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Volume 15
Issue 21
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Nanomaterials, Volume 15, Issue 21 (November-1 2025) – 82 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): Predicting the thermal properties of nanoporous materials remains a significant challenge, influencing their use in thermal insulation and energy storage. This review examines the application of machine learning to nanoporous materials such as covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, aerogels, and zeolites. It highlights advances in predictive and efficient models, including convolutional, graph, and physics-informed neural networks, while discussing data scarcity, physical consistency, and generalization challenges. The study also explores multimodal and transfer learning for cost reduction and emphasizes interpretable machine learning for uncovering underlying physical mechanisms. Overall, it offers practical guidelines for applying machine learning to design nanoporous materials. View this paper
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15 pages, 3310 KB  
Article
Effective Pore Distribution and Mechanism of CO2/CH4 Dynamic Separation by Carbon Molecular Sieves
by Jianhong Gu, Ran Xu, Zhenlong Song, Zejun Xiao, Shengli Guo, Weile Geng and Xuefu Xian
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1685; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211685 - 6 Nov 2025
Viewed by 491
Abstract
Addressing the pressing demand for biogas and landfill-gas upgrading within the global energy transition, this work strategically combines thermodynamic and kinetic separation principles to identify, from a cooperative-separation perspective, the effective pore-size range that governs carbon molecular sieve (CMS) performance. Thirty anthracite-derived CMS [...] Read more.
Addressing the pressing demand for biogas and landfill-gas upgrading within the global energy transition, this work strategically combines thermodynamic and kinetic separation principles to identify, from a cooperative-separation perspective, the effective pore-size range that governs carbon molecular sieve (CMS) performance. Thirty anthracite-derived CMS samples with distinct pore structures were synthesized and employed as a statistical set to link pore architecture with dynamic adsorption performance. The results clarify the effective pore-size range and mechanism for enhanced CMS selectivity: CH4 uptake depends exclusively on ultramicropores (<10 Å), with a negligible contribution from mesopores (>20 Å), whereas CO2 uptake is less sensitive to pore-size distribution. CO2/CH4 separation performance improves linearly with the volume fraction of mesopores >20 Å, defining a 20–60 Å mesopore window as optimal for cooperative CMS. Mechanistic studies show that a high mesopore fraction significantly slows CH4 adsorption while maintaining a fast CO2 uptake, thereby amplifying their intrinsic adsorption-rate difference. This work breaks from the conventional purely thermodynamic or kinetic sieving paradigm and offers new design criteria for CMS tailored to on-site biogas and landfill-gas purification. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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13 pages, 1481 KB  
Article
Distinct 2D p(2 × 2) Sn/Cu(111) Superstructure at Low Temperature: Experimental Characterization and DFT Calculations of Its Geometry and Electronic Structure
by Xihui Liang, Dah-An Luh and Cheng-Maw Cheng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1684; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211684 - 6 Nov 2025
Viewed by 468
Abstract
Atomically precise control of metal adatoms on metal surfaces is critical for designing novel low-dimensional materials, and the Sn-Cu(111) system is of particular interest due to the potential of stanene in topological physics. However, conflicting reports on Sn-induced superstructures on Cu(111) highlight the [...] Read more.
Atomically precise control of metal adatoms on metal surfaces is critical for designing novel low-dimensional materials, and the Sn-Cu(111) system is of particular interest due to the potential of stanene in topological physics. However, conflicting reports on Sn-induced superstructures on Cu(111) highlight the need for clarifying their geometric and electronic properties at low temperatures. We employed scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), and density functional theory (DFT) to investigate submonolayer (<0.25 ML) Sn adsorption on Cu(111) at 100 K. We confirmed a p(2 × 2) Sn/Cu(111) superstructure with one Sn atom per unit cell and found that Sn preferentially occupies three-fold hcp sites. ARPES measurements of the band structure—including a ~0.3 eV local gap between two specific bands at the Γ¯2 point in a metallic overall electronic structure—were in good agreement with the DFT results. Notably, the STM-observed p(2 × 2) morphology differs from the honeycomb-like or buckled stanene structures reported on Cu(111), which highlights the intricate interactions between adatoms and the substrate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface and Interfacial Sciences of Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials)
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11 pages, 2339 KB  
Article
Durable Pt-Decorated NiFe-LDH for High-Current-Density Electrocatalytic Water Splitting Under Alkaline Conditions
by Luan Liu, Hongru Liu, Baorui Jia, Xuanhui Qu and Mingli Qin
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1683; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211683 - 6 Nov 2025
Viewed by 661
Abstract
The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study, we developed a corrosion-mediated approach, where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of [...] Read more.
The development of durable and efficient catalysts capable of driving both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is essential for advancing sustainable hydrogen production through overall water electrolysis. In this study, we developed a corrosion-mediated approach, where Ni ions originate from the self-corrosion of the nickel foam (NF) substrate, to construct Pt-modified NiFe layered double hydroxide (Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH) under ambient conditions. The obtained catalyst exhibits a hierarchical architecture with abundant defect sites, which favor the uniform distribution of Pt clusters and optimized electronic configuration. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH catalyst, constructed through the interaction between Pt sites and defective NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe-LDH), demonstrates remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity, delivering an overpotential as low as 29 mV at a current density of 10 mA·cm−2 and exhibiting a small tafel slope of 34.23 mV·dec−1 in 1 M KOH, together with excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance, requiring only 252 mV to reach 100 mA·cm−2. Moreover, the catalyst demonstrates outstanding activity and durability in alkaline seawater, maintaining stable operation over long-term tests. The Pt-NiFeOxHy@NiFe-LDH electrode, when integrated into a two-electrode system, demonstrates operating voltages as low as 1.42 and 1.51 V for current densities of 10 and 100 mA·cm−2, respectively, and retains outstanding stability under concentrated alkaline conditions (6 M KOH, 70 °C). Overall, this work establishes a scalable and economically viable pathway toward high-efficiency bifunctional electrocatalysts and deepens the understanding of Pt-LDH interfacial synergy in promoting water-splitting catalysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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18 pages, 5235 KB  
Article
Intermolecular Organization of a Lyotropic Liquid Crystal and Carbon Dot Composite in Microfluidic Channels: Surface and Dynamic Effects
by Artem Bezrukov, Aliya Galeeva, Aleksandr Krupin and Yuriy Galyametdinov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1682; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211682 - 6 Nov 2025
Viewed by 496
Abstract
Composites of lyotropic liquid crystals with biocompatible luminescent nanoparticles represent multifunctional materials with high potential for application in molecular diagnostics and biomedicine. Their integration with microfluidics is a new and scarcely studied approach that offers unique opportunities for tuning properties of such nanomaterials [...] Read more.
