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Chemosensors
Volume 14
Issue 1
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Chemosensors, Volume 14, Issue 1 (January 2026) – 28 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): In-vehicle air quality is threatened by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from interior materials, posing health risks to occupants. This review examines E-noses based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor arrays using SnO2, ZnO, and TiO2 for cabin gas monitoring. The manuscript analyzes sensing mechanisms, performance, and limitations, emphasizing technologies to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and low-power operation. Key MEMS fabrication techniques and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integration are detailed, addressing scalability and cost challenges. Furthermore, pattern recognition algorithms are evaluated for automotive suitability, considering noise, drift, and computational limits. View this paper
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16 pages, 3612 KB  
Article
An Ultrasensitive Ethanolamine Sensor Based on MoO3/BiOI Heterostructure at Room Temperature
by Xiaomeng Zheng, Qi Liu, Qingjiang Pan and Guo Zhang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010028 - 18 Jan 2026
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Ethanolamine (EA) is a widely used yet toxic volatile organic compound (VOC). However, existing gas sensors for EA detection face persistent challenges in achieving exceptional sensitivity and low detection limits at room temperature (RT). In this study, a novel and high-performance EA sensor [...] Read more.
Ethanolamine (EA) is a widely used yet toxic volatile organic compound (VOC). However, existing gas sensors for EA detection face persistent challenges in achieving exceptional sensitivity and low detection limits at room temperature (RT). In this study, a novel and high-performance EA sensor based on the MoO3/BiOI composite was prefabricated using hydrothermal and cyclic impregnation methods. The response value toward 100 ppm EA reached 861.3, which was 3.5-times higher compared to that of pure MoO3. In addition, the MoO3/BiOI composite exhibited a low detection limit (0.13 ppm), excellent selectivity, short response/recovery times, exceptional repeatability and long-term stability. The outstanding gas sensing performance of the MoO3/BiOI is attributed to the formation of a p-n heterojunction, synergistic effects between the two materials, abundant adsorbed oxygen species and superior charge transfer efficiency. The sensor developed in this work effectively addresses the long-standing challenges, demonstrating unprecedented practical application potential for EA gas detection. Simultaneously, this study provides a novel strategy, a new approach and a promising material for the subsequent development of advanced amine sensors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Materials for Gas Sensing)
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16 pages, 3363 KB  
Review
Peptide Identity of Electrochemically Deposited Polyarginine: A Critical Assessment
by Ivan Švancara and Milan Sýs
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010027 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 578
Abstract
This review examines the feasibility of electrochemical synthesis of poly-L-arginine (PArg) using repetitive cyclic voltammetry in neutral aqueous phosphate-buffered saline. Previous studies on electrochemical deposition of PArg onto different carbonaceous electrode materials are discussed with respect to the already reported mechanistic models. Some [...] Read more.
This review examines the feasibility of electrochemical synthesis of poly-L-arginine (PArg) using repetitive cyclic voltammetry in neutral aqueous phosphate-buffered saline. Previous studies on electrochemical deposition of PArg onto different carbonaceous electrode materials are discussed with respect to the already reported mechanistic models. Some controversial interpretations are of interest, predominantly the formation of peptide bonds during the electropolymerisation of L-arginine. Several alternative anodic pathways are considered via the possibilities and limitations of ways of attaching L-arginine molecules to the electrode surface. Furthermore, the role of oxygen-containing surface groups is discussed, as this aspect has been largely overlooked in the context of L-arginine deposition, despite the O-terminating character of the electrode surface and its effect on the reactivity of the nucleophilic guanidine group in L-arginine. Also, the application of extremely high potentials around +2 V vs. Ag/AgCl/3 mol L−1 KCl is considered, as it can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species that may interfere with or even govern the entire deposition process. Thus, the absence of such considerations may raise doubts about the peptide nature of the electrochemically assisted polymerisation of this basic amino acid. Finally, it seems that the identity of the electrochemically synthesised PArg does not correspond to that of this polymer prepared by conventional methods, such as solid-phase peptide synthesis, solution-phase synthesis, or N-carboxy-anhydride polymerisation, and therefore the whole process remains unproved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Electrodes Materials for Electroanalytical Applications)
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20 pages, 3346 KB  
Article
Theoretical Analysis of MIR-Based Differential Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Noninvasive Glucose Sensing
by Tasnim Ahmed, Khan Mahmud, Md Rejvi Kaysir, Shazzad Rassel and Dayan Ban
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010026 - 16 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 550
Abstract
Diabetes is a developing global health concern that cannot be cured, necessitating frequent blood glucose monitoring and dietary management. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) in the mid-infrared (MIR) region has recently emerged as a viable noninvasive blood glucose monitoring technique. However, MIR-PAS confronts significant challenges: [...] Read more.
Diabetes is a developing global health concern that cannot be cured, necessitating frequent blood glucose monitoring and dietary management. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy (PAS) in the mid-infrared (MIR) region has recently emerged as a viable noninvasive blood glucose monitoring technique. However, MIR-PAS confronts significant challenges: (i) Water absorption, which reduces light penetration, and (ii) interference from other blood components. This paper systematically analyzes the background of photoacoustic signal generation and proposes a differential PAS (DPAS) in the MIR region for removing the background signals arising from water and other interfering components of blood, which improves the overall detection sensitivity. A detailed mathematical model with an explanation for choosing two suitable MIR quantum cascade lasers for this differential scheme is presented here. For single-wavelength PAS (SPAS), a detection sensitivity of 1.537 µPa mg−1 dL was obtained from the proposed model. Alternatively, 2.333 µPa mg−1 dL detection sensitivity was found by implementing the DPAS scheme, which is about 1.5 times higher than SPAS. Moreover, DPAS facilitates an additional parameter, a differential phase shift between two laser responses, that has an effective correlation with the glucose concentration variation. Thus, MIR-based DPAS could be an effective way of monitoring blood glucose levels noninvasively in the near future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)
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5 pages, 184 KB  
Editorial
Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors and Humidity Sensors
by Zaihua Duan
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010025 - 16 Jan 2026
Viewed by 581
Abstract
Gas and humidity (water molecules) are important components of the environment and human respiration, which are closely related to human life and production [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterial-Based Gas Sensors and Humidity Sensors)
14 pages, 2001 KB  
Article
Black Crust-Induced Spalling of Marble: An Multi Analytical Study on the Danbi Stone Carvings
by Jianrui Zha, Bo Sheng, Wenjia Hu, Jiake Chen and Wengang Wu
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010024 - 15 Jan 2026
Viewed by 485
Abstract
Black crust and spalling are common deterioration phenomena affecting marble relics, yet their correlation remains inadequately understood. Hyperspectral imaging, reflectance spectroscopy, portable X-ray Fluorescence (p-XRF), infrared thermography, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and microbiological analysis was employed to connect these [...] Read more.
