient food characteristics, such as food processing. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are mostly industrial formulations designed to maximize palatability and consumption through a combination of calorie-dense ingredients and chemical additives, and have been consistently associated with the increased risk of premature mortality and diseases. We therefore examined the association of UPF with biological aging. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of a sub-cohort of 4510 subjects (aged ≥35 years; 52.0% women) enrolled in the Moli-sani Study (2005–2010). Food intake was assessed using a 188-item food frequency questionnaire. UPF was defined according to the Nova classification and calculated as the ratio (%) of UPF (g/d) to total food consumed (g/d), and categorized into sex-specific quintiles. Diet quality was assessed using the Food Standards Agency Nutrient Profiling System (FSAm-NPS) dietary index. A Deep Neural Network approach based on 36 circulating biomarkers was used to compute BA, and the resulting difference (∆age = BA−CA) was tested as a dependent variable in multivariable linear regression analyses including known risk factors. Results: The mean CA (SD) was 55.6 y (±11.6 years), BA 54.8 y (±8.6 years), and ∆age −0.77 (±7.7). In multivariable-adjusted analyses also including the FSAm-NPS dietary index, a higher intake of UPF consumption was directly associated with accelerated biological aging (β = 0.61; 95%CI 0.05 to 1.17 for Q5 vs. Q1). Discussion: High UPF consumption was directly associated with a blood-markers-based measure of biological aging, independent of overall diet quality. These findings suggest that biological aging could be influenced by non-nutrient food characteristics (e.g., altered food matrix, contact materials and neoformed compounds). Longitudinal studies are warranted to examine whether accelerated biological aging could fall on the pathway between UPF consumption and chronic disease onset. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 179 KiB  
Abstract
Partial Least Square–Cox Regression to Investigate Association between Patterns of Dietary Exposure to Persistent Organic Pollutants and Breast Cancer Risk in the E3N Cohort
by Pauline Frenoy, Francesca Mancini and Vittorio Perduca
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 39; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091039 - 15 Nov 2023
Viewed by 756
Abstract
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is suspected to play a role in the occurrence of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (ER-positive BC). Our objective was to investigate the association between patterns of dietary exposure to POPs and ER-positive BC risk in the E3N [...] Read more.
Exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) is suspected to play a role in the occurrence of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (ER-positive BC). Our objective was to investigate the association between patterns of dietary exposure to POPs and ER-positive BC risk in the E3N cohort. The study included 67,879 women. The intake of 81 POPs, including dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), was estimated using food consumption data, collected through a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, and food contamination data, as measured in the second French Total Diet Study. ER-positive BC cases were identified through self-administered questionnaires, from next-of-kin spontaneous reports, or through information from the national cause-of-death registry. Partial least square–Cox regression (PLS–Cox), a supervised dimension reduction method, was used to identify POPs patterns associated with ER-positive BC occurrence. Cox proportional hazard models were then used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between the PLS–Cox patterns retained and the risk of ER-positive BC, adjusted on potential confounders identified using a directed acyclic graph. The women were followed for a maximum of 21.4 years, and 5,686 developed incident ER-positive BC. Based on POP intake estimates, five patterns were retained. The first pattern was characterized by positive weights for almost all POPs, especially PAHs and some dioxins. The other principal components were characterized by both positive and negative weights. A significant non-linear and non-monotonic association was highlighted between exposure to the first pattern and ER-positive BC risk, and significant positive linear associations were highlighted between exposure to the second, fourth and fifth patterns and ER-positive BC risk. The use of the PLS–Cox method allowed the identification of relevant patterns in POPs explaining, as far as possible, the covariance between the exposures and the outcomes. Identifying such patterns can help to better clarify the pollutants involved in BC occurrence and to estimate their cumulative effect. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 148 KiB  
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) Intake and Quality during Adolescence and Association with HOMA2-IR in Adulthood—The Role of the Chronotype
by Nicole Jankovic, Bianca Stutz, Bettina Krueger, Christian Herder, Stefan A. Wudy, Anette Buyken and Ute Alexy
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091119 - 12 Jan 2024
Viewed by 994
Abstract
Background/objectives: Adolescence is associated with two risk markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): insulin resistance and lateness in chronotype. Hence, negative eating behavior during adolescence may increase the future risk of T2DM. We investigated the prospective relevance of carbohydrates (CHO) from high [...] Read more.
Background/objectives: Adolescence is associated with two risk markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): insulin resistance and lateness in chronotype. Hence, negative eating behavior during adolescence may increase the future risk of T2DM. We investigated the prospective relevance of carbohydrates (CHO) from high GI sources consumed in the morning and in the evening during adolescence for HOMA2-IR in young adulthood and the role of chronotypes. Methods: Examinations of subjects were performed at the DONALD study centre. Participants provided at least two 3-day weighed dietary records (median = 7 records) during adolescence and one blood sample in young adulthood. CHO quality was classified as low (<55) and moderate (≥55) according to the Glycemic Index. Chronotype was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and defined as age- and sex-adjusted midpoint of sleep on free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays (MSFsc) using all measurements from adolescence up to young adulthood, applying regression analyses. Earlier and later chronotypes were based on the averaged median values of MSFsc. We used the HOMA2 calculator (University of Oxford) to define HOMA2-IR from fasting insulin and glucose measures. Multivariable regression analyses (including, e.g., age, sex, BMI-SDS, physical activity and energy) assessed the longitudinal associations of interest. Testing for trend calculations were based on median values per tertile. We assessed interactions by chronotype and additionally stratified the data according to chronotype. Results: A total of N = 224 (♀ n = 58%) participants with a median (Q1:Q3) age of 12 (12:13) yrs during adolescence and 22 (18:26) yrs at blood withdrawal were included. Stratified analyses by chronotype were not different and there was no significant interaction (p > 0.05). Only the residual of adolescent CHO consumption in the morning (<11:00 hh:mm) was significantly, inversely associated with adult HOMA2-IR (lsmeans HOMA2-IR T1: 2.96 (2.41–3.55) vs. T3: 1.95 (1.54–2.41), p for trend = 0.01). Discussion: Our data suggest that the consumption of CHO in the morning decreases HOMA2-IR independent of chronotypeThe results presented in this article are part of a research project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)-AL 1794/1–2. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 173 KiB  
Abstract
Improvement in Vitamin D Status and Long-Term Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the General Finnish Population—Evidence Based on Cohort and Register Datasets
by Folasade A. Adebayo, Suvi T. Itkonen, Tuija Jääskeläinen, Tommi Härkänen, Kevin D. Cashman, Maijaliisa Erkkola and Christel Lamberg-Allardt
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091063 - 21 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Large improvements in vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; S-25(OH)D) have been recorded among the general Finnish population, mainly due to vitamin D fortification policies and supplement use. Vitamin D intake has increased since the beginning of the fortification scheme [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Large improvements in vitamin D status (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D; S-25(OH)D) have been recorded among the general Finnish population, mainly due to vitamin D fortification policies and supplement use. Vitamin D intake has increased since the beginning of the fortification scheme in 2003 and subsequently by its increment in 2010. Also, vitamin D supplement use has increased over the years. However, whether sufficient vitamin D status lowers the risk of diabetes is unclear. Hence, we investigated the association between the improved vitamin D status in the Finnish adult population and long-term incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This study evaluated data of Finnish adults aged ≥30 years (n = 3014) in a longitudinal setting (Health 2000/2011 cohort) who did not have T2D at baseline. The S-25(OH)D concentrations from both time points (years 2000 and 2011) were standardized according to the Vitamin D Standardization Program. The survey datasets were linked with incident T2D datasets from the national register for the time period 2000–2019. Associations between vitamin D status, change in S-25(OH)D concentrations and incidence of T2D over the 8-year follow-up period were assessed using logistic and Cox regression models (adjusted for age, sex and blood sampling season, etc.). Results: Over the 8-year follow-up period, 214 T2D incident cases were observed in subjects who participated in both Health 2000 and Health 2011. We observed a borderline significantly lower mean baseline S-25(OH)D concentration among T2D cases (45.4 [SD = 12.3] nmol/L) compared with participants not having T2D (48.1 [SD = 134.6] nmol/L) (p = 0.01). Having a sufficient vitamin D status (S-25(OH)D ≥50 nmol/L) at baseline was associated with lower odds of T2D (adjusted OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.89–0.98]). In participants whose S-25(OH)D concentrations increased over the years, the T2D incidence was lowered (adjusted HR 0.01 [95% CI 0.00–0.01] and 0.82 [95% CI 0.76–0.89] for ∆ ≥50 nmol/L). Discussion: Our preliminary findings indicate a protective effect of increased 25(OH)D (up to 50 nmol/L) against T2D among Finnish adults with an initially low vitamin D status. This study shows that well-designed longitudinal cohorts using standardized methods carry valuable potential to evaluate national nutrition status and to investigate the relationship between nutrition status and chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 158 KiB  
Abstract
The Big Poo Review: A ZOE Health Study Deep Dive into the UK’s Bowel Habits
by Inbar Linenberg, Kate Bermingham, Arnab Pushilal, Tim Spector, Jonathan Wolf, Sarah Berry and William Bulsiewicz
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 86; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091086 - 24 Nov 2023
Viewed by 1450
Abstract
Background: Bowel habits remain under-studied despite their associations with chronic diseases and their impact on quality of life. We aimed to elucidate the pattern of bowel habits in the UK and investigate gender differences and dietary associations. Methods: A UK population-based survey, “The [...] Read more.
Background: Bowel habits remain under-studied despite their associations with chronic diseases and their impact on quality of life. We aimed to elucidate the pattern of bowel habits in the UK and investigate gender differences and dietary associations. Methods: A UK population-based survey, “The Big Poo Review,” involving 142,765 participants, was conducted in the ZOE Health Study (LRS/DP-20/21-25809). Respondents completed a 37-item bowel habit questionnaire. Diarrhoea was defined as evacuation >3 times/day or passing Bristol Stool scale (BSS) type 6 or 7 > 25% and constipation was defined as evacuation <3 times/wk or passing BSS type 1 or 2 > 25%. Participants (n = 26,703) who completed a food frequency questionnaire within 5 months of the study were included in the subgroup dietary analysis. Results: Participants were predominantly female (77%) with a mean age of 57.8 years (IQR: 50–67). The most frequently reported bowel pattern was a single daily bowel movement (54%) after breakfast (60%) and BSS type 4 (40%). The mean defecation frequency was 1.7 times/day (SD 0.9), but 0.4% of participants defecated <1 time/wk and 1.4% defecated >4 times/day. Constipation was reported in 21.0% (women 23.3%, men 13.0%; p < 0.001) and diarrhoea in 15.3% (men 17.5%, women 14.7%; p < 0.001). Those with diarrhoea or constipation consumed significantly fewer legumes, nuts, and seeds (12 g and 7 g/day less, respectively), fruits (14 g and 18 g/day less, respectively), and vegetables (14 g and 30 g/day less, respectively) than those without (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Dairy intake was different between all three groups (constipation 276 g/day; diarrhoea 256 g/day; regular stools 267 g/day; p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Discussion: This survey is the largest study of UK bowel habits to date, highlighting gender and dietary differences in habits. The high prevalence of constipation and diarrhoea underscores the need for focused public health efforts and potential nutrition interventions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 150 KiB  
Abstract
High-Protein Diets Have the Potential to Reduce Gut Barrier Function in a Sex-Dependent Manner
by Daniel James, Gemma E. Walton, John Gibson, J. Stephen Elmore, Bruce A. Griffin, M. Denise Robertson and Marie C. Lewis
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091042 - 15 Nov 2023
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Abstract
Increased intestinal permeability is linked to low-grade systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases. Undigested dietary proteins reach the colon, where they are fermented by components of the gut microbiota to produce metabolites shown to increase intestinal permeability in vitro. As evidence for sex [...] Read more.
Increased intestinal permeability is linked to low-grade systemic inflammation associated with chronic diseases. Undigested dietary proteins reach the colon, where they are fermented by components of the gut microbiota to produce metabolites shown to increase intestinal permeability in vitro. As evidence for sex differences in the microbiota grows, we hypothesised that the effects of the microbial fermentation of protein would also be sex-dependent. Thus, our objective was to determine whether there were sexual dimorphisms in microbial composition and metabolic output following the fermentation of different proteins using in vitro human gut model systems. Faeces from healthy male (n = 5) and female (n = 5) donors were used to inoculate gut fermentation systems supplemented with non-hydrolysed proteins (0.9 g) derived from whey, fish, milk, soya, mycoprotein, egg or pea. At 0, 8, 24 and 48 h, the microbiota composition was quantified using fluorescence in situ hybridisation coupled with flow cytometry, while bacterial-derived metabolite production was assessed via gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy and an ELISA. Increased protein availability resulted in significant increases in proteolytic Bacteroides spp. (p < 0.01) and Clostridium coccoides (p < 0.01) and significant increases in the production of potentially detrimental metabolites including phenol (p < 0.01), p-cresol (p < 0.01), indole (p = 0.018) and ammonia (p < 0.01), all of which were highly dependent on protein type. Furthermore, we showed higher abundances of Clostridium cluster IX (p = 0.03) and concentrations of p-cresol (p = 0.025) at 24 h in males, while females produced more ammonia (p = 0.02) irrespective of the protein source. The fermentation of mycoprotein resulted in significantly higher abundances of Clostridium cluster IX in males at 8 and 24 h compared to females (p < 0.01). There were also significant interactions between sex, protein source, bacterial populations and bacterial-derived metabolic-end-product concentrations. Our study provides new evidence that the effects of the microbial fermentation of dietary proteins in vitro are highly dependent on the source of the protein and the sex of the donor. Consequently, we suggest that different proteins are likely to have differential impacts on intestinal barrier function in vivo, and these effects may be different in males and females. If corroborated in human studies, our results would have important implications for dietary recommendations to limit chronic diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
Study of Cardio-Metabolic Risk in Overweight and Obese People with Impaired Vitamin D Status
by Maria Nikolova and Adriana Agovska
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091133 - 29 Jan 2024
Viewed by 734
Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency increases cardio-metabolic risk through different mechanisms: activation of proinflammatory cytokines and mediation of endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, accelerated atherosclerosis, etc. Objectives: To study and analyze the cardiovascular (cardio-metabolic) risk in people with different levels of vitamin D. Methods: Laboratory [...] Read more.
Background: Vitamin D deficiency increases cardio-metabolic risk through different mechanisms: activation of proinflammatory cytokines and mediation of endothelial dysfunction, insulin resistance, accelerated atherosclerosis, etc. Objectives: To study and analyze the cardiovascular (cardio-metabolic) risk in people with different levels of vitamin D. Methods: Laboratory and questionnaire data from 264 adults, mean age 41.19 years, were analyzed. The studied indicators were compared between people with deficiency and normal vitamin D levels, as well as between persons with normal and excessive BMI. Variation and correlation (Spearman’s coefficient) were used. Results: It was established that vitamin D deficiency is related to some risk factors and cases of CVD. CVDs are significantly more common in people with vitamin D deficiency (15.9%) compared to 7.1% for those with a sufficiency of vitamin D and high blood pressure (36.4% compared to 27.4%). Overweight and obesity were found in 70.5% and 48.6% of those surveyed, respectively. Diabetes is present in 11.8% of people with vitamin D deficiency, compared to 4.3% in people with vitamin D sufficiency. Survey data show that people with vitamin D deficiency have more often followed a diet in the last year (74.1% compared to 55.7%), most often low-calorie (17.0%), followed by protein (Dukan) (8.0%), low-carbohydrate (4.5%), and starvation (4.5%). Diet is a modifiable risk factor in the prevention of CVD, but the “weight cycle” effect increases the risk of developing and maintaining cardio-metabolic risk and diseases. In persons with an excessive BMI, there has been a significantly more frequent change in weight in the last year: 59.4% compared to 30.6% in the control group (p < 0.001). Weight gain was 5.53 kg versus 2.43 kg and was associated with an increased risk of CVD regardless of BMI. Discussion: The study shows that there is an increased cardiovascular risk in people with vitamin D deficiency, which increases if combined with an excessive BMI. Diet and weight variation are important triggers for the occurrence and development of CVD in various BMI and metabolic disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 145 KiB  
Abstract
Association of Omega-3 Index and Blood Cell Count-Derived Systemic Inflammatory Indexes among Testicular Germ Cell Tumor Survivors
by Milica Zeković, Marko Živković, Marija Takić, Sanja Stanković, Nebojša Bojanić, Aleksandar Janičić and Uroš Bumbaširević
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 147; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091147 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1014
Abstract
Background and objectives: Although testicular cancer is considered the paradigm of highly curable malignancy, treatment-induced adverse effects and potential impairment of gonadal function may cause non-negligible long-term health repercussions, including metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular sequelae. This observational, cross-sectional study recruited a sample of [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Although testicular cancer is considered the paradigm of highly curable malignancy, treatment-induced adverse effects and potential impairment of gonadal function may cause non-negligible long-term health repercussions, including metabolic disturbances and cardiovascular sequelae. This observational, cross-sectional study recruited a sample of testicular germ cell tumor survivors (TGCTSs) attending routine follow-up care, with the aim to investigate the relationship between the Omega-3 Index, a promising cardiometabolic risk-assessment biomarker, and complete blood cell (CBC) count-derived systemic inflammation indexes. Methods: Erythrocyte membrane fatty acid (FA) profiling was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The Omega-3 index (OI3) was computed by summarizing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) expressed as a percentage of total FAs. Inflammatory indexes, including NLR (neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio), SII (systemic immune-inflammation index (platelet count × NLR)), SIRI (systemic inflammatory response index (monocyte count × NLR)), and AISI (aggregate index of systemic inflammation (monocyte count × SII)) were determined using routinely obtained hematological parameters. Results: In the analyzed cohort (n = 92, age x̄ = 35.89 ± 8.67 years), the mean value of O3I was 4.41 ± 0.92%, where 53.26% of men were allocated the high-risk group (O3I < 4%) and the rest were in the moderate cardiovascular hazard category (4% ≤ O3I < 8%). The O3I correlated inversely with the NLR, SII, and AISI (r = −0.234, −0.241, and −0.249, respectively, all p < 0.01). A negative association was determined between the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and SIRI (r = −0.221, p < 0.05). The NLR and AISI were statistically significantly lower in the subgroup of patients with O3I ≥ 4% (p < 0.05). Discussion: Blood cell count-based inflammatory indexes may contribute to a more efficient risk stratification of TGCTS in relation to cardiometabolic disorders. Further large-scale research and long-term intervention trials are warranted to investigate the clinical significance of an increased intake of anti-inflammatory long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated FA via dietary sources and/or supplementation in modulating the inflammatory process and reducing the morbidity burden in this patient population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Modulation of Gut Microbiota through Nutritional Interventions in Behçet’s Syndrome Patients: Preliminary Results from the MAMBA Study
by Giuditta Pagliai, Silvia Turroni, Federica D’Amico, Irene Mattioli, Marta Tristan Asensi, Giacomo Emmi and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 154; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091154 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 718
Abstract
Background. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota (GM) in Behçet’s syndrome patients (BS) has low diversity and a peculiar layout. Diet is known to influence the GM, but to date no study has investigated its effect on these patients. Aim. To evaluate [...] Read more.
Background. Recent evidence suggests that the gut microbiota (GM) in Behçet’s syndrome patients (BS) has low diversity and a peculiar layout. Diet is known to influence the GM, but to date no study has investigated its effect on these patients. Aim. To evaluate the effect of a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet (VD) and a Mediterranean diet supplemented with 2 g/die of oral butyrate (MD-Bt) in comparison with a Mediterranean diet (MD) on the GM in BS. Methods. Forty-four (27F; mean age: 46.9 ± 11.2 years) BS patients were randomly assigned to follow a VD, MD-Bt, or MD for 3 months each and then crossed over. Stool samples were collected from the participants at the beginning and at the end of each intervention phase. Samples were analyzed through 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing on an Illumina MiSeq platform. Results. Regarding alpha diversity, a decreasing trend after a VD (Shannon index: p = 0.069; observed species: p = 0.08) and an increasing trend after a MD (Shannon index: p = 0.084; observed species: p = 0.079) were observed. Regarding beta diversity, no significant separation was found between the sample groups either over time or between different interventions. Phylum-level taxonomic analysis showed a significant increase in Bacteroidetes (+2.6%; p = 0.049) following the MD and a significant reduction in Proteobacteria (−0.2%; p = 0.035) following the MD-Bt. At the family level, we observed a significant increase in Bacteroidaceae (+2%; p = 0.05) and Porphyromonadaceae (+0.3%; p = 0.004) after the MD, a significant reduction in Porphyromonadaceae (−0.4%; p = 0.05) and Rikenellaceae (−0.7%; p = 0.03) after the VD, and a significant reduction in Rikenellaceae (−0.2%; p = 0.008) and Turicibacteraceae (−0.02%; p = 0.04) after the MD-Bt. In addition, there was a significant increase in the genus Bacteroides (+2%; p = 0.05) and Parabacteroides (−0.2%; p = 0.004) after the MD. On the other hand, the MD-Bt, led to a significant increase in Clostridium (+1%; p = 0.05) and a significant reduction in Oscillospira (−0.6%; p = 0.011) and Turicibacter (−1.9%; p = 0.04). Conclusions. The MD appeared to have an overall better impact on the GM modulation of BS in terms of higher diversity and potentially beneficial compositional changes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 152 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of Adzuki Bean Extract on Antioxidant and Inflammatory Indices in Diabetic Rats
by Ewelina Król, Halina Staniek, Zbigniew Krejpcio, Dawid Szczepankiewicz, Małgorzata Gumienna and Barbara Górna
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 166; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091166 - 1 Feb 2024
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Abstract
One of the strategies used to alleviate metabolic disorders in diabetes is nutritional intervention. In order to achieve this goal, plant materials that contain compounds with high antioxidant potential, exhibit digestive enzyme inhibiting activity, or contain substances that improve insulin sensitivity are selected. [...] Read more.