Composites of lyotropic liquid crystals with biocompatible luminescent nanoparticles represent multifunctional materials with high potential for application in molecular diagnostics and biomedicine. Their integration with microfluidics is a new and scarcely studied approach that offers unique opportunities for tuning properties of such nanomaterials and simulating the biological environment of their application. This paper analyzes the impact of the governing microfluidic factors, including wall effects and flow dynamics, on the intermolecular structure and optical properties of the mesogenic luminescent nanocomposite of tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether and carbon dots. The nanoscale and microscale surface structure of microchannel walls was found to be the dominating factor for additional near-wall ordering of the intrinsic lamellar structure of the composite. A combination of controlled shear stress with heating–cooling cycles allowed for a gradual and reversible transformation of multilamellar vesicles into the axial lamellar structure, and provided the composite with anisotropic luminescence capabilities according to the study of the luminescent behavior of carbon dots. The collected experimental datasets, comprising hundreds of texture images, allowed for training the neural network for subsequent accurate recognition of the composite nanoscale organization and dynamic properties in straight and serpentine microchannels. The results will contribute to developing AI-powered microfluidic chips with integrated biocompatible nanocomposite materials for testing drug delivery systems and simulating biological capillary environment in organ-on-chip prototypes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Multifunctional Luminescent Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications)
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10 pages, 1216 KB  
Article
Printed Ag Mesh Electrodes with Enhanced Adhesion on Diverse Substrates for Transparent Heater Applications
by Han-Jung Kim, Se Yong Park, Jeongmin Park, Yohan Ko, Changjoo Shin, Dong-Woo Man and Yoonkap Kim
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211681 - 5 Nov 2025
Viewed by 422
Abstract
Digital printing technologies—including inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, and electrohydrodynamic jet printing—have emerged as promising strategies for next-generation electronic devices. However, the weak adhesion between printed electrodes and substrates can lead to electrode delamination, thereby compromising device reliability and lifetime. In this study, [...] Read more.
Digital printing technologies—including inkjet printing, aerosol jet printing, and electrohydrodynamic jet printing—have emerged as promising strategies for next-generation electronic devices. However, the weak adhesion between printed electrodes and substrates can lead to electrode delamination, thereby compromising device reliability and lifetime. In this study, a dielectric interlayer was introduced to improve the adhesion of silver (Ag) mesh electrodes on glass, polyethersulfone film, and polyimide film substrates. The optimized electrode on PES film achieved an optical transmittance of 83% at 550 nm and line resistance of 0.3 Ω, confirming its suitability as a transparent electrode. The incorporation of the interlayer also enhanced the adhesion and mechanical flexibility across all substrates. Moreover, the printed electrodes exhibited uniform surface heating under an applied bias (≤DC 3 V), and their feasibility as low-power flexible transparent heaters was experimentally demonstrated. These findings present a simple and effective printing strategy for fabricating robust and multifunctional electrodes, offering enormous potential for the realization of future flexible and transparent electronic systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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15 pages, 2571 KB  
Article
Multiscale Ion-Electron Transport in 3D-Printed Hierarchically Porous Full Batteries
by Teng Wang, Lei Feng, Bohua Su, Xiaocong Tian and Yan Zhao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1680; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211680 - 5 Nov 2025
Viewed by 516
Abstract
The rapid advancement of next-generation energy storage technologies demands advanced manufacturing strategies that offer structural precision, scalability, and compositional tunability. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative approach to constructing energy storage architectures. In this work, we report a 3D-printed LiCoO2 [...] Read more.
The rapid advancement of next-generation energy storage technologies demands advanced manufacturing strategies that offer structural precision, scalability, and compositional tunability. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has emerged as a transformative approach to constructing energy storage architectures. In this work, we report a 3D-printed LiCoO2//Li4Ti5O12 full battery featuring a hierarchically porous and conductive reduced graphene oxide-carbon nanotubes (rGO-CNTs) framework that enables desirable ion-electron transport. The resulting full cells exhibit a high capacity of 151.4 mAh g−1 at the rate of 0.1 C, superior rate performance, and outstanding cycling stability, maintaining 97.1% capacity after 3000 cycles. Furthermore, the fully printed cell successfully powers a digital stopwatch, demonstrating its practical applicability for devices. This study presents a structural and compositional study for constructing high-performance customizable 3D-printed batteries, advancing the digital manufacturing of next-generation energy systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Application of Nanomaterials in Solid-State Energy Storage Materials and Batteries (Second Edition))
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20 pages, 4756 KB  
Review
Graphene-Skinned Materials: Direct Integration Strategies, Structural Insights, and Multifunctional Applications
by Yulin Han, Xinya Lu, Ningning Su, Yingjie Zhao and Qingyan Pan
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1679; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211679 - 5 Nov 2025
Viewed by 624
Abstract
Graphene, owing to its unique atomic structure, exhibits a set of outstanding physical and chemical properties, including ultrahigh carrier mobility, excellent thermal conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and high optical transparency. However, the atomic-thickness nature of graphene limits its ability to form self-supporting structures, [...] Read more.
Graphene, owing to its unique atomic structure, exhibits a set of outstanding physical and chemical properties, including ultrahigh carrier mobility, excellent thermal conductivity, superior mechanical strength, and high optical transparency. However, the atomic-thickness nature of graphene limits its ability to form self-supporting structures, making substrate integration a prerequisite for practical applications. Graphene-skinned materials, constructed by in situ deposition of continuous graphene films on conventional substrates, have recently emerged as a promising solution. This strategy effectively integrates graphene with conventional engineering materials, harnessing its superior properties while avoiding the structural defects and contamination typical of transfer processes. Consequently, graphene-skinned materials have rapidly become a rapidly developing area of research in materials science. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in graphene-skinned materials. Particular attention is given to coating methods and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) routes, followed by a discussion of commonly employed characterization tools for evaluating graphene quality and interface integrity. Applications in electromagnetic shielding, thermal management, sensors, and multifunctional composites are critically examined. Finally, future perspectives are needed regarding the key challenges and opportunities for engineering and industrial-scale deployment of graphene-skinned materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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3 pages, 288 KB  
Correction
Correction: Shahbazi et al. Effective Low-Energy Hamiltonians and Unconventional Landau-Level Spectrum of Monolayer C3N. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 4375
by Mohsen Shahbazi, Jamal Davoodi, Arash Boochani, Hadi Khanjani and Andor Kormányos
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1678; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211678 - 5 Nov 2025
Viewed by 230
Abstract
In our published paper [1], we have identified misprints and errors in the values of the k·p model parameters, which were obtained by fitting the results of the density function theory (DFT) band structure calculations [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Section 2D and Carbon Nanomaterials)
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17 pages, 4070 KB  
Article
Application of Amino Acid-Based Carbon Dots for the Treatment of Oral Bacteria and Oral Cancer Cells In Vitro Using a Dental Light-Curing Unit via ROS-Mediated Therapy
by So-Young Park, Wooil Kim, Unchul Shin, Yong Hoon Kwon, Franklin Garcia-Godoy and Hye-Ock Jang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1677; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211677 - 5 Nov 2025
Viewed by 386
Abstract
In systemic diseases, controlling oral bacteria and cancer is an important issue. As biomaterials, recently, carbon dots (DSs) are the focus of a variety of studies owing to their extensive applicability in life sciences. In this study, the effectiveness of carbon dots (CDs) [...] Read more.