Black crust and spalling are common deterioration phenomena affecting marble relics, yet their correlation remains inadequately understood. Hyperspectral imaging, reflectance spectroscopy, portable X-ray Fluorescence (p-XRF), infrared thermography, Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and microbiological analysis was employed to connect these two types of deterioration on the Danbi stone carving of the Confucian Temple in Beijing. Spectral and thermal analyses reveal that black crust significantly reduces reflectance and increase solar absorption by 27%, resulting in thermal stress. p-XRF and SEM-EDS analyses indicated that black crust is enriched in Fe, Ti, Zn, Pb, As and clay minerals, while spalling areas display increase Ca, reflecting substrate exposure. Microscopy reveals microcracks at the layer–substrate interface. Microbiological analyses identify Cladosporium anthropophilum and Alternaria alternata as contributors to surface-darkening. These multi-scale datasets collectively demonstrate that alterations in surface chemistry and bio-mediated darkening promoting the formation of black crusts, which subsequently induce marble spalling due to solar absorption and thermal stress. These findings clarify the coupled physical–chemical–biological pathways through which black crust accelerates stone spalling. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Analytical Methods, Instrumentation and Miniaturization)
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19 pages, 1956 KB  
Article
Development of Green-Assessed and Highly Sensitive Spectrophotometric Methods for Ultra-Low-Level Nitrite Determination Using Rhodanine and 7-Hydroxycoumarin in Environmental Samples
by Ahmed H. Naggar, Atef Hemdan Ali, Ebtsam K. Alenezy, Tarek A. Seaf-Elnasr, Salah Eid, Tamer H. A. Hasanin, Adel A. Abdelwahab, Al-Sayed A. Bakr and Abd El-Aziz Y. El-Sayed
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010023 - 14 Jan 2026
Viewed by 562
Abstract
Rapid, sensitive, and environmentally sustainable spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nitrite (NO2−) in environmental specimens are proposed. The presented procedures are grounded in the diazotization of sulphathiazole (STZ), followed by coupling with rhodanine (RDN) or 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) [...] Read more.
Rapid, sensitive, and environmentally sustainable spectrophotometric methods for the determination of nitrite (NO2−) in environmental specimens are proposed. The presented procedures are grounded in the diazotization of sulphathiazole (STZ), followed by coupling with rhodanine (RDN) or 7-hydroxycoumarin (7-HC) in an alkaline medium, and the results were studied. This reaction gave an intense soluble red color at 504 nm and a pale red color at 525 nm for RDN and 7-HC, respectively. The conditions producing the maximum performance and other important analytical criteria in relation to the proposed procedures were investigated to enhance their sensitivity. Beer’s law was abided by for NO2− over the concentration ranges of 0.08–2.0 µg mL−1 and 0.04–2.4 µg mL−1 using RDN and 7-HC, respectively. The lower limit of detection (LLOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), molar absorptivity (ε), and Sandell’s sensitivity were calculated as follows: 0.0303 µg mL−1, 0.0918 µg mL−1, 4.20 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1, and 1.63 × 10−6 µg cm−2 (in the case of RDN); and 0.0387 µg mL−1, 0.1172 µg mL−1, 6.90 × 104 L mol−1 cm−1, and 1.00 × 10−6 µg cm−2 (in case of 7-HC). Furthermore, the ecological implications were assessed using three green assessment methodologies: Analytical Eco-Scale (ESA), Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Thus, our proposed procedures are fully validated and implemented in order to carry out NO2− quantification in the selected ecological samples (water and soil samples). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)
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21 pages, 5307 KB  
Article
Simultaneous Multiparameter Detection with Organic Electrochemical Transistors-Based Biosensors
by Marjorie Montero-Jimenez, Jael R. Neyra Recky, Omar Azzaroni, Juliana Scotto and Waldemar A. Marmisollé
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010022 - 9 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 681
Abstract
We present a methodology that enhances the analytical performance of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by continuously cycling the devices through gate potential sweeps during sensing experiments. This continuous cycling methodology (CCM) enables real-time acquisition of full transfer curves, allowing simultaneous monitoring of multiple [...] Read more.
We present a methodology that enhances the analytical performance of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) by continuously cycling the devices through gate potential sweeps during sensing experiments. This continuous cycling methodology (CCM) enables real-time acquisition of full transfer curves, allowing simultaneous monitoring of multiple characteristic parameters. We show that the simultaneous temporal evolution of several OECT response parameters (threshold voltage (VTH), maximum transconductance (gmax), and maximum transconductance potential (VG,gmax)) provides highly sensitive descriptors for detecting pH changes and macromolecule adsorption on OECTs based on polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) channels. Moreover, the method allows reconstruction of IDS–t (drain–source current vs. time) profiles at any selected gate potential, enabling the identification of optimal gate voltage (VG) values for maximizing sensitivity. This represents a substantial improvement over traditional measurements at fixed VG, which may suffer from reduced sensitivity and parasitic reactions associated with gate polarization. Moreover, the expanded set of parameters obtained with the CCM provides deeper insight into the physicochemical processes occurring at both gate and channel electrodes. We demonstrate its applicability in monitoring polyelectrolyte and enzyme adsorption, and detecting urea and glucose through enzyme-mediated reactions. Owing to its versatility and the richness of the information it provides, the CCM constitutes a significant advance for the development and optimization of OECT-based sensing platforms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Global Health Challenges)
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23 pages, 4558 KB  
Article
Copper Ion Detection Using Green Precursor-Derived Carbon Dots in Aqueous Media
by Chao-Sheng Chen, Miao-Wei Lin and Chin-Feng Wan
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010021 - 9 Jan 2026
Viewed by 680
Abstract
Highly accurate quantitative detection of heavy metals is crucial for preventing environmental pollution and safeguarding public health. To address the demand for sensitive and specific detection of Cu2+ ions, we have developed carbon dots using a simple hydrothermal process. The synthesized carbon [...] Read more.