One of the strategies used to alleviate metabolic disorders in diabetes is nutritional intervention. In order to achieve this goal, plant materials that contain compounds with high antioxidant potential, exhibit digestive enzyme inhibiting activity, or contain substances that improve insulin sensitivity are selected. The importance of legumes in the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism is currently the subject of many studies. Due to high α-glucosidase activity and phenolic profile, Adzuki bean (AB) may be considered as a plant with hypoglycemic and antioxidant properties. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the effect of AB extract on antioxidant and inflammatory indices in diabetic rats. The experiment was conducted on male Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups; one was fed with the AIN-93M diet, while the other three were induced with diabetes by feeding them a high-fat diet for 4 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (35 mg/kg b.w. in citrate buffer). The rats of the control group received citrate buffer alone. After confirmation of hyperglycemia, the rats were divided into three groups: diabetic control, diabetic fed diets supplemented with AB ethanolic extract with a lower dose (0.5%), and diabetic supplemented with AB extract with a higher dose (1%). The feeding period was 4 weeks. In serum, the glucose, CRP, TAS, SOD, CAT, and TBARS were determined. The inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) were measured in the liver and adipose tissue. In this study, induction of diabetes did not reveal strong inflammation in serum measured by serum CRP concentration (p > 0.05). However, in the liver, TNF-α and IL-6 increased, and a higher dose of AB extract normalized these indices. The serum TAS and activity of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, and ceruloplasmin) were unchanged in all experimental groups. On the other hand, CAT and SOD activity in the liver of diabetic rats decreased, and higher concentrations of AB extract normalized these values to a level comparable to the control group. In conclusion, the higher AB dose supplementation improved antioxidant potential and decreased inflammation in the liver of diabetic rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 130 KiB  
Abstract
Novel Drug and Nutraceutical Delivery System for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
by Aoife Murtagh, Clement Higginbotham and Patricia Heavey
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 163; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091163 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 820
Abstract
Background and objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic condition with no cure. However, there are a range of treatment options. Pharmacological approaches are usually the first step in treatment, and they are effective for many patients; however, for some, side effects are [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic condition with no cure. However, there are a range of treatment options. Pharmacological approaches are usually the first step in treatment, and they are effective for many patients; however, for some, side effects are evident, and effectiveness can reduce overtime. Research on advanced delivery systems, new drugs and the therapeutic benefits of nutraceuticals such as curcumin have been previously investigated with promising results for IBD treatment, although they present their own unique challenges including poor bioavailability. The poor bioavailability of hydrophobic agents including curcumin is partly attributed to poor solubility and inadequate concentrations at target tissues. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to develop a novel pH-sensitive drug and nutraceutical delivery system featuring microspheres embedded in a hydrogel. Methods: Polylactic acid–polyethylene glycol microspheres loaded with dexamethasone (0.8 wt%) and curcumin (0.8 wt%) were synthesised using an emulsion solvent evaporation method. pH-sensitive polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate-co-acrylic acid hydrogels (46.6% and 33.3%, respectively) were synthesised with water (20%) by UV-photopolymerisation. The dexamethasone and curcumin microspheres were embedded into the hydrogels. Hydrogels and microspheres were characterised separately to understand their properties. Results: The encapsulation efficiency of the dexamethasone and curcumin microspheres was promising with higher encapsulation efficiency achieved for the curcumin microspheres (29% and 92%, respectively). Swelling studies demonstrated the equilibrium water content (EWC), the ability of the hydrogel to uptake its surrounding solution, with differences observed in response to changes in pH. In pH 6.8, hydrogels took up more of the surrounding solution compared to pH 2.2 (EWC% after 24 h = 69% and 56%, respectively). Gel fraction studies showed that the efficiency of the network formed during photopolymerisation (96%). Discussion: This targeted drug and nutraceutical delivery system may have the potential to play a role for IBD treatment with the combined impact of the microspheres in the hydrogel to be established. Dexamethasone and curcumin were encapsulated into microspheres which aid their solubility. The hydrogel component may help achieve a targeted delivery system, owing to the changes observed in response to different pH levels, as would be observed along the gastrointestinal tract. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Chicory Inulin-Type Fructans Supplementation on Weight Management Aspects
by Yoghatama Cindya Zanzer and Stephan Theis
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 155; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091155 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 869
Abstract
Maintaining and reducing weight are considered as important features in reducing mortality and morbidity caused by metabolic-associated diseases. Increasing evidence from in vivo mechanistic and clinical studies has shown that the gut microbiota is interacting with the host's physiological function in regulating energy [...] Read more.
Maintaining and reducing weight are considered as important features in reducing mortality and morbidity caused by metabolic-associated diseases. Increasing evidence from in vivo mechanistic and clinical studies has shown that the gut microbiota is interacting with the host's physiological function in regulating energy intake and body weight. A prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. Numerous clinical studies showed multifaceted benefits of prebiotic chicory inulin-type fructans (ITFs) on gut and metabolic health. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the totality of evidence through pooled estimates of ITF supplementation in supporting weight management on both healthy and diseased subjects. A systematic search for eligible articles was performed in databases (EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science) without a language restriction. Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible articles. We chose primary (body weight) and secondary (BMI, total fat mass, body fat percentage and waist circumference) outcomes as weight management parameters. The baseline-corrected mean difference (MD) was used to synthesize the pooled effect size by employing a random-effects model using the inverse variance method. A sub-group analysis based on dose, duration, health status and ITF-type was also conducted. A total of 31 randomized controlled trials with 40 arms (n = 1309 participants) were included in this review. A significant reduction was observed on body weight (MD: −1.03 kg, 95% CI: −1.42 to −0.64, p < 0.0001), BMI (MD: −0.39 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0.58 to −0.21, p = 0.0001), fat mass (MD: −0.45 kg, 95% CI: −0.71 to −0.2, p = 0.0023), and waist circumference (MD: −0.99 cm, 95% CI: −1.61 to −0.37, p = 0.003) following ITF supplementation. For body fat percentage, a significant effect was observed following subgroup analysis on an intervention that lasted for more than 8 weeks (MD: −0.78 percent, 95% CI: −1.17 to −0.39, p < 0.01). The present meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials provides further evidence to support that ITF supplementation could help benefit weight management by reducing body weight, BMI, fat mass, waist circumference, and to a certain extent on body fat percentage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Salicylate Intake in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
by Joanna Suliburska and Rafsan Cholik
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091165 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 959
Abstract
Salicylates are naturally present in plants. In medicine, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is widely used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent and also as a preventive medicine for preeclampsia in pregnancy. The main sources of salicylates are vegetables, herbs, and spices. It is [...] Read more.
Salicylates are naturally present in plants. In medicine, acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is widely used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory agent and also as a preventive medicine for preeclampsia in pregnancy. The main sources of salicylates are vegetables, herbs, and spices. It is observed that salicylates present in a diet rich in vegetables and herbs are largely responsible for the positive effects of these foods on human health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the total salicylate intake in pregnant and non-pregnant women. This study was conducted on 105 non-pregnant women (NPW) and 98 pregnant women (PW) aged 19–42 years old. PW were at 11–12 weeks of gestation. We used a validated questionnaire and a 24 h recall nutrition interview. The results were analyzed using the original database on salicylate content in food and the computer software package Aliant. The BMI index was calculated. A statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica 13.3. It was found that in PW, the total intake of salicylates was significantly lower than in NPW as follows: 421.11 ± 51.19 µg/day and 539.32 ± 43.20 µg/day, respectively. PW did not use supplements with salicylates nor aspirin, while 4.4% of NPW used supplements with salicylates, and 15% occasionally used aspirin. The main food sources of salicylates in women were as follows: spices, vegetables and fruits, and cereal products. However, PW used a significantly lower number of spices (especially hot spices) than NPW. In the NPW group, a good source of salicylates was alcohol (beer and wine), while PW did not drink alcohol at all. The energy intake in both groups was not markedly different and was 1612.81 ± 314.07 kcal/day in PW and 1552.40 ± 321.18 kcal/day in NPW. The average BMI of 22.8 kg/m2 was comparable between groups. In conclusion, the intake of natural salicylates decreased in pregnancy, which may be associated with the lower beneficial effect of these bioactive substances on health in pregnant women, e.g., increasing the risk of preeclampsia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 144 KiB  
Abstract
Dietary Polyphenol Intake in Relation to Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in a Mediterranean Population-Based Cohort: Findings from the Moli-Sani Study
by Emilia Ruggiero, Augusto di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Simona Esposito, Giovanni de Gaetano, Licia Iacoviello and Marialaura Bonaccio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 168; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091168 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 628
Abstract
Background and objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been consistently associated with the increased risk of premature mortality and diseases in numerous cohorts worldwide, possibly due to their poor nutritional composition. However, UPFs could also be deficient in several bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) have been consistently associated with the increased risk of premature mortality and diseases in numerous cohorts worldwide, possibly due to their poor nutritional composition. However, UPFs could also be deficient in several bioactive compounds, such as polyphenols, which are otherwise largely present in a variety of fresh foods, such as fruit, vegetables, and cereals. We therefore examined the dietary polyphenol content in relation to the degree of processing according to the Nova classification. Methods: The data were from the Moli-sani Study established in 2005–2010, including 22,939 men and women (mean age 55.4 y ± 11.7). Dietary data were collected using a 188-item food frequency questionnaire, and the polyphenol intake was calculated by matching the food consumption data with the Phenol-Explorer database regarding the polyphenol content of each reported food. NOVA classification was used to categorize the foods according to the levels of processing as unprocessed/minimally processed foods (e.g., fruits; meat) or UPFs (e.g., processed meat; packaged snacks). Results: The average (SD) weight contributions of the unprocessed/minimally processed foods and UPFs to the diet were 63.1% (±11.8) and 11.0% (±6.7), respectively. The mean intake of polyphenols was 665 (±265) mg/day. In multivariable-adjusted linear regression analysis controlled for the sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical factors, more UPF intake was associated with fewer dietary polyphenols (β = −59.2; 95% CI: from −62.1 to −56.3 mg/day of polyphenols for 1-SD increase in UPF). On the contrary, unprocessed/minimally processed food consumption was linked to more polyphenols in the diet (β = 25.5; 95% CI: 22.2 to 28.7). Discussion: In this large cohort of Italian adults, an increasing dietary share of UPFs would provide lower amounts of polyphenols in the diet, while consuming fresh and minimally processed foods is associated with a higher intake of polyphenols. Future studies are needed to test whether a low dietary polyphenol content has an effect on UPF–disease relationship. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
1 pages, 147 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of Gingko Biloba Extract and Zinc Supplementation on Iron Status in Diabetic Rats
by Ewelina Król, Halina Staniek, Joanna Mikołajczyk-Stecyna and Zbigniew Krejpcio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 161; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091161 - 1 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In turn, prolonged hyperglycemia may lead to increased oxidative stress and changes in the status of elements, including iron. Both ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and zinc (Zn) may play a [...] Read more.
Diabetes is a metabolic disease characterized by changes in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In turn, prolonged hyperglycemia may lead to increased oxidative stress and changes in the status of elements, including iron. Both ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and zinc (Zn) may play a role in glycemic control. In this study, the effect of these ingredients both individually and in combination on the parameters of iron metabolism in diabetic rats was assessed. The experiment was carried out on male Wistar rats. The control group fed a standard diet (AIN-93M) was created, and in the rest of the rats diabetes was induced by feeding a high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Then, diabetic rats were divided into four groups: diabetic control, diabetic supplemented with Zn, diabetic supplemented with GBE, and diabetic supplemented with Zn and GBE. The doses of these supplements were 150 mg/kg diet for Zn and 0.8% for GBE, respectively. Rats were fed the diets for 6 weeks. During the autopsy, internal organs (liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, testis and heart) were collected. The content of Fe in tissues was determined by the AAS method followed by microwave digestion. Moreover, the serum ferritin concentration was measured. The significance of differences between the groups was analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tuckey’s post-hoc test. The induction of diabetes resulted in a significant increase in Fe content in the pancreas and liver, as well as serum ferritin levels. Zn supplementation had no effect on the parameters studied. However, it was found that GBE alone and in combination with Zn significantly normalized the parameters studied in diabetic rats. In conclusion, GBE supplementation significantly improved the parameters of Fe metabolism, probably due to the fact that the extract contains compounds showing the ability to chelate iron ions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
Iron and Folate Intake in Pregnant and Non-Pregnant Women
by Joanna Suliburska and Rafsan Cholik
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 162; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091162 - 1 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Iron and folic acid deficiency are common among women of childbearing age and in pregnant women. Poor iron and folate status in women is associated with an increased risk of anemia and disorders in the fetus development during pregnancy. The reason for the [...] Read more.
Iron and folic acid deficiency are common among women of childbearing age and in pregnant women. Poor iron and folate status in women is associated with an increased risk of anemia and disorders in the fetus development during pregnancy. The reason for the deficit of these micronutrients is improper nutrition and their low bioavailability. Incorrect eating habits before pregnancy are often continued during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine the intake of iron and folate with diet and supplements in non-pregnant and pregnant women in each trimester. The study was conducted on 50 non-pregnant women (NPW), 50 pregnant women in the first trimester (PW_1), 50 women in the second trimester (PW_2), and 44 women in the third trimester (PW_3), aged 19–42 years. We used a validated questionnaire and a 24 h recall nutrition interview. The results were analyzed using the computer software package Aliant. The BMI index was calculated (pre-pregnancy BMI in PW groups). Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Statistica 13.3. It was found that the average BMI was 23.5 kg/m2 and was comparable between groups. The energy intake was significantly lower in the PW_2 group (1118 kcal) and markedly higher in the PW_3 group (1925 kcal). The intake of iron and folate from the diet was below RDA in all groups, and was significantly lower in the PW_1 group (27.4% RDA for iron and 23.7% RDA for folate) and markedly higher in the NPW group (55.5% RDA for iron and 66.3% RDA for folate). Only the use of supplementation resulted in an adequate intake of iron and folates, wherein the iron supplements were used by 14% of NPW, 46% of PW_1, 40% of PW_2, and 5% of PW_3, and folate supplements were as follows: 36%, 68%, 58%, and 23%, respectively, in the analyzed groups. In conclusion, the supply of iron and folates from the diet in non-pregnant and pregnant women is low (below 50% RDA in PW in each trimester and between 50 and 60% RDA in NPW). With such a low supply of these micronutrients, supplementation seems necessary for women. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Long-Term Sunflower Oil vs. Linseed Oil Diets on Fatty Acids Phospholipids and Desaturases in Hepatocytes
by Slavica Rankovic, Tamara Popovic, Aleksandra Nenadovic, Anica Stankovic, Jasmina Debeljak Martacic, Andjelija Ilic and Alexander Trbovich
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091172 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 826
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The liver plays a central role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. The liver’s phospholipids fatty acids composition depends on the dietary intake of lipids and the efficiency of enzymatic activity in the liver. Our study aimed to [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The liver plays a central role in the biosynthesis and metabolism of fatty acids. The liver’s phospholipids fatty acids composition depends on the dietary intake of lipids and the efficiency of enzymatic activity in the liver. Our study aimed to simultaneously investigate the liver’s phospholipids fatty acids composition and desaturase activity in response to long-term linseed or sunflower oil diets. Methods: We used adult female C57/BL6 mice and randomly divided them into a control and two other groups treated with 25% linseed or sunflower oils in isocaloric diet conditions. Before treatment, we analyzed the fatty acid profiles in dietary oils and hepatocytes. After 100 days of oil diet, we analyzed the fatty acids composition in the liver through GC-chromatography. Results: Sunflower oil elevated total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) due to the increase in palmitoleic, oleic, and vaccenic acids. Linseed oil elevated linolenic (ALA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosapentaenoic (DPA) acids and reduced arachidonic (AA) and docosatetraenoic (DTA) acids, reducing the n-6/n-3 ratio. The estimated activity of desaturase 9 was significantly elevated in the sunflower oil group. The estimated activity of desaturase 5 was the highest, while the estimated activity of desaturase 6 was the lowest in the mice treated with linseed oil. Discussion: We showed that long-term linseed or sunflower oil consumption affects the liver’s phospholipids fatty acids composition in different ways. Sunflower oil could have beneficial effects on the liver tissue due to the increase in the total MUFA. Based on this and other studies, we conclude that the metabolism of n-3 PUFAs after linseed oil consumption is not sex-specific in the C57/BL6 mice model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Nutrition-Related Factors and the Progression of Metabolic Syndrome Characteristics over Time in Older Adults: Analysis of the TUDA Cohort
by Oonagh C. Lyons, Maeve A. Kerr, Mary A. T. Flynn, Leane Hoey, Catherine F. Hughes, Mary Ward and Helene McNulty
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 157; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091157 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 860
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus by an estimated two- and five-fold, respectively. Nutrition intervention could help to prevent the progression of MetS and associated pathologies with age, but the precise dietary [...] Read more.
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus by an estimated two- and five-fold, respectively. Nutrition intervention could help to prevent the progression of MetS and associated pathologies with age, but the precise dietary components and related factors are not well understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nutrition-related factors in MetS as well as the progression of MetS and its components over a 7-year follow-up period in older adults. This investigation involved the secondary analysis of data from the North–South of Ireland Trinity-Ulster-Department of Agriculture (TUDA) study of community-dwelling older adults (≥60 y), which were sampled at baseline (2008–2012; n = 5186) and follow-up (2015–2018; n = 953). Participants were deemed to have MetS if they met at least three of the following criteria: waist circumference (≥102 cm for males, ≥88 cm for females); HDL cholesterol (<1.0 mmol/L for males, <1.3 mmol/L for females); triglycerides (≥1.7 mmol/L); blood pressure (systolic ≥ 130 and/or diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg); and HbA1c (≥39 mmol/mol). The prevalence of MetS increased with advancing age (67% at baseline vs. 74% at follow-up). The factors at baseline that were predictive of a higher MetS risk at follow-up included waist circumference (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.00–1.08; p = 0.038) and triglycerides (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.21–2.59; p = 0.003). In a detailed dietary analysis conducted at the follow-up time point, higher protein intake (g/kg body weight) was associated with a lower risk of MetS (OR 0.06, 95% CI 0.02–0.20; p < 0.001), abdominal obesity (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.02–0.51; p = 0.006), and hypertension (OR 0.022, 95% CI 0.00–0.80; p = 0.037), and a higher MUFA intake (g/day) was associated with a lower risk of MetS (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.78–1.00; p = 0.030). No other dietary factors were significantly associated with MetS. In terms of protein quality, participants with MetS compared to those without consumed fewer high-quality protein foods (p = 0.009) and consumed more low-quality protein foods (p < 0.001). Dietary intervention along with other strategies focusing on potentially modifiable risk factors may delay the progression of MetS in older adults. Efforts to enhance the quantity and quality of protein intake may be warranted to reduce MetS in certain at-risk groups. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Adherence to the WCRF/AICR Cancer Prevention Recommendations and All-Cause Mortality among Cancer Survivors from the Moli-sani Study Cohort
by Claudia Francisca Martinez, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Emilia Ruggiero, Giovanni de Gaetano, Licia Iacoviello and Marialaura Bonaccio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 156; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091156 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 751
Abstract
Background and objectives: The guidelines provided by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) aim to reduce the risk of developing cancers worldwide. The WCRF/AICR advises cancer survivors to follow the same recommendations for cancer primary prevention. These recommendations have [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: The guidelines provided by the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute of Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) aim to reduce the risk of developing cancers worldwide. The WCRF/AICR advises cancer survivors to follow the same recommendations for cancer primary prevention. These recommendations have been operationalized into a quantitative index based on a total of seven or eight healthy lifestyles; the points-based system allows for scoring a full point and, in some cases, partially meeting a recommendation. Evidence of the usefulness of the WCRF/AICR recommendations in populations different from those in the US is scarce. The aim of the present study was to assess whether compliance with the 2018 WCRF/AICR recommendations for cancer prevention is related to all-cause mortality among cancer survivors recruited in the Moli-sani Study cohort in Italy (2005–2010). Methods: A longitudinal analysis of 786 participants (59.7% women) with a history of cancer at study entry were analyzed. The 2018 WCRF/AICR score included seven components: body weight, physical activity, plant-based foods, fast foods, red and processed meat, sugar-sweetened beverages, and alcohol; the optional breastfeeding component was excluded. The final score ranged between 0 and 7 points, with higher values reflecting greater alignment with the WCRF/AICR recommendations. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models adjusted to account for sociodemographic factors and major health conditions were fitted for estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality. Results: The sample consisted of cancer survivors with an average age (SD) of 62.7 years old (11.7). Over a median follow-up of 11.8 years, a total of 220 deaths were registered. The median WCRF/AICR score was 4.6 ± SD 0.9. In multivariable-adjusted analyses, the risk of mortality was lower for participants who scored >5 points (HR = 0.54; 0.37–0.78; p value = 0.0010) compared to those who scored 0–4 points. Each one-point increment in the WCRF/AICR score was associated with a 22% decreased risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 0.78; 0.66–0.90; p value = 0.0012). Discussion: Higher compliance with the WCRF/AICR recommendations regarding diet, physical activity, and body weight was associated with lower all-cause mortality risk among cancer survivors. These findings suggest that cancer survivors should be encouraged to increase their adherence to the WCRF/AICR recommendations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 138 KiB  
Abstract
Selecting Type of Grain and Bigger Particle Size to Modulate Starch Digestibility and Glycemic Response
by Alexandra Meynier, Isabel Moreira De Almeida and Sophie Vinoy
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 169; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091169 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 633
Abstract
Context and Objectives: Cereals and pseudo-cereals show a variety in terms of shape and color but also nutrition composition and starch structure. Altering particle size and grain integrity may influence the availability of nutrients and their metabolic impact. We studied the impact of [...] Read more.