In systemic diseases, controlling oral bacteria and cancer is an important issue. As biomaterials, recently, carbon dots (DSs) are the focus of a variety of studies owing to their extensive applicability in life sciences. In this study, the effectiveness of carbon dots (CDs) for the elimination of both oral bacteria and oral cancer in vitro was assessed using a dental light-curing unit (LCU) as a light source. CDs were synthesized using an amino acid. The absorbance of CDs and the emission spectrum of the LCU were measured. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was evaluated spectroscopically. Changes in glutathione (GSH) content were evaluated. Using oral bacteria and cancer cells, in vitro antibacterial and antitumor capabilities of CDs were evaluated under light irradiation. Confocal microscopy was used to observe live/dead cells and intracellular lipid peroxidation (LPO). The emission spectrum of the LCU fully matched the absorbance of CDs. After CD treatment, the initial peak absorbances of the p-nitrosodimethylaniline-imidazole (for singlet oxygen assay) and nitroblue tetrazolium (for superoxide oxide assay) solutions changed under light irradiation. The initial peak absorbance of the GSH assay solution decreased during and after light irradiation. Both CD-treated oral bacteria and oral cancer cells were near totally eliminated at 50 and 200 μg/mL concentrations, respectively, after light irradiation. In the live/dead cell and C11-BODIPY581/591 dye assays, red and green fluorescent spots were, respectively, observed in the CD-treated and light-irradiated cells. Accordingly, CDs effectively eliminated both oral bacteria and cancer cells in vitro in conjunction with dental LCU with less damage to normal cells through ROS-induced or ROS-initiated GSH depletion-induced intracellular LPO. Dental LCU plays a crucial role in ROS production through CD photoexcitation. Dental LUC has the potential to be used as a light source in dentistry for the treatment of oral bacteria and cancer cells. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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17 pages, 5629 KB  
Article
Pack Cementation Route to Ag2Se: Correlating Structure, Phase Formation, and Thermoelectric Performance
by Aikaterini Teknetzi, Dimitrios Stathokostopoulos, Savvas Hadjipanteli, Isaak Vasileiadis, Evangelia Tarani, Nikolaos Hastas, Eleni Pavlidou, Thomas Kehagias, Theodora Kyratsi and George Vourlias
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211676 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 552
Abstract
Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a promising thermoelectric material for near-room-temperature applications, yet its scalable fabrication remains challenging due to limitations in conventional synthesis routes and the strong dependence of its properties on processing conditions. In this work, the pack cementation technique [...] Read more.
Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is a promising thermoelectric material for near-room-temperature applications, yet its scalable fabrication remains challenging due to limitations in conventional synthesis routes and the strong dependence of its properties on processing conditions. In this work, the pack cementation technique is introduced as a novel cost-effective, and industrially viable route for producing β-Ag2Se powders. The influence of synthesis parameters on phase formation, composition, and microstructure is examined, and their correlation with thermoelectric behavior is studied to establish clear structure–property relationships. The resulting Ag2Se is comprehensively evaluated for quality and performance. Phase-pure orthorhombic β-Ag2Se with near-stoichiometric composition and a uniform microstructure was successfully synthesized, with phase purity preserved after consolidation without secondary phases. The material exhibited competitive thermoelectric performance, achieving a maximum ZT = 0.63 at 352 K and stable operation up to ~375 K. These findings demonstrate that pack cementation can deliver high-quality Ag2Se with competitive efficiency, highlighting its potential for future optimization and large-scale production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices)
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22 pages, 4729 KB  
Article
Unidirectional Ligament Orientation Enables Enhanced Out-of-Plane Mechanical Properties in Anisotropic Nanoporous Gold
by Yuhang Zhang, Xiuming Liu, Yiqun Hu, Suhang Ding and Feixiang Tang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1675; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211675 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 438
Abstract
Nanoporous gold (NPG), characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanoscale solid ligaments and pore channels, exhibits exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, the limited strength and stiffness of traditional isotropic NPG (INPG) have constrained its engineering applications. To effectively enhance the mechanical properties [...] Read more.
Nanoporous gold (NPG), characterized by a bicontinuous network of nanoscale solid ligaments and pore channels, exhibits exceptional physical and chemical properties. However, the limited strength and stiffness of traditional isotropic NPG (INPG) have constrained its engineering applications. To effectively enhance the mechanical properties of NPG, this work proposes an innovative anisotropic NPG (ANPG) architecture featuring unidirectional ligament orientation. By controlling spinodal decomposition parameters, ANPG models with preferentially aligned ligaments and INPG with random ligament orientation are constructed, spanning relative densities from 0.30 to 0.50. The ligament length and diameter of ANPG along the out-of-plane direction are twice those along other directions. Molecular dynamics simulations of tensile tests show that ANPG exhibits superior out-of-plane Young’s modulus and yield strength but reduced fracture strain compared to INPG. Crucially, ANPG maintains toughness comparable to INPG at relative densities below 0.4, offering an optimal strength-toughness balance for practical applications. Scaling law analysis demonstrates INPG follows classical bending-dominated Gibson-Ashby behavior, while ANPG exhibits a hybrid deformation mechanism with significant ligament stretching contribution. Atomic-scale analysis reveals that both structures develop dislocation-mediated plasticity initially, but ANPG transitions to localized ligament necking and fractures more rapidly, explaining its reduced ductility. Strain localization quantification, measured by atomic shear strain standard deviation, confirms the intensifier deformation concentration in ANPG at large plastic strain. These findings suggest anisotropic design as a powerful strategy for developing high-performance NPG for actuators, sensors, and catalytic systems where simultaneous mechanical robustness and functional performance are required. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoindentation and Nanomechanics)
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30 pages, 5128 KB  
Review
Atomic Layer Deposition for Perovskite Solar Cells: Interface Engineering, Stability Enhancement, and Future Prospects
by Xuanya Liao, Youquan Jiang, Lirong Wang, Jiulong Li, Zhuoran Hou, Kwang Leong Choy and Zhaodong Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1674; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211674 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1349
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved rapid progress in recent years owing to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and processability. However, poor device stability and carrier recombination remain significant obstacles to further development. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), with its atomic-level control [...] Read more.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved rapid progress in recent years owing to their high-power conversion efficiency (PCE), low cost, and processability. However, poor device stability and carrier recombination remain significant obstacles to further development. Atomic layer deposition (ALD), with its atomic-level control over film thickness, excellent uniformity, and interfacial engineering capability, has attracted considerable attention in PSC research. This review summarizes the applications of ALD in PSCs, including low-temperature synthesis (typically below 350 °C), thickness and composition control (approximately 1 nm per 10 ALD cycles), defect passivation, encapsulation (water vapor transmission rates as low as 10−6 g·m−2·day−1 under optimized conditions), and tandem devices. In addition, the mechanisms by which ALD enhances device efficiency and stability are discussed in depth, and the challenges and future prospects of this technique are analyzed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Solar Energy and Solar Cells)
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13 pages, 3254 KB  
Article
Achieving High Sensitivity and Linearity in Resistive Flexible Sensors Using FeNWs@Graphene as Conductive Fillers
by Lei Cui, Zhengfeng Cao, Chuan Chen, Qiang Zhang, Fangyuan Chang, Yan Xiao, Yiyang Tang, Lining Wu and Xiangyu Ge
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1673; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211673 - 4 Nov 2025
Viewed by 554
Abstract
There is a critical demand for flexible resistive sensors that combine high sensitivity with a wide linear range, fast response speed, and excellent long-term stability. This study presents the development of a high-performance resistive flexible sensor utilizing graphene-coated iron nanowires (Fe NWs@Graphene) as [...] Read more.