Highly accurate quantitative detection of heavy metals is crucial for preventing environmental pollution and safeguarding public health. To address the demand for sensitive and specific detection of Cu2+ ions, we have developed carbon dots using a simple hydrothermal process. The synthesized carbon dots are highly stable in aqueous media, environmentally friendly, and exhibit strong blue photoluminescence at 440 nm when excited at 352 nm, with a quantum yield of 5.73%. Additionally, the size distribution of the carbon dots ranges from 2.0 to 20 nm, and they feature excitation-dependent emission. They retain consistent optical properties across a wide pH range and under high ionic strength. The photoluminescent probes are selectively quenched by Cu2+ ions, with no interference observed from other metal cations such as Ag+, Ca2+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Hg2+, K+, Mg2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, Sr2+, and Zn2+. The emission of carbon dots exhibits a strong linear correlation with Cu2+ concentration in the range of 0–14 μM via a static quenching mechanism, with a detection limit (LOD) of 4.77 μM in water. The proposed carbon dot sensor is low cost and has been successfully tested for detecting Cu2+ ions in general water samples collected from rivers in Taiwan. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Functional Materials for Chemical Sensing and Environmental Sustainability: Trends, Concepts and Applications)
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43 pages, 114826 KB  
Review
Humidity Sensing in Extreme Environments: Mechanisms, Materials, Challenges, and Future Directions
by Xiaoyuan Dong, Dapeng Li, Aobei Chen and Dezhi Zheng
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010020 - 8 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1389
Abstract
Extreme environments such as low pressure, high temperature, and intense radiation pose severe challenges for humidity sensors, causing conventional hygroscopic materials to exhibit sluggish responses, drift, and instability. In response, recent research has adopted multi-level strategies involving material modification, structural engineering, and packaging [...] Read more.
Extreme environments such as low pressure, high temperature, and intense radiation pose severe challenges for humidity sensors, causing conventional hygroscopic materials to exhibit sluggish responses, drift, and instability. In response, recent research has adopted multi-level strategies involving material modification, structural engineering, and packaging optimization to enhance the adaptability of humidity-sensitive materials in extreme environments. This review examines humidity sensing from an environmental perspective, integrating sensing mechanisms, material classifications, and application scenarios. The performance, advantages, and limitations of six major categories of humidity-sensitive materials, including carbon-based, metal oxides, conductive and insulating polymers, two-dimensional (2D) materials, and composites, are systematically summarized under extreme conditions. Finally, emerging development trends are discussed, highlighting a shift from material-driven to system-driven approaches. Future progress will rely on multidisciplinary integration, including interface engineering, multiscale structural design, and intelligent algorithms, to achieve higher accuracy, stability, and durability in extreme-environment humidity sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Materials for Chemical Sensing)
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18 pages, 5173 KB  
Article
Glucose Sensor Using Fe3O4 Functionalized MXene Nanosheets as a Promising Sensing Platform: Exploring the Potential of Electrochemical Detection of Glucose
by Yu Yang, Danning Li, Changchang Zheng, Ling Zhang and Xuwei Chen
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010019 - 8 Jan 2026
Viewed by 688
Abstract
Enzymatic electrochemical sensors are promising for real-time glucose monitoring due to their high sensitivity and continuous detection capability. In this work, a magnetic Fe3O4@MXene nanocomposite was synthesized hydrothermally. The introduction of Fe3O4 not only reduced MXene’s [...] Read more.
Enzymatic electrochemical sensors are promising for real-time glucose monitoring due to their high sensitivity and continuous detection capability. In this work, a magnetic Fe3O4@MXene nanocomposite was synthesized hydrothermally. The introduction of Fe3O4 not only reduced MXene’s inherent negative surface charge, improving interaction with glucose oxidase (GOD), but also formed a porous structure that enhances enzyme immobilization via physical adsorption. Based on these properties, a Fe3O4@MXene/GOD/Nafion/GCE electrode was fabricated. The composite’s high specific surface area, excellent conductivity, and good biocompatibility significantly promoted the direct electron transfer (DET) of GOD. Meanwhile, the apparent electron transfer rate constant (ks) was calculated to be 9.57 s−1, representing a 1.26-fold enhancement over the MXene-based electrode (7.57 s−1) and confirming faster electron transfer kinetics. The sensor showed a bilinear glucose response in the ranges of 0.05–15 mM, with sensitivity of 120.47 μA·mM−1·cm−2 and a detection limit of 38 μM. It also exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability. Satisfactory recovery rates were achieved in artificial serum samples while demonstrating comparable detection performance to commercial blood glucose meters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Biosensors for Global Health Challenges)
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20 pages, 4984 KB  
Article
Enhanced Sensitivity of NO2 Gas Sensor Utilizing Fe2O3-Embedded ZnO Nanostructures
by Jiyeon Lee and Sunghoon Park
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010018 - 5 Jan 2026
Viewed by 609
Abstract
This paper introduces a streamlined three-step synthesis method for crafting porous Fe2O3/ZnO nanofibers (NFs). Initially, Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Subsequently, PVP NFs laden with Fe2O3 NPs and zinc [...] Read more.