Context and Objectives: Cereals and pseudo-cereals show a variety in terms of shape and color but also nutrition composition and starch structure. Altering particle size and grain integrity may influence the availability of nutrients and their metabolic impact. We studied the impact of different grains with bigger particle sizes than flours on starch digestibility and glycemic and insulinemic indexes in humans. Methods: Moist biscuits, containing 40% of intact grains of quinoa, millet, teff, fonio, or buckwheat grits, and a control made with wheat flour, were produced. Starch digestibility of the final products was analysed according to the Englyst method after two preparation methods: mincing, which led to conditions close to mastication or milling, which led to sample pulverization. Glycemic and insulinemic indexes (GI; II) and response parameters following consumption of these products were evaluated in humans. Product portions provided 50 g of available carbohydrates. The study was performed on 19 healthy normal-weight subjects who tested all six moist biscuits according to a cross-over design. Results: Starch digestibility analyses in minced products showed low Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS) content in control, high SDS content in buckwheat biscuits, high SDS and resistant starch (RS) contents in quinoa and fonio, and high RS in teff and millet products. When analysing milled samples, SDS and RS decreased in buckwheat and quinoa biscuits. RS decreased and SDS increased in teff and millet, and the values remained similar to minced samples for fonio biscuits. GI values for the products were 60 ± 7 for quinoa, 55 ± 7 for millet, 52 ± 7 for control and buckwheat, 41 ± 9 for teff, and 39 ± 5 for fonio biscuits. Teff and fonio biscuits led to lower glycemic responses compared to the other products. Insulin responses were related to the glycemic responses. Conclusions: The type of grains and the use of intact grains strongly impact starch digestibility, allowing for the modulation of glycemic and insulinemic responses. Using different types of grains to wheat and different particle sizes would allow for the modulation of glucose metabolism and potentially lead to long-term beneficial health effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Synergistic Effect of Oat Polar Lipids and Oat Beta-Glucans on Postprandial Blood Glucose: A Randomized Controlled Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects
by Lieselotte Cloetens, Mohammad Mukul Hossain, Wanussavee Deenissai, Juscelino Tovar and Anne Nilsson
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091153 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 894
Abstract
Background/Aim: The identification and development of high-quality, healthy foods are needed to help prevent metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Association between the Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Response and Changes in Anthropometric Parameters after an 8-Week Formula Diet—Data from the Lifestyle Intervention Study
by Anna Reik, Gunther Schauberger, Meike Wiechert, Hans Hauner and Christina Holzapfel
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 175; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091175 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 622
Abstract
Background and Objectives: There is a high inter-individual variability in the postprandial response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). However, there is limited evidence on whether the individual postprandial response is associated with the success of a weight management intervention. This work [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: There is a high inter-individual variability in the postprandial response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). However, there is limited evidence on whether the individual postprandial response is associated with the success of a weight management intervention. This work examines postprandial glucose and insulin response to an OGTT as predictors for changes in anthropometric parameters after a standardized weight loss intervention. Methods: Adults (18–65 years) with a body mass index (BMI) between 30.0 and 39.9 kg/m2 were recruited for the Lifestyle Intervention (LION) study (NCT04023942). Blood samples were taken before the start of the 8-week formula diet and during an OGTT. Several parameters describing the postprandial glucose and insulin response (e.g., area under the curve, peak time, and concentration) were calculated. Anthropometric parameters (e.g., body weight, fat mass) were collected before and after the 8-week formula diet. Finally, regression analyses adjusted for age and sex were fitted. Results: A total of 272 participants (mean age 45 ± 11 years, BMI 34.5 ± 2.9 kg/m2, 64% women) were included in the analysis. The formula diet resulted in an average weight loss of 11.8 ± 3.5 kg body weight and 8.2 ± 2.5 kg (4.1 ± 2.2%) fat mass. Postprandial parameters describing the glucose or insulin response from a total of 161 OGTTs showed no significant associations with changes in anthropometric parameters. Discussion: The examined postprandial glucose or insulin responses are not associated with weight loss success after an 8-week formula diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 129 KiB  
Abstract
Nutrition as a Part of Lifestyle Medicine Interventions
by Jelena Helene Cvejic
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 177; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091177 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1147
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affects the lives of millions of people around the globe. It poses devastating health consequences for individuals, families and communities, threatening to overwhelm health systems. Non-communicable diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The epidemic of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) affects the lives of millions of people around the globe. It poses devastating health consequences for individuals, families and communities, threatening to overwhelm health systems. Non-communicable diseases, including heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes and chronic lung disease, are jointly responsible for around 75% of all deaths worldwide. The major NCD risk factors are modifiable behaviors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and alcohol abuse. The European Commission has estimated that health promotion and disease prevention strategies can reduce the burden of NCDs by up to 70%. Taking this into consideration, the imperative approach to reducing the spread of NCDs is to control related risk factors. Methods: A literature review was performed by using major search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed and ScienceDirect. The keywords used in the search were ‘nutrition’, ‘lifestyle interventions’, and ‘NCD’. The collected information was then critically assessed. Results and discussion: Lifestyle medicine (LM) is a branch of medicine focused on preventive healthcare and self-care dealing with the prevention, education, research and treatment of disorders caused by lifestyle factors. It aims to improve individuals’ health and quality of life through the six pillars of LM: nutrition, physical activity, sleep, stress management, avoidance of risky substances and positive social connection. Multiple studies have demonstrated that a lifestyle incorporating health-promoting practices profoundly impacts health and quality of life. The rising reputation of lifestyle medicine interventions can be attributed to their effectiveness in managing chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and obesity. Nutrition is one of the leading lifestyle modification factors with an impact on health status. An appropriate diet could reduce NCD risk and increase life expectancy due to different mechanisms, including effects on the immune system, gut microbiome modulation, anti-inflammatory properties, and others. Nutrition in particular plays a prominent role in LM interventions as it is essential to promoting health and preventing or even reversing disease. It is an integral part of LM interventions and is critical for the success of any LM program. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 157 KiB  
Abstract
Gut Microbiome Composition Is Associated with Blood Glucose Control and Dietary Intake in People with Type 1 Diabetes
by Jumana Abuqwider, Giuseppe Scidà, Alessandra Corrado, Giuseppina Costabile, Francesca De Filippis, Danilo Ercolini and Lutgarda Bozzetto
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 179; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091179 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 791
Abstract
Background: Blood glucose control remains a challenge for type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. Previous studies have shown an association between gut microbiota composition and T1D pathogenesis. However, little is known about the composition of the gut microbiota and its association with host blood [...] Read more.
Background: Blood glucose control remains a challenge for type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients. Previous studies have shown an association between gut microbiota composition and T1D pathogenesis. However, little is known about the composition of the gut microbiota and its association with host blood glucose control and diet in people with T1D. Objective: We explored the relationship of gut microbiome composition with blood glucose control and dietary intake in people with T1D. Research design and methods: In a cross-sectional study, a metagenomic shotgun sequencing analysis of the gut microbiome obtained from fecal samples was performed in 101 individuals with T1D. Dietary intakes were assessed by using the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) questionnaire. Blood glucose control was assessed by continuous glucose monitoring and expressed as time-in-range (TIR), time spent in the blood glucose interval 70–180 mg/dL. Spearman’s correlation analysis was used to determine the correlation between gut microbiota composition, blood glucose control, and dietary intake. Results: TIR correlated positively with the abundance of Bacilli (r = 0.258, p = 0.027) and negatively with the Lachnospiraceae family (r = −0.238, p = 0.024), Mediterraneibacter (r = −0.249, p = 0.034), Coprococcus genus (r = −0.286, p = 0.016), Coprococcus comes (r = −0.257, p = 0.028), and Ruminococcus torques (r = −0.261, p = 0.026). The presence of these taxa was associated with the intake of various foods: Bacilli correlated positively with dairy products (r = 0.307, p = 0.002) and negatively with olive oil (r = −0.207, p = 0.041) and meat products (r = −0.255, p = 0.012). Lachnospiraceae correlated negatively with cereals (r = −0.263, p = 0.009). Mediterraneibacter correlated positively with meat and meat products (r = 0.230, p = 0.023). Ruminococcus torques correlated negatively with fruit intake (r = −0.227, p = 0.025). Discussion: Our findings highlight that gut microbiota composition may be related to blood glucose control in T1D and dietary factors may have a role in this interplay. Further investigations are needed to address whether these findings are causally linked and whether to target these gut microbiota taxa. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 157 KiB  
Abstract
Gut Microbiome Composition Associated with Body Weight in People with Type 1 Diabetes and Related to Dietary Factors
by Giuseppe Scidà, Alessandra Corrado, Jumana Abuqwider, Giuseppina Costabile, Francesca De Filippis, Danilo Ercolini and Lutgarda Bozzetto
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 178; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091178 - 1 Feb 2024
Viewed by 901
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The gut microbiome composition has emerged as a potential contributor to metabolic health and it is influenced by several factors, such as dietary factors. Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience metabolic dysregulation, including alterations in body weight; as a [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The gut microbiome composition has emerged as a potential contributor to metabolic health and it is influenced by several factors, such as dietary factors. Individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) experience metabolic dysregulation, including alterations in body weight; as a result, the prevalence of overweight/obesity is increasing in this population. Limited research has addressed the role of the gut microbiota on body weight in people with T1D. Our aim is to evaluate the association between BMI and gut microbiome composition in T1D patients, also exploring the relationship between dietary factors and the microbiota. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving T1D patients (n = 101) of both sexes, aged 18–79 years. Anthropometric parameters were measured, and the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) questionnaire was administered to evaluate dietary habits. Patients collected stool samples that were analyzed by shotgun metagenomics sequencing for the evaluation of the gut microbiota composition. Associations between BMI, gut microbiome composition, and dietary factors were evaluated by Pearson’s bivariate correlation. Results: BMI was correlated inversely with the Bacilli (r = −0.296, p = 0.004) and Gammaproteobacteria (r = −0.280, p = 0.009) classes and directly with the abundance of the Clostridia class (r = 0.220, p = 0.031) and one of its species Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (r = 0.264, p = 0.010). The presence of these taxa was associated with dietary factors: Bacilli was inversely correlated with the consumption of animal protein (r = −0.242, p = 0.019), monounsaturated fatty acids (r = −0.214, p = 0.038), linolenic acid (r = −0.236, p = 0.022), oleic acid (r = −0.205, p = 0.048), and cholesterol (r = −0.204, p = 0.048); Faecalibacterium prausnitzii was directly associated with the intake of cholesterol (r = 0.218, p = 0.034) and simple sugars (r = 0.226, p = 0.028). Clostridia was correlated directly (r = 0.225, p = 0.027) and Gammaproteobacteria inversely (r = −0.216, p = 0.045) with alcohol intake. Discussion: BMI was associated with the Clostridia, Bacilli, and Gammaproteobacteria classes. These bacteria were related to various dietary factors. Therefore, changes in the gut microbiota could be a possible link between dietary habits and overweight/obesity in people with T1D. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Investigation of the Postprandial Glycaemic Response to White Bread and Wholemeal Bread Consumption among Healthy Young Adults
by Honglin Dong, Diana Galindo Pineda, Ni Li and Yizhi Xu
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 194; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091194 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 825
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Wholemeal bread is regarded as healthier than white bread due to its higher fibre contents and other nutrients, including phytochemicals and essential minerals, and is recommended to be included in the healthy diet over white bread [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of Cr(III) Supplementation in Combination with Diversified Zn Content in the Diet on the Cr Status in Wistar Rats
by Halina Staniek, Ewelina Król and Zbigniew Krejpcio
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 182; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091182 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 589
Abstract
Both Zn and Cr(III) independently show similar, beneficial effects on metabolic parameters, including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism particularly in patients with diabetes. However, the knowledge about the combined effect of Cr(III) supplementation in Zn homeostasis disorders is insufficient. The aim of the study [...] Read more.
Both Zn and Cr(III) independently show similar, beneficial effects on metabolic parameters, including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism particularly in patients with diabetes. However, the knowledge about the combined effect of Cr(III) supplementation in Zn homeostasis disorders is insufficient. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of chromium(III) supplementation in combination with diversified Zn content in the diet on the tissual Cr levels in healthy Wistar rats (male and female). The model studies were carried out on 72 (36♀ + 36♂) Wistar rats, which were divided into 12 groups (6 animals separately for each sex) and then fed ad libitum with 6 test diets for 6 weeks. The control groups (C) were fed a semi-synthetic AIN-93 diet with recommended levels of Zn (35 mg/kg) and Cr(III) (1 mg/kg) for rodents. The other groups were fed AIN-93 diets modified for Zn(II) content (D-Zn deficiency-5% RDA, OS-Zn oversupply-500% RDA). At the same time, the diets were supplemented with Cr(III) at doses of 1 and 50 mg/kg. The sources of Zn and Cr(III) were Zn(II) carbonate and Cr(III) propionate (Cr3), respectively. The tissular chromium levels were measured with the GF-AAS method. It was found that the Cr(III) supplementation as well as the varied Zn supply independently and in combination affected the hepatic and renal Cr contents in rats. Independently, Cr(III) supplementation increased the Cr levels in the liver and kidneys in both sexes. However, with the increase of the Zn supply in the diet decreased the renal Cr content in male (significantly) and female (insignificantly) rats. Both Zn deficiency and oversupply increased the Cr saturation in the liver in both sexes. A significant combined effect of the factors on the liver and kidney Cr content only in male rats was observed. The simultaneous Cr(III) supplementation significantly increased the liver Cr content with the recommended (by 68%) and excess (153%), but not deficient Zn supply in the diet. The research proved that the diversified Zn content in the diet, individually and in combination with Cr(III) supplementation affected the Cr status in healthy rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
Plant Dominant Low-Protein Diet, Nutritional Status (Phase Angle) and Progression of Renal Failure: Case-Report Study
by Danijela Ristic-Medic, Snjezana Petrovic, Biljana Pokimica, Marija Paunovic and Vesna Vucic
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 197; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091197 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1052
Abstract
Background and Objectives: High dietary protein intake can cause intraglomerular hypertension, which may result in kidney hyperfiltration, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. The quality of dietary protein may also play a role in kidney health. Several observational studies have shown that compared with protein [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: High dietary protein intake can cause intraglomerular hypertension, which may result in kidney hyperfiltration, glomerular injury, and proteinuria. The quality of dietary protein may also play a role in kidney health. Several observational studies have shown that compared with protein from plant sources, animal protein is associated with an increased risk of end-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). A plant dominant low-protein diet composed of ≥50% plant-based sources may lead to favorable changes in the gut microbiome, which can modulate uremic toxin generation and slow CKD progression, along with a reduction in cardiovascular risk. Phase angle (PhA) as a nutritional evaluation parameter is a reliable marker for estimating muscle health and quality of life scale in CKD patients. We evaluated the effect of a calorie restrictive plant dominant low-protein diet (PLADO) on the progression of renal failure and nutrition status in the patient case report. Methods: A 68-year-old female, obese (BMI 31.9 kg/m2) with CKD grades 3 presented to her primary care physicians in October 2022, changed her diet from an unhealthy Western diet to a personalized PLADO (protein 0.6–0.8 g/kg/day), caloric-restricted diet rich in fiber, according to basal metabolic rate (energy intake 1400 kcal/day) prescribed by a dietitian doctor. Liver and thyroid function and ferritin and potassium levels were within normal limits. Habitual dietary intake was estimated with a food frequency questionnaire and their body composition, and PhA was measured using a bioimpedance analysis (InBody 770; Seoul, Republic of Korea). The optimal PhA cut-off value was identified as ≤4.4 for non-dialysis patients. Results: After 3 months, serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, and glucose levels were significantly reduced, and hematological parameters and potassium levels were not significantly different. BMI, visceral fat, and total body fat % decreased, while PhA and skeletal muscle mass were stable. Conclusions: We confirmed that the PLADO diet with ≥50% plant protein can be safely recommended to patients with stage 3 CKD, as it slows down the progression of renal failure, and does not lead to a reduction in PhA. Therefore, there is a need for nephrology to include nutritional management of kidney disease in addition to the pharmacological axis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Long-Term Sunflower Oil Diet Effects on Mouse Brain Lipid Metabolism
by Slavica Rankovic, Aleksandra Nenadovic, Jasmina Debeljak Martacic, Sanjin Kovacevic, Jelena Milasin, Tamara Popovic and Alexander Trbovich
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 174; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091174 - 1 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Fatty acids play an important role in many physiological processes in different organs. Their effect is well documented in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Also, the brain as an organ is known to be enriched by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Fatty acids play an important role in many physiological processes in different organs. Their effect is well documented in neurodegenerative diseases and inflammatory diseases. Also, the brain as an organ is known to be enriched by docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA). However, there are not many studies showing the effect of long-term oil diets on brain lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary sunflower oil (enriched with oleic acid, GA-ME-HA, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Hercegovina) on fatty acid profiles in the brain after 100 days of treatment. Methods: Six-week-old adult female C57BL/6 mice were used in these experiments. A total of 20 laboratory female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups, the control (n = 10) and sunflower diet treatment groups (n = 10), enriched with 25% saturated/unsaturated fats in isocaloric diet conditions. Mice were obtained from the vivarium (Galenika a.d. Belgrade, Serbia) and housed at four or five animals per cage under identical and controlled conditions (temperature 22 ± 1 °C, humidity 65 ± 1%, 12 h circadian rhythm). Fatty acid ester analysis was performed by gas–liquid chromatography (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan) and presented as percentages of overall 100% fatty acids identified. Results: Our results showed that a sunflower oil diet increases DHA (p < 0.05) as well as arachidonic acid (AA) (p < 0.05). There was also a trend of increasing linoleic acid (LA), but it was not significant. Our future studies would perform more investigations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Spirulina’s Effect on Paraoxonase Activity
by Maja Milanović, Danijela Kojić, Nataša Milošević, Jovana Drljača Lero, Anamarija Mandić and Nataša Milić
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 186; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091186 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 697
Abstract
Hyperlipidaemia is a common worldwide problem associated with an increased risk of coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Besides changes in lifestyle habits that include controlling the diet with moderate alcohol consumption and maintaining normal weight, medication is usually prescribed in addition. [...] Read more.