There is a critical demand for flexible resistive sensors that combine high sensitivity with a wide linear range, fast response speed, and excellent long-term stability. This study presents the development of a high-performance resistive flexible sensor utilizing graphene-coated iron nanowires (Fe NWs@Graphene) as conductive fillers within a polyurethane sponge (PUS) substrate. The sensor was constructed with a sandwich-like structure, consisting of Fe NWs@Graphene-impregnated PUS as the sensing layer, encapsulated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for protection. The Fe NWs were synthesized via a chemical reduction process employing an external magnetic field. Subsequent chemical vapor deposition enabled uniform graphene coating on the surface of Fe NWs. Systematic performance assessments demonstrated that the Fe NWs@Graphene flexible sensor exhibits a gauge factor (GF) of 14.5 within a 0–100% strain range, representing a 71% improvement over previously reported Fe NW-based strain sensors, along with excellent linearity (R2 = 0.994). The sensor also showed rapid response times (113 ms for loading and 97 ms for unloading) and outstanding cyclic stability over 3000 stretching cycles at 50% strain. These enhancements are attributed to the synergistic effects between Fe NWs and graphene: the graphene shell effectively protects the Fe NW core against oxidation, thereby improving stability, and facilitates efficient charge transport, while the Fe NWs serve as bridging agents that improve both mechanical integrity and electrical percolation. In addition, application tests simulating human motion detection confirmed the sensor’s ability to accurately capture muscle-induced strain signals with high repeatability. The results underscore the feasibility of Fe NWs@Graphene as conductive fillers for high-sensitivity, wide-range, and stable flexible sensors, highlighting the potential in wearable electronics and human–machine interaction systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials in Flexible Sensing and Devices)
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16 pages, 2410 KB  
Article
Spectral and Acoustic Characterization of Nanoenergetic Devices Based on Sodium Perchlorate-Impregnated Porous Silicon
by Abel Apaza Quispe, Ana C. Bueno Borges and Walter Jaimes Salcedo
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1672; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211672 - 3 Nov 2025
Viewed by 340
Abstract
This work reports the controlled synthesis and characterization of nanoenergetic composites composed of porous silicon (PS) impregnated with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) for precision energy-release applications. PS films were fabricated by electrochemical anodization of p-type silicon (10–20 Ω·cm), with systematic variation in [...] Read more.
This work reports the controlled synthesis and characterization of nanoenergetic composites composed of porous silicon (PS) impregnated with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) for precision energy-release applications. PS films were fabricated by electrochemical anodization of p-type silicon (10–20 Ω·cm), with systematic variation in current density (50–200 mA cm−2) and anodization time (10–25 min) to tailor pore morphology. The energetic behavior of the composites was evaluated through thermal ignition tests, optical emission spectroscopy (300–1000 nm), acoustic analysis (0–500 Hz), and high-speed imaging. Optimal energy release was obtained for PS films anodized at 100 mA cm−2 for 15–20 min, attributed to their hierarchical pore architecture that facilitated complete oxidant infiltration. Overall, this work provides additional insights beyond previous reports by correlating the explosive efficiency with both anodization time—linked to PS film thickness—and current density—associated with porosity. A portable multispectral optical system with fiber-optic access to the explosion chamber was developed for in situ characterization, offering a safe and versatile approach for measurements in explosive environments. To the best of our knowledge, no prior studies have analyzed the correlation between the acoustic signatures and explosion intensity in PS–NaClO4 systems as proposed here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Discoveries of Novel Ablative Thermal Protection Nanocomposites and Nanostructures)
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15 pages, 2428 KB  
Article
Adjoint-Driven Inverse Design of a Quad-Spectral Metasurface Router for RGB-NIR Sensing
by Rishad Arfin, Jeongwoo Son, Jens Niegemann, Dylan McGuire and Mohamed H. Bakr
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1671; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211671 - 3 Nov 2025
Viewed by 556
Abstract
There has been an increasing demand for high-resolution image sensing technologies in recent years due to their diverse and advanced optical applications. With recent advances in nanofabrication technologies, this can be achieved through the realization of high-density pixels. However, the development of high-density [...] Read more.