This paper introduces a streamlined three-step synthesis method for crafting porous Fe2O3/ZnO nanofibers (NFs). Initially, Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using the hydrothermal method. Subsequently, PVP NFs laden with Fe2O3 NPs and zinc salt were synthesized via an electrospinning method. Finally, porous Fe2O3/ZnO NFs were fabricated through calcination, resulting in an average diameter of approximately 100 nm. Gas-sensing experiments illuminate that the porous Fe2O3/ZnO NFs exhibit outstanding sensitivity, selectivity, and robust long-term stability. Although the response magnitude decreased under high relative humidity (RH) due to competitive adsorption, the sensor maintained distinct detectable responses towards NO2 vapor at an optimum temperature of 225 °C. Particularly noteworthy is the substantial enhancement in NO2 sensing properties observed in the Fe2O3/ZnO composite compared to pure ZnO NFs. This enhancement can be ascribed to the distinctive microstructure and heterojunction formed between Fe2O3 and ZnO. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Gas Sensors: Development and Application)
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16 pages, 9156 KB  
Article
Spiropyran-Modified Cellulose for Dual Solvent and Acid/Base Vapor Sensing
by Daniel D. S. de Sá, João P. C. Trigueiro, Luiz F. C. de Oliveira, Hernane S. Barud, Frank Alexis, Roberto S. Nobuyasu, Flávio B. Miguez and Frederico B. De Sousa
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010017 - 4 Jan 2026
Viewed by 839
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials based on renewable biopolymers are highly attractive for developing sustainable chemical sensors. Here, two spiropyran derivatives (SP1 and SP2) were synthesized and covalently grafted onto cellulose, yielding the functional materials Cel-SP1 and Cel-SP2. Cellulose was selected [...] Read more.
Stimuli-responsive materials based on renewable biopolymers are highly attractive for developing sustainable chemical sensors. Here, two spiropyran derivatives (SP1 and SP2) were synthesized and covalently grafted onto cellulose, yielding the functional materials Cel-SP1 and Cel-SP2. Cellulose was selected as a biocompatible, biodegradable, and renewable support able to provide a stable, hydrogen-bond-rich microenvironment for chromic responses. Raman spectroscopy confirmed successful esterification, while SEM-EDS analyses revealed preserved cellulose morphology and the incorporation of nitrogen-rich spiropyran moieties. Both materials exhibited pronounced solvatochromic and pH-dependent behaviors in the solid state. Diffuse reflectance measurements revealed distinct bathochromic or hypsochromic shifts depending on solvent polarity and specific solute–matrix interactions, with DMF and DMSO producing the strongest responses. Under acidic vapors, both materials generated new absorption bands consistent with the formation of protonated merocyanine species, whereas basic vapors promoted partial or full reversion to the spiropyran form. Cel-SP1 and Cel-SP2 also displayed solvent- and pH-dependent luminescence, with Cel-SP2 showing a markedly higher sensitivity to protonation. Prototype solvent strips and acid/base vapor indicators demonstrated fast, naked-eye, reversible chromic transitions. These results highlight spiropyran-modified cellulose as an effective, renewable platform for dual solvent and acid/base vapor sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Chemosensors and Biosensors: Development and Application (2nd Edition))
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41 pages, 9730 KB  
Review
In-Vehicle Gas Sensing and Monitoring Using Electronic Noses Based on Metal Oxide Semiconductor MEMS Sensor Arrays: A Critical Review
by Xu Lin, Ruiqin Tan, Wenfeng Shen, Dawu Lv and Weijie Song
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010016 - 4 Jan 2026
Viewed by 1848
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from automotive interior materials and exchanged with external air seriously compromise cabin air quality and pose health risks to occupants. Electronic noses (E-noses) based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor arrays provide an efficient, real-time [...] Read more.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from automotive interior materials and exchanged with external air seriously compromise cabin air quality and pose health risks to occupants. Electronic noses (E-noses) based on metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensor arrays provide an efficient, real-time solution for in-vehicle gas monitoring. This review examines the use of SnO2-, ZnO-, and TiO2-based MEMS sensor arrays for this purpose. The sensing mechanisms, performance characteristics, and current limitations of these core materials are critically analyzed. Key MEMS fabrication techniques, including magnetron sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, and atomic layer deposition, are presented. Commonly employed pattern recognition algorithms—principal component analysis (PCA), support vector machines (SVM), and artificial neural networks (ANN)—are evaluated in terms of principle and effectiveness. Recent advances in low-power, portable E-nose systems for detecting formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and other target analytes inside vehicles are highlighted. Future directions, including circuit–algorithm co-optimization, enhanced portability, and neuromorphic computing integration, are discussed. MOS MEMS E-noses effectively overcome the drawbacks of conventional analytical methods and are poised for widespread adoption in automotive air-quality management. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Complex Mixtures)
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23 pages, 3269 KB  
Article
Benzoxazole Iminocoumarins as Multifunctional Heterocycles with Optical pH-Sensing and Biological Properties: Experimental, Spectroscopic and Computational Analysis
by Marina Galić, Ana Čikoš, Leentje Persoons, Dirk Daelemans, Karolina Vrandečić, Maja Karnaš, Marijana Hranjec and Robert Vianello
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010015 - 3 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 612
Abstract
A novel series of benzoxazole-derived iminocoumarins was synthesized via a Knoevenagel condensation and fully characterized using NMR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and computational methods. Their photophysical properties were systematically examined in solvents of varying polarity, revealing pronounced effects of both substituents and solvent environment on [...] Read more.
A novel series of benzoxazole-derived iminocoumarins was synthesized via a Knoevenagel condensation and fully characterized using NMR, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and computational methods. Their photophysical properties were systematically examined in solvents of varying polarity, revealing pronounced effects of both substituents and solvent environment on absorption maxima and intensity. Derivatives bearing electron-donating substituents on the coumarin core exhibited distinct and reversible pH-responsive spectral shifts, confirming their potential as optical pH probes. Experimental pKa values derived from absorption titrations showed excellent agreement with DFT-calculated data, validating the proposed protonation-deprotonation equilibria and associated electronic structure changes. Structure–property relationships revealed that electron-donating groups enhance intramolecular charge transfer, while electron-withdrawing substituents modulate spectral response and stability. In parallel, the compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative, antiviral, and antifungal activities in vitro. Strong electron-donating substituents were associated with potent but non-selective cytotoxicity, whereas derivatives bearing electron-withdrawing groups displayed moderate and more selective antiproliferative effects against leukemia cell lines. Antifungal screening revealed moderate inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi, particularly for compounds with electron-withdrawing or methoxy substituents. Overall, these findings demonstrate that benzoxazole iminocoumarins represent a promising class of multifunctional heterocycles with potential applications as optical pH sensors and scaffolds for bioactive compound development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)
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22 pages, 2934 KB  
Article
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Oregano Essential Oil on the Microbiological Quality of Sea Bream (Sparus aurata) Fillets Under Active Packaging Using Spectroscopic Sensors
by Fotoula Schoina, Stamatina Xenou, Angeliki Doukaki, Symeon Makris, Olga S. Papadopoulou, Chrysoula Tassou, George-John Nychas and Nikos Chorianopoulos
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010014 - 2 Jan 2026
Viewed by 746
Abstract
This study evaluated the combined effect of the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP1: 60% CO2, 10% O2/30% N2 & MAP2: 40% CO2, 30% O2/30% N2), and active packaging of oregano essential oil (1% [...] Read more.
