Abstract
Background and objectives: Industrial oilseed by-products (Cynara cardunculus and Camelina sativa) (CACD) are rich in bioactive compounds. In recent years, the use of these by-products as unconventional feed for dairy goat nutrition has been hypothesized. However, data on the effects of these by-products on the nutritional quality of milk and on human health are limited. Our aim was to evaluate the potential effect of consuming yogurt made from goat milk from goats fed with unconventional ingredients derived from the industrial residues of CACD on adult human health. Methods: In this randomized, crossover clinical trial, 20 clinically healthy adults (14F; mean age 37.7 ± 14.2 years) were randomly assigned into two groups to take one yogurt made from goat milk from goats fed with CACD or regular goat yogurt (C) daily for 1 month in each phase. Anthropometric, body composition and blood samples were collected from each subject at the beginning and end of the intervention phase. Results: After consumption of CACD yogurt, a reduction in the percentage and kg of fat mass (−1.5%, p = 0.035; −0.9 kg, p = 0.042, respectively) and an increase in the percentage and kg of fat-free mass (+1.5%, p = 0.035; +0.9 kg, p = 0.023, respectively) were evident. As for the blood parameters, a decrease in calcium (−0.3 mg/dL; p = 0.028) and sodium levels (−1.6 mEq/L; p = 0.001) after taking CACD yogurt, with significant differences between the two groups in sodium levels (p = 0.045), was reported. Analyzing the differences in terms of sex, HDL showed an opposite trend in terms of the variation (p = 0.043) between men (−7.7 mg/dL) and women (+0.7 mg/dL) after taking CACD yogurt. Regarding inflammatory parameters, after CACD yogurt consumption, subjects showed an increased but not significant trend concerning the levels of IL-1ra (+38.5 pg/mL), especially in women (+60.4 pg/mL) compared to men. In addition, a similar non-significant trend of reduced IL-2 levels (−0.3 pg/mL) was also observed, especially in men (−0.6 pg/mL). Discussion: The use of unconventional feed obtained from the by-products of industrial oilseed waste for dairy goat nutrition reported possible beneficial effects on human health, suggesting an amelioration in body composition and an improved trend in terms of inflammatory profile.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, G.I., A.B. and F.S.; methodology, G.I., A.B. and F.S.; formal analysis, M.T.A.; investigation, M.T.A., G.P., M.D. and A.N.; writing—original draft preparation, M.T.A.; writing—review and editing, G.I., A.B. and F.S.; supervision, F.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research was funded by the “Ministero dell’agricoltura, della sovranità alimentare e delle foreste” grant number DM n.9366891. The funders had no input into the design and conduct of the project; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; and preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript.
Institutional Review Board Statement
This study was conducted in conformity with the guidelines set out in the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Tuscany Region, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi, Florence, Italy.
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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