There has been an increasing demand for high-resolution image sensing technologies in recent years due to their diverse and advanced optical applications. With recent advances in nanofabrication technologies, this can be achieved through the realization of high-density pixels. However, the development of high-density and miniaturized pixels introduces challenges to the conventional color filters, which generally transmit and absorb different spectral components of light. A significant portion of the incident light is inherently lost using conventional color filters. Moreover, as the pixel size is shrunk, optical losses appear to be substantial. To address these fundamental limitations, a novel nanophotonic optical router is proposed in this work. Our router utilizes a single-layer, all-dielectric metasurface as a spectral router. The metasurface is designed through an inverse design approach that exploits adjoint sensitivity analysis. A novel figure of merit is developed and incorporated in the inverse design process, enabling the metasurface design to effectively sort and route the incoming light into four targeted channels, each corresponding to a distinct spectral component—red, green, blue, and near-infrared. We demonstrate that the proposed quad-spectral metasurface router, having a compact footprint of 2 μm×2 μm, achieves an average optical efficiency of approximately 39% across the broad spectral range, i.e., 400–850 nm, with each spectral channel exceeding an efficiency of 25%. This surpasses the maximum efficiency attainable by the conventional four-channel color filters. Our proposed quad-spectral metasurface router offers a wide range of applications in low-light imaging, image fusion, computational photography, and computer vision. In addition, this work highlights the applicability of an adjoint-based inverse design approach to accelerate the development of compact, efficient, and high-performance nanophotonic devices for the next generation of imaging and sensing systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nonlinear Optics of Nanostructures and Metasurfaces)
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26 pages, 7391 KB  
Article
Effects of Frost Damage and Nanomaterials Modification on the Microstructure and Fracture Properties of the Interfacial Transition Zone of Cementitious Materials
by Xiangong Zhou, Xiancheng Zhou and Weikang Kong
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1670; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211670 - 3 Nov 2025
Viewed by 444
Abstract
Cementitious materials are multiscale and multiphase composites whose frost resistance at the macroscale is closely governed by microstructural characteristics. However, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between clinker and hydrates, recognized as the weakest solid phase, plays a decisive role in the initiation and [...] Read more.
Cementitious materials are multiscale and multiphase composites whose frost resistance at the macroscale is closely governed by microstructural characteristics. However, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between clinker and hydrates, recognized as the weakest solid phase, plays a decisive role in the initiation and propagation of microcracks under freezing conditions. Understanding the frost damage mechanism of ITZ is therefore essential for improving the durability of concrete in cold regions. The motivation of this study lies in revealing how freezing affects the mechanical integrity and microstructure of ITZ in its early ages, which remains insufficiently understood in existing research. To address this, a nanoscratch technique was employed for its ability to quantify local fracture properties and interfacial adhesion at the submicronscale, providing a direct and high-resolution assessment of ITZ behavior under freeze–thaw action. The ITZ thickness and fracture properties were characterized in unfrozen cement paste and in cement paste frozen at 1 and 7 days of age to elucidate the microscale frost damage mechanism. Moreover, the enhancement effect of nano-silica modification on frozen ITZ was investigated through the combined use of nanoscratch and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP). The correlations among clinker particle size, ITZ thickness, and ITZ fracture properties were further established using nanoscratch coupled with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study provides a novel micromechanical insight into the frost deterioration of ITZ and demonstrates the innovative application of nanoscratch technology in characterizing freeze-induced damage in cementitious materials, offering theoretical guidance for designing durable concrete for cold environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanomaterials and Energetics: Design, Developments, and Challenges from Experimentation and Computation Aspects)
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13 pages, 1009 KB  
Article
Effect of Hydrothermal Aging on Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Zirconia Ceramics
by Çağlayan Sayla Çelik and Merve Çakırbay Tanış
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1669; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211669 - 3 Nov 2025
Viewed by 672
Abstract
The mechanical and microstructural properties of monolithic zirconia ceramics are significant factors for their long-term clinical performance. This study aims to investigate the effects of hydrothermal aging on these properties for the 3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP, and 5Y-TZP formulations. Specimens were prepared from 3 different [...] Read more.
The mechanical and microstructural properties of monolithic zirconia ceramics are significant factors for their long-term clinical performance. This study aims to investigate the effects of hydrothermal aging on these properties for the 3Y-TZP, 4Y-TZP, and 5Y-TZP formulations. Specimens were prepared from 3 different zirconia blocks: 3Y-TZP (HT), 4Y-TZP (ST), and 5Y-TZP (XT). Half of the specimens were aged in an autoclave (134 °C, 2 bar, 5 h) while the others remained as controls. Three-point flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and surface roughness tests, as well as XRD, AFM, and SEM/EDS analysis, were performed. The material type significantly affected the flexural strength, Vickers hardness, and surface roughness. Aging did not significantly affect the flexural strength or surface roughness but reduced the Vickers hardness in the 3Y-TZP sample. The 3Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP samples displayed the highest and lowest flexural strength, respectively. In the non-aged groups, 3Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP exhibited higher hardness than 4Y-TZP, and after aging, 3Y-TZP displayed the lowest hardness. Further, 5Y-TZP showed the highest surface roughness before and after aging. XRD revealed an increased monoclinic phase in the aged 3Y-TZP and 4Y-TZP. No monoclinic phase was observed in 5Y-TZP. According to AFM measurements, aging led to a smoother surface in 3Y-TZP but increased roughness in 4Y-TZP and 5Y-TZP. SEM/EDS revealed changes in the elemental compositions following aging. According to the results of this study, different material formulations affect the mechanical behavior and microstructural properties of monolithic zirconia ceramics. Further, hydrothermal aging displayed effects on the Vickers hardness and phase transformations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Inorganic Materials and Metal-Organic Frameworks)
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19 pages, 6729 KB  
Article
High-Entropy (Ce0.2Pr0.2Zn0.2Nd0.2Tb0.2)2Zr2O7 Zirconate Pyrochlore: A Promising Photocatalyst for Diverse Environmental Applications
by Mariappan Anandkumar, Shanmugavel Sudarsan, Venkata Ramesh Naganaboina, Naveen Kumar Bandari, Ksenia Sergeevna Litvinyuk, Shiv Govind Singh and Evgeny Alekseevich Trofimov
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1668; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211668 - 2 Nov 2025
Viewed by 563
Abstract
Although fast-paced ongoing industrial growth, on the one hand, enhances the lifestyle of the population, on the other hand, it affects human health and the environment as a result of the discharge of pollutants. To address this, designing a novel and effective photocatalyst [...] Read more.
Although fast-paced ongoing industrial growth, on the one hand, enhances the lifestyle of the population, on the other hand, it affects human health and the environment as a result of the discharge of pollutants. To address this, designing a novel and effective photocatalyst is necessary to mitigate increasing environmental pollutants. In the present work, we aim to synthesize a single-phase high-entropy zirconate pyrochlore oxide (Ce0.2Pr0.2Zn0.2Nd0.2Tb0.2)2Zr2O7 using a modified Pechini method. The physicochemical properties of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction, UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The photocatalytic properties were examined using cationic dye (methylene blue), anionic dye (Congo red), and Cr(VI). Photocatalytic degradation experiments demonstrate exceptional efficiency in the removal of persistent organic pollutants. The photocatalytic results indicate that the prepared high-entropy (Ce0.2Pr0.2Zn0.2Nd0.2Tb0.2)2Zr2O7 zirconate pyrochlore oxide could effectively degrade dyes and reduce Cr(VI). Radical trapping experiments indicate that the degradation of dyes was driven by the hydroxyl radicals, superoxide radicals, and holes. Furthermore, the position of the valence band and conduction band promoted efficient photocatalytic reaction kinetics. The prepared photocatalyst remains structurally stable and can be reused three times without losing activity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Catalytic Applications)
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14 pages, 2070 KB  
Article
Photogating Regimes in Graphene: Memory-Bearing and Reset-Free Operation
by Afshan Khaliq, Hongsheng Xu, Akeel Qadir, Ayesha Salman, Sichao Du, Munir Ali and Shihua Huang
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1667; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211667 - 2 Nov 2025
Viewed by 387
Abstract
We demonstrate photogating in a graphene/Si–SiO2 stack, where vertical motion of photogenerated charge is converted into a corresponding change in graphene channel conductance in real time. Under pulsed illumination, holes accumulate at the Si/SiO2 interface, creating a surface photovoltage that shifts [...] Read more.