Hyperlipidaemia is a common worldwide problem associated with an increased risk of coronary and extra-coronary atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Besides changes in lifestyle habits that include controlling the diet with moderate alcohol consumption and maintaining normal weight, medication is usually prescribed in addition. The antioxidative potential of functional food in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia continuously attracts growing attention. Paraoxonase enzyme (PON1) prevents the oxidation of low- and high-density lipoprotein (LDL and HDL) and, hence, has an important role in acting against lipid peroxides. The aim of this study was to evaluate Spirulina platensis’s influence on blood and hepatic PON1 activity in an animal model. Male Wistar rats (approved by the Institutional Bioethics committee No. III-2011-01) were randomly divided into five groups based on the applied diet (I—normal diet; II—normal diet with spirulina; III—lipogenic diet; IV—lipogenic diet with concomitant spirulina supplementation; and V—lipogenic diet with spirulina treatment). The differences in PON1 activity were related to diet type. A lipogenic diet rich in saturated fats impaired the PON1 activity. Both blood and hepatic PON1 activity were significantly increased after the administration of a normal diet with spirulina supplementation. As expected, significantly reduced blood PON1 activity was measured in the lipogenic diet group. Blood PON1 activity was decreased in groups III, IV, and V, but PON1 in both the blood and liver had a tendency to increase in groups IV and V. Based on the obtained results, PON1 activity is affected by hyperlipidaemia, and spirulina supplementation may promote enzyme activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Revascularization and Major Cardiovascular Events: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Monica Dinu, Sofia Lotti, Anna Vittoria Mattioli, Gian Franco Gensini, Giuseppe Ambrosio and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 199; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091199 - 2 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1326
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The clinical benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 FA administration on revascularization and adverse cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The clinical benefits of omega-3 fatty acid (FA) supplementation in preventing and treating cardiovascular disease remain controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 FA administration on revascularization and adverse cardiovascular events including myocardial infarction, stroke, unstable angina, heart failure, and cardiovascular events/mortality using a meta-analytical approach. Methods: A comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library was performed throughout January 2023. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) including at least 500 participants that compared the effects of omega-3 FA formulations (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), or the combination) versus placebo or standard of care controls were considered eligible. Results: Our analysis included 17 RCTs that enrolled a total of 131,686 participants randomized to combined EPA + DHA (n = 52,498), EPA alone (n = 13,415), and control (n = 65,771). Overall, omega-3 FA supplementation was associated with reduced risk of revascularization [RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84–0.99; phet = 0.0002; I2 = 69%; p = 0.02] and myocardial infarction [0.89, 95% CI 0.80–0.98; phet = 0.04; I2= 45%; p = 0.02] compared to controls, but had no significant effects on stroke, unstable angina, heart failure, or cardiovascular events/mortality. Comparing combined EPA + DHA with EPA, EPA alone was associated with a greater reduced risk of revascularization [0.76, 95% CI 0.63–0.94] and myocardial infarction [0.72, 95% CI 0.62–0.83], and a significantly reduced risk of stroke [0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.95] and unstable angina [0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.85]. No significant differences were observed according to EPA + DHA dose, EPA dose, and statin use. Conclusions: Omega-3 FA supplementation was associated with a reduced risk of revascularization and myocardial infarction compared with controls. The use of EPA alone appeared to be associated with even greater benefits, but further high-quality studies are needed to clarify the role of omega-3 FA supplementation in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and Its Correlations with Metabolic Parameters in a Group of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Lidia Iuliana Arhire, Raluca Soimaru, Andreea Gherasim, Otilia Nita, Alina Delia Popa, Laura Mihalache and Mariana Graur
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 188; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091188 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 820
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular risk. Subclinical inflammation has many causes, but diet seems to be a major component in the prognosis of related diseases. In nutritional research methodologies, there has [...] Read more.
Inflammation plays a key role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular risk. Subclinical inflammation has many causes, but diet seems to be a major component in the prognosis of related diseases. In nutritional research methodologies, there has recently been tremendous progress in identifying scores that can assess the inflammatory traits of diet. One of these scores is the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®). The aim of this study was to evaluate dietary intake and calculate the DII® in a group of patients with type 2 diabetes and correlate it with other metabolic parameters. Methods. We evaluated a group of patients with T2DM who presented for their routine checkup in our clinic. We assessed each patient’s anthropometric and metabolic parameters and evaluated dietary intake using EPIC FFQ, which was later interpreted using FETA. We calculated the DII® using the validated formula. Results. Our study was conducted on 263 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, among which 108 were men (41.1%). The average age in the studied population was 62.46 +/− 9.45 years, without significant differences between men and women. Only 16 patients (6.1%) were of normal weight, 86 were overweight (32.7%) and 161 presented as obese (61.2%). Men in our study group showed a significantly higher DII score than women, and they also had significantly worse metabolic parameters. The DII correlated with weight and body fat percentage. Conclusions. The DII showed a relatively high proinflammatory diet in patients with T2DM studied and found that men were more exposed to diet inflammation than women. This might suggest that nutritional interventions in patients with T2DM should be targeted particularly to this group of patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Consumption of Ultra-Processed Food Is Independently Associated with Premature Mortality in Cancer Survivors: A Prospective Analysis from the Moli-sani Study in Italy
by Marialaura Bonaccio, Augusto Di Castelnuovo, Simona Costanzo, Emilia Ruggiero, Maria Benedetta Donati, Giovanni de Gaetano and Licia Iacoviello
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 200; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091200 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 933
Abstract
Background and objectives: There is poor knowledge on the role of diet in relation to mortality among cancer survivors. Available studies have mainly focused on diet quality, regardless of food processing, a well-described risk factor in numerous cohorts worldwide. We therefore examined the [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: There is poor knowledge on the role of diet in relation to mortality among cancer survivors. Available studies have mainly focused on diet quality, regardless of food processing, a well-described risk factor in numerous cohorts worldwide. We therefore examined the association of food processing with all-cause mortality in a sample of cancer survivors from the Moli-sani Study (2005–2010, Italy) and analysed biological pathways potentially underpinning these associations. Methods: Longitudinal analysis was performed on 799 men and women (mean age 63 ± 12 y) with a history of cancer at enrolment, followed for 11.8 y (median). Food intake was assessed using a 188-item FFQ. The Nova classification was used to categorize foods according to increasing levels of processing: (1) minimally processed food (e.g., fruits, meat); (2) culinary ingredients (e.g., butter, sugar); (3) processed food (e.g., canned fish, bread); (4) ultra-processed food (UPF; e.g., carbonated drinks, processed meat). We then calculated the proportion (%) of each Nova group on the total weight of food (g/d) by creating a weight ratio. The modified Food Standards Agency Nutrient Profiling System (FSAm-NPS) dietary index was used to assess overall diet quality. Shared biological risk factors for chronic diseases were analysed as potential mediators through change-in-estimate method. Results: In multivariable-adjusted COX analysis controlled for known risk factors and diet quality, a 5% increment of UPF intake in the diet was associated with 14% increased risk of premature mortality (HR = 1.14; 95%CI 1.01–1.29; p = 0.03), independent of diet quality; HRs associated with higher intakes of either unprocessed/minimally processed food, or culinary ingredients or processed food were, respectively, 0.94 (0.88–1.01; p = 0.10), 0.90 (0.75–1.06; p = 0.21 for 1% increment), and 1.02 (0.95–1.09; p = 0.56). Serum C-reactive protein levels and resting heart rate accounted together for 58% (p value < 0.01) of the association of UPF with mortality. Discussion: In a general adult population, increasing the dietary share of UPF was associated with higher risk of premature death among cancer survivors, independent of diet quality. This association was largely explained by altered levels of inflammation and resting heart rate. Further large cohorts are warranted to possibly confirm these findings and extend knowledge on the biological mechanisms underpinning these associations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 135 KiB  
Abstract
A Randomised Controlled Trial to Determine the Effect of Unique Grain Fibre-Fortified Bread on Gastrointestinal Symptoms, General Wellbeing and Mental Health of Healthy Adults
by Hwei Min Ng, Jasjot Maggo, Catherine Louisa Wall, Simone Birgit Bayer, Nicole Clemence Roy and Richard Blair Gearry
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 195; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091195 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 667
Abstract
Background: High dietary fibre (DF) intake may have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal and brain interactions. Bread is an ideal vehicle to incorporate grain fibre to increase DF content. To date, no studies have explored the association between a habitual intake of bread fortified [...] Read more.
Background: High dietary fibre (DF) intake may have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal and brain interactions. Bread is an ideal vehicle to incorporate grain fibre to increase DF content. To date, no studies have explored the association between a habitual intake of bread fortified with unique grain fibre and gastrointestinal symptoms, general wellbeing, and mental health. Objective: To determine whether a four-week intake of bread fortified with unique grain fibre (thrice the amount of DF than control bread) improves subjective gastrointestinal symptoms, general wellbeing, and mental health compared to baseline and white toast (control bread) in healthy adults with low DF intake. Methods: A four-week, two-armed, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomised crossover study separated by a two-week washout period was conducted. Fifty-six participants with low DF intake (<18 g/day for females, <22 g/day for males) consumed three (females)/four (males) slices of fortified bread daily for four weeks then control bread and vice versa. Before and after each intervention phase, the participants completed seven self-reported questionnaires: the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale, Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System-Anxiety and Depression Short Forms 8a, World Health Organisation Well-Being Index, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scales, Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory Short Form, and the Subjective Vitality Scale. Results: Fifty-five participants completed all of the questionnaires before and after each intervention. The preliminary and blinded results showed no significant changes (all p > 0.05) in gastrointestinal symptoms, general wellbeing, and mental health following intervention and between interventions. Discussion: With thrice the amount of DF, the unique grain fibre-fortified bread did not cause gastrointestinal symptoms nor did it worsen general wellbeing and mental health in healthy adults with low DF intake. Encouraging the consumption of unique grain fibre-fortified bread could still be an acceptable and effective method to improve DF intake in a healthy adult population with low DF intake. Trial Registration: ACTRN12622000884707. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 142 KiB  
Abstract
Diurnal Differences in Glycaemic Responses to Meals Containing Different Bread Types among Persons at Risk for Type 2 Diabetes—Preliminary Results from a CarbHealth Sub-Study
by Alena M. Schadow, Marc Gartner, Bianca Stutz, Bettina Krueger, Jutta Dierkes and Anette E. Buyken
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 181; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091181 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 565
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Insulin sensitivity has been shown to decrease during the day among persons at risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It remains to be established whether this also results in differences in glycaemic response to meals rich in carbohydrates, e.g., bread [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Insulin sensitivity has been shown to decrease during the day among persons at risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). It remains to be established whether this also results in differences in glycaemic response to meals rich in carbohydrates, e.g., bread meals. Hence, we determined whether diurnal differences between morning and evening meals containing breads could be observed among persons at risk of T2DM consuming different breads as part of their habitual diet. Methods: Analysis based on data from a multicentre randomised controlled trial (CarbHealth) conducted among participants with prediabetes at four study sites (Germany, Norway, Sweden) who received either a ß-glucan-enriched bread or a non-enriched wholegrain control bread to replace their habitually consumed bread for 16 weeks. In Paderborn, Germany, participants wore a continuous glucose monitoring device during weeks 1 and 16. The incremental area under the curve (iAUC) in the two hours following a bread meal in the morning or evening was determined and compared using a t-test. Morning bread meals were defined as meals consumed between 06.00 and 11.00 a.m., and evening bread meals referred to meals consumed between 05.00 and 10.00 p.m. Results: Out of 47 participants, 20 and 13 who consumed ß-glucan-enriched bread or wholegrain bread as part of their meals both in the morning and evening were considered. In persons consuming the ß-glucan bread, the iAUC of evening bread meals was higher than in morning bread meals in week 1 only (evening 2 h iAUC = 1561 [±760] mg/dL vs. morning 2 h iAUC = 1181 [±500] mg/dL, p = 0.03). In the control bread-group, the iAUC was higher in evening bread meals than in morning bread meals in week 16 (evening 2 h iAUC = 2445 [±1894] mg/dL vs. morning 2 h iAUC = 1764 [±1314] mg/dL, p = 0.04). Discussion: These preliminary data from a small sample of persons with prediabetes indicate that diurnal differences in carbohydrate consumption may extend to the context of habitual carbohydrate-rich meals. If replicated, persons at risk of T2DM should be discouraged from consuming large amounts of bread in the evening. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 135 KiB  
Abstract
Nutrition and Movement to Improve Quality of Life with Knee Osteoarthritis—The NUMOQUA Study
by Sabine Chmelar, Elisabeth Höld, Gabriele Leitner, Stefan Nehrer, Oliver Neubauer, Karl-Heinz Wagner and Barbara Wondrasch
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 216; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091216 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 794
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been considered a degenerative disease of cartilage tissue resulting from bodily wear and tear. However, there is accumulating evidence that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA. In knee OA—the most common form [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Osteoarthritis (OA) has long been considered a degenerative disease of cartilage tissue resulting from bodily wear and tear. However, there is accumulating evidence that inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of OA. In knee OA—the most common form of OA—exercise therapy as an effective component of early treatment mainly addresses functional deficits but not the inflammatory processes. In the course of the NUMOQUA project, an anti-inflammatory therapeutic diet named “Austrian OA Cuisine” was developed. It is based on the framework of the New Nordic Diet combined with the food-based dietary guidelines of Austria, the guidelines for OA, the Austrian food culture, and the principles of a sustainable diet. The present study examines the implementation of the “Austrian OA Cuisine” combined with the evidence-based exercise therapy GLA:D® (Good Life with osteoArthritis in Denmark) in patients with knee OA and the effects on quality of life, nutritional and inflammatory status, and oxidative stress parameters. Methods: A total of 60 participants aged 50 to 75 with knee OA will be included and randomly assigned either to the intervention group or the control group. All participants will undergo the GLA:D® program in the first six weeks. Additionally, the intervention group will receive nutritional group training and individual nutritional counseling on “Austrian OA Cuisine” over nine months. The control group will receive general information about a healthy lifestyle. Measurements at baseline and at four follow-up dates include nutritional, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters. Furthermore, anthropometric and behavioral parameters and clinical data will be assessed. Results: The recruitment of patients started in the autumn of 2022 and is expected to be completed by January 2024, followed by data collection inJanuary 2025. Discussion: The prevalence of OA is expected to increase in the future due to ongoing demographic changes and rising obesity rates. The expected results will provide important evidence on whether this interdisciplinary therapeutic approach could be a new, cost-effective, and sustainable strategy to address the disease process of OA without negative side effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
The Impact of Replacing Sugar in Sweets by Isomalt on Blood Glucose Management: Evidence from Recent Randomized, Controlled Trials
by Lisa Schweitzer and Stephan Theis
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091226 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1271
Abstract
Background and objectives: National authorities and WHO recommend limiting consumption of added sugars from different foods. Polyols like isomalt can be used as bulk sweetener and thus help the food industry to replace sugar. Isomalt is a naturally sourced sugar replacer and the [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: National authorities and WHO recommend limiting consumption of added sugars from different foods. Polyols like isomalt can be used as bulk sweetener and thus help the food industry to replace sugar. Isomalt is a naturally sourced sugar replacer and the only one in its kind made from pure beet sugar. It has low physiological energy value (approximately 8.4 kJ/g), is non-cariogenic, and has low glycaemic properties as well as a very limited effect on insulin response. The present investigation aims to provide evidence from a series of recent randomized human intervention trials in which the respective effects of isomalt as low-digestible carbohydrate replacing sugar in various sweets were tested. Methods: Blood glucose and insulin response of different sweets were tested according to standardized test procedure. The sweets (i.e., chocolate, candies, mints and jam) were provided in realistic portion sizes and either contained sugar or sugar was replaced 1:1 by isomalt. Products were comparable in appearance, taste, and sweetness. 10 healthy adults (mean age: 40.6 ± 7.0 years, BMI: 23.5 ± 3.2 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to consume the sweets in the morning after an overnight fast. Capillary blood samples were taken at baseline up to 180 min to determine blood glucose and insulin levels. Results: Replacing sugar by isomalt led to significantly lower blood glucose response for all products. This was characterized by a significantly reduced incremental glucose peak (iCmax) ranging from −46% to −83% (all p < 0.05) and a reduction of the two-hour incremental area under the curve (iAUC2h) by 5% to 71% (p < 0.05 for candies, mints and jam). The lower glycaemic profile was accompanied by lower insulin levels. Accordingly, iCmax and iAUC2h following isomalt variants were remarkably reduced by 70 to 92% (all p < 0.05) and 58 to 87% (all p < 0.05), respectively. Discussion: With a series of RCTs conducted according to international standards in blood glucose response testing, we demonstrate reduced postprandial glycaemic and insulin response to various sweets in which sugar was replaced by isomalt. Hence, using isomalt as a naturally sourced sugar replacer is a viable strategy to support a low glycaemic diet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 160 KiB  
Abstract
Changes in Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites in Patients with Extreme Obesity
by Libuša Kubáňová, Adela Penesová, Ivan Hric, Jana Babjaková, Eva Baranovičová, Marián Grendár and Viktor Bielik
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 218; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091218 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 876
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In recent years, the crucial role of gut microbiota in the development and regulation of obesity and related metabolic conditions has been increasingly explored. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to examine the differences in gut microbiota composition and energy metabolites [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: In recent years, the crucial role of gut microbiota in the development and regulation of obesity and related metabolic conditions has been increasingly explored. This prospective cross-sectional study aimed to examine the differences in gut microbiota composition and energy metabolites between non-diabetic individuals with extreme obesity (EO) and healthy lean controls (HLC). Methods: A total of 19 non-diabetic participants with EO (average age ± SD: 35.4 ± 7.0 years, average BMI ± SD: 48.8 ± 6.7 kg.m−2) and 23 HLC participants (average age ± SD: 31.7 ± 14.8 years, average BMI ± SD: 22.2 ± 1.7 kg.m−2) were investigated. Fecal microbiota was analyzed and classified using specific primers targeting the V1–V3 region of 16S rDNA. Serum metabolites were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Multivariate statistical analysis and Random Forest models were employed to identify predictors with the highest variable importance. Results: A significantly reduced microbial α-diversity; lower relative abundance of beneficial bacterium Akkermansia and SCFA-producing bacteria Eubacterium hallii, Butyrivibrio, Marvinbryantia, and Coprococcus; and increased abundance of pathogenic bacteria Bilophila and Fusobacterium were found in individuals with EO. Interestingly, energy metabolites (citrate and acetate), IR HOMA, and insulin were pinpointed as the most important predictors with exceptional ability to differentiate between EO and HLC participants by the Random Forest machine learning analysis. Conclusion: The findings suggest that changes in gut microbiota and serum acetate and citrate levels in patients with extreme obesity may serve as potential biomarkers for early progression to Type 2 diabetes. Consequently, weight loss interventions and non-invasive manipulation of gut microbiota composition in these patients could offer a novel strategy for managing obesity and related disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 136 KiB  
Abstract
Nutrigenomic Effects of a High-Fat Diet and a Dietary Change to a Low-Fat Diet in the Pancreas in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Carcinogenesis
by Irena Krga, Joanna Wirkus, Aya Samir Ead and Gerardo Guillermo Mackenzie
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 222; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091222 - 4 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1178
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a 5 year survival rate of around 10% globally. Although obesity is a modifiable risk factor for this cancer, the role of a high-fat diet (HFD) intake in pancreatic carcinogenesis, the effects of the [...] Read more.
