Carbohydrate (CHO) Intake and Quality during Adolescence and Association with HOMA2-IR in Adulthood—The Role of the Chronotype †
by
Nicole Jankovic
1,*, 
Bianca Stutz
2,
Bettina Krueger
2,
Christian Herder
3,
Stefan A. Wudy
4,
Anette Buyken
2 and
Ute Alexy
1 1
DONALD Study, Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, 44225 Dortmund, Germany
2
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Paderborn University, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
3
Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Centre, Leibniz Centre for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
4
Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Peptide Hormone Research Unit, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Presented at the 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023, Belgrade, Serbia, 14–17 November 2023.
Proceedings 2023, 91(1), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091119
Published: 12 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Proceedings of The 14th European Nutrition Conference FENS 2023)
Abstract
:Background/objectives: Adolescence is associated with two risk markers of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM): insulin resistance and lateness in chronotype. Hence, negative eating behavior during adolescence may increase the future risk of T2DM. We investigated the prospective relevance of carbohydrates (CHO) from high GI sources consumed in the morning and in the evening during adolescence for HOMA2-IR in young adulthood and the role of chronotypes. Methods: Examinations of subjects were performed at the DONALD study centre. Participants provided at least two 3-day weighed dietary records (median = 7 records) during adolescence and one blood sample in young adulthood. CHO quality was classified as low (<55) and moderate (≥55) according to the Glycemic Index. Chronotype was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire and defined as age- and sex-adjusted midpoint of sleep on free days corrected for sleep debt on workdays (MSFsc) using all measurements from adolescence up to young adulthood, applying regression analyses. Earlier and later chronotypes were based on the averaged median values of MSFsc. We used the HOMA2 calculator (University of Oxford) to define HOMA2-IR from fasting insulin and glucose measures. Multivariable regression analyses (including, e.g., age, sex, BMI-SDS, physical activity and energy) assessed the longitudinal associations of interest. Testing for trend calculations were based on median values per tertile. We assessed interactions by chronotype and additionally stratified the data according to chronotype. Results: A total of N = 224 (♀ n = 58%) participants with a median (Q1:Q3) age of 12 (12:13) yrs during adolescence and 22 (18:26) yrs at blood withdrawal were included. Stratified analyses by chronotype were not different and there was no significant interaction (p > 0.05). Only the residual of adolescent CHO consumption in the morning (<11:00 hh:mm) was significantly, inversely associated with adult HOMA2-IR (lsmeans HOMA2-IR T1: 2.96 (2.41–3.55) vs. T3: 1.95 (1.54–2.41), p for trend = 0.01). Discussion: Our data suggest that the consumption of CHO in the morning decreases HOMA2-IR independent of chronotypeThe results presented in this article are part of a research project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)-AL 1794/1–2.
Author Contributions
U.A. and A.B. conceptualized the research; S.A.W. was responsible for immunoradiometric insulin measurements; N.J. analyzed data and performed statistical analysis and wrote the abstract; All authors reviewed and edited the abstract and contributed to the interpretation and discussion of the results and approved the final abstract. N.J. had primary responsibility for the final content. Project Administration, N.J.; Funding Acquisition, U.A. and A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
The results presented in this article are part of a research project funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)-AL 1794/1–2.
Institutional Review Board Statement
The study design of the DONALD study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Bonn (protocol code: 185/20 and date of approval: 29 April 2020).
Informed Consent Statement
Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.
Data Availability Statement
Data of the DONALD study is available upon reasonable request to [email protected].
Conflicts of Interest
Anette Buyken is a member of the International Carbohydrate Quality Consortium (ICQC), and a co-author of the popular cookbook “Nordisch abnehmen”.
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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MDPI and ACS Style
Jankovic, N.; Stutz, B.; Krueger, B.; Herder, C.; Wudy, S.A.; Buyken, A.; Alexy, U. Carbohydrate (CHO) Intake and Quality during Adolescence and Association with HOMA2-IR in Adulthood—The Role of the Chronotype. Proceedings 2023, 91, 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091119
AMA Style
Jankovic N, Stutz B, Krueger B, Herder C, Wudy SA, Buyken A, Alexy U. Carbohydrate (CHO) Intake and Quality during Adolescence and Association with HOMA2-IR in Adulthood—The Role of the Chronotype. Proceedings. 2023; 91(1):119. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091119
Chicago/Turabian StyleJankovic, Nicole, Bianca Stutz, Bettina Krueger, Christian Herder, Stefan A. Wudy, Anette Buyken, and Ute Alexy. 2023. "Carbohydrate (CHO) Intake and Quality during Adolescence and Association with HOMA2-IR in Adulthood—The Role of the Chronotype" Proceedings 91, no. 1: 119. https://doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2023091119