We demonstrate photogating in a graphene/Si–SiO2 stack, where vertical motion of photogenerated charge is converted into a corresponding change in graphene channel conductance in real time. Under pulsed illumination, holes accumulate at the Si/SiO2 interface, creating a surface photovoltage that shifts the flat-band condition and electrostatically suppresses graphene conductance. A dual-readout scheme—simultaneously tracking interfacial charging dynamics and the graphene channel—cleanly separates optical charge injection (cause) from electronic transduction (effect). This separation allows for the direct extraction of practical figures of merit without conventional transfer sweeps, including flat-band shift per pulse, retention time constants, and trap occupancy. Interface kinetics then define two operating regimes: a fast, resettable detector when traps are sparse or rapid, and a trap-assisted analog-memory state when slow traps retain charge between pulses. The mechanism is complementary metal-oxide–semiconductor compatible (CMOS-compatible) and needs no cryogenics or exotic materials. Together, these results outline a compact route to engineer integrating photodetectors, pixel-level memory for adaptive imaging, and neuromorphic optoelectronic elements that couple sensing with in situ computation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue 2D Materials for High-Performance Optoelectronics)
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14 pages, 3009 KB  
Article
Waste Oyster Shell/Graphene Oxide Composite as a Dual-Functional Soil Conditioner and SRF: Impacts on Soil pH and Nutrient Availability
by Hsuhui Cheng, Yuxing Xian, Yetong Lu, Ziying Zhang, Yishi He and Xiangying Hao
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1666; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211666 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 456
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by a waterless synthesis route to generate GO sheets, which were then applied to coat calcined oyster shell with fertilizer (OSF) pellets, resulting in the creation of an OSF-GO particle. The GO sheets (ID/IG = 0.86) were characterized [...] Read more.
Graphene oxide (GO) was prepared by a waterless synthesis route to generate GO sheets, which were then applied to coat calcined oyster shell with fertilizer (OSF) pellets, resulting in the creation of an OSF-GO particle. The GO sheets (ID/IG = 0.86) were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, which showed that the GO-coated OSF pellet features a compact coating approximately 13.68 μm thick. SEM and AFM analyses revealed that the GO sheets displayed a monolayer configuration with a crinkled topography (about 0.91 nm). The EDS analysis confirmed that the core was primarily composed of Ca, K, P, O, N, and C elements. The hydroponic experiment results showed that a GO concentration of 80 mg/L significantly enhanced plant height, stem thickness, and root length in loose-leaf lettuce, while higher concentrations induced oxidative stress. In pot experiments, the OSF-GO composite effectively raised the soil pH from 5.38 to 6.41 and improved nutrient availability. OSF-GO composite functions effectively as both a soil conditioner and slow-release fertilizer (SRF), simultaneously remediating degraded soils and optimizing nutrient delivery. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interplay between Nanomaterials and Plants)
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33 pages, 4280 KB  
Review
Advances in Through-Hole Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Membrane and Its Applications: A Review
by Chin-An Ku and Chen-Kuei Chung
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1665; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211665 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 1334
Abstract
Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is a well-known nanomaterial template formed under specific electrochemical conditions. By adjusting voltage, temperature, electrolyte type, and concentration, various microstructural modifications of AAO can be achieved within its hexagonally arranged pore array. To enable broader applications or enhance performance, [...] Read more.
Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) is a well-known nanomaterial template formed under specific electrochemical conditions. By adjusting voltage, temperature, electrolyte type, and concentration, various microstructural modifications of AAO can be achieved within its hexagonally arranged pore array. To enable broader applications or enhance performance, post-treatment is often employed to further modify its nanostructure after anodization. Among these post-treatment techniques, AAO membrane detachment methods have been widely studied and can be categorized into traditional etching methods, voltage reduction methods, reverse bias voltage detachment methods, pulse voltage detachment methods, and further anodization techniques. Among various delamination processes, the mechanism is highly related to the selectivity of wet etching, as well as the Joule heating and stress generated during the process. Each of these detachment methods has its own advantages and drawbacks, including processing time, complexity, film integrity, and the toxicity of the solutions used. Consequently, researchers have devoted significant effort to optimizing and improving these techniques. Furthermore, through-hole AAO membranes have been applied in various fields, such as humidity sensors, nanomaterial synthesis, filtration, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), and tribo-electrical nano-generators (TENG). In particular, the rough and porous structures formed at the bottom of AAO films significantly enhance sensor performance. Depending on specific application requirements, selecting or refining the appropriate processing method is crucial to achieving optimal results. As a versatile nanomaterial template, AAO itself is expected to play a key role in future advancements in environmental safety, bio-applications, energy technologies, and food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research for Food Contact Materials and Sensors Based on Nanomaterials)
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13 pages, 6341 KB  
Article
GaAs Nanowire Growth by MBE with Catalyst Forming Eutectic Points with Both Elements
by Nickolay V. Sibirev, Ilya P. Soshnikov, Igor V. Ilkiv, Evgenii V. Ubyivovk, George E. Cirlin and Igor V. Shtrom
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1664; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211664 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 433
Abstract
A3B5 nanowires are usually grown via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. Species from the vapor are incorporated into the nanowires using a catalyst droplet. Typically, the droplet is a low-melting-point eutectic alloy of catalyst and group III metal. This growth imposes a set of limitations [...] Read more.