This study evaluated the combined effect of the modified atmosphere packaging (MAP1: 60% CO2, 10% O2/30% N2 & MAP2: 40% CO2, 30% O2/30% N2), and active packaging of oregano essential oil (1% v/w) used as a natural preservative, on the quality and shelf-life extension of fresh sea bream fillets. The samples were stored at four different temperatures (0, 4, 8, and 12 °C), and a microbiological analysis, pH measurements, and sensory evaluations were performed. In parallel, spectral data were obtained using three different spectroscopic sensors (two MultiSpectral Imaging devices and an FT-IR one), and nine different machine-learning regression models were applied to predict the microbiological counts. Oregano essential oil positively affected preservation, reducing microbial growth by 0.5 to 2 log CFU/g, and extending the fillets’ shelf life by up to 48 h based on sensory evaluation. Regarding the sensors’ data, the examined nine models exhibited encouraging results for the rapid microbiological assessment, with the FT-IR data showing the best performance for evaluating the microbiological population. Among the tested algorithms, the least Angle Regression (lars) achieved the best performance for both the flesh and skin datasets, with RMSE values of 0.6075 and 0.5953, MAE of 0.3008 and 0.4567, R2 of 0.8858 and 0.7532, and accuracy of 87% and 91%, respectively. The Benchtop-MSI showed the best predictive performance for flesh (RMSE = 0.5926, MAE = 0.4876, R2 = 0.7338, and Accuracy = 92%), while the artificial neural network (nnet) performed best for skin (RMSE = 0.6761, MAE = 0.5247, R2 = 0.6560, and Accuracy = 84%). Regarding the Portable-MSI, the artificial neural network model gave the highest accuracy for flesh (RMSE = 0.5908, MAE = 0.4663, R2 = 0.5903, and Accuracy = 87%), whereas principal component regression was the most effective for skin (RMSE = 0.6600, MAE = 0.5413, R2 = 0.5534, and Accuracy = 83%). Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Optical Chemical Sensors)
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33 pages, 5746 KB  
Review
Emerging Needs, Expanding Applications, and Recent Technological Advances in Biosensors, Especially in Fish Aquaculture
by Biswaranjan Paital, Sk Abdul Rashid, Prajnyani Dikshit, Dipak Kumar Sahoo, Tejasweta Bhuyan, Ashutosh Panigrahi, Tapaswini Subudhi, Akshama Noorenazar, Samarjeet Pradhan, Barsha Sarangi and Prasana Kumar Rath
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010013 - 2 Jan 2026
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1672
Abstract
Issues related to malnutrition are addressed primarily through the consumption of fish meat, as it is both affordable and accessible to economically weaker sections of the population. Therefore, challenges observed in the aquaculture and fishery sectors, such as the detection of environmental changes, [...] Read more.
Issues related to malnutrition are addressed primarily through the consumption of fish meat, as it is both affordable and accessible to economically weaker sections of the population. Therefore, challenges observed in the aquaculture and fishery sectors, such as the detection of environmental changes, disease outbreaks, hindered growth, and poor fish health management, need to be addressed to increase production. The employment of modern technologies, such as (bio)sensors, helps to enhance production in artisanal and large aquaculture systems, because these can timely detect challenges, including climate change factors, sea-level-rise-induced salinity load, changes in inland temperatures, ocean acidification, changes in precipitation patterns, ammonia toxicity, infectious diseases, and stress factors in aquatic systems. As a result, appropriate and timely measures can be taken at various stages of fish culture to address common problems. Using major scientific electronic databases, we comprehensively reviewed the topic of emerging needs, expanding applications, and recent technological advances in biosensors, with a particular focus on pisciculture. We highlight the biosensor technology used in the fisheries industry, which represents a pivotal step towards addressing its various aspects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section (Bio)chemical Sensing)
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22 pages, 16177 KB  
Article
Enhanced Performance of an Electrochemical Sensor Using CNT Membrane for Accumulation-Based Detection of Nanoparticles
by Azam Usefian Babukani, Maziar Jafari, Paul-Vahe Cicek and Ricardo Izquierdo
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010012 - 2 Jan 2026
Viewed by 590
Abstract
A carbon nanotube (CNT)-integrated microfluidic electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive nanoparticle detection using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the model analyte. The device incorporated screen-printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrodes, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel, and a CNT membrane that simultaneously served as a filtration [...] Read more.
A carbon nanotube (CNT)-integrated microfluidic electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive nanoparticle detection using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the model analyte. The device incorporated screen-printed polyethylene terephthalate (PET) electrodes, a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel, and a CNT membrane that simultaneously served as a filtration layer and working electrode. This configuration enhanced analyte trapping, increased the electroactive surface area, and accelerated electron transfer under convective flow. The CNT membrane was fabricated by vacuum filtration and torch-assisted bonding, ensuring strong adhesion without adhesives or plasma treatment. Electrochemical analysis showed that the filter-integrated CNT sensor exhibited an oxidation current of 63 µA compared to 11 µA for the non-filter sensor, representing a fifteen-fold sensitivity enhancement. The detection limit improved from 1.0 × 10−3 to 7.5 × 10−4 mol·L−1 with excellent reproducibility (RSD < 5%) and ∼90% accuracy. These findings validated the filtration-assisted accumulation mechanism and demonstrated the effectiveness of CNT-integrated microfluidic sensors for enhanced nanoparticle detection, while highlighting their potential for future adaptation to biosensing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emerging 2D Materials for Sensing Applications)
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25 pages, 9807 KB  
Review
Nanosurface Energy Transfer: Principles, Biosensing Applications, and Future Prospects
by Arumugam Selva Sharma and Nae Yoon Lee
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010011 - 2 Jan 2026
Viewed by 782
Abstract
Nanosurface energy transfer (NSET) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism in nanobiophotonics, facilitating the development of highly sensitive biosensors with extended dynamic ranges. Unlike conventional Förster resonance energy transfer, NSET exhibits an inverse fourth-power dependence on distance, enabling quantitative measurements over distances up [...] Read more.