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers, with a 5 year survival rate of around 10% globally. Although obesity is a modifiable risk factor for this cancer, the role of a high-fat diet (HFD) intake in pancreatic carcinogenesis, the effects of the dietary modification from an HFD to a low-fat diet, and the underlying molecular mechanisms of action are poorly defined. To contribute to understanding these relationships, we assessed the pancreatic global gene expression modulations using an LSL-KrasG12D/+p48Cre/+ (KC) mouse model. Five-week-old mice were fed an HFD (60% energy from fat) or a control diet (11% energy from fat) until 6 months old. In an additional group, the mice consumed an HFD until 3 months old, and then switched to a control diet for 3 months to evaluate the effects of a dietary change to a low-fat diet (DC). Pancreata were collected, RNA was extracted and sequenced, and bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify the biological functions affected by the diets. The HFD significantly modulated the expression of 2166 genes involved in regulating cellular metabolism (metabolic pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, and pancreatic secretion), cancer-specific functions (pathways in cancer and transcriptional misregulation in cancer), immune function (Th17, Th1, and Th2 cell differentiations) and cell signaling (cytokine–cytokine receptor interaction and chemokine signaling). The DC altered the expression of 988 genes more compared to that of the HFD, presenting an expression profile similar to the control diet. The modulated genes were linked with metabolic processes (pancreatic secretion, fat digestion, and absorption), cell signaling (chemokine signaling, NFκB, and TNF signaling pathways), and cancer-specific functions (proteoglycans in cancer and pathways in cancer). Over 800 genes, mainly linked with metabolic functions, were identified following both DC and HFD intake and presented opposing expression profiles, suggesting that a DC could counteract some nutrigenomic modulations prompted by an HFD. Moreover, this effect was mirrored in the pancreas and final body weights, with the DC mitigating the HFD-induced increases in both the parameters. In summary, we showed the multi-target mode of action of an HFD in the pancreas of KC mice accompanied by increases in pancreatic and body weights that were all neutralized by a 3-month-long switch to a low-fat diet. Further explorations of the possible regulators driving the observed multi-genomic effects are warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
Assessment of Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity Levels in a Group of Italian Celiac Disease Patients
by Giorgia Vici, Laura Malandrino, Debora Giustozzi, Dalia Camilletti, Silvia Zufolino and Valeria Polzonetti
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 232; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091232 - 4 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and objectives: The only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, but this restriction can lead to nutrient imbalances and a reliance on processed gluten-free products that contain high levels of unhealthy ingredients. A lack of knowledge about naturally gluten-free foods [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: The only treatment for celiac disease is a gluten-free diet, but this restriction can lead to nutrient imbalances and a reliance on processed gluten-free products that contain high levels of unhealthy ingredients. A lack of knowledge about naturally gluten-free foods poses challenges for celiac patients. Proper nutrition, based on the principles of the Mediterranean diet, along with regular physical activity, are of fundamental importance to improve overall well-being. This study aims to assess adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity levels in adult celiac patients. Methods: This was an observational study carried out on 40 adult celiac patients following a gluten-free diet for at least one year. The level of physical activity was assessed through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (short version). The adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) was evaluated through the “Medi-Lite” questionnaire. Results: The outcomes unveiled difficulties concerning dietary patterns and adherence to the MD. The mean score for adherence to the MD was 9.3 ± 2.8, on a scale of 0 to 18, where 0 represents the lowest adherence and 18 the highest. When analysing individual food components, it was found that fruit and vegetable consumption was suboptimal for most, and half of the population lacked sufficient cereal servings per day. The inadequate consumption of legumes, fish, and dairy products was observed, while an excessive intake of meat and cured meats was noted. Furthermore, the analysis of the IPAQ indicated that roughly three-quarters of the population were inactive or minimally active. Discussion: The results show that celiac patients tend to prefer protein foods for safety but have difficulties assessing protein source frequency. Inadequate dairy consumption is common, possibly due to secondary lactose intolerance from reduced lactase production caused by damaged villi. However, with abundant lactose-free products available, increasing milk and dairy consumption is important to prevent deficiencies in calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D. The findings highlight the challenges celiac individuals face in adhering to a gluten-free diet and making appropriate food choices, leading to inadequate eating habits and nutritional deficiencies. Thus, there is a need for targeted nutritional education interventions to provide precise guidance on safe eating while meeting nutritional requirements for overall well-being, emphasizing the importance of physical activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 156 KiB  
Abstract
In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Plant-Based Protein Digestates on the Biology and Metabolism of Human Preadipocytes and Adipocytes
by Catherine Lefranc-Millot, Caroline Perreau, Marion Bourdens, Noémie Juin and Mayoura Keophiphath
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 211; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091211 - 4 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Excessive deposits of white adipose tissue lead to obesity. Preadipocyte differentiation, adipocyte metabolism, and some inflammatory and profibrotic factors are key in modulating early fat mass expansion and chronic low-grade inflammation and could be targeted to prevent child obesity. Plant-based [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Excessive deposits of white adipose tissue lead to obesity. Preadipocyte differentiation, adipocyte metabolism, and some inflammatory and profibrotic factors are key in modulating early fat mass expansion and chronic low-grade inflammation and could be targeted to prevent child obesity. Plant-based proteins are being increasingly used, and we evaluated the potential impact on adipose cell biology and the inflammatory processes of some of them, after simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, on (1) the human preadipocyte differentiation, (2) their fibro-inflammatory state, (3) the metabolism of human mature adipocytes, and (4) the beiging potential of two selected digestates on preadipocytes. Methods: (a) Preadipocytes and (b) mature adipocytes isolated from human subcutaneous adipose tissues were treated with eight plant-based protein digestates (PBPDs) and one animal-based protein digestate for (a) 7 to 11 days or (b) 24 h, respectively. We assessed (a) their effects on preadipocytes, in proadipogenic ± proinflammatory conditions, by evaluating cytotoxicity, cell number, lipid droplet accumulation, adiponectin secretion, and UCP1 expression on the one hand, and IL6, CCL2, and fibronectin secretions on the other hand, and (b) their effects on adipocyte metabolism by studying cytotoxicity, lipolysis activity, and adiponectin secretion. Results: Six PBPDs stimulated adiponectin’s secretion by the preadipocytes without affecting their viability and differentiation capacities at the tested doses. Similarly, we observed no cytotoxicity effects on mature adipocytes and a dose-dependent increase in their adiponectin secretion for treatment with five PBPDs. One PBPD modulated the lipolytic activity of adipocytes by decreasing the release of glycerol. In proinflammatory conditions, seven PBPDs reduced the number of preadipocytes, which is abnormally increased with inflammation. Two of them were able to decrease the CCL2 chemokine secretion, and one of them reduced the production of fibronectin, a potential pro-fibrotic protein. Finally, two selected PBPDs were able to increase beige differentiation (UCP1 expression) of preadipocytes cultured in proadipogenic conditions. Discussion: This study revealed potential benefits of plant proteins for obesity prevention, and specifically highlighted the respective properties of pea and oat proteins prototypes: increasing adiponectin secretion and beige differentiation in preadipocytes; decreasing pro-inflammatory and fibrotic molecules secretion by proinflammatory preadipocytes and regulating basal lipolysis and increasing adiponectin secretion by mature adipocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Relevance of High Glycemic Index Breakfast for Heart Rate Variability among Young Students with Early and Late Chronotypes
by Bettina Krueger, Bianca Stutz, Rasmus Jakobsmeyer, Claus Reinsberger and Anette Buyken
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 259; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091259 - 5 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Previous reports suggest that spikes in plasma glucose affect cardiac autonomic modulation, reflected by a decrease in heart rate variability (HRV). Hence, the hypothesis of this analysis is that cardiac autonomic changes following an early high-glycemic-index (GI) breakfast are more [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Previous reports suggest that spikes in plasma glucose affect cardiac autonomic modulation, reflected by a decrease in heart rate variability (HRV). Hence, the hypothesis of this analysis is that cardiac autonomic changes following an early high-glycemic-index (GI) breakfast are more prominent in individuals with later chronotypes than in those with earlier chronotypes because of their unfavorable metabolic situation at this time of the day. Similarly, chronotype-specific morning plasma melatonin levels could be mechanistically relevant for HRV changes following early high-GI breakfasts, as melatonin seems to influence glucose tolerance. Methods: Subjects with earlier (N = 22) and later chronotypes (N = 23) were asked to consume an intervention meal with a GI = 72 in the morning (7 a.m.). Chronotype was assessed by the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire. Plasma melatonin level was determined at approx. 8 a.m. Glucose data were collected by continuous glucose measurement. Blood volume pulses derived by wrist-worn wireless multisensors were used to assess successive interbeat intervals (IBIs). Time domain HRV parameters RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences of normal IBI), mean IBI and SDNN (standard deviation of normal-to-normal IBI) were calculated. Data from 36 participants (n = 21 early and n = 15 late chronotypes) met the following criteria for analysis: beats corrected <10% and effective sample rate > 60 s. HRV differences before vs. after breakfast were calculated and association with chronotype was analyzed by multivariable linear regression. Results: RMSSD, mean IBI and SDNN were higher in both chronotypes before a high-GI breakfast. Changes in the analyzed HRV parameters after a high-GI breakfast did not differ between persons with an earlier or later chronotype (all p > 0.2). Pooling the data from both chronotypes, a smaller change in mean IBI following a high-GI breakfast was associated with higher morning plasma melatonin levels (p = 0.0232). Neither age, sex nor BMI account for this association. Conclusions: These data suggest that in our very small cohort of young healthy adults, morning plasma melatonin levels, but not chronotype, are associated with parasympathetic HRV activity after an early high-GI breakfast. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 138 KiB  
Abstract
Diet Quality Assessment and Lipid Profile of Younger Adult Men with Hypercholesterolemia
by Irena Keser, Sanja Trivunović and Martina Delač
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 258; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091258 - 2 Feb 2024
Viewed by 632
Abstract
The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia caused by an unhealthy lifestyle is increasing worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. One of the causes of hypercholesterolemia is an unhealthy diet. The aim of this study was to assess the diet quality [...] Read more.
The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia caused by an unhealthy lifestyle is increasing worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. One of the causes of hypercholesterolemia is an unhealthy diet. The aim of this study was to assess the diet quality by determining the daily intake of energy and nutrients in men with an increased serum concentration of total cholesterol (≥5.0 mmol/L) and LDL-cholesterol (≥3.0 mmol/L) and to determine whether there is an association between lipid profile and dietary parameters. The participants were males aged 20 to 40 years (n = 52). The average daily energy, macronutrient, and micronutrient intake was evaluated using the 24-h recall for two non-consecutive days. The average daily intake of total fat (39.2 ± 8.3% kcal) and saturated fatty acids (13.4 ± 4.1% kcal) was higher than recommended, and the intake of carbohydrates (41.7 ± 9.6% kcal) and fiber (15.6 ± 12.4 g) was insufficient. The average daily intake of sodium and phosphorus was too high, while the intake of potassium, magnesium, and calcium was deficient. The intake of all vitamins, except for vitamin B3 and vitamin B6, was also insufficient. The average concentration of HDL-cholesterol in the participants was adequate (1.4 ± 0.2 mmol/L), but the concentration of triglycerides was elevated (1.9 ± 1.3 mmol/L). A statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and triglyceride concentrations (r = 0.35; p < 0.05). In this study, the influence of energy intake and observed nutrients on the lipid profile was not determined. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 121 KiB  
Abstract
The Intake of Sucrose but Not of the Intense Sweetener Sucralose Is Associated with Postprandial Endotoxemia in Healthy Young Adults
by Raphaela Staltner, Anja Baumann and Ina Bergheim
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091287 - 6 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1054
Abstract
Background and objectives: Similar to saturated fat, a diet rich in sugar may contribute to the development of overweight and obesity and associated metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Herein, effects on intestinal microbiota composition [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Similar to saturated fat, a diet rich in sugar may contribute to the development of overweight and obesity and associated metabolic diseases, like type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Herein, effects on intestinal microbiota composition and barrier function subsequently leading to an increased translocation of bacterial endotoxin and activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4-dependent signaling cascade are discussed to be critical. In recent years, the use of artificial sweeteners to sweeten food and beverages has markedly increased despite a still limited knowledge on health effects. Results of animal studies suggest that an extended intake of sweeteners like sucralose may alter intestinal microbiota composition and gut barrier function when consumed at high levels. In the present pilot study, we assessed the effects of an acute intake of sucrose and the artificial sweetener sucralose in physiological relevant doses in beverages on postprandial endotoxemia in healthy, normal-weight young adults. Methods: A total of 11 men and women aged 24–31 year were enrolled in this randomized placebo controlled single-blinded study in cross-over design which was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Vienna (Clinical trial: NCT04788680). After an initial blood collection and a 2 day nutritional standardization, according to the recommendations of the German, Austrian and Swiss (DACH) nutritional societies, and a second fasted blood collection, participants consumed either a beverage containing sucrose (110 g), sucralose (180 mg, iso-sweet) or an isocaloric combination of sucralose (180 mg) + maltodextrin (110 g) in a randomized order along with a standardized breakfast. Blood was collected 1, 2 and 3 h after consumption of the beverage. Bacterial endotoxin levels in plasma were measured using LAL assay. Results: After nutritional standardization, bacterial endotoxin levels were significantly lower than before. Furthermore, 2 h after the intake of the sucrose sweetened beverage, bacterial endotoxin levels were significantly higher in plasma compared to baseline levels. A similar increase in bacterial endotoxin levels in plasma was not detected after the intake of the beverage sweetened with sucralose. Discussion: Our data suggest that the intake of a sucrose but not sucralose sweetened beverage results in post-prandial endotoxemia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 153 KiB  
Abstract
Can We Use Extracellular Water to Total Body Water Ratio as a Predictor of the Nutritional Status of Patients with Colorectal Cancer at the Time of Diagnosis?
by Mirna Šporčić, Irena Martinis, Jelena Pugelnik, Toni Kolak, Josip Baković, Božica Jerak and Martina Bituh
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 298; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091298 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 925
Abstract
Background and objectives: Early nutritional assessments have the potential to improve prognostic outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Among all parameters measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), extracellular water to total body water ratio (ECW/TBW) is a known prognostic factor for various [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Early nutritional assessments have the potential to improve prognostic outcomes of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Among all parameters measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), extracellular water to total body water ratio (ECW/TBW) is a known prognostic factor for various diseases. The objective was to investigate the relationship between the ECW/TBW ratio and the nutritional status of CRC patients at the time of diagnosis. Methods: In this retrospective study, information about the patients’ demographic characteristics and nutritional status, including anthropometric measurements (determined by Tanita, MC-780 MA) and biochemical parameters at the time of diagnosis, were obtained from 104 patient records. We divided patients into two groups according to median ECW/TBW ratio (45.25%) and compared the differences between groups using a Chi-square or Mann-Whitney U test. A Spearman correlation was used to determine the correlation between the ECW/TBW ratio and all observed parameters. Results: Groups with a lower ECW/TBW ratio were younger (67 [62.25–72] vs. 74 [65–79] (p < 0.05)), had higher body weight (kg) (86 ± 12 vs. 78 ± 13 (p < 0.001)), body mass index (kg/m2) (28.6 ± 3.6 vs. 26.9 ± 4.6 (p < 0.05)), phase angle (⁰PhA) (5.7 ± 0.7 vs. 4.6 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001)), sarcopenia index (⁰SMI) (8.8 ± 1.2 vs. 7.5 ± 0.7 (p < 0.001)), albumin (g/L) (43 ± 3 vs. 41 ± 3 (p < 0.001)) and hemoglobin (g/L) (137.50 ± 19.34 vs. 131.00 ± 19.72 (p < 0.05)) compared to groups with a higher ECW/TBW ratio. A lower ECW/TBW ratio was predominant in males (75.4%) and among overweight patients (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between ECW/TBW and age (r = 0.402, p < 0.001), while negative correlations were observed between ECW/TBW and body weight (r = −0.408, p < 0.001), SMI (r = −0.581, p < 0.001), serum albumin (r = −0.390, p < 0.001), serum hemoglobin (r = −0.295, p < 0.001) and PhA (r = −0.703, p < 0.001). Discussion: Analysis indicates that groups with a lower ECW/TBW ratio had overall better nutritional status. Several studies state that abnormal fluid distribution affects prognosis in people with cancer. In our study, patients with a higher ECW/TBW ratio had a much worse degree of cell damage. An ECW/TBW ratio may be useful as an indicator of nutritional status in CRC at the time of diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 143 KiB  
Abstract
The Importance of Nutritional Status Assessments for Preoperative Bariatric Patients: Correlations between BIA, CRP and Vitamin Status
by Mirjana Kardum Pejić, Irena Martinis, Domagoj Vergles, Mirna Šporčić, Jelena Pugelnik, Dora Canjuga and Martina Bituh
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 299; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091299 - 7 Feb 2024
Viewed by 914
Abstract
Background and Objective: Preoperative assessments of nutritional status are crucial for optimizing outcomes in bariatric surgery patients. Parameters such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D, folic acid and vitamin B12 have been individually studied in relation to nutritional status [...] Read more.
Background and Objective: Preoperative assessments of nutritional status are crucial for optimizing outcomes in bariatric surgery patients. Parameters such as bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), C-reactive protein (CRP), vitamin D, folic acid and vitamin B12 have been individually studied in relation to nutritional status in bariatric patients. However, a comprehensive understanding of their interrelationships and the importance of a preoperative nutritional status assessment is still needed. The objective of this study is to determine the baseline nutritional status, explore the correlations between BIA, CRP and vitamin status in preoperative bariatric patients, and to assess the significance of nutritional status evaluation before surgery. Methods: Nutritional status, including anthropometric measurements (determined by Tanita, MC-780 MA) and biochemical parameters, were obtained from medical records of 50 adult obese patients who attended a clinic between 2022–2023 and who were advised to have sleeve gastrectomy. A Spearman correlation was used to determine correlation between observed parameters. Results: Most of the patients were women (88%) with an average age of 41 ± 10 years. Their BMI ranged from 39.4 to 63.0 kg/m2 and their body fat from 33.9% to 58.5%. The phase angle ranged from 4.6° to 7.1°, while total body water (TBW) for all patients was below 45% for women and 50% for men. A deficiency was observed among 43%, 55% and 20% of patients for folic acid, vitamin D and vitamin B12, respectively. Elevated CRP was present in 73% of patients. A correlation (p < 0.05) was found between CRP and BMI (r = 0.322), and body fat (r = 0.488) and TBW (r = −0.420), while 25OH-vitamin D correlated (p < 0.001) with the same parameters but the correction was reversed (BMI, r = −0.424; body fat r = −0.662; TBW r = 0.525). Both vitamin B12 and folic acid correlated only with extracellular water (r = −0.424 and r = −0.447). Discussion: Preoperative sleeve gastrectomy patients with inadequate nutritional status and increased CRP levels made up a significant portion of this population. These findings highlight the need for preoperatively treating dietary deficiencies and inflammation. The long-term effects of preoperative dietary therapy on patient outcomes and general health in the context of bariatric surgery should be the main subject of future study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Short-Term Effects of Crackers on Glycemic Index and Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults
by Emilia Papakonstantinou, Vasilis Alsab, Foteini Lympaki, Sofia Chanioti, Marianna Giannoglou and George Katsaros
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091303 - 8 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1137
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the glycemic index (GI)/glycemic load (GL) of three crackers made with different flours. A control cracker (CC), with a 30% w/w substitution of wheat by whole wheat flour (WWC) and with a 30% w/ [...] Read more.
