Advances in MXene-Based Hybrids for Electrochemical Health Monitoring

The growing demand for advanced health-monitoring technologies has intensified the need for early diagnosis of incurable diseases and timely detection of life-threatening conditions. Among various detection modalities, electrochemical sensing has emerged as a particularly promising approach due to its simplicity, cost-effectiveness, high sensitivity, rapid response, ease of miniaturization, and compatibility with portable, wearable, and implantable platforms. The performance of electrochemical sensors is strongly governed by the morphology and physicochemical properties of electrode materials. In this context, MXenes, 2D transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides have attracted increasing attention for sensing applications owing to their high electrical conductivity, large surface area, hydrophilicity, and rich surface chemistry. However, their practical implementation is hindered by oxidation and environmental instability, while surface modification strategies, although improving stability, may compromise intrinsic electrochemical activity and biocompatibility. Notably, MXene-based hybrids consistently demonstrate enhanced sensing performance, underscoring their potential for flexible and wearable electrochemical devices. Despite rapid progress in this field, a comprehensive review addressing the significance of MXene hybrids, their structure–property–performance relationships, and their role in electrochemical detection remains limited. Therefore, this review summarizes recent advances in MXene-based hybrid materials for electrochemical sensing and biosensing of biologically relevant analytes, with an emphasis on design strategies, functional enhancements, and their prospects for next-generation health-monitoring technologies.