A3B5 nanowires are usually grown via the vapor-liquid-solid mechanism. Species from the vapor are incorporated into the nanowires using a catalyst droplet. Typically, the droplet is a low-melting-point eutectic alloy of catalyst and group III metal. This growth imposes a set of limitations on the heterostructure formation and doping. Axial A3B5 heterostructure nanowires obtained via an interchange of group III metals suffer from blurring and kinking. Amphoteric dopants such as Si could act as donors and acceptors, leading to electron-to-hole ratio oscillations along the nanowire. To overcome these limits, the growth with a catalyst, which could dissolve both components of the nanowire, is studied. Tin has a eutectic with both components, As and Ga. This makes the growth of GaAs nanowires with a tin catalyst different from that with standard catalysts. Nanowire growth occurs with at least two types of catalysts, Ga-rich and Ga-poor (As-rich). This article aims to study the nanowire growth with an Sn catalyst. For the first time, the growth of GaAs nanowires using a tin catalyst by molecular beam epitaxy is shown. Tin can serve as a catalyst not only for the chemical growth of GaAs nanowires but also as a nucleation site for their growth. Both compositions of the catalyst are observed. The annealing of a thin film of tin on a Si and GaAs substrate has also been studied. At temperatures below 450 °C, small metal droplets form, while tin dissolves into the substrate at higher temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Synthesis, Interfaces and Nanostructures)
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19 pages, 3110 KB  
Article
Low-Cost Versatile Microfluidic Platform for Bioorthogonal Click-Mediated Nanoassembly of Hybrid Nanosystems
by Javier González-Larre, María Amor García del Cid, Diana Benita-Donadios, Ángel Vela-Cruz, Sandra Jiménez-Falcao and Alejandro Baeza
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1663; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211663 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 523
Abstract
In recent years the global market of nanomedicine has experienced incredible growth owing to the advances in the field. This translation of the technique to the biomedical industry requires the development of production methods that deliver nanomedicines with a high degree of reproducibility [...] Read more.
In recent years the global market of nanomedicine has experienced incredible growth owing to the advances in the field. This translation of the technique to the biomedical industry requires the development of production methods that deliver nanomedicines with a high degree of reproducibility between batches, combined with cost and time efficiency. The use of nanoparticles in medicine usually requires their surface functionalization to improve biocompatibility in addition to providing targeting capacities and/or stimuli-responsive behavior, among other interesting skills. Microfluidic technology has revolutionized the field both in nanomedicine synthesis and in preclinical evaluation. However, microfluidic-assisted synthetic procedures commonly require high-cost methods and equipment to fabricate the microreactors. The aim of this work is to present an ultra-low-cost microfluidic platform that permits the versatile modification of nanomaterials. To prove this approach, two different model nanoparticles with different natures: soft nanoparticles (liposomes) and rigid nanoparticles (mesoporous silica) have been decorated both with small molecules and with other nanoparticles, respectively, in order to evaluate the scope of this approach. The anchoring of the covalently attached elements has been performed using click chemistry, in compliance with the principles for further transfer to the drug industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Latest Research on Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Using Inorganic Nanoparticles)
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4 pages, 160 KB  
Editorial
Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices
by Kaiwen Lin, Chunhui Duan and Baoyang Lu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1662; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211662 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 390
Abstract
The fusion of nanoscience and mechanically compliant systems is redefining the performance boundaries of electronics, photonics, energy, and sensing technologies [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanoscale Materials and (Flexible) Devices)
12 pages, 3149 KB  
Article
Phase-Controlled Synthesis of Alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x Nanocrystals with Tunable Band Gap
by Bingqian Zu, Song Chen, Liping Bao, Yingjie Liu and Liang Wu
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1661; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211661 - 1 Nov 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Phase and band gap engineering of (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x nanomaterials is critical for their potential applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis, yet it remains a challenge. Here, we report a precursor-mediated colloidal method for phase-control synthesis of alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS [...] Read more.
Phase and band gap engineering of (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x nanomaterials is critical for their potential applications in photovoltaics and photocatalysis, yet it remains a challenge. Here, we report a precursor-mediated colloidal method for phase-control synthesis of alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x nanocrystals with tunable band gap. When CuCl, InCl3, and Cd(AC)2·2H2O are used as the respective cation sources, wurtzite-structured alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x nanocrystals can be synthesized with a tunable optical band gap ranging from 1.56 to 2.45 eV by directly controlling the molar ratio of the Cd precursor. Moreover, using Cu(S2CNEt2)2, In(S2CNEt2)3, and Cd(S2CNEt2)2 as cation sources results in alloyed (CdS)x(CuInS2)1−x nanocrystals with a zinc-blende structure, demonstrating that the optical band gap of these nanocrystals can be compositionally tuned from 1.50 to 1.84 eV through precisely adjusting the molar ratio of Cd precursor. The results were validated through a comprehensive characterization approach employing XRD, TEM, HRTEM, STEM-EDS, XPS, UV-vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and Mott–Schottky analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Preparation and Characterization of Nanomaterials)
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26 pages, 1953 KB  
Review
Machine Learning for Thermal Transport Prediction in Nanoporous Materials: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities
by Amirehsan Ghasemi and Murat Barisik
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211660 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 809
Abstract
Predicting the thermal properties of nanoporous materials is a major challenge that affects their applications in efficient thermal insulation and energy storage. This narrative review discusses the application of machine learning models in nanoporous materials, including covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, aerogels, and [...] Read more.
Predicting the thermal properties of nanoporous materials is a major challenge that affects their applications in efficient thermal insulation and energy storage. This narrative review discusses the application of machine learning models in nanoporous materials, including covalent organic frameworks, metal–organic frameworks, aerogels, and zeolites. It discusses model advancements, with a focus on predictive accuracy and computational efficiency. This includes models such as convolutional neural networks, graph neural networks, and physics-informed neural networks. This study also addresses the limitations of these data-driven models, including data availability, challenges in maintaining physical consistency, and difficulties in generalizing across various material families. Additionally, it covers emerging approaches such as multimodal and transfer learning, which are explored for their potential to reduce computational costs. Moreover, the benefits of interpretable machine learning methods for understanding underlying physical mechanisms are introduced and highlighted. This review provides comprehensive and practical guidelines for researchers using machine learning approaches in the study and design of nanoporous materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances of Machine Learning in Nanoscale Materials Science)
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21 pages, 1293 KB  
Review
Innovative Application of Nanomaterials in Vegetable Cultivation: Recent Advances in Growth Promotion and Stress Tolerance
by Wenxuan Lv, Yixue Bai, Dongyang Zhu, Changzheng He, Fengjiao Bu, Yusong Luo, Ping Zhao, Yanhong Qiu, Zunzheng Wei, Jie Zhang, Shaogui Guo, Yongtao Yu, Jingfang Wang, Yi Ren, Guoyi Gong, Haiying Zhang, Yong Xu, Guang Liu, Sihui Dai and Maoying Li
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1659; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211659 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 747
Abstract
Vegetables are crucial to human diet and health. To ensure sustainable vegetable production, regulatory measures are needed to enhance seed germination, plant growth, and resilience to extreme environmental conditions. Nanomaterials (NMs), owing to their high surface area, nanoscale dimensions, and unique photocatalytic properties, [...] Read more.