Introduction: This study aimed to determine the glycemic index (GI)/glycemic load (GL) of three crackers made with different flours. A control cracker (CC), with a 30% w/w substitution of wheat by whole wheat flour (WWC) and with a 30% w/w substitution of wheat by sunflower seed flour (SFC), differing significantly in protein and fiber content, is compared to the reference D-glucose drink. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, crossover design, 11 healthy participants (23.5 (1) years; seven women; BMI 23 (1) kg/m2) were randomly assigned to receive three cracker meals (CC, WWC, and SFC), all containing 50 g of available carbohydrates and 50 g of D-glucose as a reference drink. Results: SFC provided medium GI, low GL values (GI: 56 on glucose scale, GL: 6 per serving), whereas WWC and CC provided high GI, medium GL values (GI: 77 and 90 on glucose scale, respectively; GL: 11 and 12 per serving, respectively). Both SFC and WWC provided lower postprandial glucose concentrations, lower glucose excursions, and lower peak glucose values compared to glucose and CC. All crackers were pleasurable and increased satiety when compared to glucose, without any significant differences between them. Conclusion: SFC and WWC, regardless of soluble fiber and/or protein content, attenuated postprandial glycemic response and improved subjective satiety, which may offer advantages for body weight and glycemic control. This trial was registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT05702372. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 132 KiB  
Abstract
Association of Unhealthy Lifestyle Score on the Risk of Hypertension, Dyslipidemia, and Their Comorbidity in Korea: A Cross-Sectional Study
by Ji-Sook Kong and Mi Kyung Kim
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091308 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 863
Abstract
Background and objectives: There is increasing evidence suggesting that lifestyle factors play a significant role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Rather than occurring individually, these conditions often coexist. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: There is increasing evidence suggesting that lifestyle factors play a significant role in the development of hypertension and dyslipidemia. Rather than occurring individually, these conditions often coexist. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of lifestyle factors on the risk of hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity. Methods: This study included 9608 adults aged 19 years and above from the cross-sectional Korean National Health Examination Study between 2019 and 2021. An unhealthy lifestyle score was derived from five factors: smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), diet, and physical activity. Each participant was assigned an unhealthy lifestyle score based on the cumulative number of unhealthy factors present. A logistic regression model and multinomial logistic regression were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) after adjusting for confounders. The analysis aimed to assess the association between an unhealthy lifestyle and the risk of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and their comorbidity. Results: The prevalence of hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity was 12.9%, 19.6%, and 16.4%, respectively. In the multivariable model, higher odds of hypertension alone were significantly associated with alcohol consumption and BMI status. Dyslipidemia alone and the comorbidity of hypertension and dyslipidemia were associated with all individual lifestyle factors. When compared to individuals with the highest unhealthy lifestyle score (4–5 scores), those with the lowest score (0–1 scores) had increased ORs of 5.38 (95% CI: 3.15–9.19), 4.08 (95% CI: 2.84–5.85), and 16.0 (95% CI: 9.34–27.5) for hypertension only, dyslipidemia only, and their comorbidity, respectively. Furthermore, even after stratifying by family history, individuals with the lowest lifestyle score were still associated with hypertension, dyslipidemia, and their comorbidity compared to those with the highest lifestyle score, regardless of their family history. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate a positive association between unhealthy lifestyle factors and the risk of comorbidity of hypertension and dyslipidemia, as well as hypertension and dyslipidemia alone. Moreover, lifestyle factors may influence the risk of hypertension and dyslipidemia, even in individuals with a family history of these conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 164 KiB  
Abstract
Association between Dietary Choline and the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from a Large Swedish Cohort
by Therese Karlsson, Áine Ryan, Bathsheba Tobin, Ingegerd Johansson and Anna Winkvist
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 307; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091307 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 949
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a major global issue in the past several decades with a rapidly increasing incidence largely attributable to sedentary lifestyles and westernized diets. Previous research has shown conflicting evidence between dietary choline and the risk [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a major global issue in the past several decades with a rapidly increasing incidence largely attributable to sedentary lifestyles and westernized diets. Previous research has shown conflicting evidence between dietary choline and the risk of T2D. The present study aimed to investigate associations between dietary choline and its individual forms with the development of T2D. Methods: In total, 41,802 females and 37,952 males attending the Västerbotten Intervention Programme (VIP) between 1990 and 2016 were included. The intake of total choline and its individual forms phosphatidylcholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, sphingomyelin and free choline were estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. The associations between dietary choline and T2D were estimated using the Cox proportional hazards regressions to determine hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for T2D according to total choline, phosphatidylcholine, glycerophosphocholine, phosphocholine, sphingomyelin and free choline intake (quartiles). Models were adjusted for reported energy intake, age, body mass index, education and smoking status. All analyses were performed in females and males separately. Results: During a median follow-up of 16 years, 1195 (2.9%) and 1664 (4.4%) incident T2D cases were registered in females and males, respectively. A higher total choline intake was associated with an increased risk of T2D in both females (HR Q4 vs. Q1: 1.44; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.85; P-trend 0.03) and males (HR Q4 vs. Q1: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.24, 1.90; P-trend < 0.01). Choline intake from phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin were positively significantly associated with the risk of T2D in both females and males. No associations were found between choline intake from free choline, phosphocholine or glycerophosphocholine and incidence T2D. Discussion: This study demonstrates an association between the higher intake of total choline and an increased risk of T2DM in females and males in Sweden. The positive association seems to be driven mainly by the intake of choline from phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. This highlights the role of dietary choline intake in relation to T2D and the importance of exploring the impact of the different forms of dietary choline. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
More Thorough Mastication of Bread May Stimulate Early-Phase Insulin Release: Preliminary Associative Results from a Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
by Georgia Chatonidi, Boushra Dalile and Kristin Verbeke
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 305; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091305 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1032
Abstract
Background and objectives: Oral processing behavior is suggested to modulate metabolic responses to foods. In this study, we examined the impact of variations in oral processing characteristics during bread consumption on appetite and postprandial metabolic responses. Methods: Thirty healthy, normal-weight participants consumed three [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Oral processing behavior is suggested to modulate metabolic responses to foods. In this study, we examined the impact of variations in oral processing characteristics during bread consumption on appetite and postprandial metabolic responses. Methods: Thirty healthy, normal-weight participants consumed three types of bread, differing in the leavening agent, in a randomized cross-over trial, while being video recorded to determine specific oral processing behaviors. At each study visit, gastric emptying, subjective appetites, and glucose and c-peptide levels were measured at regular time points for 4 h. After 4 h, the ad libitum energy intake was measured. The average values of each outcome were calculated to derive a single characteristic value per participant across the three types of bread. Results: A Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that the participant age was associated with a faster eating rate (r = 0.562, p = 0.001), a shorter oral exposure time (r = −0.569, p = 0.001), and less chews/bites (r = −0.387, p = 0.034). As expected, a slower eating rate was correlated with more chews per bite (r = −0.603, p < 0.001). Surprisingly, higher hunger ratings before bread consumption were associated with a smaller bite size (r = −0.518, p = 0.003). More chews/bites were associated with a higher AUC of C-peptide during the first 30 min after consumption (r = 0.398, p = 0.036). Oral processing behavior did not correlate with appetite, the energy intake in the subsequent meal, gastric emptying, or the glucose response (p > 0.05) to bread. However, slower gastric emptying was associated with a lower glucose AUC30min (r = −0.453, p = 0.015) and c-peptide AUC30min (r = −0.631, p < 0.001). Discussion: Although, overall, the metabolic responses to bread consumption were not affected by oral processing, thorough mastication of bread stimulated the cephalic phase of digestion, resulting in early release of insulin. This is in line with the existing literature, according to which anticipatory sight, smell, and taste of food can initiate the cephalic phase of insulin secretion, which is further enhanced by chewing and swallowing the food. However, the importance of the cephalic phase insulin release in overall glucose regulation is still unclear. Further research is needed to investigate to what extent and according to which mechanisms natural variations in oral processing can affect postprandial metabolic responses to food. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 179 KiB  
Abstract
Association of Inflammatory Biomarkers with the Gut Microbiota and Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Prediabetic Subjects
by Ligia Esperanza Díaz-Prieto, Sonia Gomez-Martínez, Iván Vicente-Castro, María Carmen Martín-Ridaura, Nerea Iturmendi, Ascensión Marcos and Esther Nova
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 309; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091309 - 8 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and objectives: The gut microbiota performs many functions in the host organism, and metabolites derived from its activity, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are involved in immunometabolism. Alterations in gut microbial composition play an essential role in diseases such as heart [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: The gut microbiota performs many functions in the host organism, and metabolites derived from its activity, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), are involved in immunometabolism. Alterations in gut microbial composition play an essential role in diseases such as heart failure, kidney disease, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. The current work aimed to analyze the associations of serum and fecal inflammatory biomarkers with the microbiota and SCFA in prediabetic subjects. Methods: 65 prediabetic patients, diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association criteria, who participated in a randomized controlled intervention study with Moringa oleifera Lam. (2.4 g/day), were included. Inflammatory markers (Serum C reactive protein [CRP] and fecal calprotectin and sIgA), gut microbiota (qPCR), and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA; GC-FID) were studied before (V0) and after a 12-week intervention (V12). Relationships were explored using principal component analysis (PCA). Lineal regression models were performed to determine the predictive variables of inflammatory markers by including SCFA and gut microbiota groups as one block of independent variables. Fat mass percentage (BIA) and treatment group were used to adjust the models. Analyses were performed for V0 and V12 separately. Results: Only for calprotectin were significant models found at V0 (p = 0.044) and V12 (p = 0.010). Lactobacillus (standardized beta, β= 0.292; p = 0.047) and Bacteroides (β = 0.430; p = 0.009) groups were significant predictors at V0 and Lactobacillus (β = 0.339; p = 0.015) and the SCFA valeric acid (β = −0.533; p = 0.014) were predictors of calprotectin in V12. For CRP, a trend was found at V12 regression (p = 0.079), with significant contributions for the Blautia coccoidesEubacterium rectale group (β = 0.585; p = 0.016) and the categorical binomial variable “Above normal fat mass percentage” (“yes”, “no”) (β = 0.478; p < 0.001). No significant influence of the treatment group was observed. Discussion: Calprotectin levels seem to be dependent on microbiota and SCFA levels. Calprotectin showed a positive and consistent relationship with Lactobacillus spp.; however, its relationships with the Bacteroides group and valeric acid were not consistent and deserve further exploration. CRP and sIgA do not seem to be explained to a significant level by the microbiota and SCFA concentrations in this prediabetic population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
The Effect of a Maternal Cafeteria Diet on Adipose Tissue Browning in Rats and the Body Composition of Mothers and Their Offspring
by Anna Radziejewska, Julia Matuszewska, Joanna Śliwowska and Agata Chmurzynska
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 310; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091310 - 8 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide, including among pregnant women. The Western dietary pattern, with its high energy density and low nutritional value, supports excessive fat accumulation in the body and the obesity epidemic. Three types of adipose tissue are known: [...] Read more.
Obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide, including among pregnant women. The Western dietary pattern, with its high energy density and low nutritional value, supports excessive fat accumulation in the body and the obesity epidemic. Three types of adipose tissue are known: white (WAT), beige (BeAT), and brown (BAT). BAT and BeAT have the potential to oxidize fatty acids and glucose and dissipate energy in the form of heat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a maternal cafeteria diet administered in an animal model prior to pregnancy, during pregnancy, and during lactation on the body composition and browning of adipose tissue of females and their offspring. Eight-week-old female Wistar rats were fed prior to conception, during pregnancy, and during lactation with a cafeteria diet (CAF) or a control diet (C). After weaning, the offspring were fed a standard AIN93G semisynthetic diet. Body mass and composition were measured (Minispec LF90II, Bruker). The transcript levels of Ucp1 and Cidea in the rats’ BeAT were determined using real-time PCR (LightCycler 480 II, Roche). The CAF offspring had lower body weights at PND 4 than the C group offspring (9.6 ± 0.3 vs. 10.4 ± 0.2 g, p < 0.005). CAF male and female offspring had lower body weight values than the control group from postnatal day (PND) 21 to 60 (p < 0.05). The amount of adipose tissue in females from the CAF group was lower than in group C females at PND 35 (p < 0.05). The CAF group had higher Ucp1 transcript levels in male offspring at PND 40 and 45 (p < 0.05) than the C group, but the Cidea transcript levels did not differ between the groups. It was concluded that a maternal cafeteria diet affected the body weight of the offspring of both sexes. However, adiposity-related outcomes were affected in a sex-specific manner. The level of adipose tissue was lower only in female offspring. On the other hand, transcripts of the Ucp1 gene, which is a marker of browning, were altered only in male offspring. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
The Role of Chronotype on Body Composition, Eating Habits and Cardiometabolic Risk Parameters in a Sample of Overweight/Obese Subjects
by Sofia Lotti, Monica Dinu, Marta Tristan Asensi, Giuditta Pagliai, Antonia Napoletano, Barbara Colombini and Francesco Sofi
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 312; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091312 - 8 Feb 2024
Viewed by 915
Abstract
Background and objectives: In recent years, the role of chronotype in obesity has been hypothesised, as subjects with an evening chronotype showed worse eating habits. However, the results are still limited and conflicting. The aim of the study is therefore to assess differences [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: In recent years, the role of chronotype in obesity has been hypothesised, as subjects with an evening chronotype showed worse eating habits. However, the results are still limited and conflicting. The aim of the study is therefore to assess differences in body composition, eating habits and cardiometabolic parameters according to chronotype in a sample of overweight/obese subjects. Methods: Overweight/obese subjects (BMI > 25 kg/m2) aged 18–65 years were recruited at the Clinical Nutrition Unit of Careggi University Hospital, Florence, from March to April 2023. The chronotype was defined through the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Each participant underwent a body composition and a blood sampling. Information on eating habits was collected with a food frequency questionnaire and a 3-day food diary. Results: The study population consisted of 51 overweight/obese subjects (71% women; 29% men) with a mean age of 50.3 ± 13.5 years and a mean BMI of 29.4 ± 4.3. Based on the MEQ score, 13 participants had an evening chronotype (26%) and 38 (74%) a morning chronotype. No significant differences in weight and body composition according to chronotype were observed. However, differences emerged for eating habits, with a significantly (p < 0.05) higher number of evening subjects reported to consume sweets, soft drinks and fast food. Analysis of the food diaries showed that evening subjects had a significantly higher intake of daily calories (1867.6 ± 434. vs. 1612.2 ± 538.5 kcal/day), fat (78.2 ± 20.9 vs. 65.4 ± 23.8 g/day) and carbohydrates (226.1 ± 47.5 vs. 186.3 ± 77.6 g/day). The analysis of cardiometabolic risk circulating parameters showed that evening subjects had significantly lower folate values (4.69 ± 2.1 vs. 8.25 ± 6.36 ng/mL) than morning subjects, as well as significantly lower vitamin B12 values (349.6 ± 132.3 vs. 445.5 ± 144.5 pg/mL). Discussion: Evening subjects had worse eating habits and a higher intake of total daily calories, fat and carbohydrates, and also reported significantly lower values of folic acid and vitamin B12. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Replacing Part of Maltodextrin with Galactose in Early Life Diet Results in an Improved Body Composition and Energy Metabolism in a Mouse Model
by Maryam Rakhshandehroo, Peixin Sun, Melissa Bekkenkamp-Grovenstein, Lidewij Schipper and Evert M. Van Schothorst
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 327; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091327 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 883
Abstract
Background: Lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, is the primary carbohydrate found in milk. Recently, there has been an increased demand for low lactose/lactose-free infant formulas. Maltodextrin (MDX) is a popular, alternative carbohydrate source in these formulas, yet the (long-term) health effects [...] Read more.
Background: Lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, is the primary carbohydrate found in milk. Recently, there has been an increased demand for low lactose/lactose-free infant formulas. Maltodextrin (MDX) is a popular, alternative carbohydrate source in these formulas, yet the (long-term) health effects of consuming maltodextrin in early life are unclear. Previously, consuming galactose (partly replacing glucose) in a postweaning diet was shown to improve metabolic health in mice. Objective: To investigate the effects of partly replacing MDX with galactose in post-weaning diets on body composition and energy metabolism. Methods: Weaned, individually housed female C57BL/6JRccHsd mice received isocaloric diets (in a dough ball format) with different carbohydrate profiles for three weeks (postnatal day (PN)21-PN42). GLUGAL (lactose mimic, n = 13) contained 15.7 en% glucose, 15.7 en% galactose and 14.9 en% MDX, and GAL (n = 12) contained 15.7 en% galactose, no glucose and 30.6 en% MDX. MDX (n = 13) contained 38.4 en% MDX and 7.9 en% glucose. Energy metabolism was assessed via indirect calorimetry from PN40-PN42. At PN42, all mice were challenged with a 40 en% high-fat diet (HFD) until PN105. Body composition was measured weekly using Echo-MRI. At PN105, fasted (4 h) mice were sacrificed for serum and tissue analysis. Results: At PN42, mice in both galactose-fed groups (GLUGAL and GAL) had a significantly lower body weight, fat mass and relative fat mass compared with the MDX group (p < 0.0001). The respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in both galactose-fed groups compared with the MDX group (p < 0.05), suggesting lower carbohydrate oxidation and thus higher relative fat oxidation levels. In parallel, both galactose-fed groups showed lower energy expenditure (p < 0.05). Discussion: The GAL mice were similar to the GLUGAL (lactose mimic) mice in terms of body weight, composition and energy metabolism, while being significantly different from the MDX group at PN42. These findings suggest an improvement of body composition and energy metabolism when replacing MDX with galactose. This study is the first to compare the effects of replacing part of MDX with galactose in early life and reinforces the impact of the type of carbohydrates on metabolic outcomes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
Impact of Nutrition Intervention on Mental Health Outcomes in Adults: Preliminary Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Lynsey Montgomery, Helene McNulty, Mary Ward, Shane Gordon, Michelle Clements, Leane Hoey and Catherine Hughes
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091324 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Background and objectives: Mental health disorders are the leading cause of ill health and disability in adults, with depression and anxiety being the most prevalent. Emerging evidence indicates roles for specific nutrients—particularly, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, folate, and the metabolically related B [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Mental health disorders are the leading cause of ill health and disability in adults, with depression and anxiety being the most prevalent. Emerging evidence indicates roles for specific nutrients—particularly, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, folate, and the metabolically related B vitamins (B12, B6 and riboflavin)—in protecting against depression and anxiety, but the evidence is conflicting. The aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the effect of intervention with nutritional factors on mental health outcomes in adults. Methods: Searches were conducted using the following electronic bibliographic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE and PsycINFO. Inclusion criteria were randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled dietary interventions, participants aged ≥18 years, study duration ≥12 weeks and depression or anxiety outcome measures. The risk of bias and quality of the evidence were assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 tool and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework, respectively. Results: A total of 83 studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 73 were included in the meta-analysis. Regarding the role of specific nutrients in depression, RCTs with B vitamins (standardised mean difference, SMD, −1.91 95% CI −3.69, −0.13) and zinc (SMD −0.59 95% CI −0.86, −0.30) indicated significant benefits in reducing depression. Although no overall effect of vitamin D intervention in reducing depression for studies was found, subgroup analysis showed a beneficial effect of 12-week duration (SMD −0.29 95% CI −0.57, −0.01), while no significant effect of omega-3 fatty acid intervention was observed (SMD −0.47 95% CI −0.98, 0.04). RCTs with vitamin D indicated beneficial effects in reducing anxiety (SMD −0.69 95% CI −1.27, −0.11). No significant effect of omega-3 fatty acids on anxiety was shown, while there were insufficient RCTs with B vitamins and zinc in relation to anxiety. Discussion: This preliminary analysis demonstrated a potential role for B vitamins, vitamin D and zinc, but no benefit of intervention with omega-3 fatty acids, on depression. Vitamin D may play a role in reducing anxiety, whereas omega-3 does not. Confirmation of these preliminary findings is required from new RCTs with relevant nutrients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 134 KiB  
Abstract
Comparative Analysis of Fatty Acid Profiles in Erythrocyte Membranes in Vegetarians Compared to Omnivores
by Marta Despotović, Jasmina Debeljak Martačić, Ivana Šarac, Gordana Petrović Oggiano, Slavica Ranković, Petar Jovanović and Marija Takić
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 325; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091325 - 18 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background: The fatty acid profiles in cellular membranes can be influenced by many endogenic and external factors, including diet. They are also associated with numerous metabolic and health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. Objective: This study provides a comparative analysis of the [...] Read more.
Background: The fatty acid profiles in cellular membranes can be influenced by many endogenic and external factors, including diet. They are also associated with numerous metabolic and health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and inflammation. Objective: This study provides a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles in subjects on vegetarian and omnivorous diets. Methods: The study enrolled 152 apparently healthy subjects, comprising 78 omnivores and 74 individuals who had followed a vegetarian diet for a minimum of 2 years, including 61 vegans and 13 lacto-ovo vegetarians. The subjects in the omnivore and vegetarian groups were matched by gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). The composition of the fatty acids in their erythrocyte membranes was determined using gas–liquid chromatography and presented as a percentage of total fatty acids. Results: The study revealed statistically significant differences in the fatty acid profiles: vegetarians had higher levels of oleic acid (OA, 18:1 n-9) (p < 0.001) and linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) (p < 0.001), while at the same time having lower levels of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3 n-6) (p < 0.05), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 22:5 n-3) (p < 0.001), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 n-3) (p < 0.001), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) (p < 0.001), and total omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) (p < 0.001) and a lower omega-3 index (p < 0.001). Additionally, they had lower omega-3 to omega-6 PUFA (p < 0.001); EPA/arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4 n-6) (p < 0.001); and DHA/ARA ratios (p < 0.001). The activity of delta-6 desaturases (D6D), estimated as the GLA/LA ratio, was higher in the omnivores (p < 0.005), while the activity of elongase 2 (ELOV2), estimated as the DPA/EPA ratio, was higher in the vegetarians (p < 0.005). Most of the differences presented in both vegans and vegetarians, except for GLA and D6D, where differences were observed only in vegans compared to omnivores. Discussion: This study highlights the distinct fatty acid profiles associated with vegan, lacto-ovo vegetarian, and omnivorous diets, suggesting their differential impact on inflammation, disease protection, and overall health. Understanding the implications of the fatty acid profiles within these dietary patterns can be used for personalized nutritional recommendations and supplementation for individuals adhering to specific dietary lifestyles. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 137 KiB  
Abstract
Are There Differences in Cytokine Profiles between Vegetarians and Omnivores?
by Marta Despotović, Slavko Mojsilović, Ivana Šarac, Jasmina Debeljak Martačić, Gordana Petrović Oggiano, Petar Jovanović and Marija Takić
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 331; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091331 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1072
Abstract
Background: According to scientific evidence, plant-based diets like vegetarian diets may be protective against chronic inflammatory disease. To date, the association of vegetarian nutrition with circulation CRP levels has been noticed and confirmed using meta-analyses. However, further studies are needed to clarify the [...] Read more.