Nanosurface energy transfer (NSET) has emerged as a pivotal mechanism in nanobiophotonics, facilitating the development of highly sensitive biosensors with extended dynamic ranges. Unlike conventional Förster resonance energy transfer, NSET exhibits an inverse fourth-power dependence on distance, enabling quantitative measurements over distances up to 40 nm. This review comprehensively explores the fundamental principles governing NSET, with particular emphasis on non-radiative coupling between fluorescent donors and metallic nanostructures such as gold nanoparticles. Additionally, the applications of these probes are surveyed across various bioanalytical domains, including nucleic acid assays, immunoassays, real-time intracellular monitoring, and various biomolecule detection. Additionally, the evolving integration of NSET, plasmonics, and nanophotonic architectures is discussed, focusing on emerging trends and the trajectory for developing next-generation, multiplexed, and point-of-care diagnostic platforms. Current challenges and prospective pathways for translating these advanced sensing systems into clinical and field-deployable solutions are also considered. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section (Bio)chemical Sensing)
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23 pages, 6499 KB  
Article
Fluorescent Detection Probes for Hg2+ and Zn2+ with Schiff Base Structure Based on a Turn-On ESIPT–CHEF Mechanism
by Huan-Qing Li, Yun Li, Ye-Tong Liu, Si-Wei Deng, Wei Wang, Sheng-Yu Li and Zhao-Yang Wang
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 9; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010009 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 738
Abstract
Three Schiff base fluorescent probes 3a–3c with N-heterocyclic structure were designed and synthesized by using the reaction of 4-diethylaminosalicylaldehyde with different N-heterocyclic amines, such as 2-aminobenzimidazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, and 2-amino-6-methylpyridine. Compound 3a exhibited excellent selectivity towards Hg2+, with [...] Read more.
Three Schiff base fluorescent probes 3a–3c with N-heterocyclic structure were designed and synthesized by using the reaction of 4-diethylaminosalicylaldehyde with different N-heterocyclic amines, such as 2-aminobenzimidazole, 2-aminobenzothiazole, and 2-amino-6-methylpyridine. Compound 3a exhibited excellent selectivity towards Hg2+, with a detection limit of 3.21 × 10−7 M and a response time of only 30 s. It could be used as a fluorescent probe for detecting Hg2+. Meanwhile, compounds 3b and 3c exhibited excellent selectivity towards Zn2+, with detection limits of 1.61 × 10−7 M and 2.03 × 10−7 M, respectively, and response times of only 30 s. They could serve as fluorescent probes for detecting Zn2+. Using probe 3a for Hg2+ as an example, the detecting mechanism was further elucidated through 1H NMR, ESI-MS testing, and DFT calculation analysis. For compound 3a, the coordination stoichiometry between compound 3a and Hg2+ was verified to be 1:1 through a Job’s plot. After coordination with Hg2+, the molecular rigidity of compound 3a was enhanced, which inhibited the non-radiative decay process and led to the closure of the excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity was significantly increased through the chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) mechanism, which was confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, compounds 3a–3c were successfully applied in practical water samples and test strips for the detection of Hg2+/Zn2+. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Organic Conjugated Materials in Chemosensors)
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22 pages, 4241 KB  
Article
ZnO/rGO/ZnO Composites with Synergic Enhanced Gas Sensing Performance for O3 Detection with No Ozonolysis Process
by Rayssa Silva Correia, Amanda Akemy Komorizono, Julia Coelho Tagliaferro, Natalia Candiani Simões Pessoa and Valmor Roberto Mastelaro
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010010 - 1 Jan 2026
Viewed by 829
Abstract
rGO/ZnO composites have been widely studied for use as toxic gas sensors due to the synergistic effect between the materials and the reduction in sensor operating temperature promoted by rGO. However, few studies have employed rGO/ZnO sensors for ozone detection, as graphene materials [...] Read more.
rGO/ZnO composites have been widely studied for use as toxic gas sensors due to the synergistic effect between the materials and the reduction in sensor operating temperature promoted by rGO. However, few studies have employed rGO/ZnO sensors for ozone detection, as graphene materials are oxidized and/or degraded when exposed to ozone. This paper reports on a study of ZnO/rGO/ZnO-based sensors with different ZnO NP morphologies for ozone sensing. ZnO nanoparticles with needle-like and donut-like morphologies were synthesized by the precipitation method, and bare ZnO and ZnO/rGO/ZnO composite sensors were fabricated by layer-deposition of ZnO and/or rGO via drop-casting, forming a “sandwiched” structure that protects the rGO sheets. Bare ZnO and ZnO/rGO/ZnO composites were analyzed by varying the temperature from 200 to 300 °C. The ZnO/rGO/ZnO sensor provided a high 13.3 response (Rgas/Rair) and recovery times of 442 s and 253 s, respectively, for 50 ppb of O3, as well as high selectivity to ozone gas compared to CO, NH3, and NO2 gases. No oxidation or degradation of the sensor was observed during ozone detection measurements, indicating that the adopted manufacturing methodology was successful. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Low-Cost Chemical Sensor Technologies for Environmental Monitoring Applications)
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15 pages, 2837 KB  
Article
Feature Extraction and Data Modeling of Multi-Frequency Electronic Tongue Signals for Monitoring the Processing Stages of Ginger-Processed Pinellia ternata (Zhejiang)
by Jingjing Gan, Linlin Zhang, Yue Wang, Li Wang, Shiwen Cheng, Yunyun Luo, Cheng Zheng, Bilian Chen, Shiyi Tian, Cuifen Fang and Yuezhong Mao
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 8; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010008 - 31 Dec 2025
Viewed by 587
Abstract
The processing of ginger-processed Pinellia ternata (Zhejiang) has long relied on empirical judgment, lacking objective and real-time monitoring methods. This study introduces an intelligent framework that combines a multi-frequency electronic tongue with chemometric modeling—including principal component analysis–discrimination index (PCA–DI) and wrapper-based support vector [...] Read more.