Vegetables are crucial to human diet and health. To ensure sustainable vegetable production, regulatory measures are needed to enhance seed germination, plant growth, and resilience to extreme environmental conditions. Nanomaterials (NMs), owing to their high surface area, nanoscale dimensions, and unique photocatalytic properties, exhibit remarkable biological effects, such as promoting germination and growth, as well as improving stress resistance in crops, offering novel solutions to key challenges in vegetable cultivation. This review summarizes the absorption pathways of NMs in plants, specifically through the leaves and roots of vegetables. Their uptake and translocation occur via passive diffusion, active transport, and endocytosis, with key influencing factors including particle size, chemical composition, surface charge, and surface modifications. We further evaluate the advantages of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, in vegetable production over their traditional counterparts, focusing on improvements in seed germination rates, seedling vigor, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and overall yield and quality. Through this review, we aim to offer comprehensive insights into the application of NMs in vegetable crop production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Applications and Research of Nanocarriers and Nanopesticides in Agriculture)
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19 pages, 4132 KB  
Article
Robust and Multi-Functional Electrically Responsive Gold/Polydopamine-Coated Liquid Crystalline Elastomer Artificial Muscles
by Joshua C. Ince, Setareh Elyasi, Alan R. Duffy and Nisa V. Salim
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1658; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211658 - 31 Oct 2025
Viewed by 527
Abstract
Applying thin electrically conductive coatings to Liquid Crystalline Elastomers (LCEs) is an effective way of functionalizing two-way shape memory polymers with the ability to respond to electrical currents. However, achieving robust adhesion between a given electrically conductive coating and the surface of LCEs [...] Read more.
Applying thin electrically conductive coatings to Liquid Crystalline Elastomers (LCEs) is an effective way of functionalizing two-way shape memory polymers with the ability to respond to electrical currents. However, achieving robust adhesion between a given electrically conductive coating and the surface of LCEs can be challenging. This can limit the functionality, performance, and potential applications of these materials. This work describes a facile method to develop electrically responsive Liquid Crystalline Elastomer polymeric artificial muscles with strain-sensing, self-actuation-sensing, and joule-heating features. In this work, the effect of treating LCEs with polydopamine (PDA) prior to functionalizing the LCE with an electrically conductive gold-sputtered coating was explored. The findings confirmed that the PDA treatment considerably improved the adhesion of the gold sputter coating to the LCEs, thereby leading to the fabrication of multi-functional strain-sensing, electrically conductive, and electro-responsive LCEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Nanomaterials for Sensing Devices: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications (2nd Edition))
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26 pages, 5510 KB  
Article
One-Step Synthesized Folic Acid-Based Carbon Dots: A Biocompatible Nanomaterial for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections in Lung Pathologies
by Gennaro Longobardo, Francesca Della Sala, Giuseppe Marino, Marco Barretta, Mario Forte, Rubina Paradiso, Giorgia Borriello and Assunta Borzacchiello
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1657; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211657 - 30 Oct 2025
Viewed by 814
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a major complication in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where mucus accumulation and pH fluctuations further hinder treatment. Nanostructured systems such as carbon dots (CDs) are increasingly investigated as antimicrobial agents due to their [...] Read more.
Bacterial infections are a major complication in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), where mucus accumulation and pH fluctuations further hinder treatment. Nanostructured systems such as carbon dots (CDs) are increasingly investigated as antimicrobial agents due to their scalability, low cost, and biocompatibility, compared to conventional antibiotics. Here, CDs were synthesized by a one-step microwave-assisted method at three reaction temperatures (130 °C, 170 °C, and 185 °C, named LT-CDs, MT-CDs, HT-CDs, respectively) to explore the effect of carbonization on their structure and function. TEM, Raman, and FTIR analyses were employed to investigate the size and distribution of carbon groups. UV–vis confirmed distinct pH-dependent spectral responses, and mucoadhesion studies revealed stronger and more stable interactions for MT-CDs. Biological assays demonstrated high biocompatibility across all samples on lung fibroblasts, while antimicrobial tests highlighted a selective effect against Staphylococcus aureus, due to ROS generation. Overall, MT-CDs represented the best compromise in terms of size, functionalization, biocompatibility, mucoadhesion, and antimicrobial activity, emerging as promising nanoplatforms for respiratory infection management in COPD and ARDS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biology and Medicines)
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37 pages, 5698 KB  
Article
Design and Optimization of Self-Powered Photodetector Using Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Ba3SbI3: Insights from DFT and SCAPS-1D
by Salah Abdo, Ambali Alade Odebowale, Amer Abdulghani, Khalil As’ham, Yacine Djalab, Nicholas Kanizaj and Andrey E. Miroshnichenko
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(21), 1656; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15211656 - 30 Oct 2025
Viewed by 904
Abstract
All-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted significant interest in photodetector applications due to their remarkable photoresponse properties. However, the toxicity and instability of lead-based perovskites hinder their commercialization. In this work, we propose cubic Ba3SbI3 as a promising, environmentally friendly, lead-free [...] Read more.
All-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted significant interest in photodetector applications due to their remarkable photoresponse properties. However, the toxicity and instability of lead-based perovskites hinder their commercialization. In this work, we propose cubic Ba3SbI3 as a promising, environmentally friendly, lead-free material for next-generation photodetector applications. Ba3SbI3 shows good light absorption, low effective masses, and favorable elemental abundance and cost, making it a promising candidate compound for device applications. Its structural, mechanical, electronic, and optical properties were systematically investigated using density functional theory (DFT) with the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof (PBE) and hybrid HSE06 functionals. The material was found to be dynamically and mechanically stable, with a direct bandgap of 0.78 eV (PBE) and 1.602 eV (HSE06). Photodetector performance was then simulated in an Al/FTO/In2S3/Ba3SbI3/Sb2S3/Ni configuration using SCAPS-1D. To optimize device efficiency, the width, dopant level, and bulk concentration for each layer of the gadgets were systematically modified, while the effects of interface defects, operating temperature, and series and shunt resistances were also evaluated. The optimized device achieved an open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.047 V, short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 31.65 mA/cm2, responsivity of 0.605 A W−1, and detectivity of 1.05 × 1017 Jones. In contrast, in the absence of the Sb2S3 layer, the performance was reduced to a Voc of 0.83 V, Jsc of 26.8 mA/cm2, responsivity of 0.51 A W−1, and detectivity of 1.5 × 1015 Jones. These results highlight Ba3SbI3 as a promising platform for high-performance, cost-effective, and environmentally benign photodetectors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanostructured Metal Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronics: Materials, Devices and Commercialization)
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