Background: According to scientific evidence, plant-based diets like vegetarian diets may be protective against chronic inflammatory disease. To date, the association of vegetarian nutrition with circulation CRP levels has been noticed and confirmed using meta-analyses. However, further studies are needed to clarify the possible associations between other inflammation markers and vegetarian diets since such data are lacking. Objective: in this study, we investigated the serum levels of a panel of cytokines in vegetarians compared to omnivores by performing flow cytometry quantification of 13 cytokines using a commercially available LEGENDplex bead-based immunoassay kit. Methods: This study included apparently healthy subjects: 80 omnivores and 80 subjects who had been on a vegetarian diet for at least 2 years (67 vegans and 13 lacto-ovo vegetarians). Omnivores and vegetarians were matched for gender, age, and body mass index (BMI). Results: Statistically significant lower circulating levels of IFN-γ (p < 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.05), IL-6 (p < 0.05), IL-8 (p < 0.05), IL12p70 (p < 0.05), and IL-17A (p < 0.01) were found in vegetarians compared to omnivores. We also observed a trend for similar differences in IL-10 levels (p = 0.085). The levels of IL-1β, IFN-α2, MCP-1, IL-18, IL-23, and IL-33 did not statistically differ between the studied groups. Discussion: This study shows the link between plant-based diet and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines might be influenced by a plant-based diet, suggesting that this type of diet leads to the modulation of the cytokine network and inflammation responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 161 KiB  
Abstract
Variant of SNP 1799930 Identifies the Protective Character of High Metabolizing of Xenobiotics in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity
by Marcela Pinhel, Ligia Watanabe, Natalia Noronha, Guilherme Rodrigues, Fernando Barbosa Junior, Carolina Nicoletti and Carla Nonino
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 330; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091330 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 846
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Enzymes involved with acetylation capacity affects the metabolization of several xenobiotics that can be deposited in adipose tissue and hinder weight loss, leading to obesity. Our aim was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the xenobiotic’s metabolism and [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Enzymes involved with acetylation capacity affects the metabolization of several xenobiotics that can be deposited in adipose tissue and hinder weight loss, leading to obesity. Our aim was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to the xenobiotic’s metabolism and to associate such with the serum levels of heavy metals in an individual with excess body weight. Methods: The sample was selected at the Ribeirão Preto Medical School at the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Genotyping arrays were performed with 23 SNPs. Quality control and imputation steps were applied using the functions in the package ‘snpReady’ (CRAN) and ‘imput’ (Bioconductor). Results: This study selected 189 individuals of mixed ethnicity of both sexes, with a mean age of 42.2 ± 12.9 years and a mean BMI of 45.1 ± 11.4 kg/cm2. From the cluster of 23 evaluated SNPs, we observed a higher frequency of SNP 1799930 in the NAT2 gene (N-acetyltraferase). The genotypes were correlated to the serum levels of different metals. We observed that individuals homozygous for the mutant allele (AA), called fast metabolizers, had lower levels of aluminum (Al) (51.4 ± 18.9 µg/L) compared to those considered slow metabolizers (GG) (64.0 ± 37.2 µg/L; p = 0.02). No difference was observed when compared with heterozygosity (AG). Furthermore, the BMI of fast metabolizers (48.7 ± 12.8 kg/cm2) was higher than the slow metabolizer individuals (45.9 ± 10.4 kg/cm2; p < 0.05). Discussion: Fast metabolizers seem to have a greater Al metabolization only in homozygosis, that is, the dose-dependent gene, to exert its effect. Interestingly, the presence of the AA genotype is associated with a higher BMI, suggesting that larger studies should be carried out investigating the deposition of metals in adipose tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 149 KiB  
Abstract
Diet-Specific Multi-Omics Markers Associated with Metabolic Health Benefits Can Be Determined in Vegan Population
by Anna Ouradova, Monika Cahova, Jan Gojda, Alessio Naccarati, Giulio Ferrero, Marina Henikova and Tooba Asif
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 329; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091329 - 18 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1094
Abstract
Background and objectives: Diet is one of the fundamental factors that not only determines metabolic health but also shapes the gut microbiome and serum metabolome (MIME). Plant-based diets are associated with potential health benefits, but their effect on MIME remain to be elucidated. [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Diet is one of the fundamental factors that not only determines metabolic health but also shapes the gut microbiome and serum metabolome (MIME). Plant-based diets are associated with potential health benefits, but their effect on MIME remain to be elucidated. We sought to determine whether diet-dependent markers explaining the observed health benefits of a vegan diet could be identified in the MIME of vegans from different geographic regions. Methods: Lean, healthy vegans (n = 100) and omnivores (n = 73) with comparable BMI from two geographical regions (Czech Republic, Northern Italy) participated in the cross-sectional study. Based on their clinical characteristics and serum markers, we investigated their glucose and lipid metabolism and used an integrated multi-omics approach (16S rRNA sequencing, metabolomics and lipidomics profiling) to identify country- and diet-specific MIME markers. Results: Czech and Italian vegans exhibited more favorable lipid profile parameters compared to omnivores characterized by decreased serum concentrations of sphingomyelins, ceramides, cholesterol esters, and lipid species containing saturated fatty acid. Using a machine learning approach, we were able to discriminate between vegans and omnivores based on separate omics datasets, regardless of country of origin. By combining all MIME features, we were able to identify a vegan diet-specific multi-omics signature that allows for the classification of vegans and omnivores with high accuracy. Most of the vegan-specific variables were associated with favorable indices of lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, or body weight. Discussion: Most of the MIME markers that are down-regulated in vegans are predominantly associated with adverse health outcomes, whereas those that are up-regulated are associated with a healthy phenotype and a low risk of non-communicable diseases. Our findings support the potential use of a healthy plant-based diet in the treatment of metabolic disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 175 KiB  
Abstract
N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Profile Is Altered in Pregnant Women with Different Allergic Diseases
by Antonio Gázquez, Antonia M. Egea-Marín, Maya Sánchez-Martínez, Valentina Origüela, María D. Molina-Ruano, Luís García-Marcos and Elvira Larqué
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 334; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091334 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 926
Abstract
The incidence of allergic problems has notably increased in recent decades, affecting approximately 20% of the population and becoming a public health issue. Some studies have suggested that asthma and atopy could result from an increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids [...] Read more.
The incidence of allergic problems has notably increased in recent decades, affecting approximately 20% of the population and becoming a public health issue. Some studies have suggested that asthma and atopy could result from an increased dietary intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and a decreased intake of n-3 PUFA. During pregnancy, the fetus depends on the transplacental transfer of n-3 PUFA from maternal circulation, which implies that maternal lipid profile alterations might predispose to allergy onset during infancy and childhood. The aim of this study was to evaluate the circulating fatty acid profile in pregnant women with allergic problems as well as in fetal plasma at birth. Plasma samples from 73 allergic and 179 healthy pregnant women as well as cord venous plasma were collected at delivery in the NELA cohort (Murcia, Spain). Maternal allergy was diagnosed according to the symptoms and via a positive skin prick test. The fatty acid profile was determined by gas cromatography. The allergic mothers had a lower percentage of n-3 PUFA in the plasma compared to the healthy ones (Allergic: 4.06 ± 0.15 vs. Control: 4.66 ± 0.11, p = 0.002), especially in those with asthma or food allergies. This contributed to a significantly higher n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in women with allergies (Allergic: 9.45 ± 0.31 vs. Control: 8.28 ± 0.20, p = 0.002), mainly asthma and food allergies, which was indicative of a proinflammatory status. The same tendency was observed in women affected by atopic dermatitis (p = 0.094). In cord blood, despite the fact that there were no differences in the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio between the groups, the fetuses born from allergic mothers showed a tendency towards lower n-3 PUFA content compared to those born from healthy mothers (Allergic: 5.63 ± 0.19 vs. Control: 6.17 ± 0.21, p = 0.093). In conclusion, allergy led to a decreased n-3 PUFA and an increased n6-/n-3 ratio fatty acid profile in pregnant women at delivery, especially in those affected by asthma and food allergies. The same tendency was observed in cord plasma. A higher n-3 PUFA consumption could be desirable in women with allergic diseases in order to improve their lipid profile and proinflammatory status and their offspring’s health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 178 KiB  
Abstract
Effect of Fermented Food Products as Vitamin K Dietary Sources on the Development of Atherosclerotic Lesions in ApoE/LDLR−/− Mice
by Magdalena Franczyk-Żarów, Barbara Czosnowska, Hayat Aragaw Hassen, Agata Strojewska, Izabela Czyzynska-Cichon, Agnieszka Kij and Renata B. Kostogrys
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 336; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091336 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1034
Abstract
The term vitamin K refers to a group of similarly structured fat-soluble compounds. One of the vitamin K forms is phylloquinone, known as vitamin K1. The main nutritional sources of vitamin K1 are green, leafy vegetables like kale, beetroot, spinach and broccoli. Other [...] Read more.
The term vitamin K refers to a group of similarly structured fat-soluble compounds. One of the vitamin K forms is phylloquinone, known as vitamin K1. The main nutritional sources of vitamin K1 are green, leafy vegetables like kale, beetroot, spinach and broccoli. Other forms of vitamin K are menaquinones (vitamin K2) that can further be divided into a few subtypes depending on the number of isoprenoid residues in the side chain (MK-n). Besides MK-4, bacteria synthesize all menaquinones. As such, the main dietary sources of vitamin K2 are natto, dairy (especially fermented products, e.g., cheese), meat and eggs. Until recently, vitamin K was associated with the regulation of the coagulation system. Interest in the biological activity of these compounds increased once it was discovered that vitamin K2 affects the processes of the calcification of both bones and soft tissues. Vitamin K can reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. The objective of the present study was to verify the hypothesis about the effectiveness of dietary vitamin K2 as an anti-atherosclerotic agent. An in vivo experiment on ApoE/LDLR−/− mice was conducted to verify this hypothesis. Two month-old mice were fed AIN-93G modified diets containing vitamin K-rich products, i.e., natto, cheese (Munster), sauerkraut and synthetic vitamin K2 MK-7 (100 μg/kg b.w./day) for 8 weeks. The body weight, weight of organs and glucose concentration were determined. Blood was taken and the aorta dissected. The investigation included both the area of lesions and biochemical parameters such as lipid profile. Quantification of the atherosclerotic area in entire aorta was performed by an en face method. The lipid profile was determined automatically by ABX Pentra 400 (Horiba Medical, Kyoto, Japan). The concentration of vitamins K was determined using UHPLC-MS/MS technique in feaces. Body weights of mice fed MK-7 and Munster were significant decreased compared to Control (respectively, 20.01 and 19.98 vs 21.45 [g]). Liver’s weight of mice fed Munster was significantly increased in comparison to other groups (5.70 vs 4.53 [g/100g] in Control). Glucose concentration was unchanged. Significant changes in plasma lipid profile of mice fed modified diets, especially in groups fed Munster and Sauerkraut, were observed. Total cholesterol and LDL concentrations were significantly increased in Munster and Sauerkraut compared to Control (respectively, for TC 20.45 and 19.80 vs 15.95 [mmol/L]; for LDL 17.15 and 11.94 vs 7.85 [mmol/L]). Moreover, TAG level was significantly increased in Sauerkraut in comparison to Control (2.87 vs 2.23 [mmol/L]). The main forms of vitamin K identified in mouse feaces were menaquinones MK-6. Nutritional factors with an alleviating effect on the development of atherosclerotic plaques are still being investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 165 KiB  
Abstract
Markers of Dysmetabolism Revealed Using a Dietary Challenge and Dry Blood Spots in a Remotely Executed Clinical Trial
by Stephany Gonçalves Duarte, Tushar More, Carlos Mario Donado-Pestana, Rosa Maria Cerdeira Barros, Elias Da Silva Araújo, Karsten Hiller and Jarlei Fiamoncini
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 339; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091339 - 19 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: The physiological changes that take place after the ingestion of a meal are largely controlled by insulin and can reflect changes in the response to this hormone. Different studies have reported metabolic differences among groups of subjects in the postprandial [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The physiological changes that take place after the ingestion of a meal are largely controlled by insulin and can reflect changes in the response to this hormone. Different studies have reported metabolic differences among groups of subjects in the postprandial state, while failing at detecting differences in the fasted state. Dry blood spots (DBS) are a non-invasive tool for sampling and storing small volumes of biological fluids, useful in biomarker discovery studies or the analysis of responses to interventions. The aim of this study was to identify markers of dysregulated glucose postprandial metabolism in a clinical study conducted remotely, using DBS as a sampling strategy. Methods: 100 males and females (18–60 y.o., BMI: 18.5–34.9 kg/m2) went through a dietary challenge based on the intake of an energy-dense meal (75 g glucose, 60 g canola oil and 20 g casein) and blood sampling (as DBS) at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 min. Capillary glycaemia was monitored using a portable glucometer. DBS samples were analyzed in an untargeted metabolomic platform using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Results: The outcomes of the study confirm the viability of the remotely executed clinical study. Performing the dietary challenges at the homes of the study subjects did not interfere with the quality of the data collected. The subjects were sorted according to glucose AUC and divided into two groups. The blood levels of markers of insulin resistance such as branched-chain amino acids and tyrosine were increased in the subjects with the larger glucose AUC. The concentration of metabolites associated with glucose metabolism (monosaccharides, lactate and Krebs cycle metabolites) were also increased is the blood of individuals with higher AUC, in comparison to those with lower AUC values. Moreover, 30 other unidentified metabolites also displayed higher concentrations in the DBS collected from individuals with larger AUC of glucose, indicating a number of compounds with marker quality that remain to be identified. Discussion: This is the first clinical study that employed DBS as a sampling strategy during a dietary challenge and successfully described a metabolic signature of glucose metabolism dysregulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 153 KiB  
Abstract
An Animal Model to Investigate Postprandial Metabolism
by Larissa Rodrigues, Tushar More, Carlos Mario Donado-Pestana, Amanda Domingos Vasconcelos, Vinicius Bonfieti Mantovam, Karsten Hiller and Jarlei Fiamoncini
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 337; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091337 - 19 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Bile acids (BA) are recognized as metabolic integrators that participate in the regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation. Their concentration in the plasma increases several-fold after a meal. The postprandial period is characterized by physiological changes to accommodate the alterations [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Bile acids (BA) are recognized as metabolic integrators that participate in the regulation of energy metabolism and inflammation. Their concentration in the plasma increases several-fold after a meal. The postprandial period is characterized by physiological changes to accommodate the alterations in nutrient availability and a systemic inflammatory response. An animal model would be an important tool to investigate postprandial metabolism, but there is no fully characterized model, and it is uncertain whether human responses to a meal can be reproduced in animals. This study aimed to characterize an animal model for investigating postprandial metabolism and inflammation, with a focus on the role of BA in the modulation of postprandial inflammation. Methods: Changes in plasma BA levels and hepatic cytokine concentrations were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 50) at different time points after the ingestion of a high-fat meal (fasting, 60, 120, 180, and 300 min). Results: Plasma BA levels were quantified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and hepatic inflammatory marker content was assessed using Western blotting. As a result, we observed that unlike humans, rats showed a predominance of unconjugated BA (~70%) both during fasting and throughout the postprandial period in the plasma, with cholic acid being the most abundant species (~36%). On the other hand, rats exhibited a postprandial inflammatory response with a temporal resolution like that observed in humans. In the liver, two hours after meal ingestion, the content of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) was 30% higher than in the fasting state (p = 0.0071). Discussion: TLR-4 is a receptor that interacts with intracellular adaptors to activate tumor necrosis factor κB (NF-κB), which also increased in the liver three hours after meal ingestion (p = 0.0208). Increased hepatic mRNA expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was also observed at 60 min. Preliminary analysis demonstrated that rats exhibit postprandial inflammation in the liver and may constitute a valid experimental model to investigate postprandial alterations also observed in clinical trials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 140 KiB  
Abstract
Dietary Habits as Acne Trigger
by Esma Karahmet Farhat, Ines Banjari and Tamara Jovović Sadiković
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 340; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091340 - 19 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1419
Abstract
Acne is the most common skin disease in the world and reason to visit a dermatologist. It affects more than 95% of adolescents, 3% of men and 12% of adult women. Exposure to stress, fast lifestyles, hormonal imbalances, gut dysbiosis, associated diseases, and [...] Read more.
Acne is the most common skin disease in the world and reason to visit a dermatologist. It affects more than 95% of adolescents, 3% of men and 12% of adult women. Exposure to stress, fast lifestyles, hormonal imbalances, gut dysbiosis, associated diseases, and eating habits can significantly contribute to the worsening of acne. The modern concept of acne treatment is holistic, and pays significantly more attention to the human microbiota than before. A properly balanced diet provides nutrients that the human body needs to function and reduces the appearance of acne. Significant differences between adults and adolescents have been observed in the daily intake of PUFAs and calcium, and nearly significant differences have been reported for vitamin B intake. Adults consume a more balanced diet compared to adolescents. Subjects and methods: Using a questionnaire, data were collected (anthropometry, general health status, comorbidities, use of medicines and supplements, dietary and lifestyle habits; additional data on women and the menstrual cycle) from 60 dermatological patients of both genders, aged 15–46 years, from Sarajevo. A significance level of 0.05 was used. Analysis was performed using Statistica software (version 14.0, StatSoft Inc., Tulsa, OK, USA). The research aimed to determine whether and how dietary habits influence the severity, etiology, and incidence of acne in both genders. Results and Discussion: The average BMI of the patients was 22.4 ± 3.4 kg/m2. It was found that men have less acne, but a more severe form. In total, 53% of patients had a positive family history of acne. The majority of acne has an unknown etiology (41.7%), followed by bacterial (30%) and hormonal (28.3%) causes. Hormonal acne was present exclusively in women. The average compliance of the patient’s diet with the principles of the Paleo diet was 54%, and the respondents most rarely consumed fish, and very often sweets, salty and fast food. Significant differences between the adults and adolescents were found in the daily intake of PUFAs (p = 0.023) and calcium (p = 0.049), and nearly significant differences in vitamin B intake (pvit B9 = 0.059). Supplements were taken daily by 82% of the respondents, most often including herbal teas (67%), vitamin C (40%), and vitamin D (38%). Whey protein was consumed by 10% of the patients, and it has been confirmed that this can be a trigger for the appearance of acne. Conclusions: A positive correlation was found between the number of meals and the severity of acne. Patients with fewer meals per day had a mild form of acne. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 131 KiB  
Abstract
Characterising Diurnal and Irregularity Eating Patterns and Their Relationship with Obesity in the Italian Population in the INRAN-SCAI 2005–2006 Nutrition Survey
by Luigi Palla and Laura Lopez Sanchez
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 346; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091346 - 20 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Late food intake has been linked to weight gain while early meals have been associated with weight loss and maintenance. However, the impact of temporal (diurnal) eating patterns summarising the time of food intake throughout the day and the eating [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Late food intake has been linked to weight gain while early meals have been associated with weight loss and maintenance. However, the impact of temporal (diurnal) eating patterns summarising the time of food intake throughout the day and the eating time irregularity across surveyed days has been less investigated. INRAN-SCAI is a cross-sectional nutrition survey conducted in 2005–2006 in a representative sample of the Italian population, collecting diet diaries over 3 days, including a questionnaire with socio-demographic and anthropometric variables. We aimed to characterise diurnal and irregularity eating patterns (DIEPs) and investigate their association with BMI/obesity in Italian adults (18–64 ys). Methods: We derived the DIEPs by Principal Component Analysis (with covariance matrix) jointly on indices of average and irregularity of energy intake using the reduced six time intervals corresponding to common eating time slots in Italy. The first five DIEPs explained 93% of the total variance, with the first DIEP score increasing with energy intake at main meals. A mixed-effect model with random intercept accounting for the correlation within household (ICC) was applied including only adults (complete case analysis n = 2022), with BMI as outcome, the main DIEPs as exposures and a set of confounders identified by a causal diagram. Results: The model resulted in a positive association of BMI with the first DEP (b = 0.75 per 100% score, p = 0.009; ICC = 0.195, p < 0.0001). A positive significant association also resulted between BMI and the third DIEP (10% variance) whose score increased with energy intake at snack times outside main meals (b = 0.89 per 100% score, p = 0.013) and with the fifth DIEP (6.4% variance), which mainly captured food intake at night and irregularity of intake at night (b = 0.34 per 100% score, p = 0.028). Discussion: Despite the limitations of a cross-sectional design, this study indicates that in the Italian adult population BMI tended to increase not only with large energy intake at main meals and at snack times but also with energy intake and irregularity of intake at night. This is in line with recent findings in the British population, indicating the relevance of surveying and modifying DIEPs, beside average daily intake, for obesity management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 151 KiB  
Abstract
Can Planetary Health Mean Population Health? Higher Adherence to the EAT-Lancet Reference Diet Is Inversely Associated with Mortality in a UK Population of Cancer Survivors
by Nena Karavasiloglou, Giulia Pestoni, Anika Knuppel, Keren Papier, Aedín Cassidy, Tilman Kühn and Sabine Rohrmann
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 353; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091353 - 20 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Advancements in treatment and care, as well as early detection, have contributed to an increase in cancer survival rates. However, limited evidence exists on the optimal diet that should be followed by people after receiving a cancer diagnosis and how [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Advancements in treatment and care, as well as early detection, have contributed to an increase in cancer survival rates. However, limited evidence exists on the optimal diet that should be followed by people after receiving a cancer diagnosis and how it may affect their survival outcomes. Recently, the EAT-Lancet Commission on Food, Planet, Health proposed the “planetary health diet” as a diet within the planetary boundaries. We aimed to investigate, for the first time, the association between adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet and mortality in cancer survivors. Methods: Using data from the UK Biobank cohort, we created a sub-population of cancer survivors, based on cancer-registry diagnoses. Data from the UK Biobank’s Touchscreen questionnaire were used to develop a score reflecting adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet. Cox proportional hazards regression models were fitted to assess the association of the EAT-Lancet reference diet score with all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality in cancer survivors. Results: Better adherence to the EAT-Lancet reference diet was inversely associated with all-cause and cancer mortality, while mostly null associations were seen for cardiovascular mortality. Stratified analyses using potential effect modifiers led to largely similar results. Discussion: Our findings support the notion that the adoption of the EAT-Lancet reference diet has the potential to be beneficial for cancer survivors. Additional studies are needed in this specific population to further assess their post-diagnostic needs as well as the perceived barriers to the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 143 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Time-Restricted Hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Preliminary Data from the CHRONO-NAFLD Project
by Sofia Tsitsou, Evangelos Cholongitas, Triada Bali, Antonia Neonaki, Kalliopi-Anna Poulia and Emilia Papakonstantinou
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 359; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091359 - 20 Feb 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1123
Abstract
Background and objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is spreading at alarming rates, representing a serious public health problem, and it is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. This study aims to evaluate the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) along with [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is spreading at alarming rates, representing a serious public health problem, and it is the most common cause of chronic liver disease. This study aims to evaluate the effects of time-restricted feeding (TRF) along with a hypocaloric Mediterranean Diet (MD) on body weight and biochemical indices. Methods: This 12-week, open-label, randomized controlled trial [NCT05866744] consists of three interventional groups following a personalized diet (1500-2100 kcal/day): control group (MD without time restriction), early 14:10 TRF, and delayed 14:10 TRF. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical analyses are carried out at baseline and 12 weeks. Results: We recruited sixty NAFLD patients with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 31.8 ± 0.8 kg/m2 and a mean age of 51.05 ± 2.74 years, out of whom twenty-one (10 males, 47.6%) have completed the ongoing trial (control n = 7, early TRF n = 6, delayed TRF n = 8). There was no difference in body weight between the groups at 12 weeks, but each group lost significant body weight compared to baseline (control: 6.3%, p = 0.015; early and delayed TRF: 8%, p = 0.004, and p = 0.001, respectively). The three groups differed in total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 12 weeks. Significant decreases in BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were observed in all groups. Additionally, in the control group, there was a decrease in fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), alanine aminotransferase, and controlled attenuation parameter derived from elastography; while in the early TRF group, there was a tendency for lower glycated hemoglobin A1c. Finally, in the delayed TRF group, fasting glucose, gamma-glutamyl-transferase, and alkaline phosphatase were improved compared to baseline. There was no difference in pleasure rate between the three interventions at baseline or 12 weeks. Discussion: These preliminary data show that 14:10 TRF led to clinically significant weight loss (>5%), mainly via fat mass loss, and to an improved lipid profile, regardless of the time restrictions placed on food intake. Consequently, TRF could be an alternative weight loss strategy for individuals with NAFLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 144 KiB  
Abstract
The Association between Body Fluid Rate with Plasma Lipid Profile, Independent of Adiposity in Young Adults
by Xin Liu, Junqi Li, Jiawen Xie, Guoqing Ma, Kun Xu and Jiaomei Yang
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 355; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091355 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1031
Abstract
Objectives: Body water is fundamental in human metabolism. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between body fluid rate (BFR) with plasma lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, among apparently healthy young Chinese adults. Methods: [...] Read more.