The processing of ginger-processed Pinellia ternata (Zhejiang) has long relied on empirical judgment, lacking objective and real-time monitoring methods. This study introduces an intelligent framework that combines a multi-frequency electronic tongue with chemometric modeling—including principal component analysis–discrimination index (PCA–DI) and wrapper-based support vector machine (SVM) classification—for dynamic process monitoring. Taste-response signals were systematically collected from key processing, water-leaching, and pickling stages. PCA–DI analysis demonstrated clear separability among seven key processing nodes (DI = 93.77%). Notably, samples from days 2 and 3 of water-leaching showed high similarity, suggesting an optimal soaking duration, while a marked transition on pickling day 6 indicated a critical transformation point. The wrapper–SVM models achieved high classification accuracies of 95.51% for key nodes, 100% for water-leaching, and 89.32% for pickling. These findings demonstrate that integrating electronic tongue sensing with machine learning effectively captures dynamic quality variations, offering a robust and objective strategy for the standardization and optimization of traditional medicine processing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Applied Chemical Sensors)
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2 pages, 337 KB  
Correction
Correction: Ando et al. Achieving Optical Ozone Sensing with Increased Response and Recovery Speed by Using Highly Dispersed CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in Porous Glass. Chemosensors 2024, 12, 254
by Masanori Ando, Hideya Kawasaki, Satoru Tamura and Yasushi Shigeri
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 7; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010007 - 29 Dec 2025
Viewed by 351
Abstract
In the original publication [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionalized Material-Based Gas Sensing)
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38 pages, 6568 KB  
Review
Advances in MXene-Based Hybrids for Electrochemical Health Monitoring
by Kandaswamy Theyagarajan and Young-Joon Kim
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010006 - 23 Dec 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 909
Abstract
The growing demand for advanced health-monitoring technologies has intensified the need for early diagnosis of incurable diseases and timely detection of life-threatening conditions. Among various detection modalities, electrochemical sensing has emerged as a particularly promising approach due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, [...] Read more.
The growing demand for advanced health-monitoring technologies has intensified the need for early diagnosis of incurable diseases and timely detection of life-threatening conditions. Among various detection modalities, electrochemical sensing has emerged as a particularly promising approach due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, rapid response, ease of miniaturization, and compatibility with portable, wearable, and implantable platforms. The performance of electrochemical sensors is strongly governed by the morphology and physicochemical properties of electrode materials. In this context, MXenes, 2D transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides have attracted increasing attention for sensing applications owing to their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, hydrophilicity, and rich surface chemistry. However, their practical implementation is hindered by oxidation and environmental instability, while surface modification strategies, although improving stability, may compromise intrinsic electrochemical activity and biocompatibility. Notably, MXene-based hybrids consistently demonstrate enhanced sensing performance, underscoring their potential for flexible and wearable electrochemical devices. Despite rapid progress in this field, a comprehensive review addressing the significance of MXene hybrids, their structure–property–performance relationships, and their role in electrochemical detection remains limited. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in MXene-based hybrid materials for electrochemical sensing and biosensing of biologically relevant analytes, with an emphasis on design strategies, functional enhancements, and their prospects for next-generation health-monitoring technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors Based on Various Materials)
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24 pages, 3181 KB  
Article
Rapid Room-Temperature Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles with Styrene Gas Detection for Flexible Sensors
by Fazia Mechai, Ahmad Al Shboul, Ahmad A. L. Ahmad, Hossein Anabestani, Mohsen Ketabi, Natheer Alatawneh and Ricardo Izquierdo
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 5; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010005 - 22 Dec 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 791
Abstract
Efficient synthesis routes for zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that are rapid and non-toxic and operate at room temperature (RT) are essential to expand accessibility, minimize environmental impact, and enable integration with temperature-sensitive substrates. In this work, ZnO NPs were synthesized by probe [...] Read more.
Efficient synthesis routes for zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that are rapid and non-toxic and operate at room temperature (RT) are essential to expand accessibility, minimize environmental impact, and enable integration with temperature-sensitive substrates. In this work, ZnO NPs were synthesized by probe ultrasonication at RT for durations from 30 s to 10 min and benchmarked against our previously reported water bath sonication method. A 10-min probe treatment yielded highly uniform ZnO NPs with particle sizes of 60–550 nm and a specific surface area of up to 75 m2 g−1, compared to ~38 m2 g−1 for bath sonication. These features were largely preserved after calcination at 500 °C. When integrated into chemiresistive devices, the resulting ZnO (P(10))-based sensors exhibited pronounced selectivity toward styrene, showing reversible responses at low concentrations (10–50 ppm) and stronger signals at higher levels (up to 200 ppm, with resistance changes reaching 2930%). The sensors demonstrated stable operation across 10–90% relative humidity, and consistent performance from −20 °C to 180 °C. Flexibility tests confirmed reliable sensing after 100 bending cycles at 30°. Overall, RT-probe ultrasonication offers a rapid, scalable, and eco-friendly route to ZnO NPs with tunable properties, opening new opportunities for flexible gas sensing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterial-Based Sensors: Design, Development and Applications)
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13 pages, 1386 KB  
Article
Potentiometric Determination of Biogenic Amines Using a Cucurbit[6]uril-PVC Sensing Membrane
by Cláudio M. R. Almeida, Joana L. A. Miranda, Manuela M. Moreira, Júlia M. C. S. Magalhães, Maria F. Barroso and Luisa Durães
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 4; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010004 - 22 Dec 2025
Viewed by 592
Abstract
In this work, a potentiometric sensor for the detection of biogenic amines (BAs) in food samples was developed and characterised. The sensor employs a home-fabricated electrode incorporating a cucurbit[6]uril-modified polyvinyl chloride membrane as the sensing element. The working principle, system behaviour, and optimal [...] Read more.
In this work, a potentiometric sensor for the detection of biogenic amines (BAs) in food samples was developed and characterised. The sensor employs a home-fabricated electrode incorporating a cucurbit[6]uril-modified polyvinyl chloride membrane as the sensing element. The working principle, system behaviour, and optimal operational conditions for BA monitoring were systematically investigated. The developed sensor demonstrated excellent analytical performance, showing a linear response in the concentration range of 3.0 × 10−5 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1, with a low limit of detection of 2.4 × 10−5 mol L−1. Among the tested analytes, the sensor exhibited the highest sensitivity toward tyramine. These results highlight the potential of the proposed cucurbit[6]uril-based potentiometric sensor as an effective and reliable tool for monitoring BAs in complex food matrices, contributing to improved food safety, quality control, and spoilage prevention in the food industry, while also demonstrating its new application as a low-cost, easily constructed platform for rapid tyramine screening in food products. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Low-Cost Chemosensors for Applications in Environment, Health, Food, and Industry Process Control, 2nd Edition)
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16 pages, 1888 KB  
Article
Creatinine Sensing with Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Field Effect Transistors
by Melody L. Candia, Esteban Piccinini, Omar Azzaroni and Waldemar A. Marmisollé
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 3; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010003 - 20 Dec 2025
Viewed by 1579
Abstract
Creatinine (Crn) is a clinically relevant biomarker commonly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of kidney disease. In this work, we report the fabrication of reduced-graphene-oxide-based field-effect transistors (rGO FETs) for Crn detection. These devices were functionalized using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, in [...] Read more.
Creatinine (Crn) is a clinically relevant biomarker commonly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of kidney disease. In this work, we report the fabrication of reduced-graphene-oxide-based field-effect transistors (rGO FETs) for Crn detection. These devices were functionalized using a layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, in which polyethyleneimine (PEI) and creatinine deiminase (CD) were alternately deposited. This LbL strategy allows for the effective incorporation of CD without compromising its structural or functional integrity, while also taking advantage of the local pH changes caused by creatinine hydrolysis. It also benefits from the use of a polyelectrolyte that can amplify the enzymatic signal. Furthermore, it enables scalable and efficient fabrication. These transistors also address the challenges of point-of-care implementation in single-use cartridges. It is worth noting that the devices showed a linear relationship between the Dirac-point shift and the logarithm of the creatinine concentration in the 20–500 µM range in diluted simulated urine. The sensor response improved with increasing numbers of PEI/CD bilayers. Furthermore, the functionalized FETs demonstrated rapid detection dynamics and good long-term stability. Present results confirm the potential of these devices as practical biosensors for sample analysis under real-world conditions, making them ideal for implementation in practical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food, Environmental and Biomedical Analysis)
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17 pages, 2434 KB  
Article
Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Levofloxacin Using a Mn (III)-Porphyrin Modified ITO Electrode
by Fatma Rejab, Nour Elhouda Dardouri, Nicole Jaffrezic-Renault and Hamdi Ben Halima
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010002 - 19 Dec 2025
Viewed by 572
Abstract
This work presents the design of a novel electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive determination of LEV, utilizing a sensing platform based on a newly synthesized, high-purity manganese (III) porphyrin complex [5,10,15,20-tetrayltetrakis(2-methoxybenzene-4,1-diyl) tetraisonicotinateporphyrinato] manganese (III) porphyrin (MnTMIPP). The successful synthesis of the MnTMIPP complex [...] Read more.
This work presents the design of a novel electrochemical sensor for highly sensitive determination of LEV, utilizing a sensing platform based on a newly synthesized, high-purity manganese (III) porphyrin complex [5,10,15,20-tetrayltetrakis(2-methoxybenzene-4,1-diyl) tetraisonicotinateporphyrinato] manganese (III) porphyrin (MnTMIPP). The successful synthesis of the MnTMIPP complex was verified using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The sensing electrode was fabricated by depositing the synthesized material onto an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode via a drop-coating method. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed sensor demonstrated a wide dynamic range, from 10−9 M to 10−3 M, with a low calculated detection limit of 4.82 × 10−10 M. Furthermore, the MnTMIPP/ITO electrode displayed interesting metrological performance: high selectivity, reproducibility, and stability. Successful application in spiked river water and saliva samples with satisfactory recovery rates confirms the sensor’s potential as a reliable and cost-effective platform for monitoring LEV in real-world environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Sensing)
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16 pages, 3130 KB  
Article
Fast and Non-Invasive Electronic Nose Devices for Screening Out COVID-19 Virus Infection Based on Exhaled Breath VOC Detection
by Woosuck Shin, Toshio Itoh, Yoshitake Masuda, Takehiro Kitawaki and Makoto Sawano
Chemosensors 2026, 14(1), 1; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors14010001 - 19 Dec 2025
Viewed by 746
Abstract
Current gene-based PCR diagnostics involving reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) require at least several hours, expensive tools, and complicated sample collection methods to obtain results. A test for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is advantageous as a simple, non-invasive, and [...] Read more.
Current gene-based PCR diagnostics involving reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) require at least several hours, expensive tools, and complicated sample collection methods to obtain results. A test for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath is advantageous as a simple, non-invasive, and fast screening method. In this study, a VOC detection system of array sensors was applied for the classification of breath control and COVID-19 virus infection. The ability to classify VOCs in the breath with COVID-19 virus infection has been studied with two metal-oxide (MOX) gas sensor arrays, commercially available sensors, and in-house sensors. The dataset of gas response signals from the array-type semiconductive gas sensors of the VOC detection system was analyzed using machine learning; principal component analysis (PCA) was used as a dimensionality-reduction method, and random forest (RF) and a convolutional neural network (CNN) were used as classification methods for the VOC concentration patterns in each breath. For the RF model, the accuracy results for the classification by two gas sensor arrays was 0.917 and this was improved by CO2 calibration to 0.967, and the feature importance analysis revealed the importance of specific gas sensors. For the CNN, an input layer of a transformed gray-scale image with the shape of 12 data points × 8 sensors was used, and its accuracy reached 100% within a relatively small number of epochs, demonstrating a short training time, which is beneficial for breath detectors or e-nose devices. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds in Complex Mixtures)
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