Objectives: Body water is fundamental in human metabolism. The current study aimed to evaluate the associations between body fluid rate (BFR) with plasma lipid profiles, including triglycerides, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)/low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, among apparently healthy young Chinese adults. Methods: The study subjects were from the phase 1 sample of the ‘Carbohydrate Alternatives and Metabolic Phenotypes’ study. After excluding those lacking blood samples, a total of 95 subjects with an average age of 22.6 years were included in the analysis. Total body water (TBW) and body fluid rate (BFR) were measured using bioelectrical impendence analysis (TANITA, BC-420). General linear regression was used to evaluate the associations between body fluid rate with plasma lipid profiles. Results: The mean (SD) of TBW was 39.7 (4.7) kg and 26.8 (2.2) kg for males and females, respectively, while the mean (SD) of BFR was 55.8 ± 3.1 and 50.4 ± 2.1 for males and females, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, education attainment, smoking status, alcohol drinking habits, and physical activity level, negative associations (β, SE) were observed between BFR with triglycerides (−0.06, 0.02, p < 0.001) and LDL cholesterol (−0.07, 0.02, p = 0.003), while no significant associations were detected for total cholesterol (−0.06, 0.03, p = 0.052) and HDL cholesterol (0.02, 0.01, p = 0.074). These associations were not substantially changed with further adjustment of body mass index. In the stratified analysis by gender, the direction of the associations was not changed, but BFR was negatively associated with LDL cholesterol (−0.09, 0.04, p = 0.049) in males, and with triglycerides (−0.05, 0.02, p = 0.043) in females only. Conclusions: In apparently healthy young Chinese adults, BFR was negatively associated with triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, independent of body adiposity level. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 174 KiB  
Abstract
Vitamin E and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Adults: Results from the Health Survey of São Paulo with Focus on Nutrition (ISA-Nutrition)
by Marcela Larissa Costa, Cristiane Hermes Sales, Paula Victoria Felix, Jaqueline Lopes Pereira, Marcelo Macedo Rogero, Flavia Mori Sarti and Regina Mara Fisberg
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 356; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091356 - 20 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Background and Objectives: Dietary vitamin E intake has high rates of inadequacies in Latin America, which may be potentially associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to compare vitamin E intake and plasma vitamin E concentrations among cardiovascular disease [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Dietary vitamin E intake has high rates of inadequacies in Latin America, which may be potentially associated with increased cardiovascular risk. The objective of this study was to compare vitamin E intake and plasma vitamin E concentrations among cardiovascular disease risk factor (CVDR) groups from adults living in the urban area of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Data from 198 individuals aged 18 to 59 years were obtained from the 2015 Health Survey of São Paulo, a population-based cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was measured using two 24 h dietary recalls, and the usual dietary intake of vitamin E was calculated using the Multiple Source Method. Blood samples were analyzed to obtain plasma vitamin E concentration, serum lipid profile, insulin, and fasting glucose. Blood pressure, weight, and height were collected, and body mass index was calculated. CVDR was categorized as having three or more conditions: obesity, elevated systolic or diastolic blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and high fasting plasma glucose or insulin resistance. Student’s t-test assessed comparisons between vitamin E values in groups of cardiovascular risk factors. Results: The mean intake of vitamin E was 6.43 mg/d, which was equivalent to 53.65% of the EAR reference values. Ninety eight percent of the sample had dietary inadequacy of vitamin E. Mean plasma α-tocopherol was 19.98 μmol/L. The majority of the sample was female (57.6%), and 29.1% had three or more CVDR. Plasma values of α-tocopherol differed between individuals with three or more CVDR (mean: 21.86; SD: 9.16 μmol/L) compared to those with less than three CVDR (mean: 29.24; SD: 7.30 μmol/L), observing t(196) = −1.87, p = 0.003. There were no statistical differences in vitamin E intake between CVDR groups. Discussion: Our findings showed the severe inadequacy of vitamin E intake in the adult population of São Paulo. Moreover, individuals with higher numbers of CVDR had lower plasma values of vitamin E, which may indicate a necessity to increase vitamin E intake in individuals at higher risk. These results are particularly worrying, given the preventive function vitamin E intake may provide for individuals at higher cardiovascular risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 165 KiB  
Abstract
Development and Validation of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Polyphenol Intake and Its Association with Inflammation in the Portuguese Population: Study Plan
by Lizaveta Hilman, Cláudia Nunes Santos and Nuno Mendonça
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 360; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091360 - 20 Feb 2024
Viewed by 1185
Abstract
Background: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lifelong inflammatory diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Polyphenols are phytochemicals that are found in plant-based diets and possess beneficial health properties. Nutritional research has reported that a higher intake of polyphenols [...] Read more.
Background: Conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are lifelong inflammatory diseases that involve chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Polyphenols are phytochemicals that are found in plant-based diets and possess beneficial health properties. Nutritional research has reported that a higher intake of polyphenols is associated with several health benefits. However, despite the health importance, measuring polyphenol intake in free-living subjects is challenging. There is a need to quantify polyphenol intake. Currently, there is a lack of validated food frequency questionnaires (FFQs) available for the assessment of polyphenol intake in the Portuguese population. Objectives: The purpose of this research is to (1) develop and validate a new food frequency questionnaire to assess the dietary polyphenol intake in the Portuguese population and (2) to use the validated FFQ to assess the relationship between the polyphenol intake and the inflammatory status in IBD patients. Hypothesis: Higher polyphenol intake is negatively associated with inflammatory biomarkers, such as calprotectin, C-reactive protein and inflammatory cytokines in IBD. Methods: To develop a semiquantitative FFQ consisting of max. 150 items by adapting the existing Portuguese FFQ and adding polyphenol-rich foods. Polyphenol data will be obtained from Phenol-Explorer, the USDA database, published literature and laboratory total phenol analysis. Dietary intake will be obtained from 100 adults. Population group—Portuguese, male and female. Validation will be calculated using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman’s correlation and Bland–Altman statistics between 24-HRs and FFQs, corrected for attenuation from the within-person variation in the recalls. Discussion: A study will be conducted to assess the polyphenol intake using the validated FFQ in free-living IBD patients, and to measure the symptom severity and inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein, inflammatory cytokines and calprotectin) to assess the association between the polyphenol consumption and the inflammatory status of IBD patients. Based on these data, patients will be stratified by low, medium or high polyphenol consumers and correlated with inflammation and symptom severity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 141 KiB  
Abstract
Fatty Acid Profile and Health Lipid Quality Indices of Daily Meals Provided in Kindergartens in Novi Sad, Serbia
by Radmila Velicki, Milka Popović, Sanja Bijelović and Ljilja Torović
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 367; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091367 - 23 Feb 2024
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Abstract
Dietary fats, consisting of fatty acids (FAs), have diverse implications for disease prevention and treatment. Understanding the quality of dietary lipids is essential for managing chronic conditions and establishing food-based dietary guidelines. FAs naturally occur as mixtures of saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and [...] Read more.
Dietary fats, consisting of fatty acids (FAs), have diverse implications for disease prevention and treatment. Understanding the quality of dietary lipids is essential for managing chronic conditions and establishing food-based dietary guidelines. FAs naturally occur as mixtures of saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs), and polyunsaturated FAs (PUFAs), and their nutritional and medicinal values are evaluated using specific indices. This study aimed to assess the FA profiles and lipid quality indices of daily meals served in kindergartens located in Novi Sad, Serbia. During the autumn, winter, and spring seasons of the 2022/2023 year, meal (breakfast, snack, and lunch) sampling was conducted in a randomized manner on 15 unannounced days in each season. The nutritional composition and energy value of the sampled meals were determined, as well as their FA composition (GC-FID). The findings indicated that the average energy value of the daily meals met the recommendations of national regulations, as well as the daily fat intake, with a total fat intake amounting to 24.5 g/day during both the autumn and winter seasons and 23.4 g/day in the spring season. The predominant FAs were SFAs; their average intake was 11.9, 13.4, and 12.1 g/day during autumn, winter, and spring, respectively. MUFA intake exhibited minor variations across the seasons, with mean intakes of 7.8, 7.6, and 7.4 g/day, respectively. The highest mean PUFA intake was observed during autumn (4.8 g/day), while the winter and spring seasons displayed intakes of 3.5 and 4.0 g/day, respectively. Furthermore, regarding the lipid quality indices, the highest average values of PUFAs/SFAs, considered desirable, were identified during autumn (0.51 ± 0.31), whereas the lowest values were observed in winter (0.32 ± 0.27). The atherogenicity (IA) and thrombogenicity (IT) indices consistently exceeded the recommended value of one across all seasons, indicating an unfavorable lipid quality. The lowest IA (1.07 ± 0.66) and IT values (1.11 ± 0.49) were recorded during autumn. These results have significant implications for establishing national guidelines and nutrition standards, particularly for preschool-aged children, aiming to enhance health outcomes and mitigate the burden of chronic diseases on the healthcare system in the Republic of Serbia. Improving the lipid quality of meals provided in kindergartens can contribute to these objectives. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 139 KiB  
Abstract
Predictors of Reduced Bone Mineral Density in Children and Adolescents with Anorexia Nervosa
by Esma Karahmet Farhat, Orjena Žaja, Ines Banjari and Ivana Smolić
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 384; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091384 - 28 Feb 2024
Viewed by 763
Abstract
The complexity of eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa (AN), is associated with reduced bone mass (RBM) caused by much more than calorie restriction. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of reduced bone mass (RBM) in children and adolescents with [...] Read more.
The complexity of eating disorders, especially anorexia nervosa (AN), is associated with reduced bone mass (RBM) caused by much more than calorie restriction. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of reduced bone mass (RBM) in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN), with the consideration of endotypes. This retrospective study with prospective data collection enrolled 197 hospitalized patients, including 65% with a restrictive type, 25% with a purgative type and 10% with an Eating Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. At the time of hospitalization, the patients already had a noticeable RBM, which did not differ according to their endotype. The age of patients at the time of hospitalization (14.9 ± 2.5 years) was confirmed as an independent risk factor for SKM (41.1% higher risk in older patients). Prevalence of RBM did not differ between the endotypes. However, at the time of hospitalization, the patients already had an RBM, which did not differ by the endotype. Patients’ age at hospitalization (14.9 ± 2.5 years) is an independent risk factor for RBM (41.1% higher risk with older age). Body mass at hospitalization directly correlates with bone density (r = 0.531; p < 0.01) and is another independent risk factor for RBD. The risk drops by 9.6% per each kg of body mass more at hospitalization and by 5.7% per each kg body mass more before the diagnosis. Interestingly, longer nutritional support during hospitalization (per day) independently reduces the risk of RBM by 8.4%. The results confirm RBM, which worsens with AN duration, regardless of the endotype. There is a need for an early diagnosis and adequate physical recovery in order to prevent long-term consequences from fractures to osteoporosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 143 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of a Diabetes-Specific Formula on Glycemic Control and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
by Siew Ling Tey, Winnie Siew Swee Chee, Yatin Berde, Geraldine Baggs and Dieu Thi Thu Huynh
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091395 - 4 Mar 2024
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Abstract
Lifestyle modification, including nutrition therapy, plays an important role in diabetes management. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a diabetes-specific formula (DSF) on glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A [...] Read more.
Lifestyle modification, including nutrition therapy, plays an important role in diabetes management. The objective of this randomized controlled trial was to investigate the effects of a diabetes-specific formula (DSF) on glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A total of 251 adult men and women with type 2 diabetes on oral anti-hyperglycemic medication(s) were enrolled, and 235 were randomly assigned to one of two study treatments: (i) DSF with standard of care (DSF group) (n = 117) or (ii) standard of care alone (control group) (n = 118). The DSF group was asked to consume either one serving of DSF (if baseline BMI ≥ 23.0 and <27.5 kg/m2) or two servings of DSF (if baseline BMI ≥ 27.5 and <35.0 kg/m2) as a meal replacement (MR) or partial MR. Blood biomarkers, anthropometry, body composition, and blood pressure were assessed at baseline, day 45, and day 90. Mean (SE) HbA1c of participants was 7.94 (0.05)% and BMI was 28.37 (0.21) kg/m2 at baseline. The DSF group had a significantly greater reduction in HbA1c than the control group at day 45 (−0.44% vs. −0.26%; p = 0.015) and day 90 (−0.50% vs. −0.21%; p = 0.002). Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in the DSF group at Day 90 (−0.14 mmol/L vs. +0.32 mmol/L; p = 0.036). The DSF group lost twice as much weight as the control group at day 45 (−1.30 kg vs. −0.61 kg; p < 0.001) and day 90 (−1.74 kg vs. −0.76 kg; p < 0.001). Waist circumference, hip circumference, fat mass, and visceral adipose tissue were significantly lower in the DSF group compared to the control group (all overall p ≤ 0.004). The DSF group also had significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (overall p = 0.045) and systolic blood pressure at day 90 (p = 0.043). This study demonstrated that consuming DSF as a MR or partial MR in addition to the standard of care resulted in significantly greater improvements in glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes compared to the standard of care alone. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 136 KiB  
Abstract
Meal Glycemic Load, Meal Frequency, and Alertness: Mediation Effect of Glucose Concentration
by Perdana S. T. Suyoto, Mariëlle G. de Rijk, Jeanne H. M. de Vries and Edith J. M. Feskens
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 387; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091387 - 1 Mar 2024
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Night shift workers experience circadian disruption that may manifest in poor alertness. This study aimed to explain the mediation by acute glucose concentration resulting from the assignment of meals varying in glycemic load (high and low) and meal frequency (1 [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Night shift workers experience circadian disruption that may manifest in poor alertness. This study aimed to explain the mediation by acute glucose concentration resulting from the assignment of meals varying in glycemic load (high and low) and meal frequency (1 and 3) on alertness parameters, including the number of lapses, reaction time median (RTMed), and variability (RTVar). Methods: A two-arm randomized cross-over trial was conducted on female nurses working night shifts. In each of the study arms, the 1-MEAL and 3-MEAL arms, the participants followed three intervention periods consisting of the provision of high glycemic load (GL) or low GL meals in the form of yogurts with either dextrose added or the combination of lactose and fructose or fasting (no meal) during three consecutive night shifts with a 2-week washout period. In the 1-MEAL arm, the participants were provided with one meal (1-high GL or 1-low GL), while three meals were provided in the 3-MEAL arm (3-high GL or 3-low GL). Twenty-four-hour interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using continuous glucose monitors during the interventions. The participants performed brief psychomotor vigilance tasks (PVT-B) at 04:00 h. Mediation analysis was performed to determine whether the meal glycemic load effect on the number of lapses, RTMed, and RTVar was explained by the mean glucose concentration 120 min prior to performing the PVT. Result: A mediation effect of mean glucose concentrations on RTVar was observed, for instance, in 1-high GL (βind = 16.23 mmol/L, 95%CI: 1.62, 33.89) and 3-high GL (βind = 8.85 mmol/L, 95%CI: 0.90, 19.33) compared to no meal. Significant mediation effects of mean glucose concentrations on RTVar were also detected between 3-high vs. 1-high GL, 1-high GL vs. 1-low GL, and 3-high GL vs. 3-low GL. However, no mediation effect was observed on the number of lapses or RTMed. Discussion: In summary, mediation analysis suggests that an elevated mean glucose concentration 120 min prior to performing the PVT increased the reaction time variability, indicating difficulties in maintaining attention. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 133 KiB  
Abstract
Investigation to Isolate the Acute Metabolic Effects of Carbohydrate Restriction on Postprandial Substrate Metabolism with or without Energy Restriction
by Hayriye Biyikoglu, Adam Collins and Denise Robertson
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 396; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091396 - 5 Mar 2024
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Abstract
Intermittent energy-restricted diets have shown improved metabolic health and alterations in postprandial glucose and lipid responses. Given these diets’ inherent low carbohydrate content due to fasting and carbohydrates’ crucial role in postprandial metabolism, it is essential to determine if the observed benefits are [...] Read more.
Intermittent energy-restricted diets have shown improved metabolic health and alterations in postprandial glucose and lipid responses. Given these diets’ inherent low carbohydrate content due to fasting and carbohydrates’ crucial role in postprandial metabolism, it is essential to determine if the observed benefits are primarily due to decreased carbohydrate consumption. This study aims to evaluate the acute metabolic effects of carbohydrate restriction on postprandial substrate metabolism, both in the presence and absence of energy restriction, compared to an iso-caloric balanced diet. Twelve (six male) healthy adults (27.33 ± 1.82; 26.64 ± 1.64 kg/m2) participated in this acute, three-arm crossover study. Participants consumed three pre-prepared intervention diets for one day (36 h), each separated by a 5-day washout period: a normal-carbohydrate (55% of energy) energy-balanced diet (nEB), a low-carbohydrate (50 g/day) energy-balanced (100% energy) diet (LCEB), and a low-carbohydrate (50 g/day) energy-restricted (25% energy) diet (LC25). Following each 36 h diet phase, blood metabolites were measured in the morning fasted state and serially across 360 min postprandially. Concurrently, substrate utilization (RQ) and energy expenditure were evaluated using indirect calorimetry. Data were analysed using repeated-measures ANOVA and Wilcoxon signed-ranks, with results displayed as mean ± SEM. Resting energy expenditure and postprandial thermogenesis showed no significant difference across the three study arms (p > 0.05) although RQ was markedly decreased in both LC arms (p < 0.001). Elevated hepatic 3-β-hydroxybutyrate production was observed in both low-carb groups compared to control (p < 0.01). Following 36 h of both low-carbohydrate diet improved postprandial TAG levels (p < 0.001). However, glucose tolerance was impaired in both low-carb diets (p = 0.04), while insulin responses showed no statistical difference between all diets (p > 0.05). Fasted and postprandial NEFA levels increased in both low-carb diets (p = 0.02, p < 0.01, respectively). Similarly, fasting GLP-1 levels rose in low-carb arms (p < 0.5), declining postprandially (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between them in all analysed parameters (p < 0.05). This data suggest that limiting carbohydrates without concurrent energy restriction can mimic the short-term metabolic effects of fasting. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term impacts of intermittent low-carb diets and their viability as alternatives to traditional energy-restricted plans, factoring in tolerance, sustainability, and lasting physiological effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
2 pages, 136 KiB  
Abstract
Effects of Curcumin, Resveratrol, and Quercetin on Endometriosis and Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome—A Review
by Lejla Mujezin, Adna Salkić and Milka Popović
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 394; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091394 - 4 Mar 2024
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Abstract
Background and objectives: Endometriosis is a condition, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder, caused by the imbalance of androgen hormones. This study aims to shed light [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Endometriosis is a condition, in which tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside of it. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder, caused by the imbalance of androgen hormones. This study aims to shed light on the mechanisms of action and efficiency of curcumin, resveratrol, and quercetin, polyphenols found in medicinal plants and foods, in the treatment of endometriosis and PCOS. Methods: The literature review from PubMed/Medline, Embase electronic databases, and Google Scholar databases with the keywords related to the study topic is used as a research methodology. Only studies with supplemental herbal products intervention in patients with diagnosed PCOS or endometriosis were included. Results: An interventional study conducted on women with endometriosis, diagnosed using laparoscopy, showed that curcumin administered in the solution concentrations of 30 μmol/L and 50 μmol/L reduced the number of E2 endometriotic stromal cells and slowed their growth. A systematic review showed that curcumin administered in doses of 80 mg and 500 mg decreased body mass index, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, total cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) among patients with PCOS. An interventional study among 40 patients with PCOS, showed that resveratrol administered in a dose of 800 mg/day decreased the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IL-18, NF-κB, and CRP. A randomized clinical trial found that the intake of resveratrol in a dose of 40 mg/day with the monophasic contraceptive pill reduced the pain scores in women with a diagnosis of endometriosis. A systematic review reported that 1000 mg of quercetin improved PCOS-related indexes and the levels of estradiol among women in experimental studies. An experimental study showed that quercetin had antiproliferative effects in vitro and in vivo, by cell accumulation at sub-G0/G1 phase and apoptotic function in endometriosis cells. Discussi